1903:). The policies revealed a deep conflict between modernity and traditional patriarchal authority, as Catholic, Fascist and commercial models of conduct competed to shape women's perceptions of their roles and their society at large. The Fascists celebrated violent "virilist" politics and exaggerated its machismo while also taxing celibate men to pay for child welfare programs. Italy's invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 and the resulting League of Nations sanctions shaped the tasks assigned to women within the Fascist Party. The empire and women's contribution to it became a core theme in Fascist propaganda. Women in the party were mobilized for the imperial cause both as producers and as consumers, giving them new prominence in the nation. The Fascist women's groups expanded their roles to cover such new tasks as running training courses on how to fight waste in housework. Young Italian women were prepared for a role in Italy's "place in the sun" through special courses created to train them for a future as colonial wives.
3909:(1929â1996), whose Mussolini's Biography, four volumes and 6,000 pages long (1965â1997) remains the most exhaustive examination of public and private documents about Italian Fascism and serves as a basic resource for all scholars. De Felice argued that Mussolini was a revolutionary modernizer in domestic issues, but a pragmatist in foreign policy who continued the Realpolitik policies of liberal Italy (1861â1922). In the 1990s, a cultural turn began with studies that examined the issue of popular reception and acceptance of Fascism using the perspectives of "aestheticization of politics" and "sacralisation of politics". By the 21st century, the old "anti-Fascist" postwar consensus was under attack from a group of revisionist scholars who have presented a more favorable and nationalistic assessment of Mussolini's role, both at home and abroad. Controversy rages as there is no consensus among scholars using competing interpretations based on revisionist, anti-Fascist, intentionalist or culturalist models of history.
1235:
3302:
1989:. However, the transfer of agricultural land to wheat production reduced the production of vegetables and fruit. Despite improving production for wheat, the situation for peasants themselves did not improve, as 0.5% of the Italian population (usually wealthy) owned 42% of all agricultural land in Italy and income for peasants did not increase while taxes did increase. The Depression caused unemployment to rise from 300,000 to 1 million in 1933. It also caused a 10% drop in real income and a fall in exports. Italy fared better than most western nations during the Depression: its welfare services did reduce the impact of the Depression. Its industrial growth from 1913 to 1938 was even greater than that of Germany for the same time period. Only the
92:
1194:(although other religions were tolerated), paid salaries to priests and bishops, recognized religious marriages (previously couples had to have a civil ceremony) and brought religious instruction into the public schools. In turn, the bishops swore allegiance to the Italian Fascist rĂŠgime, which had a veto power over their selection. A third agreement paid the Vatican 1.75 billion lire (about $ 100 million) for the seizures of Church property since 1860. The Catholic Church was not officially obliged to support the Fascist rĂŠgime and the strong differences remained, but the general hostility ended. The Church especially endorsed foreign policies such as support for the Nationalists in the
1639:. Until the armistice with the Allies in September 1943, the Italian Jewish community was protected from deportation to the German death camps in the east. With the armistice, Hitler took control of the German-occupied territory in the North and he also launched an effort to liquidate the Jewish community which was under his control. Shortly after the entry of Italy into the war, numerous camps were established for the imprisonment of enemy aliens and Italians suspected to be hostile to the regime. In contrast to the brutality of the National Socialist-run camps, the Italian camps allowed families to live together and there was a broad program of social welfare and cultural activities.
2719:
1568:
opposition to it, Mussolini no longer expressed his previous assertion that
Bolshevism was Jewish, but warned thatâdue to the large numbers of Jews in the Bolshevik movementâthe rise of Bolshevism in Russia would result in a ferocious wave of anti-Semitism in Russia. He then claimed that "anti-Semitism is foreign to the Italian people", but warned Zionists that they should be careful not to stir up antisemitism in "the only country where it has not existed". One of the Jewish financial supporters of the Fascist movement was Toeplitz, whom Mussolini had earlier accused of being a traitor during World War I. Early on there were prominent Jewish Italian Fascists such as
1120:
1789:
2117:
78:
2997:
733:
708:
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2702:. The Fascists were also concerned about whether Italy should follow National Socialist antisemitic policies in order to gain favor from those National Socialists who had mixed feelings about Italy as an ally. In 1938, Mussolini pressured fellow Fascist members to support the enacting of antisemitic policies, but this was not well taken as a number of Fascists were Jewish and antisemitism was not an active political concept in Italy. Nevertheless, Mussolini forced through antisemitic legislation even while his own son-in-law and prominent Fascist
1437:
2177:
1890:, forcing many Mafiosi to flee abroad (many to the United States) or risk being jailed. However, Mori was fired when he began to investigate Mafia links within the Fascist regime and was removed from his position in 1929, when the Fascist regime declared that the threat of the Mafia had been eliminated. Mori's actions weakened the Mafia, but did not destroy them. From 1929 to 1943 the Fascist regime completely abandoned its previously aggressive measures against the Mafia, and the Mafiosi were left relatively undisturbed.
1922:
2607:. Although other National Socialists disapproved of Mussolini and Fascist Italy, Hitler had long idolized Mussolini's oratorical and visual persona and adopted much of the symbolism of the Fascists into the National Socialist Party, such as the Roman, straight-armed salute, dramatic oratory, the use of uniformed paramilitaries for political violence and the use of mass rallies to demonstrate the power of the movement. In 1922, Hitler tried to ask for Mussolini's guidance on how to organize his own version of the "
1550:
80 percent of the managers of the
Soviets are Jews, in Budapest 17 out of 22 people's commissars are Jews. Might it not be that bolshevism is the vendetta of Judaism against Christianity?? It is certainly worth pondering. It is entirely possible that bolshevism will drown in the blood of a pogrom of catastrophic proportions. World finance is in the hands of the Jews. Whoever owns the strongboxes of the peoples is in control of their political systems. Behind the puppets (making peace) in Paris, there are the
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2077:, when there was a strong demand for seizing that country. Second was a profound disillusionment after the heavy losses of the First World War. In the eyes of many Italians the small territorial gains from Austria-Hungary were not enough to compensate for the war's terrible costs, especially since countries, such as Poland and Yugoslavia, who contributed far less to the allied victory but received much more. Third was Mussolini's promise to restore the pride and glory of the old Roman Empire.
1075:
public than propaganda films or radio, as few
Italians had radio receivers at the time. Fascist propaganda was widely present in posters and state-sponsored art. However, artists, writers and publishers were not strictly controlled: they were only censored if they were blatantly against the state. There was a constant emphasis on the masculinity of the "new Italian", stressing aggression, virility, youth, speed and sport. Women were to attend to motherhood and stay out of public affairs.
2650:
189:
1257:. In March 1929, a nationwide plebiscite was held to publicly endorse the Treaty. Opponents were intimidated by the Fascist rĂŠgime, the Catholic Action party instructed Catholics to vote for Fascist candidates, and Mussolini claimed that the only "no" votes were of those "few ill-advised anti-clericals who refuse to accept the Lateran Pacts". Nearly 9 million Italians voted (90% of the registered electorate), and only 136,000 voted "no". The Lateran Treaty remains in place today.
1576:, who was a vocal Italian nationalist and an opponent of Zionism in Italy. 230 Italian Jews took part in the Fascists' March on Rome in 1922. In 1932, Mussolini made his private attitude about Jews known to the Austrian ambassador when discussing the issue of the antisemitism of Hitler, saying: "I have no love for the Jews, but they have great influence everywhere. It is better to leave them alone. Hitler's anti-Semitism has already brought him more enemies than is necessary".
2359:
sentences of one to five years imprisonment to
Italians caught in such relationships. The law did not give any sentences to native Africans, as the Fascist government claimed that only those Italians were to blame for damaging the prestige of their race. Despite racist language used in some propaganda, the Fascist regime accepted recruitment of native Africans who wanted to join Italy's colonial armed forces and native African colonial recruits were displayed in propaganda.
2911:
1907:
diet based on bread, polenta, pasta, fresh produce and wine. Fascist women's groups trained women in "autarkic cookery" to work around items no longer imported. Food prices climbed in the 1930s and dairy and meat consumption was discouraged, while increasing numbers of
Italians turned to the black market. The policy demonstrated that Fascists saw foodâand people's behavior generallyâas strategic resources that could be manipulated regardless of traditions and tastes.
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took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to
Fascism and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God. In 1933, all university teachers were required to be members of the National Fascist Party. From the 1930s to 1940s, Italy's education focused on the history of Italy displaying Italy as a force of civilization during the
1043:
Citizenship"; those who did not swear allegiance to
Fascism would be banished from public life and could not gain employment. The Fascist government also reached out to Italians living overseas to endorse the Fascist cause and identify with Italy rather than their places of residence. Despite efforts to mould a new culture for fascism, Fascist Italy's efforts were not as drastic or successful in comparison to other one-party states like
2766:
2747:, which obliged Italy to fight alongside Germany if war broke out against Germany. Mussolini felt obliged to sign the pact in spite of his own concerns that Italy could not fight a war in the near future. This obligation grew from his promises to Italians that he would build an empire for them and from his personal desire to not allow Hitler to become the dominant leader in Europe. Mussolini was displeased with Germanyâs
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3837:
747:
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1604:, the Fascist regime circulated antisemitic propaganda which stated that Italy was supporting Spain's Nationalist forces in their fight against a "Jewish International". The Fascist regime's adoption of official antisemitic racial doctrine in 1938 met opposition from Fascist members including Balbo, who regarded antisemitism as having nothing to do with Fascism and staunchly opposed the antisemitic laws.
1420:, but to appease Hitler, antisemitism within the Fascist Party steadily increased. In 1936, Mussolini made his first written denunciation of Jews by claiming that antisemitism had only arisen because Jews had become too predominant in the positions of power of countries and claimed that Jews were a "ferocious" tribe who sought to "totally banish" Christians from public life. In 1937, Fascist member
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harbors them, constituting a sort of state within a state, profiting by all benefits and refusing all duties, considering that they have furnished and are inclined to furnish, elements conducive to international revolution which would be destructive to the idea of patriotism and
Christian civilization, the Conference denounces the nefarious action of these elements and is ready to combat them.
1446:
1497:, which had a substantial Jewish community that was widely accepted and suffered few antisemitic incidents. Mussolini initially had no antisemitic statements in his policies. However, in response to his observation of large numbers of Jews amongst the Bolsheviks and claims (that were later confirmed to be true) that the Bolsheviks and Germany (that Italy was fighting in
1409:. In the early 1930s, Mussolini held discussions with Zionist leadership figures over proposals to encourage the emigration of Italian Jews to the mandate of Palestine, as Mussolini hoped that the presence of pro-Italian Jews in the region would weaken pro-British sentiment and potentially overturn the British mandate.
1968:
socialism, and corporatist policy became dominated by the industries. Initially, economic legislation mostly favoured the wealthy industrial and agrarian classes by allowing privatization, liberalization of rent laws, tax cuts, and administrative reform; however, economic policy changed drastically following the
2641:
Hitler and the
National Socialists continued to try to woo Mussolini to their cause and eventually Mussolini gave financial assistance to the Nazi Party and allowed National Socialist paramilitaries to train in Italy in the belief that despite differences, a nationalist government in Germany could be
2464:
Relations with France were mixed: the
Fascist regime consistently had the intention to eventually wage war on France to regain Italian-populated areas of France, but with the rise of Hitler the Fascists immediately became more concerned of Austria's independence and the potential threat of Germany to
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to reduce the number of mixed offspring in Italian colonies, which they claimed would "pollute" the Italian race. Marital and sexual relationships between Italians and Africans in its colonies were made a criminal offense when the Fascist regime implemented decree-law No. 880 19 April 1937 which gave
1962:
The corporate State considers that private enterprise in the sphere of production is the most effective and useful instrument in the interest of the nation. In view of the fact that private organisation of production is a function of national concern, the organiser of the enterprise is responsible to
1664:
recommended that education policy should focus on indoctrination of students into Fascism and to educate youth to respect and be obedient to authority. In 1929, education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination. In that year, the Fascist government
1642:
Antisemitism was unpopular within Italy, and it was also unpopular within the Fascist Party. Once, when a Fascist scholar protested about the treatment of his Jewish friends to Mussolini, Mussolini reportedly stated: "I agree with you entirely. I don't believe a bit in the stupid anti-Semitic theory.
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is not moving forward, then this is what the great Jewish bankers of London and New York have decreed. These bankers are bound by ties of blood to those Jews who in Moscow as in Budapest are taking their revenge on the Aryan race that has condemned them to dispersion for so many centuries. In Russia,
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without fear of opposition by Spain. The other major foreign contributor to the Spanish Civil War was Germany. This was the first time that Italian and German forces fought together since the Franco-Prussian War in the 1870s. During the 1930s, Italy built many large battleships and other warships to
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where tens of thousands died in squalid conditions. It is estimated that the number of Libyans who died â killed either through combat or starvation and disease â was at least 80,000, including up to half of the Cyrenaican population. After Al-Mukhtar's capture on 15 September 1931 and his execution
1587:(CAUR) in an attempt to found a Fascist International, the issue of antisemitism was debated amongst representatives of various fascist parties, some of them were more favorable to it than others were. Two final compromises were adopted, resulting in the official stance of the Fascist International:
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idolized him as the nation's saviour, and the Fascist regime attempted to make him omnipresent in Italian society. Much of Fascism's appeal in Italy was based on Mussolini's popularity and charisma. Mussolini's passionate oratory and the personality cult around him were displayed at huge rallies and
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and autonomy and see themselves as a component of the Italian state and be prepared to sacrifice their lives for it. Under such a totalitarian government, only Fascists would be considered "true Italians", and membership and endorsement of the Fascist Party was necessary for people to gain "Complete
2709:
personally condemned such laws. In turn for enacting the extremely unpopular antisemitic laws, Mussolini and the Fascist government demanded a concession from Hitler and the National Socialists. In 1939, the Fascists demanded from Hitler that his government willingly accept the Italian government's
2574:
movement. Italy sent aircraft, weapons and a total of over 60,000 troops to aid the Spanish nationalists. The war helped train the Italian military for war and improve relations with the Roman Catholic Church. It was a success that secured Italy's naval access in and out of the Mediterranean Sea to
2072:
Stephen Lee identifies three major themes in Mussolini's foreign policy. The first was a continuation of the foreign-policy objectives of the preceding Liberal regime. Liberal Italy had allied itself with Germany and Austria and had great ambitions in the Balkans and North Africa. It had been badly
1967:
Fascists claimed that this system would be egalitarian and traditional at the same time. The economic policy of corporatism quickly faltered; the left-wing elements of the Fascist manifesto were opposed by industrialists and landowners who supported the party because it pledged to defend Italy from
1567:
Mussolini's statement on a Jewish-Bolshevik-plutocratic connection and conspiracy was met with opposition in the Fascist movement, leading Mussolini to respond to this opposition amongst his supporters by abandoning and reversing this stance shortly afterward in 1919. In reversing his stance due to
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throughout and beyond Italy's participation. German and Japanese actions in 1941 led to the entry of the Soviet Union and United States, respectively, into the war, thus ruining the Italian plan of forcing Britain to agree to a negotiated peace settlement. Ultimately the Italian Empire collapsed
2668:
After Italy became isolated in 1936, the government had little choice but to work with Germany to regain a stable bargaining position in international affairs and reluctantly abandoned its support of Austrian independence from Germany. In September 1937, Mussolini visited Germany in order to build
1906:
The government tried to achieve "alimentary sovereignty", or total self-sufficiency with regard to food supplies. Its new policies were highly controversial among a people who paid serious attention to their food. The goal was to reduce imports, support Italian agriculture and encourage an austere
1659:
The Fascist government endorsed a stringent education policy in Italy aiming at eliminating illiteracy, which was a serious problem in Italy at the time, as well as improving the allegiance of Italians to the state. To reduce drop-outs, the government changed the minimum age of leaving school from
1015:
The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist Stateâa synthesis and a unit inclusive of all valuesâinterprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a
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In 1938, the Italian Fascist regime under Benito Mussolini enacted a series of racial laws that placed multiple restrictions on the country's Jewish population. At the time the laws were enacted, it is estimated that about 46,000 Jews lived in Italy, of whom about 9,000 were foreign born and thus
2362:
Fascist Italy embraced the "Manifesto of the Racial Scientists" which embraced biological racism and it declared that Italy was a country populated by people of Aryan origin, Jews did not belong to the Italian race and that it was necessary to distinguish between Europeans and Jews, Africans and
1972:
where Mussolini began pushing for a totalitarian state. In 1926, the Syndical Laws, also known as the Rocco Laws, were passed, organizing the economy into twelve separate employer and employee unions. The unions were largely state-controlled and were mainly used to suppress opposition and reward
1074:
The Fascist regime established propaganda in newsreels, radio broadcasting and a few feature films deliberately endorsing Fascism. In 1926, laws were passed to require that propaganda newsreels be shown prior to all feature films in cinemas. These newsreels were more effective in influencing the
2598:
When the Nazi Party attained power in Germany in 1933, Mussolini and the Fascist regime in public showed approval of Hitler's regime, with Mussolini saying: "The victory of Hitler is our victory". The Fascist regime also spoke of creating an alliance with the new regime in Germany. In private,
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cannot be converted into a universal campaign of hatred against the Jews ... Considering that in many places certain groups of Jews are installed in conquered countries, exercising in an open and occult manner an influence injurious to the material and moral interests of the country which
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who are of the same blood who are conquering Petrograd and Budapest. Race does not betray race ... Bolshevism is a defense of the international plutocracy. This is the basic truth of the matter. The international plutocracy dominated and controlled by Jews has a supreme interest in all of
1963:
the State for the direction given to production. State intervention in economic production arises only when private initiative is lacking or insufficient, or when the political interests of the State are involved. This intervention may take the form of control, assistance or direct management.
2664:
Public appearances and propaganda constantly portrayed the closeness of Mussolini and Hitler and the similarities between Italian Fascism and German National Socialism. While both ideologies had significant similarities, the two factions were suspicious of each other and both leaders were in
1652:
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strongly opposed the Racial Laws. Balbo, in particular, regarded antisemitism as having nothing to do with fascism and staunchly opposed the antisemitic laws. The Fascist regime declared that it would promote mass Italian settlements in the colonies that wouldâin the Fascist government's
1301:
Despite Mussolini's close alliance with Hitler's Germany, Italy did not fully adopt Nazism's genocidal ideology towards the Jews. The Nazis were frustrated by the Italian authorities' refusal to co-operate in the round-ups of Jews, and no Jews were deported prior to the formation of the
2642:
beneficial to Italy. As suspicion of the Germans increased after 1933, Mussolini sought to ensure that Germany would not become the dominant nationalist state in Europe. To do this, Mussolini opposed German efforts to annex Austria after the assassination of fascist Austrian President
1980:
hit the world economy in 1929, the Fascist regime followed other nations in enacting protectionist tariffs and attempted to set direction for the economy. In the 1930s, the government increased wheat production and made Italy self-sufficient for wheat, ending imports of wheat from
2370:, Mussolini downplayed racist policies as he attempted to earn the trust of Arab leaders there. Individual freedom, inviolability of home and property, right to join the military or civil administrations and the right to freely pursue a career or employment were guaranteed to
1746:
Another organization the Opera Nazionale Balilla (ONB) was widely popular and provided young people with access to clubs, dances, sports facilities, radios, concerts, plays, circuses and outdoor hikes at little or no cost. It sponsored tournaments and sports festivals.
2287:. However, by mid-1938 Hitler's influence over Mussolini had persuaded him to make a specific agenda on race, the Fascist regime moved away from its previous promotion of colonialism based on the spread of Italian culture to a directly race-oriented colonial agenda.
2726:
As war approached in 1939, the Fascist regime stepped up an aggressive press campaign against France claiming that Italian people were suffering in France. This was important to the alliance as both regimes mutually had claims on France, Germany on German-populated
1563:
Russian life accelerating its process of disintegration to the point of paroxysm. A Russia that is paralyzed, disorganized, starved, will be a place where tomorrow the bourgeoisie, yes the bourgeoisie, o proletarians will celebrate its spectacular feast of plenty.
3957:"In the period following the signing of the 1929 Lateran Pact, which declared Catholicism as Italy's state religion in the context of a comprehensive regulation of Vatican and Italian government relations, Catholic cultural support for Mussolini is consolidated."
2629:
was "a boring tome that I have never been able to read" and remarked that Hitler's beliefs were "little more than commonplace clichĂŠs". While Mussolini like Hitler believed in the cultural and moral superiority of whites over colored peoples, he opposed Hitler's
1973:
political loyalty. While the Fascist unions could not protect workers from all economic consequences, they were responsible for the handling of social security benefits, claims for severance pay, and could sometimes negotiate contracts that benefited workers.
1293:
reported "the only bright spot in Italy has been the Vatican, where fine humanitarian statements by the Pope have been issuing regularly". When Mussolini's anti-Semitic decrees began depriving Jews of employment in Italy, Pius XI personally admitted professor
855:, " Fascist government passed through several relatively distinct phases". The first phase (1922â1925) was nominally a continuation of the parliamentary system, albeit with a "legally-organized executive dictatorship". In foreign policy, Mussolini ordered the
3134:, France, by expatriate Italians, the CAI was an alliance of non-communist anti-fascist forces (republican, socialist, nationalist) trying to promote and to coordinate expatriate actions to fight fascism in Italy; they published a propaganda paper entitled
1479:, however, he did not hold firm to any concrete stance on Jews because he changed his personal views and his official stance on them in order to meet the political demands of the various factions of the Fascist movement. Of the 117 original members of the
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would eventually bail the Italians out, and their grander ambitions were partially met by late 1942 with Italian influence extended throughout the Mediterranean. Most of Greece was occupied by Italy; Italians administered the French territories of
1898:
The Fascists paid special attention to the role of women, from elite society women to factory workers and peasants. Fascist leaders sought to "rescue" women from experiencing emancipation even as they trumpeted the advent of the "new Italian woman"
1382:, Mussolini described antisemitism as a "German vice" and stated: "There was 'no Jewish Question' in Italy and could not be one in a country with a healthy system of government". On several occasions, Mussolini spoke positively about Jews and the
151:
150:
2223:. The international consequences for Italy's belligerence resulted in its diplomatic isolation. France and Britain quickly abandoned their trust of Mussolini but failed to take decisive action. Italy's actions were formally condemned by the
1780:("Fascist Saturday") and was aimed mainly at the young; exceptions were granted in special cases but not for those under 21. According to Tracy H. Koon, this scheme failed as most Italians preferred to spend Saturday as a day of rest.
1716:
was responsible for establishing and maintaining 11,000 sports grounds, over 6,400 libraries, 800 movie houses, 1,200 theaters and over 2,000 orchestras. Membership was voluntary and nonpolitical. In the 1930s, under the direction of
2981:
partisans (mostly former Royal Italian Army soldiers) of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy. On 28 April 1945, Benito Mussolini was executed by Italian partisans, two days before Adolf Hitler's suicide.
2665:
competition for world influence. Hitler and Mussolini first met in June 1934, as the issue of Austrian independence was in crisis. In private after the visit in 1934, Mussolini said that Hitler was just "a silly little monkey".
1838:
to crack down on opponents of the regime and Mussolini (there had been several near-miss assassination attempts on Mussolini's life in his early years in power). Although the OVRA were responsible for far fewer deaths than the
1721:, the OND became primarily recreational, concentrating on sports and other outings. It is estimated that by 1936 the OND had organized 80% of salaried workers. Nearly 40% of the industrial workforce had been recruited into the
2973:, a collaborationist puppet state still led by Benito Mussolini that recruited more than 500,000 soldiers for the Axis cause. The south was officially controlled by monarchist forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the
4373:
4454:
subject to further restrictions such as residence requirements. ... Estimates suggest that between September 1943 and March 1945, about 10,000 Jews were deported. The vast majority of them perished, principally at
1619:, who claimed that Jews had taken control of key positions in finance, business and schools through intrigue, accused Jews of sympathizing with Ethiopia during Italy's war with it and accused Jews of sympathizing with
2694:. Mussolini felt he had little choice but to help Germany to avoid isolation. With the annexation of Austria by Germany in 1938, the Fascist regime began to be concerned about the majority ethnic German population in
2638:, who was the director of Fascist art and propaganda, and there was little support amongst Italians for antisemitism. Mussolini also did not evaluate race as being a precursor of superiority, but rather culture.
2537:
in which the region of Albania had been an early conquest for the Romans, even before Northern Italy had been taken by Roman forces. However, by the time of annexation little connection to Italy remained amongst
2363:
other non-Europeans. The manifesto encouraged Italians to openly declare themselves as racists, both publicly and politically. Fascist Italy often published material that showed caricatures of Jews and Africans.
176:
5570:
1954:. It described the role of the state in the economy under corporatism. By this time, Fascism had been drawn more towards the support of market forces being dominant over state intervention. A passage from the
3229:, which carried out numerous sabotages, as well as attacks on representatives of the Fascist Party and the military. Most of the underground structure of the organization was discovered and dismantled by the
3187:, were among the movement's leaders. The movement's members held various political beliefs but shared a belief in active, effective opposition to fascism, compared to the older Italian anti-fascist parties.
2484:
in Yugoslavia, as Yugoslav authorities on multiple occasions discovered spy rings in the Italian Embassy in Yugoslavia, such as in 1930. In 1929, the Fascist government accepted Croatian extreme nationalist
2599:
Mussolini and the Italian Fascists showed disapproval of the National Socialist government and Mussolini had a disapproving view of Hitler despite ideological similarities. The Fascists distrusted Hitler's
2546:, which gave Italy concessions over the Albanian economy and army. The occupation was not appreciated by King Emmanuel III, who feared that it had isolated Italy even further than its war against Ethiopia.
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2489:
as a political exile to Italy from Yugoslavia. The Fascists gave PaveliÄ financial assistance and a training ground in Italy to develop and train his newly formed fascist militia and terrorist group, the
2327:
termsâ"create in the heart of the African continent a powerful and homogeneous nucleus of whites strong enough to draw those populations within our economic orbit and our Roman and Fascist civilization".
1944:), the creation of profession-wide corporations, in which the trade union and employers organisation belonging to the same profession or branch are organized into professional corporations. In 1935, the
2004:
in the 1936â1937 fiscal year requested from Italy 19.136 billion lire to be used to create the necessary infrastructure for the colony. Italy's entire revenue that year was only 18.581 billion lire.
3878:
Most of the historiographical controversy centers on sharply conflicting interpretations of Fascism and the Mussolini regime. The 1920s writers on the left, following the lead of communist theorist
1034:
and society based on ancient Rome, personal dictatorship and some futurist aspects of Italian intellectuals and artists. Under Fascism, the definition of the Italian nationality was to rest on a
1725:
by 1939 and the sports activities proved popular with large numbers of workers. The OND had the largest membership of any of the mass Fascist organizations in Italy. The enormous success of the
2899:
had been directly annexed by the Italian state. Italo-German forces had also achieved victories against insurgents in Yugoslavia and had occupied parts of British-held Egypt on their push to
14615:
14742:
2184:
Negotiations on expanding the borders of the colony of Libya took place with the British government. The first negotiations began in 1925 to define the border between Libya and British-held
1328:
Mussolini was overthrown in July 1943, the Germans moved to occupy Italy, and they also commenced a round-up of Jews. Thousands of Italian Jews and a small number of Protestants died in the
3130:), officially known as Concentrazione d'Azione Antifascista (Anti-Fascist Action Concentration), was an Italian coalition of Anti-Fascist groups which existed from 1927 to 1934. Founded in
1159:
came to an agreement that ended the bitter standoff between the Church from the Italian government going back to 1860. The Orlando government had begun the process of reconciliation during
14417:
2710:
plan to have all Germans in South Tyrol either leave Italy or be forced to accept Italianization. Hitler agreed and thus the threat to Italy from the South Tyrol Germans was neutralized.
5547:
1855:, they were nevertheless highly effective in terrorizing political opponents. One of their most notorious methods of torture involved physically forcing opponents of Fascism to swallow
1600:
Italian Fascism adopted antisemitism in the late 1930s and as a result, Mussolini personally returned to his earlier invokation of antisemitic statements. From 1937 to 1938, during the
2012:
In 1933, Italy made multiple technological achievements. The Fascist government spent large sums of money on technological projects such as the construction of the Italian ocean liner
174:
2615:
in 1923). Mussolini did not respond to Hitler's requests as he did not have much interest in Hitler's movement and regarded Hitler to be somewhat crazy. Mussolini did attempt to read
2480:
The Fascist regime held negative relations with Yugoslavia, as they long wanted the implosion of Yugoslavia in order to territorially expand and increase Italy's power. Italy pursued
6065:
MacGregor Knox. Mussolini unleashed, 1939â1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War. Edition of 1999. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999. pp. 122â123.
14310:
12175:
1089:(PNF) as the only legally permitted party. Mussolini used a referendum to confirm a fascist single-party list. The list put forward was ultimately approved by 98.43% of voters. The
1424:
criticized the Zionist movement as being part of British foreign policy which designed to secure British hold of the area without respecting the Christian and Islamic presence in
148:
4430:
3301:
1428:. On the matter of Jewish Italians, Orano said that they "should concern themselves with nothing more than their religion" and not bother boasting of being patriotic Italians.
14468:
10398:
2338:, or AOI), a colony including Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland, was harsh for the native peoples as Fascist policy sought to destroy native culture. In February 1937,
2188:. These negotiations resulted in Italy gaining previously undefined territory. In 1934, once again the Italian government requested more territory for Libya from British-held
1611:, a policy which was extremely unpopular within Italy as well as within the Fascist Party itself. As a result of this policy, the Fascist regime lost its propaganda director,
14906:
175:
14463:
12793:
8674:
14692:
8838:
879:
into Italy after a treaty with Yugoslavia. The second phase (1925â1929) was "the construction of the Fascist dictatorship proper". The third phase (1929â1935) saw less
14305:
3918:
2461:
which left behind significant Italian cultural monuments and influence, though the Greek population there (especially youth) heavily protested the Italian occupation.
5580:
14847:
3230:
3039:
5630:
1530:
149:
1321:
advised Berlin that Italian forces had "apparently been influenced" by Vatican opposition to German anti-Semitism. As anti-Axis feeling grew in Italy, the use of
14629:
1234:
3083:(PCd'I) ordered its members to leave the organization. The PCd'I organized some militant groups, but their actions were relatively minor. The Italian anarchist
1378:
will continue to be sensible enough so as not to give rise to antisemitism in the only country where it has never existed". In 1932, during a conversation with
16533:
9273:
8614:
2835:
8173:
2096:(Latin for "Our Sea") to refer to the Mediterranean Sea. The Fascist regime increased funding and attention to military projects and began plans to create an
1374:" and the article also stated that "Italy knows no antisemitism and we believe that it will never know it" and then, the article elaborated "let us hope that
13842:
5237:
2302:
and forbid sexual relations and marriages between Italians and Jews or Africans. The final decision about the Racial Laws was made during the meeting of the
91:
14891:
1393:
In 1929, Mussolini acknowledged the contributions which Italian Jews had made to Italian society, despite their minority status, and he also believed that
2473:
with France and Britain against Germany which existed from 1935 to 1936. This followed a previous treaty with the Soviet Union aimed against Germany: the
16528:
14511:
1485:
founded on 23 March 1919, five were Jewish. Since the movement's early years, there were a small number of prominent openly antisemitic Fascists such as
3905:
After the war, most historiography was intensely hostile to Mussolini, emphasizing the theme of Fascism and totalitarianism. An exception was historian
1572:, who was born of a mixed marriage of a Jewish and Christian Italian and was baptized as a Roman Catholic. Another prominent Jewish Italian Fascist was
14322:
7396:
2673:, declaring: "A great people such as the German people must regain the place which is due to it, and which it used to have beneath the sun of Africa".
13658:
3066:
on 3 August 1921, and trade unions adopted a legalist and pacified strategy, members of the workers' movement who disagreed with this strategy formed
14431:
14334:
13305:
7610:
1615:, who was Jewish and had previously been Mussolini's mistress. A minority of high-ranking Fascists were pleased with the antisemitic policy such as
1147:
improved significantly during Mussolini's tenure. Despite earlier opposition to the Church, after 1922 Mussolini made an alliance with the Catholic
14356:
13857:
12170:
3882:(1891â1937), stressed that Fascism was a form of capitalism. The Fascist regime controlled the writing and teaching of history through the central
2457:
which helped Italy's stand against Greek sovereignty. Corfu was important to Italian imperialism and nationalism due to its presence in the former
1501:) were politically connected, Mussolini made antisemitic statements involving the Bolshevik-German connection as being "an unholy alliance between
1001:
After rising to power, the Fascist regime of Italy set a course to becoming a one-party state and to integrate Fascism into all aspects of life. A
2215:
on the defending Ethiopian soldiers. Ethiopia surrendered in 1936, completing Italy's revenge for its failed colonial conquest of the 1890s. King
1774:
was introduced and workers were expected to spend Saturday afternoons engaged in sporting, paramilitary and political activities. This was called
15503:
14555:
14543:
8387:
3635:
2526:
2165:
13104:
8367:
6135:
6108:
5659:
5539:
1859:, which would cause severe diarrhea and dehydration, leaving the victim in a physically debilitated state that occasionally resulted in death.
6348:
5315:
3079:(CGL) and the PSI refused to officially recognize the anti-fascist militia and it also maintained a non-violent, legalist strategy, while the
15535:
14862:
14273:
13583:
13099:
8382:
8179:
7758:
4953:
3659:
2760:
2156:
to sever lines critical to the resistance. Soon afterwards, the colonial administration began the wholesale deportation of the people of the
947:
916:
2646:
in 1934 and promised the Austrians military support if Germany were to interfere. This promise helped save Austria from annexation in 1934.
16166:
15518:
14095:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13908:
12225:
8362:
3647:
3480:
2669:
closer ties with his German counterpart. On 28 October 1937, Mussolini declared Italy's support of Germany regaining its colonies lost in
14825:
14381:
13173:
11625:
9874:
9592:
8065:
6036:
3097:
2160:
to deny the rebels the support of the local population. The forced migration of more than 100,000 people ended in concentration camps in
17:
16130:
15060:
14490:
14387:
12235:
9572:
9133:
3865:
3808:
2939:
2542:. Albania was very closely tied to Italy even before the Italian invasion. Italy had built up heavy influence over Albania through the
2148:
led the Arab resistance movement. After a much-disputed truce on 3 January 1928, the Fascist policy in Libya increased in brutality. A
6523:
Yong Woo Kim, "From 'Consensus Studies' to History of Subjectivity: Some Considerations on Recent Historiography on Italian Fascism",
4440:
16468:
16264:
14737:
9602:
9283:
8828:
8669:
8085:
16478:
16171:
13934:
12642:
11494:
9894:
9485:
9000:
7012:
5964:
Paul Baxa (1 April 2007). "Capturing the Fascist Moment: Hitler's Visit to Italy in 1938 and the Radicalization of Fascist Italy".
2850:, a war of aggression Italy launched unprovoked, but where the Italian army found little progress. German Intervention during the
8488:
2000:
Italy's colonial expansion into Ethiopia in 1936 proved to have a negative impact on Italy's economy. The budget of the colony of
15736:
14620:
7748:
4435:
3076:
14747:
5332:
4688:
1683:'s education system on the issue of physical fitness and began an agenda that demanded that Italians become physically healthy.
14948:
13939:
13894:
13440:
13325:
12291:
12195:
9637:
9358:
9333:
9188:
9123:
8779:
8357:
8342:
7940:
2843:
2782:
1249:
The 1929 treaties with Mussolini partially recovered the Papacy's spiritual primacy in Italy, making the Pope sovereign in the
532:
433:
8948:
5710:(3 August 2006). Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation During the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 65.
1220:("We do not need") that denounced the regime's persecution of the Church in Italy and condemned "pagan worship of the state".
16473:
16414:
15577:
14709:
14422:
13832:
13766:
9944:
9774:
8513:
8372:
8001:
6607:
6296:
6269:
6235:
5888:
5728:
5640:
5613:
5140:
4763:
4738:
4698:
4635:
4386:
4270:
3986:
3886:
and control of access to the archives and sponsored historians and scholars who were favorable toward it such as philosopher
2448:. Corfu was later returned to Greece and war between Greece and Italy was avoided. In 1925, Italy forced Albania to become a
986:
1660:
twelve to fourteen and strictly enforced attendance. The Fascist government's first minister of education from 1922 to 1924
934:, battling with initial success on several fronts. However, after the German-Italian defeat in Africa, the successes of the
16211:
15486:
15294:
14776:
13904:
13089:
13074:
12849:
11317:
9899:
9353:
8764:
8714:
4296:
3899:
3465:
3123:
3117:
1704:(OND) or "National After-work Program" in 1925. The OND was the state's largest recreational organizations for adults. The
985:
by the resistance on 28 April 1945, and hostilities ended the next day. Shortly after the war, civil discontent led to the
8442:
7516:
7089:
2374:
by December 1934. In a famous trip to Libya in 1937, a propaganda event was created when on 18 March Mussolini posed with
1521:
in June 1919, Mussolini wrote a highly antisemitic analysis on the situation in Europe involving Bolshevism following the
1186:
within Rome, which gave it independent status and made it an important hub of world diplomacy. The Concordat of 1929 made
15540:
15403:
13847:
13689:
13573:
13405:
13054:
11911:
9904:
9749:
9612:
9587:
9418:
9388:
8774:
8709:
8483:
8377:
8189:
2951:
2543:
1341:
989:
on whether Italy would remain a monarchy or become a republic. The Italians decided to abandon the monarchy and form the
598:
4537:
2830:
in Africa and the Middle East, known as the "parallel war", while expecting a similar collapse of British forces in the
1163:
and the Pope furthered it by cutting ties with the Christian Democrats in 1922. Mussolini and the leading Fascists were
16259:
15844:
15471:
15304:
15065:
14667:
14315:
13771:
13563:
13233:
12773:
12662:
12185:
11991:
9993:
9879:
9433:
9408:
9228:
9198:
9128:
8739:
8694:
8679:
8644:
8596:
8199:
7848:
7658:
7274:
3813:
3519:
2274:
2055:
2026:, which became the world's fastest seaplane in 1933 and retained the title in 1934. In 1933, Fascist government member
440:
403:
13588:
2231:
vote to withdraw from the League on 11 December 1937 and Mussolini denounced the League as a mere "tottering temple".
16538:
15491:
15466:
15309:
14375:
14266:
13725:
13390:
13029:
12215:
12205:
11489:
9607:
9567:
9338:
9313:
9253:
8906:
8542:
7733:
6850:
6583:
5269:
5069:
4483:
4349:
4304:
4022:
3523:
2969:
The northern half of the country was occupied by the Germans with the cooperation of Italian fascists and became the
2896:
2798:
2423:
2047:
12982:
8953:
15863:
15144:
15030:
14672:
14149:
13791:
13684:
13395:
9817:
9597:
9318:
8896:
8729:
8437:
8397:
8184:
8110:
8105:
7615:
6536:
Anthony L. Cardoza, "Recasting the Duce for the New Century: Recent Scholarship on Mussolini and Italian Fascism",
3778:
2831:
2395:
1580:
1148:
1124:
1114:
13183:
5508:
5245:
2958:. Italy's military outside of the Italian peninsula collapsed, its occupied and annexed territories falling under
77:
15987:
15899:
15746:
15741:
15572:
15440:
14598:
14473:
13899:
13485:
13285:
12819:
12788:
12511:
11776:
11645:
9889:
9676:
9532:
9512:
9495:
8938:
8901:
8699:
8591:
8070:
7986:
7426:
3933:
3680:
3063:
2860:
1481:
1475:
and Fascist Italy was Italy's stance on Jews. In his early years as Fascist leader, Mussolini believed in racial
1413:
624:
13024:
13019:
11327:
8943:
7328:
2991:
2402:) for Islamic Libya and the 1939 reforms allowed the creation of Libyan military units within the Italian Army.
15935:
15523:
15000:
14913:
13568:
13250:
13193:
12894:
12889:
12210:
12115:
11876:
11610:
11474:
10578:
9754:
9208:
8704:
8508:
8392:
7753:
3858:
3748:
3403:
2774:
2415:
2121:
1916:
418:
9100:
7292:
789:
has been dismantled by King Victor Emmanuel III and Badoglio after the overthrow of Mussolini on 25 July 1943.
16186:
16017:
15904:
15435:
15430:
14450:
14107:
13425:
13208:
12688:
12180:
11530:
9779:
9505:
8659:
8272:
8095:
7558:
7049:
7037:
3653:
3595:
3590:
3574:
2925:
However, Italy's conquests were always heavily contested, both by various insurgencies (most prominently the
2880:
2856:
2284:
2136:, or ASI) as the Arab population there refused to accept Italian colonial government. Mussolini sent Marshal
1078:
13740:
2718:
1465:(right) were among the Italians who emigrated after the Fascist regime implemented anti-semitic legislation.
16523:
15945:
15884:
15869:
15721:
15582:
15035:
14697:
14259:
13228:
13094:
12952:
12919:
12341:
12125:
10868:
9998:
9954:
9929:
9847:
9827:
9233:
9143:
9138:
9040:
9035:
9030:
8801:
8749:
8724:
8402:
8239:
8214:
8157:
7863:
7605:
6895:
4455:
3783:
3716:
2872:
2773:(red) before World War II. Pink areas were annexed/occupied for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (the
2495:
2216:
1406:
1314:
939:
341:
13410:
13084:
12031:
11791:
11322:
11307:
10488:
10252:
7460:
2781:
Italy's military and logistical resources were stretched by successful pre-WWII military interventions in
2211:. Italy committed atrocities against the Ethiopians during the war, including the use of aircraft to drop
2169:
in Benghazi, the resistance petered out. Limited resistance to the Italian occupation crystallized around
16289:
16007:
15853:
15635:
15545:
15445:
15331:
15299:
14984:
14732:
14351:
13345:
13218:
13213:
12929:
12612:
12321:
12150:
11434:
9852:
9764:
9701:
9649:
9577:
9348:
9278:
8958:
8754:
8569:
8322:
7935:
7743:
7301:
6102:"Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919â22"
3902:, featuring its favored modernist art and asserting its own claims to express the spirit of Roman glory.
3829:
3670:
2978:
2974:
2934:
2914:
2794:
2522:
2411:
2303:
2294:
which stripped Jews of their Italian citizenship and prohibited them from any professional position. The
2200:
1055:
978:
904:
546:
11821:
8861:
7492:
7401:
3191:
also made the international community aware of the realities of fascism in Italy, thanks to the work of
2966:
on 3 September 1943. And on 29 September, Italy officially signed the Instrument of Surrender at Malta.
16488:
16344:
15972:
15792:
15699:
15672:
15607:
15481:
15015:
14941:
14854:
14080:
13972:
13465:
12869:
12255:
12145:
11741:
10853:
10373:
9949:
9934:
9859:
9837:
9832:
9769:
9490:
9452:
9308:
9288:
9263:
9060:
9025:
9020:
8744:
8547:
8473:
8432:
8297:
8194:
8142:
8030:
7823:
7763:
7683:
6144:
6133:
Working Class Defence Organization, Anti-Fascist Resistance and the Arditi Del Popolo in Turin, 1919â22
4541:
4258:
3763:
3722:
2819:
2786:
2437:
2379:
2240:
1700:
1514:
1370:(PNF). In the early 1920s, Mussolini wrote an article which stated that Fascism would never elevate a "
1275:
1199:
884:
883:
in foreign policy. The fourth phase (1935â1940) was characterized by an aggressive foreign policy: the
880:
572:
517:
12041:
11297:
11186:
8654:
4121:
Caprotti, Federico (2005). "Information management and fascist identity: newsreels in fascist Italy".
1770:
scheme and by 1939 social security expenditure accounted for 21% of government spending. In 1935, the
16374:
16140:
16063:
16027:
15045:
15010:
15005:
13420:
13049:
12884:
12632:
12230:
11429:
10953:
9914:
9744:
9696:
9691:
9582:
9413:
9373:
9268:
9070:
9015:
9010:
8462:
8407:
8352:
8317:
8249:
8162:
8115:
8050:
8006:
7160:
5390:
3851:
3793:
3758:
3753:
3281:
3091:, organized several bombings against the Italian fascist community. The Italian liberal anti-fascist
2947:
2888:
2839:
2419:
2074:
2019:, which in 1933 made a transatlantic sea crossing record of four days, funded the development of the
1534:
982:
943:
10232:
7436:
7365:
6132:
6101:
5670:
3206:'s dictatorship against Mussolini's regime; hence their motto: "Today in Spain, tomorrow in Italy".
1788:
1171:, but they recognized the advantages of warmer relations with Italy's large Roman Catholic element.
16513:
16483:
16389:
16379:
16359:
16329:
16284:
15982:
15824:
15756:
15726:
15706:
15587:
15263:
15228:
15025:
14677:
14657:
14634:
13730:
13480:
13455:
13350:
13335:
13148:
12997:
12879:
12839:
12778:
12652:
12426:
11640:
11342:
10973:
10716:
10675:
10277:
9924:
9804:
9734:
9681:
9632:
9462:
9403:
9303:
9293:
9258:
9248:
9243:
9183:
9148:
8988:
8886:
8719:
8684:
8347:
8302:
8219:
8204:
8024:
7853:
7625:
7000:
6965:
6905:
6623:
6431:
Vid Vremec, Pinko TomaĹžiÄ in drugi trĹžaĹĄki proces 1941 (Trieste: ZaloĹžniĹĄtvo trĹžaĹĄkega tiska, 1989)
3773:
3508:
3366:
3080:
2790:
2228:
1863:
1329:
1119:
12571:
11966:
10518:
10368:
10166:
6456:
The Italian Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives in the Interpretation of Mussolini and Fascism
5824:
Michael A. Livingston, The Fascists and the Jews of Italy: Mussolini's Race Laws, 1938â1943, p. 17
5540:"Today in Aviation History â Macchi Castoldi M.C. 72, The World's Fastest Piston-Powered Seaplane"
4627:
2554:
In 1936 in Spain, the Fascist regime made its most significant pre-war military intervention. The
981:
continued to wage its guerrilla war against the German and RSI forces. Mussolini was captured and
97:
16518:
16503:
16498:
16493:
16269:
16032:
15889:
15859:
15834:
15751:
15711:
15650:
15549:
15314:
15284:
14662:
14300:
14055:
13929:
13223:
13079:
13069:
12987:
12622:
12311:
12250:
12130:
12110:
11866:
11685:
11125:
10049:
9822:
9238:
9223:
8995:
8983:
8468:
8337:
8234:
7905:
7880:
7833:
7728:
7504:
5798:
5780:
3666:
3538:
3455:
3176:
3101:, which was published in 1925. Other notable Italian liberal anti-fascists around that time were
3055:
2970:
2555:
2431:
2097:
1817:
1628:
1569:
1303:
1229:
1090:
963:
920:
817:
740:
352:
302:
282:
83:
35:
12421:
11570:
11337:
7279:
4157:
Gori, Gigliola (1999). "Model of masculinity: Mussolini, the 'new Italian' of the Fascist era".
2533:. The historical justification for the annexation of Albania laid in the ancient history of the
15967:
15955:
15731:
15716:
15408:
15050:
14682:
14407:
13761:
13593:
13375:
13265:
13064:
13034:
13012:
12977:
12967:
12962:
12854:
12704:
12581:
12381:
11751:
11630:
11479:
10833:
10670:
10619:
10523:
9884:
9869:
9664:
9447:
9383:
9193:
9173:
9153:
9085:
9075:
9045:
8978:
8963:
8866:
8833:
8493:
8427:
8327:
8259:
8152:
8100:
8037:
7957:
7915:
7858:
7768:
7708:
7553:
7389:
7145:
7094:
4476:
3798:
2963:
2943:
2876:
2391:
2390:
Arab peoples there. In 1939, laws were passed that allowed Muslims to be permitted to join the
2252:
1822:
1687:
1367:
1353:
1310:
1140:
1086:
951:
809:
773:
611:
14770:
11981:
11826:
11287:
11160:
9428:
7313:
6259:
6181:
6044:
5603:
4341:
4262:
3153:
3146:
2603:
ideas which they saw as a threat to territories in Italy that previously had been part of the
2116:
2084:
in Europe, carving out a "New Roman Empire". Mussolini promised that Italy would dominate the
1038:
foundation and the Fascist's "new man" ideal, in which loyal Italians would rid themselves of
16274:
16201:
16181:
16095:
16044:
15802:
15782:
15592:
15186:
15154:
15040:
15020:
14934:
14898:
14687:
14412:
14211:
14038:
13527:
13470:
13430:
13370:
13340:
13168:
12942:
12506:
12501:
12476:
12466:
12456:
12331:
12160:
11956:
11921:
11831:
11781:
11725:
11675:
11670:
11590:
11261:
10943:
10624:
10463:
9864:
9842:
9794:
9739:
9729:
9686:
9527:
9398:
9378:
9298:
9158:
8891:
8813:
8796:
8734:
8664:
8649:
8503:
7962:
7930:
7925:
7885:
7875:
7808:
7738:
7703:
7678:
7227:
7084:
6843:
6225:
5130:
4568:
3788:
3768:
3690:
3327:
2884:
2823:
2427:
2149:
2141:
1763:
1686:
Intellectual talent in Italy was rewarded and promoted by the Fascist government through the
1144:
856:
833:
12326:
11266:
10428:
8526:
7448:
6597:
6286:
4619:
4246:
2797:
and were not ready for a long conflict. Nevertheless, Mussolini went to war to further the
1416:. A number of members of the Fascist Party were Jewish and Mussolini affirmed that he was a
1412:
On the issue of antisemitism, the Fascists were divided on what to do, especially after the
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Zanini, Paolo (2015). "Twenty years of persecution of Pentecostalism in Italy: 1935â1955".
4323:
Christianity In a Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the 19th and 20th Century
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2030:, who was also an aviator, made a transatlantic flight in a flying boat to Chicago for the
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James Burgwyn, "Renzo De Felice and Mussolini's Foreign Policy: Pragmatism vs. Ideology",
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left their homes and went to live in the mountains, fighting against Italian fascists and
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Until 1938, Mussolini had denied any antisemitism within Fascist Italy and dismissed the
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For security of the regime, Mussolini advocated complete state authority and created the
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Helstosky, Carol, "Fascist food politics: Mussolini's policy of alimentary sovereignty,
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and they also fought against the rise of the fascist leader Benito Mussolini. After the
1210:) youth network, which Mussolini wanted to merge into his Fascist youth group. In 1931,
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The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe
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2314:. Not all Italian Fascists supported discrimination: while the pro-German, anti-Jewish
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892:
30:
This article is about the Kingdom of Italy under Fascist rule. For the puppet state of
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Joshua D. Zimmerman, Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922â1945, pp. 119â120
2192:. The United Kingdom allowed Italy to gain some territory from Sudan to add to Libya.
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3233:(OVRA) in 1940 and 1941, and after June 1941 most of its former activists joined the
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Anti-Semitism and Anti-Zionism in Historical Perspective: Convergence and Divergence
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with initial success. The Italian military machine showed weakness during the 1940
2176:
1804:("National Security Volunteer Militia") in 1923, which are commonly referred to as "
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5571:"Century of Progress Homes Tour at Indiana Dunes takes visitors back to the future"
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which was created in 1926 to promote and coordinate Italy's intellectual activity.
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1489:. There were also prominent Fascists who completely rejected antisemitism, such as
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to broadcast papal disapproval of race murder and anti-Semitism angered the Nazis.
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Believe, Obey, Fight: Political Socialization of Youth in Fascist Italy, 1922â1943
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in Northern and Eastern Africa and reclaim dominance in the Mediterranean Sea and
1627:. In 1938, Farinacci became the minister in charge of culture and he also adopted
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The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-Semite's
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being killed and their homes being burned to the ground. After the occupation of
2311:
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2031:
1936:
Mussolini and the Fascist Party promised Italians a new economic system known as
1835:
1776:
1739:(KdF) or "Strength through Joy" program, which was even more successful than the
1718:
1592:
1513:
was of Jewish descent. Mussolini attacked the Jewish banker Giuseppe Toeplitz of
1436:
1371:
1298:, a famous Italian Jewish mathematician, into the Pontifical Academy of Science.
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Fabio Truzzolillo, "The 'Ndrangheta: the current state of historical research",
4895:
The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-Semites
4293:
The Civilization of the Holocaust in Italy: Poets, Artists, Saints, Anti-semites
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Larebo, Haile. "Empire building and its limitations: Ethiopia (1935â1941)." in
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I vinti e i liberati: 8 settembre 1943â25 aprile 1945 : storia di due anni
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in 1940, entering after it appeared France was likely to lose to Germany. The
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2153:
2088:. In propaganda, the Fascist government used the originally ancient Roman term
2065:
1990:
1887:
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1771:
1607:
In 1938, under pressure from Germany, Mussolini ordered the regime to adopt an
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5279:"The Straight Dope: Did Mussolini use castor oil as an instrument of torture?"
4170:
4134:
3141:
2743:. In May 1939, a formal alliance was organized. The alliance was known as the
1517:
by claiming that he was a German agent and traitor of Italy. In an article in
1270:
were promulgated by the Fascist rĂŠgime, designed to outlaw and persecute both
1085:
on 24 March 1929. By this time, the country was a single-party state with the
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Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy
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3333:
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as he wanted to mediate the crisis, but decided to remain officially silent.
2744:
2656:
and Mussolini walking in front of saluting military during Hitler's visit to
2608:
2507:
2367:
2330:
Fascist rule in its Italian colonies differed from region to region. Rule in
2020:
1986:
1950:
was published under Mussolini's name, although it was most likely written by
1840:
1632:
1573:
1546:
1397:
was Mediterranean, aligning his early opinion of Italian Jews with his early
1322:
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322:
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Between 1920 and 1943, several anti-fascist movements were active among the
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The United States and Fascist Italy: The Rise of American Finance in Europe
6673:
6420:
TIGR : Slovenci pod Italijo in TIGR na okopih v boju za narodni obstoj
5388:
Willson, Perry R., "Empire, Gender and the 'Home Front' in Fascist Italy",
4378:
4178:
3996:
3979:
The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison
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5723:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999. p. 346.
4032:
2977:(at its height numbering more than 50,000 men), as well as around 350,000
2910:
2611:" which would be a "March on Berlin" (which came into being as the failed
2594:
Italy was Nazi Germany's closest ally for most of that regime's existence.
1766:. At the end of the 1930s, 13 million Italians were enrolled in the state
1698:
A major success in social policy in Fascist Italy was the creation of the
1093:, which was legal since 1912, was restricted to men who were members of a
16339:
16279:
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4325:. The 20th Century In Europe. Vol. 4. pp. 32â35, 153, 156, 371.
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2081:
2027:
1994:
1937:
1879:
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1805:
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1421:
1387:
1386:. Mussolini had initially rejected Nazi racism, especially the idea of a
1379:
1160:
1094:
1060:
927:
427:
412:
14235:
13355:
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11155:
6484:
R. J. B. Bosworth, "L'Anno Santo (Holy Year) in Fascist Italy 1933â34",
6182:"Il Popolo del 1925 col manifesto antifascista: ritrovata l'unica copia"
4852:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 346.
2257:
2195:
In 1935, Mussolini believed that the time was right for Italy to invade
1729:
in Fascist Italy prompted Nazi Germany to create its own version of the
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8690:
Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
8126:
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7653:
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7318:
7259:
7109:
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7017:
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6227:
Fascism, Anti-fascism, and the Resistance in Italy: 1919 to the Present
5516:
4509:
3696:
2900:
2868:
2617:
2600:
2299:
2269:
Le leggi per la difesa della razza approvate dal Consiglio dei ministri
2212:
1941:
1856:
1755:
1179:
1082:
1068:
1035:
163:
5095:
The Culture of Consent: Mass Organizations of Leisure in Fascist Italy
2060:
14174:
14085:
14018:
13977:
13510:
13415:
13400:
13280:
13203:
12768:
12531:
12496:
12461:
12281:
11690:
11525:
11388:
11074:
8580:
7838:
7803:
7264:
6960:
6701:
The Culture of Consent: Mass Organisation of Leisure in Fascist Italy
6035:
Franco, FundaciĂłn Nacional Francisco; FNFF, RedacciĂłn (5 July 2018).
5880:
Girding for Battle: The Arms Trade in a Global Perspective, 1815â1940
4254:
3383:
3377:
2678:
2676:
With no significant opposition from Italy, Hitler proceeded with the
2571:
2539:
2481:
1506:
12431:
9423:
2566:
socialist Republicans and the Church-supporting nationalists led by
2491:
2128:
Colonial efforts in Africa began in the 1920s, as civil war plagued
16254:
16239:
16234:
16135:
15169:
15164:
14201:
14169:
14119:
14033:
14023:
14006:
13614:
13380:
13310:
12617:
12351:
11049:
9178:
7384:
7323:
7308:
7064:
7006:
6970:
6545:
6442:"Intelligence and Operational Support for the Anti-Nazi Resistance"
4810:
4808:
3579:
3210:
2826:
surrendered shortly afterward. Italy readied to fight against the
2634:. A number of Fascists were Jewish, including Mussolini's mistress
2450:
2383:
2351:
2306:, which took place on the night between 6 and 7 of October 1938 in
2105:
2023:
1929:
1878:
in Calabria, the Fascist government gave special powers in 1925 to
1405:
were natives of Italy, after living on the Italian Peninsula for a
1239:
875:, established a protectorate over Albania, and annexed the city of
821:
266:
6722:
Mussolini's War: Fascist Italy from Triumph to Collapse, 1935â1943
3131:
2765:
2440:
in Europe. In 1923, Italian soldiers captured the Greek island of
1651:
15201:
14926:
13532:
12401:
12366:
12346:
12176:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
12146:
The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
11715:
9716:
9363:
8791:
8417:
7499:
6859:
6687:
Economic Fascism: Primary Sources on Mussolini's Crony Capitalism
6059:
4823:
3046:, anti-fascists, many of them were members and supporters of the
2732:
2691:
2371:
1883:
1830:("Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism") or
1751:
1494:
1417:
1168:
900:
299:
261:
6631:
Fascist Warfare, 1922â1945: Aggression, Occupation, Annihilation
4970:
4968:
4906:
4904:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4843:
4841:
4805:
2525:
and after a short campaign, Albania was occupied, turned into a
2199:(also known as Abyssinia) to make it a colony. As a result, the
15894:
14011:
13679:
13674:
13619:
13365:
13315:
12834:
12561:
12556:
12386:
12220:
9442:
9343:
9213:
8881:
7563:
7411:
7338:
7079:
6809:
State Control in Fascist Italy: Culture and Conformity, 1925â43
5364:
Peasant Women and Politics in Fascist Italy: The Massaie Rurali
5207:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. p. 112.
3261:
3225:. The most influential was the militant insurgent organization
3214:
3008:
2682:, the annexation of Austria in 1938. Germany later claimed the
2657:
2622:
2445:
2387:
2013:
1982:
1871:
1673:
and the struggle for Italian independence and unity during the
1156:
1098:
2521:, Mussolini turned his attention to Albania. On 7 April 1939,
218: Occupied territory and protectorates during World War II
15174:
14957:
12864:
8454:
7981:
6391:
Narodnoobrambno gibanje primorskih Slovencev : 1921â1928
4965:
4901:
4881:
4838:
4249:
The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929â32: A Study in Conflict
3265:
3257:
2740:
2703:
2499:
2441:
2203:
erupted. Italy invaded Ethiopia from the Italian colonies of
2189:
2185:
2161:
1793:
1643:
I am carrying out my policy entirely for political reasons".
1178:
was a treaty that recognized the Pope as the head of the new
876:
12794:
National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
6741:
Luzzatto, Sergio. "The Political Culture of Fascist Italy."
6680:
Mussolini's Cities: Internal Colonialism in Italy, 1930â1939
4200:
Bara'nski, Zygmunt G.; Yannopoulos, George N., eds. (1991).
2494:. This organization later became the governing force of the
15682:
15159:
14480:
8839:
Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
6985:
4926:
The Jews in Mussolini's Italy: From Equality to Persecution
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4817:
Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust
4799:
Esau's Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews
4599:
4081:
The Struggle For Modernity Nationalism Futurism and Fascism
3226:
3202:
with the hope of setting an example of armed resistance to
2736:
2575:
the Atlantic Ocean and its ability to pursue its policy of
2503:
2469:. Due to concerns of German expansionism, Italy joined the
2375:
2307:
1997:
nations had a higher industrial growth during that period.
1926:
1848:
1831:
1402:
1101:. Consequently, only 9.5 million people were able to vote.
919:, while the sixth and final phase (1943â1945) was the rump
357:
234:
114:
6828:
5167:
4690:
Hebraic Aspects of the Renaissance: Sources and Encounters
4575:
3167:, active from 1929 to 1945. The movement was cofounded by
2386:), which was to symbolize Mussolini as a protector of the
2342:
ordered Italian soldiers to pillage native settlements in
1708:
was so popular that by the 1930s all towns in Italy had a
1509:". Mussolini came to believe rumors that Bolshevik leader
8675:
German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
6645:
Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany: comparisons and contrasts
6471:"The Centralisation Of Historical Research (1935â1943)",
5912:
Balkans: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, 1804â1999
4718:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. p. 35.
3231:
Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism
3040:
Organization for Vigilance and Repression of Anti-Fascism
1828:
Organizzazione di Vigilanza Repressione dell'Antifascismo
14464:
Tribunale speciale per la difesa dello Stato (1926â1943)
6659:
Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Dictatorship 1915â1945
5629:
Lawson, Edward; Bertucci, Mary Lou; Dargel, Jan (1996).
4856:
4199:
4194:
Madri d'ltalia: Film and Fascist Concern with Motherhood
2992:
Anti-fascism § Italy: against Fascism and Mussolini
1820:
uniforms. Most of the Blackshirts were members from the
1445:
6336:
Carlo Rosselli: socialist heretic and antifascist exile
5696:
The Illustrated London News: Marching to War, 1933â1939
4914:. Rosemont Publish & Printing Corp., 2003. p. 202.
2985:
1366:
always denied the existence of antisemitism within the
14306:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919â1926)
9274:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
8615:
Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
6629:
Alonso, Miguel, Alan Kramer, and Javier Rodrigo, eds.
6206:
James Martin, 'Piero Gobetti's Agonistic Liberalism',
5351:
The Clockwork Factory: Women and Work in Fascist Italy
5179:
5011:
4587:
4202:
Women and Italy: Essays on Gender, Culture and History
3919:
Fascist and anti-Fascist violence in Italy (1919â1926)
2875:
was installed in Croatia following the German-Italian
2444:
as part of the Fascists' plan to eventually take over
13843:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
6638:
Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations
4941:
All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941â1943
4819:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 327.
4668:
4468:
4466:
4407:
4395:
3087:, who exiled himself to Argentina following the 1922
2152:
was built from the Mediterranean Sea to the oasis of
1097:
or an association, to soldiers and to members of the
6738:(Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2005) pp. 83â94.
6460:
Italian Fascism: History, Memory, and Representation
6224:
Pugliese, Stanislao G.; Pugliese, Stanislao (2004).
5628:
4622:
Jews in Italy Under Fascist and Nazi Rule, 1922â1945
2954:
by order of King Victor Emmanuel III, provoking the
2465:
Italy, if it demanded the German-populated areas of
970:
which was ruled by Mussolini and Fascist loyalists.
15441:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
14281:
4617:
2625:was, but was immediately disappointed, saying that
1679:. In the late 1930s, the Fascist government copied
1342:
Italian fascism and racism § Jews and Africans
973:From that point onward, the country descended into
6816:Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922â1935
6715:Mussolini's Italy: Twenty Years of the Fascist Era
6571:
6261:Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922â1935
5394:, October 2007, Vol. 16 Issue 4, pp. 487â500.
4532:
4530:
4528:
4463:
4424:
4422:
2273:"The laws for the defense of race approved by the
1030:and the Fascist regime set an agenda of improving
210: Possessions and colonies before World War II
6781:Fascist Italy in the Spanish Civil War, 1936â1939
6599:The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust
5713:
5698:. Toronto, Canada: Doubleday Canada Ltd., p. 137.
2080:Mussolini promised to revive Italy's status as a
1886:. These powers gave him the ability to prosecute
1750:Between 1928 and 1930, the government introduced
1545:If Petrograd (Pietrograd) does not yet fall, if
958:seized control of the northern half of Italy and
16460:
12171:Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
6525:Totalitarian Movements & Political Religions
6223:
6037:"ÂżEra Franco fascista?, por JosĂŠ Javier Esparza"
5128:
3149:, anti-fascist movement active from 1929 to 1945
2582:solidify Italy's hold on the Mediterranean Sea.
6514:(1999), Vol. 36 Issue 141/142, pp. 93â103.
6378:Storia degli sloveni in Italia : 1866â1998
5660:"IBS No. 10 â Libya (LY) & Sudan (SU) 1961"
4897:. Rosemont Publish & Printing. p. 201.
4801:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 466â467.
4525:
4419:
4340:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p.
3198:Many Italian anti-fascists participated in the
2529:and its parliament crowned Victor Emmanuel III
2007:
193:All territory ever controlled by Fascist Italy:
8368:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
6795:The United States and Fascist Italy, 1922â1940
6458:(1998); Bosworth and Patrizia Dogliani, eds.,
6323:The Intellectual Resistance Movement in Europe
5601:
5489:. Westport, CT / London: Greenwood Press. p. 5
4947:
4428:
4017:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 212.
2933:) and Allied military forces, which waged the
1253:state, and restoring Roman Catholicism as the
16534:States and territories disestablished in 1943
14942:
14267:
8180:Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
6844:
4611:
4159:International Journal of the History of Sport
4083:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 87.
3859:
2761:Military history of Italy during World War II
2180:Depiction of Mussolini in Italian East Africa
2108:, Albania and Greece for the Italian Empire.
1802:Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale
647:3,798,000 km (1,466,000 sq mi)
50:
13992:
12226:Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
8388:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
8363:National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
6527:(2009), Vol. 10 Issue 3/4, pp. 327â337.
6393:(Trieste: ZaloĹžniĹĄtvo trĹžaĹĄkega tiska, 1977)
5420:. Rome: Ardita Publishers. pp. 135â136.
5264:. New York: Arnold/Oxford University Press.
4923:
4286:
4284:
4282:
4218:. Direct Democracy (in German). 24 May 1929.
3268:, were freed during anti-fascist uprisings.
1783:
1585:Comitati d'Azione per l'Universalita di Roma
1390:, as "arrant nonsense, stupid and idiotic".
14382:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
13174:Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists
8174:FĂŠdĂŠration d'action nationale et europĂŠenne
6091:, New York: Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26
5877:Stoker, Donald J.; Grant, Jonathan (2003).
5876:
5863:
5861:
5859:
5857:
5472:
5470:
5468:
5458:
5456:
5446:
5444:
5080:
5078:
5047:
5045:
5043:
5041:
5039:
5037:
5035:
4680:
3098:Manifesto of the Anti-Fascist Intellectuals
1115:Freedom of religion in Italy § History
1063:in Rome, which served as an inspiration to
16529:States and territories established in 1922
14949:
14935:
14388:Assassination attempts on Benito Mussolini
14274:
14260:
13659:Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust
13584:National Socialist German Students' League
13105:Union of Young Fascists â Vanguard (girls)
12236:A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century
9134:Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
8383:National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
7759:National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
6851:
6837:
6497:Paul Preston, "Reading History: Fascism",
6288:Renewing Italian Socialism: Nenni to Craxi
6034:
5407:March 2004, Vol. 9 Issue 1, pp. 1â26.
5154:
5152:
4753:
4363:
4361:
4338:Saints and Sinners: A History of the Popes
4320:
3866:
3852:
3217:in the territories annexed to Italy after
1925:Mussolini in 1932, giving a speech at the
859:against rebels in the Italian colonies of
187:
13100:Union of Young Fascists â Vanguard (boys)
9284:National Socialist Patriotic Organisation
8829:United Hungarian National Socialist Party
8670:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
8086:British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
6694:How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922â1945
6291:. Oxford University Press. pp. 6â8.
5963:
5377:How Fascism Ruled Women: Italy, 1922â1945
5064:, Westport, CN; London: Greenwood Press,
4892:
4875:
4796:
4713:
4508:
4290:
4279:
4216:"Italy, 24 May 1929: Fascist single list"
4068:. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson. p. 107.
4045:
3981:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
899:, leading to sanctions; growing economic
12643:Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
9486:Canadian Association for Free Expression
9001:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
8066:Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
6666:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s
6257:
6230:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 10.
6179:
5854:
5766:
5764:
5762:
5760:
5758:
5741:The Ax Within: Italian Fascism in Action
5465:
5453:
5441:
5259:
5075:
5032:
4814:
4429:Giordano, Alberto; Holian, Anna (2018).
4120:
3976:
3970:
3898:. In October 1932, it sponsored a large
3140:
3111:
2995:
2909:
2799:imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime
2764:
2717:
2713:
2648:
2589:
2498:, and murdered hundreds of thousands of
2256:
2175:
2144:campaign against the Arab nationalists.
2115:
2104:. The Fascists launched wars to conquer
2059:
1920:
1787:
1650:
1233:
1118:
1104:
804:is a term which is used to describe the
6624:Benito Mussolini § Further reading
6592:
6566:
6317:
6315:
5914:. New York: Penguin Books, 2001. p. 431
5568:
5537:
5198:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5173:
5158:
5149:
5017:
4758:(in Italian). Gruppo Albatros Il Filo.
4674:
4650:
4605:
4593:
4581:
4472:
4436:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
4413:
4401:
4367:
4358:
4241:
4078:
3077:Italian General Confederation of Labour
3034:to describe its opponents. Mussolini's
2946:campaigns. In July 1943, following the
14:
16461:
13326:Hungarian National Defence Association
12196:Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
9638:Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
9359:Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
9334:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
9189:Front of National Revolutionary Action
9124:Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
8780:National Socialist Working Association
8358:National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
8343:National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
7941:Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
6180:Bruscino, Felicia (25 November 2017).
5694:Gilbert, Martin (introduction). 1989.
5654:
5652:
5487:Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy
5110:, London: Routledge, pp. 391â395.
5062:Historical Dictionary of Fascist Italy
4626:. Cambridge University Press. p.
4480:
4141:
4063:
2722:Mussolini inspects the troops in 1934.
2698:and whether they would want to join a
2436:The Fascist regime also engaged in an
2378:dignitaries who gave him an honorary "
1762:. In 1933, the government established
996:
14930:
14255:
13961:
13878:
13833:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
13767:November 1932 German federal election
13640:
12750:
12087:
9975:
9945:La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
9775:National Socialist Party of Australia
8489:Parti Communautaire National-EuropĂŠen
8373:National Socialist Movement of Norway
7587:
7186:
6870:
6832:
6284:
5755:
5635:. Taylor & Francis. p. 971.
5550:from the original on 23 December 2021
4938:
4924:Sarfatti, Michele; Tedeschi, Anne C.
4847:
4335:
4009:
3884:Giunta Centrale per gli Studi Storici
2382:" (that had actually been crafted in
1583:which was chaired by the Italian-led
1471:The major source of friction between
1230:Clerical fascism § Fascist Italy
1026:With the concept of totalitarianism,
1005:state was officially declared in the
836:, while they simultaneously promoted
27:Period of Italian history (1922â1943)
15487:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
14777:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
14616:Legione Proletaria Filippo Corridoni
13075:National Youth Organisation (Greece)
12850:Francisco Franco National Foundation
9900:National Socialist Movement of Chile
8715:National Democratic Party of Germany
6825:(Manchester University Press, 1995).
6811:(Manchester University Press, 1991).
6708:The Jews in Fascist Italy: A History
6349:""Oggi in Spagna, domani in Italia""
6312:
5883:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 180.
5538:Caliaro, Luigino (23 October 2014).
5306:(August 2011) 16#3 pp. 363â383.
5202:
5191:
4728:
4686:
4297:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press
4191:
4156:
3900:Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution
3124:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
3118:Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana
2986:Anti-fascism during Mussolini's rule
2261:Front page of the Italian newspaper
13690:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
13574:Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
13055:National Socialist Liberation Front
9905:National Universitary Concentration
9750:Australian National Socialist Party
9588:National Socialist Liberation Front
9419:Union of Bulgarian National Legions
8949:Falange EspaĂąola de las JONS (1976)
8775:National Socialist Freedom Movement
8710:National Democratic Party (Austria)
8484:Organisation of National Socialists
8378:National Socialist Union of Finland
6807:Thompson, Doug, and Aron Thompson.
6762:(Cambridge University Press, 2015).
6703:(Cambridge University Press, 2002).
6647:(Cambridge University Press, 1996).
6422:(Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1997)
6325:. Harvard University Press. p. 224.
5743:. New York: New Viewpoints, p. 189.
5649:
5335:. AmericanMafia.com. Archived from
4829:
2814:Italy joined the war as one of the
2400:Associazione Musulmana del Littorio
2298:declared that Italians were of the
1834:was created in 1927. It was led by
1826:. A secret police force called the
1537:. In June 1919, Mussolini wrote on
1223:
24:
14956:
14668:Maximalist Italian Socialist Party
13962:
13772:March 1933 German federal election
13564:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
13234:Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
12774:Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
12663:Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
12186:The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
9880:National Fascist Party (Argentina)
9434:Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
9229:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
9129:Bosnian Movement of National Pride
8695:Hungarian National Socialist Party
8645:Christian National Socialist Front
8597:World Union of National Socialists
8514:Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
8200:French National-Collectivist Party
7849:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
7749:Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde Ä°nkiĹaf
7659:Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
6617:
6488:(July 2010) 40#3 pp. 436â457.
6338:. Harvard University Press. p. 51.
6114:from the original on 19 March 2022
5936:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 181.
5418:Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions
5135:. Nelson Thornes. pp. 27â28.
4321:Latourette, Kenneth Scott (1961).
4051:Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions
3256:. Many cities in Italy, including
3128:Italian Anti-Fascist Concentration
2964:signed the armistice to the Allies
2354:, the Fascist government endorsed
2290:In 1938, Fascist Italy passed the
1358:Until he formed his alliance with
926:Italy was a leading member of the
911:. The fifth phase (1940â1943) was
840:, traditional social values and a
441:Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
172:
146:
25:
16550:
14743:Alleanza Nazionale per la LibertĂ
14500:Antifascist martyrs and prisoners
13030:Korean National Youth Association
12751:
12216:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
9608:Nationalist Front (United States)
9568:National Alliance (United States)
9339:The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
9254:National-Christian Defense League
8765:Greater German People's Community
8543:Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
7734:Korean National Youth Association
6696:(Univ of California Press, 1992).
6668:(2000) 126â148, 307â331, 549â575
6640:(Hoover Institution Press, 1976).
6574:The Holocaust: the Jewish tragedy
5605:European Dictatorships, 1918â1945
5569:LaMorte, Chris (2 October 2017).
5405:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
4484:Journal of Modern Italian Studies
3271:
2424:Italian governorate of Montenegro
2048:Italian imperialism under Fascism
2041:
1693:
993:, the present-day Italian state.
785:As Prime Minister only. The word
16443:
16442:
16431:
14234:
13792:1934 Montreux Fascist conference
13396:National Socialism / White Power
9818:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
9389:Russian Women's Fascist Movement
9319:National Socialism / White Power
8730:National Movement of Switzerland
8190:Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
7616:Muslim Association of the Lictor
6530:
6517:
6504:
6491:
6478:
6465:
6448:
6434:
6425:
6412:
6396:
6383:
6363:
6341:
6328:
6278:
6251:
6217:
6200:
6173:
6151:
6148:, Vol. 33, No. 2, 183â218 (2003)
6126:
6094:
6081:
6068:
6028:
6019:
6010:
6001:
5992:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5926:
5917:
5904:
5870:
5845:
5836:
5827:
3835:
3300:
2938:after disastrous defeats in the
2396:Muslim Association of the Lictor
2346:, which resulted in hundreds of
1581:1934 Montreux Fascist conference
1444:
1435:
1242:delegation prior to signing the
1125:Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, Rome
948:overthrew and arrested Mussolini
745:
731:
706:
90:
76:
16479:1943 disestablishments in Italy
16172:Orders, decorations, and medals
14599:Formazioni di difesa proletaria
14282:Italian antifascism (1919â1943)
13589:Sindicato EspaĂąol Universitario
12820:Agrarian Trade Union Federation
12789:Italian Nationalist Association
9890:Nationalist Liberation Alliance
9677:Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
9533:Fascist League of North America
9496:Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
9116:Eastern and Southeastern Europe
8902:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
8700:Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten
7987:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
6560:
6089:Mediterranean Fascism 1919â1945
5966:Journal of Contemporary History
5818:
5809:
5791:
5773:
5746:
5733:
5701:
5688:
5622:
5608:. Routledge. pp. 157â158.
5595:
5562:
5531:
5501:
5492:
5479:
5432:
5423:
5410:
5397:
5382:
5369:
5356:
5343:
5325:
5309:
5296:
5244:. 6 August 1923. Archived from
5225:. EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica. 2007
5211:
5163:. London: Phoenix. p. 234.
5122:
5113:
5106:Kallis, Aristotle, ed. (2003).
5100:
5087:
5054:
5023:
4986:
4977:
4932:
4917:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4747:
4722:
4659:
4644:
4572:, 4 December 1942, pp. 187â188.
4560:
4329:
4314:
4235:
4222:
4208:
4185:
4150:
4114:
4105:
4015:A History of Fascism, 1914â1945
3951:
3934:European interwar dictatorships
2801:, which aspired to restore the
2754:
2731:and Italy on Italian-populated
2285:racial policies of Nazi Germany
1669:era, displaying the rebirth of
1631:which were designed to prevent
1482:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
1335:
950:. The new government signed an
14311:Massacre of Palazzo d'Accursio
14096:of Poles during the Partitions
13569:Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
13251:Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria
12983:GioventĂš Italiana del Littorio
12890:National Popular Consciousness
9506:Parti national social chrĂŠtien
9209:Greek National Socialist Party
8979:National Fascist Party (Italy)
8954:Falange EspaĂąola Independiente
8907:Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
8705:Liechtenstein Homeland Service
8393:National Socialists of Finland
8017:Northern / Northwestern Europe
7754:National Socialism Association
6818:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016).
6334:Stanislao G. Pugliese (1999).
6161:. Anarchist_century.tripod.com
5223:EncyclopĂŚdia Britannica Online
5060:Cannistraro, Philip V. (1982)
4096:
4087:
4072:
4057:
4039:
4003:
3404:Praetorian prefecture of Italy
2438:interventionist foreign policy
2234:
2134:Africa Settentrionale Italiana
2056:ItaloâEthiopian Treaty of 1928
1917:Economy of Italy under fascism
1655:Propaganda poster of Mussolini
1202:. Friction continued over the
1155:). In 1929, Mussolini and the
779:
766:
13:
1:
13685:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
13426:Russian National Unity (2000)
13209:Combat Terrorist Organization
13090:Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
12181:Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
9780:Progressive Nationalist Party
9598:National States' Rights Party
8897:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
8185:Finnish People's Organisation
8111:British People's Party (2005)
8106:British People's Party (1939)
8096:British National Party (1960)
7588:
6769:(2009) pp 191â244 for 1930s.
6743:Contemporary European History
6540:(2005) 77#3 pp. 722â737
6285:Scala, Spencer M. Di (1988).
6258:Tollardo, Elisabetta (2016).
5923:Smith, 1997. pp. 398â399
5803:www.germaniainternational.com
5785:www.germaniainternational.com
5485:Cannistraro, Philip V. 1982.
5219:"Italy The rise of Mussolini"
5132:Mussolini and Italian Fascism
4815:Brustein, William I. (2003).
4797:Lindemann, Albert S. (1997).
4754:Alessandri, Giuseppe (2020).
4651:Hibbert, Christopher (1975).
4501:10.1080/1354571X.2015.1096522
3964:
3514:Byzantine reconquest of Italy
3050:, fought against the violent
1123:Roman Catholic procession in
987:1946 institutional referendum
16474:1922 establishments in Italy
16469:Kingdom of Italy (1861â1946)
14469:Casellario politico centrale
13905:Fascist movements by country
13486:Ukrainian People's Militsiya
13229:Croatian National Resistance
13095:Union of Fascist Little Ones
13025:Juventudes de AcciĂłn Popular
13020:Jeunesse Populaire Française
12953:Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
12920:Russian Fascist Organization
12512:Revue d'histoire du fascisme
9955:Tacuara Nationalist Movement
9930:Popular Representation Party
9895:National Liberation Movement
9848:Brazilian Integralist Action
9828:Argentine Nationalist Action
9513:Fascism in the United States
9234:Lithuanian Nationalist Union
9144:Croatian National Resistance
9139:Croatian Liberation Movement
9041:National Union (Italy, 1923)
9036:National Front (Spain, 2006)
9031:National Front (Spain, 1986)
8944:Falange EspaĂąola de las JONS
8750:National Union (Switzerland)
8740:National Radical Camp (1993)
8725:National Front (Switzerland)
8403:National Union (Netherlands)
8240:International Third Position
8215:General Dutch Fascist League
8158:English National Association
7864:Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
7606:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
7187:
6896:Aestheticization of politics
6788:The Woman Who Shot Mussolini
6475:(2010), Issue 57, pp. 63â84.
6043:(in Spanish). Archived from
5632:Encyclopedia of Human Rights
5093:de Grazia, Victoria (1981).
4618:Joshua D. Zimmerman (2005).
3575:Mid-16th c. to early 19th c.
3038:was officially known as the
2496:Independent State of Croatia
2008:Technology and modernization
1646:
1399:Mediterraneanist perspective
1315:Independent State of Croatia
1200:Italian invasion of Ethiopia
1139:, depriving the Pope of his
808:when it was governed by the
143:("Royal March of Ordinance")
7:
16212:Water supply and sanitation
15636:Italian geographical region
15504:Monarchy and the World Wars
15446:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
15332:War of the Sicilian Vespers
14985:Timeline of Italian history
14733:Italian resistance movement
14719:Organizations and movements
14418:1940 San Mauro Forte revolt
14352:1922 Italian general strike
13641:
13346:Jewish Defense Organization
13219:Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
13214:Confederation of the Nation
12895:People's Party Our Slovakia
12613:The Daughter of the Samurai
12322:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
12151:The Fourth Political Theory
12126:Did Six Million Really Die?
9853:Brazilian Integralist Front
9765:National Action (Australia)
9702:Nationalist Front of Mexico
9650:Traditionalist Worker Party
9593:National Socialist Movement
9578:Nationalist Social Club-131
9101:Unidad Falangista MontaĂąesa
8959:Falangist Movement of Spain
8755:Nationalist Front (Germany)
8509:Patriotic People's Movement
7936:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
7744:Liberal Party (South Korea)
6858:
6652:Mussolini and Fascist Italy
6633:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2019).
6444:. Darbysrangers.tripod.com.
6321:James D. Wilkinson (1981).
6142:, Antonio Sonnessa, in the
6087:Charles F. Delzell, edit.,
5721:Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life
5260:Bosworth, R. J. B. (2002).
4850:Italo Balbo: A Fascist Life
4733:. Routledge. pp. 6â7.
4566:"Scholars at the Vatican".
4053:. Rome: Ardita. p. 14.
3912:
2979:Italian resistance movement
2975:Italian Co-Belligerent Army
2935:Battle of the Mediterranean
2869:occupation by German forces
2844:occupied British Somaliland
2623:National Socialist movement
2412:Italian invasion of Albania
2304:Gran Consiglio del Fascismo
2201:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
1291:The Jewish National Monthly
1081:were held in the form of a
1051:in creating a new culture.
979:Italian resistance movement
946:, King Victor Emmanuel III
772:De facto, as anthem of the
10:
16555:
16131:Inventions and discoveries
15541:Fall of the Fascist regime
15524:Fourth War of Independence
15482:Expedition of the Thousand
15472:Second War of Independence
14491:Italian fascist censorship
14081:F-scale (personality test)
13973:Authoritarian conservatism
13466:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
9976:
9935:Popular Socialist Vanguard
9860:Falangism in Latin America
9838:Bolivian Socialist Falange
9833:Argentine Patriotic League
9770:National Socialist Network
9573:National Renaissance Party
9491:Canadian Union of Fascists
9309:National Renaissance Front
9289:National Socialist Society
9264:National Fascist Community
9061:Republican Social Movement
9026:National Democracy (Spain)
9021:National Democracy (Italy)
8939:Falange EspaĂąola AutĂŠntica
8745:National Revival of Poland
8660:Free German Workers' Party
8548:Scottish Protestant League
8474:Order of Flemish Militants
8433:Nordic Resistance Movement
8298:National Alliance (Sweden)
8273:Mouvement d'Action Civique
7824:Rastriya Prajatantra Party
7764:Nationalist Movement Party
6871:
6790:(Faber & Faber, 2010).
6786:Saunders, Frances Stonor.
6621:
6602:. Henry Holt and Company.
6501:(1985) 35#9 pp. 46â49
6486:European History Quarterly
6145:European History Quarterly
5932:Mack Smith, Denis (1983).
5159:Farrell, Nicholas (2004).
4848:Segrè, Claudio G. (1999).
4542:Assemblies of God in Italy
4259:Cambridge University Press
3116:1931 badge of a member of
3042:. During the 1920s in the
2989:
2836:bombed Mandatory Palestine
2820:Italian invasion of France
2805:in the Mediterranean (the
2758:
2621:to find out what Hitler's
2585:
2416:Albanian Kingdom (1939â43)
2409:
2405:
2322:strongly pushed for them,
2241:Italian fascism and racism
2238:
2045:
1914:
1910:
1701:Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro
1515:Banca Commerciale Italiana
1473:National Socialist Germany
1339:
1313:. In the Italian-occupied
1227:
1131:In 1870, the newly formed
1108:
966:(RSI), a collaborationist
895:; confrontations with the
887:, which was launched from
885:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
29:
16427:
16225:
16071:
16062:
15926:
15917:
15905:Security and intelligence
15778:
15769:
15631:
15622:
15565:
15492:Third War of Independence
15467:First War of Independence
15454:
15347:
15256:
15137:
15074:
14993:
14977:
14968:
14796:
14763:
14725:
14718:
14650:
14591:
14499:
14448:
14287:
14224:
13968:
13957:
13885:
13879:
13874:
13820:
13754:
13698:
13667:
13651:
13647:
13636:
13602:
13556:
13421:Russian Imperial Movement
13411:Ostmärkische Sturmscharen
13391:National Republican Guard
13130:
13085:Ăsterreichisches Jungvolk
13050:National League of Sweden
12928:
12885:National Policy Institute
12807:
12761:
12757:
12746:
12697:
12676:
12590:
12264:
12256:Who Are the Mind Benders?
12231:Protestantische Rompilger
12098:
12094:
12088:
12083:
11734:
11503:
11422:
11351:
11280:
11174:
11108:
11042:
10811:
10725:
10689:
10633:
10592:
10321:
10215:
10154:
10098:
10027:
9986:
9982:
9971:
9915:Patriot Front (Argentina)
9803:
9745:Australian Defence League
9715:
9697:National Synarchist Union
9692:National Pro Patria Party
9583:National Socialist Legion
9461:
9374:Russian Imperial Movement
9269:National Fascist Movement
9114:
9071:Sammarinese Fascist Party
9016:National Alliance July 18
9011:National Alliance (Spain)
8852:
8605:
8408:National Union (Portugal)
8353:National Socialist League
8318:National League of Sweden
8250:Lalli Alliance of Finland
8163:European Liberation Front
8116:British Union of Fascists
8051:Black Front (Netherlands)
8015:
7634:
7598:
7594:
7583:
7517:Syrian Social Nationalism
7193:
7182:
7138:
6881:
6877:
6866:
6538:Journal of Modern History
6473:Storia della Storiografia
6407:Prvi antifaĹĄizem v Evropi
6264:. Springer. p. 152.
6208:History of European Ideas
5416:Mussolini, Benito. 1935.
5129:Hamish Macdonald (1999).
4893:Feinstein, Wiley (2003).
4291:Feinstein, Wiley (2003).
4171:10.1080/09523369908714098
4135:10.1080/13688800500323899
4064:Pauley, Bruce F. (2003).
3418:Romano-Barbarian Kingdoms
3157:
3127:
2948:Allied invasion of Sicily
2523:Italy invaded the country
2420:Axis occupation of Greece
2336:Africa Orientale Italiana
2272:
2173:, the Emir of Cyrenaica.
2111:
1808:" for the color of their
1784:Police state and military
1535:Hungarian Soviet Republic
1414:rise of Hitler in Germany
1149:Partito Popolare Italiano
952:armistice with the Allies
944:Allied landings in Sicily
907:; and the signing of the
761:
685:
674:
670:
660:
656:
651:
644:1938 (including colonies)
643:
638:
634:
621:
608:
595:
582:
569:
556:
543:
528:
513:
500:
487:
474:
461:
457:
449:
424:
409:
399:
395:
383:
371:
367:
351:
347:
335:
331:
321:
272:
260:
250:
240:
227:
186:
128:
110:
72:
67:
45:
16539:Second Italo-Senussi War
15583:IstrianâDalmatian exodus
15578:Institutional referendum
14678:Communist Party of Italy
14658:Italian Republican Party
14401:Italian antifascists in
14150:Redâgreenâbrown alliance
13731:Italian economic battles
13481:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
13351:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
13149:Albanian Fascist Militia
12998:Faith and Beauty Society
12880:National Party of Europe
12840:European Social Movement
12779:Grand Council of Fascism
12653:The Siege of the Alcazar
9925:Popular Freedom Alliance
9735:Australia First Movement
9682:Mexican Democratic Party
9633:Silver Legion of America
9314:National Salvation Front
9304:National Romanian Fascio
9294:National Social Movement
9259:National Christian Party
9249:National Bolshevik Party
9244:National Bolshevik Front
9184:For the Native Language!
9149:Croatian Party of Rights
8989:Republican Fascist Party
8887:Democratic Fascist Party
8720:National Front (Hungary)
8685:Hungarian National Front
8443:Norwegian Defence League
8348:National Socialist Front
8303:National Corporate Party
8220:Greater Britain Movement
8205:French Nationalist Party
8071:British Democratic Party
8025:Academic Karelia Society
7854:Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
7626:Young Egypt Party (1933)
6966:Economic interventionism
6682:, (Cambria Press. 2007).
6380:(Venice: Marsilio, 1998)
5978:10.1177/0022009407075544
4714:Neocleous, Mark (1997).
4538:"Risveglio Pentecostale"
4431:"The Holocaust in Italy"
4079:Gentile, Emilio (2003).
3944:
3509:Italy in the Middle Ages
3367:Roman expansion in Italy
3081:Communist Party of Italy
2549:
2229:Grand Council of Fascism
1893:
1330:Nazi concentration camps
138:Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza
16106:Emigration and diaspora
15315:Guelphs and Ghibellines
15300:the Sardinian Judicates
14848:La Rivoluzione liberale
14710:Unitary Socialist Party
14663:Italian Socialist Party
14301:Bloody Christmas (1920)
14056:Conservative Revolution
13900:British fascist parties
13741:28 May 1926 coup d'ĂŠtat
13441:Serbian Volunteer Corps
13224:Croatian Defence Forces
13080:Opera Nazionale Balilla
13070:National Youth Alliance
13060:National Youth (Sweden)
12988:Great Japan Youth Party
12623:Europa: The Last Battle
12312:La Conquista del Estado
12251:A Warning to the Hindus
12131:The Doctrine of Fascism
12116:The Culture of Critique
12111:La Conquista del Estado
9823:Argentine Fascist Party
9279:National Party â Greeks
9239:National Agrarian Party
8996:Italian Social Movement
8984:Italian Social Republic
8655:EidgenĂśssische Sammlung
8469:Official National Front
8338:National Socialist Bloc
8235:Imperial Fascist League
8143:Clerical People's Party
8007:Wang Jingwei Kuomintang
7906:Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
7881:Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
7834:Religious Zionist Party
7729:Korea Nationalist Party
5602:Stephen J. Lee (2008).
5203:Koon, Tracy H. (1985).
3977:Harrison, Mark (1998).
3717:European migrant crisis
3667:Italian Social Republic
3582:Italy (1801–1814)
3539:Guelphs and Ghibellines
3177:Prime Minister of Italy
3062:with Mussolini and his
3056:Italian Socialist Party
2971:Italian Social Republic
2903:after their victory at
2777:in China is not shown).
2432:Governorate of Dalmatia
1864:Italian organized crime
1304:Italian Social Republic
1091:universal male suffrage
964:Italian Social Republic
867:(eventually unified in
851:According to historian
812:from 1922 to 1943 with
741:Italian Social Republic
303:constitutional monarchy
283:constitutional monarchy
36:Italian Social Republic
18:Fascist Italy (1922â43)
15988:Science and technology
15936:Italian regions by GDP
15737:Marine protected areas
15409:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
14683:Sardinian Action Party
14673:Italian People's Party
14408:International Brigades
13993:
13762:March of the Iron Will
13065:National Youth (Italy)
13013:League of German Girls
12968:Fascist Union of Youth
12963:Ethiopian Lictor Youth
12855:Friends of New Germany
12705:Art of the Third Reich
12582:Wochenspruch der NSDAP
9885:National Fascist Union
9870:Iron Guard (Argentina)
9665:White Aryan Resistance
9448:Yugoslav Radical Union
9384:Russian National Unity
9154:Crusade of Romanianism
9081:Struggle of the People
9076:Spanish Military Union
9046:National Union (Spain)
8867:Albanian Fascist Party
8834:Volksdeutsche Bewegung
8592:White Aryan Resistance
8494:Party of Finnish Labor
8428:The Nordic Realm Party
8328:National Popular Rally
8260:League of Saint George
8195:Flemish National Union
8153:English Defence League
8101:British National Party
8038:Autonome Nationalisten
7958:Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
7916:Muslim Rashtriya Manch
7859:Bharatiya Janata Party
7769:Nationalist Task Party
7390:Revisionist Maximalism
7095:Social interventionism
6814:Tollardo, Elisabetta.
6758:Migone, Gian Giacomo.
6753:Mussolini: A Biography
6214:, (2006), pp. 205â222.
5998:Gilbert. 1989. pp. 137
5934:Mussolini: A Biography
5513:The Great Ocean Liners
5391:Women's History Review
5333:"Feature Articles 302"
4729:Herf, Jeffrey (2013).
3400:(286 AD–476 AD)
3330:(12th–6th c. BC)
3324:(18th–3rd c. BC)
3244:, many members of the
3150:
3120:
3024:In Italy, Mussolini's
3021:
3020:group founded in 1921.
2952:Mussolini was arrested
2922:
2877:Invasion of Yugoslavia
2778:
2723:
2661:
2595:
2517:After Germany annexed
2394:and in particular the
2392:National Fascist Party
2280:
2267:on 11 November 1938: "
2253:The Holocaust in Italy
2181:
2125:
2069:
1965:
1933:
1823:Fasci di Combattimento
1797:
1688:Royal Academy of Italy
1656:
1598:
1565:
1401:. He also argued that
1368:National Fascist Party
1354:The Holocaust in Italy
1311:Armistice of Cassibile
1246:
1214:issued the encyclical
1176:Lateran Accord of 1929
1153:Italian People's Party
1135:annexed the remaining
1128:
1087:National Fascist Party
1024:
923:under German control.
838:economic modernization
832:and they also crushed
810:National Fascist Party
774:National Fascist Party
202: Kingdom of Italy
180:
156:
51:
16187:Public administration
15295:the Holy Roman Empire
14688:Italian Liberal Party
14413:Battle of Guadalajara
14212:Women in Nazi Germany
14039:Identitarian movement
13528:Weerbaarheidsafdeling
13471:Terror Against Terror
13341:Jewish Defense League
13301:Greenshirts (Romania)
12943:Albanian Lictor Youth
12648:Der Sieg des Glaubens
12572:VĂślkischer Beobachter
12467:Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
12457:Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
12332:La Difesa della Razza
9865:Female Peronist Party
9843:Brazilian Integralism
9795:United Patriots Front
9740:Australia First Party
9730:Antipodean Resistance
9687:Mexican Fascist Party
9404:Slovak People's Party
9399:Serbian Radical Party
9379:Russian Fascist Party
9299:National Radical Camp
9199:German People's Party
9159:Ethnic National Union
8892:European Nation State
8814:Socialist Reich Party
8797:Positive Christianity
8735:National Radical Camp
8665:German Faith Movement
8650:Deutsche Reichspartei
8635:Black Front (Germany)
8504:Patriotic Alternative
8398:National Syndicalists
8031:AiltirĂ na hAisĂŠirghe
7963:Vishva Hindu Parishad
7931:Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
7926:Rashtra Sevika Samiti
7886:Bharat Vikas Parishad
7876:Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
7809:Progress Party (Iran)
7704:Jewish National Front
7679:Concordia Association
7085:Reactionary modernism
6710:(Enigma Books, 2015).
6699:De Grazia, Victoria.
6692:De Grazia, Victoria.
6689:. (Axios Press, 2013)
6643:Bessel, Richard, ed.
6622:Further information:
6389:Milica Kacin Wohinz,
6138:19 March 2022 at the
5739:Sarti, Roland. 1974.
5375:De Grazia, Victoria,
4939:Steinberg, Jonathan.
4756:Il processo Mussolini
4336:Duffy, Eamon (2002).
3660:Italy in World War II
3363:(509 BC–27 BC)
3357:(753 BC–509 BC)
3336:(8th–3rd c. BC)
3328:Etruscan civilization
3144:
3115:
3028:regime used the term
2999:
2913:
2891:(for the presence of
2824:French Third Republic
2768:
2721:
2714:Alliance with Germany
2652:
2593:
2428:Province of Ljubljana
2260:
2179:
2142:punitive pacification
2119:
2063:
1960:
1924:
1791:
1764:unemployment benefits
1654:
1589:
1543:
1276:Protestant Christians
1237:
1192:religion of the State
1145:Roman Catholic Church
1143:. Relations with the
1122:
1105:Roman Catholic Church
1013:
942:, and the subsequent
857:Pacification of Libya
533:Intervention in Spain
241:Common languages
179:
154:
16415:World Heritage Sites
15870:Council of Ministers
15608:Coronavirus pandemic
15006:Currency and coinage
13802:4th of August Regime
13579:German Student Union
13199:Blueshirts (Ireland)
13045:Nationale Jeugdstorm
12973:Frente de Juventudes
12860:German American Bund
12784:Imperial Way Faction
12710:Fascist architecture
12422:MĂźnchener Beobachter
12357:La France au travail
12156:Hitlers Zweites Buch
9813:Agrarian Labor Party
9707:Order of Nine Angles
9543:Goyim Defense League
9538:German American Bund
9329:Order of Nine Angles
8862:ADĂâSpanish Identity
8819:Sudeten German Party
8640:Bund Deutscher Osten
8479:Order of Nine Angles
8293:National Action (UK)
8225:Groupe Collaboration
8210:French Popular Party
7921:Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
7911:Jammu Praja Parishad
7871:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
7799:Palestine Arab Party
7779:Nation Party of Iran
7669:Black Dragon Society
7361:Reform bureaucratism
7156:Fascism and ideology
7023:National syndicalism
6906:Anti-intellectualism
6745:8.2 (1999): 317â334.
6731:. (Routledge, 2000).
6678:Caprotti, Federico.
6016:Smith, 1997. p. 401.
6007:Smith, 1997. p. 397.
5954:Smith, 1983. p. 172.
5945:Smith, 1983. p. 181.
5867:Smith. 1983. p. 172.
5676:on 26 September 2007
5283:www.straightdope.com
4998:www.edwardvictor.com
4687:Baum, David (2011).
4608:, pp. 308, 311.
4493:Taylor & Francis
4381:. pp. 196â198.
3929:Mussolini government
3754:Currency and coinage
3693:(1970s–1980s)
3648:Italy in World War I
3559:(14th–16th c.)
3394:(27 BC–286 AD)
3322:Nuragic civilization
3252:soldiers during the
3085:Severino Di Giovanni
2917:in Milan during the
2690:inhabited mostly by
2275:Council of Ministers
2219:was soon proclaimed
2130:Italian North Africa
2124:in Italian Cyrenaica
1772:40-hour working week
834:political opposition
518:Invasion of Ethiopia
34:from 1943â1945, see
16524:Totalitarian states
15946:Automotive industry
15885:Metropolitan cities
15431:Early Modern period
15404:Kingdom of Sardinia
15355:Italian city-states
14771:Giustizia e LibertĂ
14642:Garibaldi Battalion
14630:Matteotti Battalion
14507:Ferruccio Ghinaglia
14395:Non abbiamo bisogno
14369:1922 Turin massacre
14323:Massacre of Sarzana
14241:Politics portal
13807:Anti-Comintern Pact
13194:Blueshirts (Canada)
13154:Atomwaffen Division
13040:Mocidade Portuguesa
12905:Republic (Slovakia)
12900:Popular Force Party
12845:Finnish Realm Union
12668:Triumph of the Will
12658:Lo squadrone bianco
12407:Kansallissosialisti
12292:The American Review
9950:Revolutionary Union
9628:Rise Above Movement
9563:League of the South
9523:American Nazi Party
9429:UstaĹĄe in Australia
8964:Freethinkers' Party
8809:The Right (Germany)
8680:German Social Union
8499:Party of the Swedes
8313:National Front (UK)
8280:Mouvement Franciste
8148:Dutch Fascist Union
8002:Turkish Union Party
7896:Hindu Makkal Katchi
7774:National Will Party
7537:National Bolshevism
7493:Romanianism/Stelism
6946:Cult of personality
6931:Class collaboration
6736:Italian Colonialism
6727:Kallis, Aristotle.
6724:(Penguin UK, 2020).
6650:Blinkhorn, Martin.
6454:R. J. B. Bosworth,
6409:(Koper: Lipa, 1990)
6403:Milica Kacin Wohinz
6370:Milica Kacin Wohinz
6159:"Anarchist Century"
6047:on 13 December 2019
6025:Smith, 1997. p. 401
5362:Willson, Perry R.,
5349:Willson, Perry R.,
5339:on 15 October 2007.
5238:"Benito's Birthday"
5176:, pp. 234â235.
5119:Pauley, pp. 113â114
4962:, 31 December 1934.
4584:, pp. 307â308.
3557:Italian Renaissance
3534:Italian city-states
3189:Giustizia e LibertĂ
3175:, who later became
3165:resistance movement
3158:Justice and Freedom
3154:Giustizia e LibertĂ
3147:Giustizia e LibertĂ
3006:, an axe cutting a
2919:liberation of Italy
2775:Tientsin concession
2636:Margherita Sarfatti
2558:was divided in the
2332:Italian East Africa
2264:Corriere della Sera
2245:Italian Racial Laws
2221:Emperor of Ethiopia
2217:Victor Emmanuel III
2052:Italo-Yemeni Treaty
2036:Century of Progress
2002:Italian East Africa
1956:Doctrine of Fascism
1947:Doctrine of Fascism
1671:Italian nationalism
1613:Margherita Sarfatti
1558:, the Schiffs, the
1477:stereotypes of Jews
1407:long period of time
1350:Italian racial laws
1262:Italian Racial Laws
1217:Non abbiamo bisogno
1020:Doctrine of Fascism
1008:Doctrine of Fascism
997:Culture and society
954:in September 1943.
905:invasion of Albania
547:Invasion of Albania
434:Chamber of Deputies
342:Victor Emmanuel III
16008:Telecommunications
15375:Maritime republics
14572:Rosselli brothers
14376:Aventine Secession
14335:Massacre of Empoli
14029:Alt-right pipeline
13940:Speeches by Hitler
13895:Books about Hitler
13782:Austrian Civil War
13726:Aventine Secession
13003:Deutsches Jungvolk
12910:Resistance Records
12815:Adelaide Institute
12517:Das Schwarze Korps
12502:Il Popolo d'Italia
12442:Neue Anthropologie
12327:Das Deutsche Mädel
12246:The Turner Diaries
12166:Impeachment of Man
12141:For My Legionaries
11992:Riva-AgĂźero y Osma
10854:Torrente Ballester
9364:Ratniks (Bulgaria)
9349:Patriotic Alliance
8565:Third Way (France)
8527:Phalange Française
8056:Blood & Honour
7829:Reform bureaucrats
7814:Philippine Falange
7532:National-anarchism
7243:Christian Identity
7070:Proletarian nation
6793:Schmitz, David F.
6783:(Routledge, 2021).
6717:(Routledge, 2019).
6706:De Felice, Renzo.
6657:Bosworth, R.J.B.
6654:(Routledge, 2006).
6078:, Mondadori, 1994.
5719:Claudio G. Segrè.
5498:Cannistraro, p. 5.
5322:, 24 October 1927.
5108:The Fascism Reader
4974:Feinstein, p. 304.
4232:, pp. 40â443.
4192:Caldwell, Lesley.
3530:Maritime republics
3516:(6th–8th c.)
3470:Carolingian Empire
3246:Italian resistance
3185:President of Italy
3151:
3121:
3022:
2931:Yugoslav partisans
2923:
2893:Dalmatian Italians
2779:
2749:invasion of Poland
2724:
2662:
2644:Engelbert Dollfuss
2596:
2544:Treaties of Tirana
2459:Republic of Venice
2356:racial segregation
2281:
2182:
2126:
2070:
1934:
1810:Royal Italian Army
1798:
1736:Kraft durch Freude
1712:clubhouse and the
1657:
1633:racial intermixing
1609:antisemitic policy
1539:Il Popolo d'Italia
1523:October Revolution
1519:Il Popolo d'Italia
1247:
1129:
181:
157:
16489:Politics of Italy
16456:
16455:
16423:
16422:
16058:
16057:
15993:Southern question
15913:
15912:
15845:Political parties
15793:Foreign relations
15765:
15764:
15618:
15617:
15339:Kingdom of Naples
15327:Kingdom of Sicily
14924:
14923:
14797:Antifascist press
14792:
14791:
14651:Political parties
14610:Arditi del Popolo
14539:Giovanni Amendola
14529:Giacomo Matteotti
14512:Giuseppe Di Vagno
14403:Spanish Civil War
14357:Massacre of Parma
14288:Historical events
14249:
14248:
14220:
14219:
14207:VĂślkisch movement
14165:Scientific racism
14130:Para/semi-fascism
14071:Fascist mysticism
14066:Fascist (epithet)
13953:
13952:
13870:
13869:
13866:
13865:
13812:Spanish Civil War
13632:
13631:
13628:
13627:
13538:Westland New Post
12948:Arab Lictor Youth
12742:
12741:
12738:
12737:
12730:Nazism and cinema
12725:Nazi architecture
12392:Hrvatski Domobran
12377:GioventĂš Fascista
12337:Eleftheros Kosmos
12317:The Daily Stormer
12191:Manifesto of Race
12136:Fascist Manifesto
12079:
12078:
12075:
12074:
11323:GimĂŠnez Caballero
10554:Strasser (Gregor)
9999:Campbell (Graeme)
9967:
9966:
9963:
9962:
9940:Republican League
9910:New Triumph Party
9785:Reclaim Australia
9603:National Vanguard
9558:LaRouche movement
9471:Fascism in Canada
9324:Occupy Pedophilia
9066:The Right (Italy)
9056:New Force (Spain)
9051:New Force (Italy)
8929:Falange AutĂŠntica
8924:La Falange (1999)
8877:Brothers of Italy
8802:German Christians
8620:Arrow Cross Party
8463:L'Ĺuvre Française
8323:Nationalist Party
8308:National Fascisti
7794:Pan-Iranist Party
7784:New Life Movement
7579:
7578:
7527:Third Positionism
7293:L'Ĺuvre Française
7211:Orthodox Peronism
7178:
7177:
7174:
7173:
7161:Fascism worldwide
6976:Heroic capitalism
6779:Rodrigo, Javier.
6749:Mack Smith, Denis
6609:978-1-4299-0036-2
6512:Italian Quarterly
6298:978-0-1953-6396-8
6271:978-1-3499-5028-7
6237:978-0-7425-3123-9
5890:978-0-275-97339-1
5833:Livingston, p. 67
5799:"[image]"
5781:"[image]"
5729:978-0-5200-7199-5
5642:978-1-5603-2362-4
5615:978-0-4154-5484-1
5583:on 3 October 2017
5142:978-0-7487-3386-6
4910:Wiley Feinstein.
4765:978-8-8306-2337-8
4740:978-0-4154-0069-5
4700:978-9-0042-1255-8
4637:978-0-5218-4101-6
4388:978-0-8129-9346-2
4369:Kertzer, David I.
4272:978-0-5212-6870-7
4204:. pp. 43â63.
4047:Mussolini, Benito
4011:Payne, Stanley G.
3988:978-0-5216-2046-8
3939:Fascism in Europe
3876:
3875:
3723:COVID-19 pandemic
3719:(2014–2016)
3713:(2007–2009)
3707:(1992–2001)
3699:(1986–1992)
3677:(1943–1945)
3675:Italian Civil War
3662:(1940–1945)
3656:(1922–1943)
3650:(1914–1918)
3644:(1882–1960)
3638:(1861–1946)
3610:(1815–1871)
3571:(1545–1648)
3565:(1494–1559)
3526:in southern Italy
3494:
3493:
3485:Holy Roman Empire
3317:Prehistoric Italy
3254:Italian Civil War
3235:Slovene Partisans
3200:Spanish Civil War
3193:Gaetano Salvemini
3160:) was an Italian
3069:Arditi del Popolo
3060:pacification pact
3014:Arditi del Popolo
3003:Arditi del Popolo
2956:Italian Civil War
2915:Italian partisans
2848:Greco-Italian War
2822:was brief as the
2560:Spanish Civil War
2475:Italo-Soviet Pact
2320:Giovanni Preziosi
2316:Roberto Farinacci
2292:Manifesto of Race
2249:Manifesto of Race
2225:League of Nations
2150:barbed wire fence
2120:Parade of Libyan
2086:Mediterranean Sea
1882:, the prefect of
1625:Spanish Civil War
1617:Roberto Farinacci
1602:Spanish Civil War
1527:Russian Civil War
1487:Roberto Farinacci
1346:Manifesto of Race
1289:In January 1939,
1267:Manifesto of Race
1196:Spanish Civil War
1188:Roman Catholicism
1079:General elections
962:, setting up the
960:rescued Mussolini
915:itself ending in
897:League of Nations
871:), inflicted the
830:totalitarian rule
799:
798:
757:
756:
753:
752:
719:
718:
630:29 September 1943
591:27 September 1940
373:⢠1922â1943
337:⢠1900â1946
255:Roman Catholicism
177:
152:
16:(Redirected from
16546:
16446:
16445:
16438:Italy portal
16435:
16434:
16375:National symbols
16069:
16068:
15924:
15923:
15776:
15775:
15629:
15628:
15509:Kingdom of Italy
15436:Napoleonic Italy
14975:
14974:
14951:
14944:
14937:
14928:
14927:
14917:
14902:
14873:
14858:
14836:
14755:Azione Cattolica
14751:
14723:
14722:
14701:
14693:Unione Nazionale
14638:
14624:
14564:
14552:
14524:Giovanni Minzoni
14520:
14477:
14440:
14432:Massacre of Bari
14426:
14365:
14347:Parma Barricades
14343:
14331:
14319:
14276:
14269:
14262:
14253:
14252:
14239:
14238:
13998:
13959:
13958:
13876:
13875:
13853:Nuremberg Trials
13797:Romani Holocaust
13721:Beer Hall Putsch
13649:
13648:
13638:
13637:
13543:Yokusan Sonendan
12759:
12758:
12748:
12747:
12689:Ethnic Cleansing
12628:The Great Appeal
12598:L'Armata Azzurra
12487:Parole der Woche
12206:My Autobiography
12096:
12095:
12085:
12084:
11308:FernĂĄndez-Cuesta
10894:Ciano (Galeazzo)
10889:Ciano (Costanzo)
9984:
9983:
9973:
9972:
9725:Action Zealandia
9655:Vanguard America
9164:Eurasia Movement
9006:Juntas EspaĂąolas
8934:Falange EspaĂąola
8917:SecciĂłn Femenina
8287:Nasjonal Samling
8266:Les Identitaires
8138:Centre Party '86
8091:British Movement
8076:British Fascists
7649:Al-Muthanna Club
7596:
7595:
7585:
7584:
7184:
7183:
7105:State capitalism
7090:Social Darwinism
6921:Authoritarianism
6911:Anti-materialism
6879:
6878:
6868:
6867:
6853:
6846:
6839:
6830:
6829:
6765:Overy, Richard.
6729:Fascist Ideology
6664:Brendon, Piers.
6636:Baer, George W.
6613:
6589:
6577:
6555:
6534:
6528:
6521:
6515:
6508:
6502:
6495:
6489:
6482:
6476:
6469:
6463:
6452:
6446:
6445:
6438:
6432:
6429:
6423:
6416:
6410:
6400:
6394:
6387:
6381:
6367:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6356:
6345:
6339:
6332:
6326:
6319:
6310:
6309:
6307:
6305:
6282:
6276:
6275:
6255:
6249:
6248:
6246:
6244:
6221:
6215:
6204:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6193:
6177:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6155:
6149:
6130:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6119:
6113:
6106:
6098:
6092:
6085:
6079:
6072:
6066:
6063:
6057:
6056:
6054:
6052:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6017:
6014:
6008:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5990:
5989:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5946:
5943:
5937:
5930:
5924:
5921:
5915:
5908:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5852:
5849:
5843:
5840:
5834:
5831:
5825:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5777:
5771:
5768:
5753:
5750:
5744:
5737:
5731:
5717:
5711:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5686:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5669:. Archived from
5664:
5656:
5647:
5646:
5626:
5620:
5619:
5599:
5593:
5592:
5590:
5588:
5579:. Archived from
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5555:
5535:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5524:
5515:. Archived from
5505:
5499:
5496:
5490:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5463:
5460:
5451:
5448:
5439:
5436:
5430:
5427:
5421:
5414:
5408:
5401:
5395:
5386:
5380:
5373:
5367:
5360:
5354:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5329:
5323:
5313:
5307:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5275:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5200:
5189:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5165:
5164:
5156:
5147:
5146:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5111:
5104:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5082:
5073:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5030:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
4990:
4984:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4963:
4954:"Pax Romanizing"
4951:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4915:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4890:
4879:
4876:Lindemann (1997)
4873:
4854:
4853:
4845:
4836:
4835:
4830:Neville, Peter.
4827:
4821:
4820:
4812:
4803:
4802:
4794:
4788:
4785:
4779:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4751:
4745:
4744:
4726:
4720:
4719:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4665:Zimmerman, p.160
4663:
4657:
4656:
4653:Benito Mussolini
4648:
4642:
4641:
4625:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4553:
4544:. Archived from
4534:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4470:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4448:
4439:. Archived from
4426:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4392:
4365:
4356:
4355:
4333:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4312:
4310:
4288:
4277:
4276:
4252:
4243:Pollard, John F.
4239:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4219:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4103:
4102:Gentile, p. 146.
4100:
4094:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3974:
3958:
3955:
3896:Francesco Salata
3892:Gioacchino Volpe
3888:Giovanni Gentile
3868:
3861:
3854:
3842:Italy portal
3840:
3839:
3838:
3569:Catholic revival
3422:
3421:
3304:
3294:
3276:
3275:
3159:
3129:
3064:Fasces of Combat
3044:Kingdom of Italy
2940:Eastern European
2927:Greek resistance
2889:coastal Dalmatia
2867:'s collapse and
2852:Battle of Greece
2832:European theatre
2686:, a province of
2613:Beer Hall Putsch
2568:Francisco Franco
2556:Spanish Republic
2340:Rodolfo Graziani
2278:
2138:Rodolfo Graziani
2075:Ethiopia in 1896
1978:Great Depression
1970:Matteotti Crisis
1952:Giovanni Gentile
1932:factory in Turin
1768:health insurance
1662:Giovanni Gentile
1637:antisemitic laws
1621:Republican Spain
1448:
1439:
1384:Zionist movement
1364:Benito Mussolini
1319:Siegfried Kasche
1224:Clerical fascism
1208:Azione Cattolica
1133:Kingdom of Italy
1028:Benito Mussolini
991:Italian Republic
977:, and the large
873:bombing of Corfu
853:Stanley G. Payne
826:Italian Fascists
814:Benito Mussolini
806:Kingdom of Italy
790:
783:
777:
770:
749:
748:
735:
734:
727:Kingdom of Italy
723:
722:
714:Kingdom of Italy
710:
709:
703:
702:
687:
686:
617:3 September 1943
535:
520:
496:11 February 1929
445:
438:
378:Benito Mussolini
314:
287:
230:and largest city
217:
209:
201:
191:
178:
170:
158:
153:
144:
124:
103:
94:
80:
62:
54:
43:
42:
21:
16554:
16553:
16549:
16548:
16547:
16545:
16544:
16543:
16514:Totalitarianism
16484:Italian fascism
16459:
16458:
16457:
16452:
16432:
16419:
16390:Public holidays
16221:
16167:Life expectancy
16054:
15909:
15825:Law enforcement
15761:
15614:
15561:
15550:Social Republic
15514:Colonial Empire
15497:Capture of Rome
15450:
15343:
15252:
15145:Ancient peoples
15133:
15070:
15031:Historic states
14989:
14964:
14955:
14925:
14920:
14911:
14907:Il Quarto Stato
14896:
14892:L'Italia libera
14867:
14852:
14830:
14812:Critica Sociale
14788:
14783:Mazzini Society
14759:
14745:
14714:
14695:
14646:
14632:
14618:
14587:
14568:Antonio Gramsci
14558:
14546:
14514:
14495:
14471:
14444:
14434:
14420:
14359:
14337:
14325:
14313:
14283:
14280:
14250:
14245:
14233:
14216:
14061:Europe a Nation
13964:
13949:
13930:Nazi ideologues
13881:
13862:
13816:
13750:
13746:Libyan genocide
13694:
13663:
13643:
13624:
13598:
13552:
13261:Falange Militia
13126:
12958:Blue-and-Blacks
12938:Adler und Falke
12924:
12803:
12753:
12734:
12693:
12672:
12586:
12452:Het Nieuwe Volk
12397:Je suis partout
12260:
12090:
12071:
11957:Phibunsongkhram
11730:
11499:
11465:Mosley (Oswald)
11418:
11347:
11328:Primo de Rivera
11276:
11170:
11104:
11038:
10807:
10721:
10685:
10629:
10588:
10559:Strasser (Otto)
10317:
10211:
10150:
10094:
10023:
9994:Campbell (Eric)
9978:
9959:
9920:Popular Dignity
9799:
9711:
9553:Identity Evropa
9457:
9110:
9096:Tricolour Flame
9091:Terza Posizione
8974:Italian fascism
8969:Imperium Europa
8854:Southern Europe
8848:
8630:Austrian Nazism
8625:Artgemeinschaft
8601:
8559:Terre et Peuple
8449:Nouvelle Droite
8438:Northern League
8045:Bases AutĂłnomas
8011:
7819:Rastakhiz Party
7699:Iran-e-No Party
7694:Hindu Mahasabha
7674:Brit HaBirionim
7630:
7590:
7575:
7505:Neo-Eurasianism
7486:Neo-Legionarism
7189:
7170:
7134:
7130:Totalitarianism
7115:Supercapitalism
7055:One-party state
6891:Actual idealism
6873:
6862:
6857:
6821:Whittam, John.
6767:The Road to War
6626:
6620:
6618:Further reading
6610:
6594:Gilbert, Martin
6586:
6568:Gilbert, Martin
6563:
6558:
6535:
6531:
6522:
6518:
6509:
6505:
6496:
6492:
6483:
6479:
6470:
6466:
6453:
6449:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6430:
6426:
6417:
6413:
6401:
6397:
6388:
6384:
6368:
6364:
6354:
6352:
6347:
6346:
6342:
6333:
6329:
6320:
6313:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6283:
6279:
6272:
6256:
6252:
6242:
6240:
6238:
6222:
6218:
6205:
6201:
6191:
6189:
6178:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6156:
6152:
6140:Wayback Machine
6131:
6127:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6104:
6100:
6099:
6095:
6086:
6082:
6073:
6069:
6064:
6060:
6050:
6048:
6033:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6002:
5997:
5993:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5944:
5940:
5931:
5927:
5922:
5918:
5910:Glenny, Misha.
5909:
5905:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5875:
5871:
5866:
5855:
5850:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5832:
5828:
5823:
5819:
5814:
5810:
5797:
5796:
5792:
5779:
5778:
5774:
5769:
5756:
5751:
5747:
5738:
5734:
5718:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5693:
5689:
5679:
5677:
5673:
5662:
5658:
5657:
5650:
5643:
5627:
5623:
5616:
5600:
5596:
5586:
5584:
5576:Chicago Tribune
5567:
5563:
5553:
5551:
5536:
5532:
5522:
5520:
5519:on 23 July 2008
5507:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5466:
5461:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5428:
5424:
5415:
5411:
5402:
5398:
5387:
5383:
5374:
5370:
5361:
5357:
5348:
5344:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5314:
5310:
5301:
5297:
5287:
5285:
5277:
5272:
5251:
5249:
5248:on 7 April 2008
5236:
5228:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5201:
5192:
5184:
5180:
5172:
5168:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5127:
5123:
5118:
5114:
5105:
5101:
5092:
5088:
5084:Pauley, p. 113.
5083:
5076:
5059:
5055:
5050:
5033:
5029:Pauley, p. 117.
5028:
5024:
5016:
5012:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4966:
4952:
4948:
4937:
4933:
4922:
4918:
4909:
4902:
4891:
4882:
4874:
4857:
4846:
4839:
4828:
4824:
4813:
4806:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4777:
4773:
4766:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4727:
4723:
4705:
4703:
4701:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4649:
4645:
4638:
4616:
4612:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4588:
4580:
4576:
4565:
4561:
4551:
4549:
4536:
4535:
4526:
4471:
4464:
4446:
4444:
4443:on 3 April 2020
4427:
4420:
4412:
4408:
4400:
4396:
4389:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4334:
4330:
4319:
4315:
4307:
4289:
4280:
4273:
4240:
4236:
4227:
4223:
4214:
4213:
4209:
4190:
4186:
4155:
4151:
4147:Pauley, p. 109.
4146:
4142:
4119:
4115:
4111:Pauley, p. 108.
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:Gentile, p. 81.
4092:
4088:
4077:
4073:
4062:
4058:
4044:
4040:
4025:
4008:
4004:
3989:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3924:Italian Fascism
3915:
3907:Renzo De Felice
3890:and historians
3880:Antonio Gramsci
3872:
3836:
3834:
3832:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3779:Historic states
3743:
3735:
3734:
3711:Great Recession
3642:Colonial Empire
3631:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3602:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3504:
3496:
3495:
3419:
3411:
3410:
3350:
3340:
3339:
3312:
3292:
3285:
3274:
3221:, known as the
3173:Ferruccio Parri
3093:Benedetto Croce
3058:(PSI) signed a
3016:was a militant
2994:
2988:
2834:. The Italians
2763:
2757:
2729:Alsace-Lorraine
2716:
2700:Greater Germany
2605:Austrian Empire
2588:
2552:
2531:King of Albania
2434:
2408:
2312:Palazzo Venezia
2255:
2239:Main articles:
2237:
2122:colonial troops
2114:
2058:
2046:Main articles:
2044:
2010:
1919:
1913:
1896:
1836:Arturo Bocchini
1786:
1777:Sabato fascista
1719:Achille Starace
1696:
1649:
1593:Jewish question
1493:, who lived in
1469:
1468:
1467:
1466:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1372:Jewish Question
1356:
1340:Main articles:
1338:
1317:, German envoy
1232:
1226:
1204:Catholic Action
1117:
1107:
1059:parades of his
1032:Italian culture
1017:
999:
921:Salò Government
917:military defeat
881:interventionism
846:Catholic Church
844:with the Roman
795:
794:
793:
784:
780:
771:
767:
746:
732:
707:
663:
627:
614:
601:
599:Fall of Fascism
588:
586:Tripartite Pact
575:
573:Entry into WWII
562:
552:7â12 April 1939
549:
536:
531:
521:
516:
506:
493:
480:
470:31 October 1922
467:
443:
439:
436:
430:
415:
390:Pietro Badoglio
386:
374:
338:
317:
312:
290:
285:
231:
223:
222:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
182:
173:
168:
167:
161:
159:
147:
145:
142:
141:
135:
133:
119:(Motto for the
118:
117:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
87:
86:
81:
63:
56:
52:Italia fascista
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16552:
16542:
16541:
16536:
16531:
16526:
16521:
16519:Fascist states
16516:
16511:
16506:
16504:1940s in Italy
16501:
16499:1930s in Italy
16496:
16494:1920s in Italy
16491:
16486:
16481:
16476:
16471:
16454:
16453:
16451:
16450:
16440:
16428:
16425:
16424:
16421:
16420:
16418:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16382:
16377:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16352:
16347:
16342:
16337:
16332:
16327:
16322:
16317:
16312:
16307:
16302:
16297:
16292:
16287:
16282:
16277:
16272:
16267:
16262:
16257:
16252:
16247:
16242:
16237:
16231:
16229:
16223:
16222:
16220:
16219:
16214:
16209:
16204:
16199:
16194:
16189:
16184:
16179:
16174:
16169:
16164:
16163:
16162:
16161:
16160:
16145:
16144:
16143:
16133:
16128:
16123:
16118:
16113:
16108:
16103:
16098:
16093:
16088:
16083:
16078:
16072:
16066:
16060:
16059:
16056:
16055:
16053:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16041:
16040:
16035:
16030:
16020:
16015:
16010:
16005:
16000:
15998:Stock exchange
15995:
15990:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15964:
15963:
15958:
15948:
15943:
15938:
15933:
15927:
15921:
15915:
15914:
15911:
15910:
15908:
15907:
15902:
15900:Municipalities
15897:
15892:
15887:
15882:
15877:
15872:
15867:
15860:Prime Minister
15857:
15847:
15842:
15837:
15832:
15827:
15822:
15817:
15812:
15811:
15810:
15800:
15795:
15790:
15785:
15779:
15773:
15767:
15766:
15763:
15762:
15760:
15759:
15754:
15749:
15747:Regional parks
15744:
15742:National parks
15739:
15734:
15729:
15724:
15719:
15714:
15709:
15704:
15703:
15702:
15692:
15691:
15690:
15685:
15680:
15670:
15665:
15660:
15655:
15654:
15653:
15651:Climate change
15643:
15638:
15632:
15626:
15620:
15619:
15616:
15615:
15613:
15612:
15611:
15610:
15605:
15600:
15595:
15590:
15585:
15580:
15569:
15567:
15563:
15562:
15560:
15559:
15558:
15557:
15552:
15543:
15538:
15533:
15528:
15527:
15526:
15516:
15511:
15501:
15500:
15499:
15494:
15489:
15484:
15479:
15474:
15469:
15458:
15456:
15452:
15451:
15449:
15448:
15443:
15438:
15433:
15428:
15427:
15426:
15416:
15414:Duchy of Savoy
15411:
15406:
15401:
15400:
15399:
15398:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15372:
15367:
15362:
15351:
15349:
15345:
15344:
15342:
15341:
15336:
15335:
15334:
15324:
15322:Lombard League
15319:
15318:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15297:
15292:
15287:
15282:
15277:
15272:
15260:
15258:
15254:
15253:
15251:
15250:
15249:
15248:
15247:
15246:
15244:Western Empire
15236:
15231:
15229:Roman conquest
15226:
15221:
15211:
15210:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15183:
15182:
15177:
15172:
15167:
15162:
15157:
15150:Italic peoples
15141:
15139:
15135:
15134:
15132:
15131:
15130:
15129:
15124:
15119:
15114:
15109:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15078:
15076:
15072:
15071:
15069:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15023:
15018:
15013:
15008:
15003:
14997:
14995:
14991:
14990:
14988:
14987:
14981:
14979:
14972:
14966:
14965:
14954:
14953:
14946:
14939:
14931:
14922:
14921:
14919:
14918:
14903:
14888:
14881:
14874:
14859:
14844:
14841:L'Ordine Nuovo
14837:
14822:
14815:
14808:
14800:
14798:
14794:
14793:
14790:
14789:
14787:
14786:
14780:
14774:
14767:
14765:
14761:
14760:
14758:
14757:
14752:
14740:
14735:
14729:
14727:
14720:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14690:
14685:
14680:
14675:
14670:
14665:
14660:
14654:
14652:
14648:
14647:
14645:
14644:
14639:
14627:
14626:
14625:
14613:
14606:
14595:
14593:
14592:Military units
14589:
14588:
14586:
14585:
14584:
14583:
14578:
14570:
14565:
14553:
14541:
14536:
14531:
14526:
14521:
14509:
14503:
14501:
14497:
14496:
14494:
14493:
14488:
14483:
14478:
14466:
14461:
14455:
14453:
14449:Repression in
14446:
14445:
14443:
14442:
14429:
14428:
14427:
14415:
14410:
14399:
14391:
14385:
14379:
14373:
14372:
14371:
14366:
14354:
14349:
14344:
14332:
14320:
14303:
14298:
14291:
14289:
14285:
14284:
14279:
14278:
14271:
14264:
14256:
14247:
14246:
14244:
14243:
14231:
14225:
14222:
14221:
14218:
14217:
14215:
14214:
14209:
14204:
14199:
14194:
14189:
14184:
14182:Social fascism
14179:
14178:
14177:
14172:
14162:
14160:Sansepolcrismo
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14111:
14110:
14108:of South Tyrol
14103:Italianization
14100:
14099:
14098:
14088:
14083:
14078:
14076:Feudal fascism
14073:
14068:
14063:
14058:
14053:
14048:
14043:
14042:
14041:
14036:
14031:
14026:
14016:
14015:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13969:
13966:
13965:
13963:Related topics
13955:
13954:
13951:
13950:
13948:
13947:
13942:
13937:
13932:
13927:
13921:
13916:
13911:
13902:
13897:
13892:
13886:
13883:
13882:
13872:
13871:
13868:
13867:
13864:
13863:
13861:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13824:
13822:
13818:
13817:
13815:
13814:
13809:
13804:
13799:
13794:
13789:
13784:
13779:
13774:
13769:
13764:
13758:
13756:
13752:
13751:
13749:
13748:
13743:
13738:
13733:
13728:
13723:
13718:
13713:
13711:Corfu incident
13708:
13702:
13700:
13696:
13695:
13693:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13671:
13669:
13665:
13664:
13662:
13661:
13655:
13653:
13645:
13644:
13634:
13633:
13630:
13629:
13626:
13625:
13623:
13622:
13617:
13612:
13606:
13604:
13600:
13599:
13597:
13596:
13594:Student Action
13591:
13586:
13581:
13576:
13571:
13566:
13560:
13558:
13554:
13553:
13551:
13550:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13524:
13523:
13513:
13508:
13506:Walloon Legion
13503:
13498:
13493:
13491:UstaĹĄe Militia
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13461:Sturmabteilung
13458:
13453:
13451:Sich Battalion
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13378:
13373:
13368:
13363:
13358:
13353:
13348:
13343:
13338:
13333:
13328:
13323:
13318:
13313:
13308:
13303:
13298:
13293:
13288:
13283:
13278:
13276:Flemish Legion
13273:
13268:
13263:
13258:
13256:Falange Armata
13253:
13248:
13246:Einsatzgruppen
13243:
13242:
13241:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13216:
13211:
13206:
13201:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13181:
13179:Black Brigades
13176:
13171:
13166:
13161:
13156:
13151:
13146:
13144:Abhinav Bharat
13140:
13138:
13128:
13127:
13125:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13109:
13108:
13107:
13102:
13092:
13087:
13082:
13077:
13072:
13067:
13062:
13057:
13052:
13047:
13042:
13037:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13016:
13015:
13010:
13005:
13000:
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12950:
12945:
12940:
12934:
12932:
12926:
12925:
12923:
12922:
12917:
12912:
12907:
12902:
12897:
12892:
12887:
12882:
12877:
12872:
12867:
12862:
12857:
12852:
12847:
12842:
12837:
12832:
12830:Casuals United
12827:
12822:
12817:
12811:
12809:
12805:
12804:
12802:
12801:
12796:
12791:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12765:
12763:
12755:
12754:
12744:
12743:
12740:
12739:
12736:
12735:
12733:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12715:Heroic realism
12712:
12707:
12701:
12699:
12698:Related topics
12695:
12694:
12692:
12691:
12686:
12680:
12678:
12674:
12673:
12671:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12640:
12635:
12630:
12625:
12620:
12615:
12610:
12605:
12600:
12594:
12592:
12588:
12587:
12585:
12584:
12579:
12574:
12569:
12564:
12559:
12554:
12549:
12547:TĂźrkische Post
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
12519:
12514:
12509:
12504:
12499:
12494:
12489:
12484:
12479:
12474:
12469:
12464:
12459:
12454:
12449:
12444:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12409:
12404:
12399:
12394:
12389:
12384:
12379:
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12307:The Blackshirt
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12274:
12268:
12266:
12262:
12261:
12259:
12258:
12253:
12248:
12243:
12238:
12233:
12228:
12223:
12218:
12213:
12208:
12203:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12183:
12178:
12173:
12168:
12163:
12158:
12153:
12148:
12143:
12138:
12133:
12128:
12123:
12118:
12113:
12108:
12102:
12100:
12092:
12091:
12081:
12080:
12077:
12076:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12069:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12049:
12044:
12039:
12034:
12029:
12024:
12019:
12014:
12009:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11974:
11969:
11964:
11959:
11954:
11949:
11944:
11939:
11934:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11914:
11909:
11904:
11899:
11894:
11889:
11884:
11879:
11874:
11869:
11864:
11859:
11854:
11849:
11844:
11839:
11834:
11829:
11824:
11819:
11814:
11809:
11804:
11799:
11794:
11789:
11784:
11782:Castillo Armas
11779:
11774:
11769:
11764:
11759:
11754:
11749:
11744:
11738:
11736:
11732:
11731:
11729:
11728:
11723:
11718:
11713:
11708:
11703:
11698:
11693:
11688:
11683:
11678:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11658:
11653:
11648:
11643:
11638:
11633:
11628:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11608:
11603:
11598:
11593:
11588:
11583:
11578:
11573:
11568:
11563:
11558:
11553:
11548:
11543:
11538:
11533:
11528:
11523:
11518:
11513:
11507:
11505:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11497:
11492:
11487:
11482:
11477:
11472:
11467:
11462:
11460:Mosley (Diana)
11457:
11452:
11447:
11442:
11437:
11432:
11426:
11424:
11423:United Kingdom
11420:
11419:
11417:
11416:
11411:
11406:
11401:
11396:
11391:
11386:
11381:
11376:
11371:
11366:
11361:
11355:
11353:
11349:
11348:
11346:
11345:
11340:
11335:
11330:
11325:
11320:
11315:
11310:
11305:
11303:Carrero Blanco
11300:
11295:
11290:
11284:
11282:
11278:
11277:
11275:
11274:
11269:
11264:
11259:
11254:
11249:
11244:
11239:
11234:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11184:
11178:
11176:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11168:
11163:
11158:
11153:
11148:
11143:
11138:
11133:
11128:
11123:
11118:
11112:
11110:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11102:
11097:
11092:
11087:
11082:
11077:
11072:
11067:
11062:
11057:
11052:
11046:
11044:
11040:
11039:
11037:
11036:
11031:
11026:
11021:
11016:
11011:
11006:
11001:
10996:
10991:
10986:
10981:
10976:
10971:
10966:
10961:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10906:
10901:
10896:
10891:
10886:
10881:
10876:
10871:
10866:
10861:
10856:
10851:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10821:
10815:
10813:
10809:
10808:
10806:
10805:
10800:
10795:
10790:
10785:
10780:
10775:
10770:
10765:
10760:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10740:
10735:
10729:
10727:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10699:
10693:
10691:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10683:
10678:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10648:
10643:
10637:
10635:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10627:
10622:
10617:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10596:
10594:
10590:
10589:
10587:
10586:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10566:
10561:
10556:
10551:
10546:
10541:
10536:
10531:
10526:
10521:
10516:
10511:
10506:
10501:
10496:
10491:
10486:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10456:
10451:
10446:
10441:
10436:
10431:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10411:
10406:
10401:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10325:
10323:
10319:
10318:
10316:
10315:
10310:
10305:
10300:
10295:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10260:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10240:
10235:
10233:Benoist-MĂŠchin
10230:
10225:
10219:
10217:
10213:
10212:
10210:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10189:
10184:
10179:
10174:
10169:
10164:
10158:
10156:
10152:
10151:
10149:
10148:
10143:
10138:
10133:
10128:
10123:
10118:
10113:
10108:
10102:
10100:
10096:
10095:
10093:
10092:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10072:
10067:
10062:
10057:
10052:
10047:
10042:
10037:
10031:
10029:
10025:
10024:
10022:
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9990:
9988:
9980:
9979:
9969:
9968:
9965:
9964:
9961:
9960:
9958:
9957:
9952:
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9907:
9902:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9856:
9855:
9850:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9825:
9820:
9815:
9809:
9807:
9801:
9800:
9798:
9797:
9792:
9790:True Blue Crew
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9762:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9721:
9719:
9713:
9712:
9710:
9709:
9704:
9699:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9679:
9674:
9673:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
9600:
9595:
9590:
9585:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9518:American Front
9510:
9509:
9508:
9503:
9501:Heritage Front
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9467:
9465:
9459:
9458:
9456:
9455:
9450:
9445:
9440:
9439:
9438:
9437:
9436:
9421:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9394:Serbian Action
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9369:Romanian Front
9366:
9361:
9356:
9354:People's Party
9351:
9346:
9341:
9336:
9331:
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9291:
9286:
9281:
9276:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9171:
9166:
9161:
9156:
9151:
9146:
9141:
9136:
9131:
9126:
9120:
9118:
9112:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9103:
9098:
9093:
9088:
9086:Student Action
9083:
9078:
9073:
9068:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9048:
9043:
9038:
9033:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8920:
8919:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8872:Balli KombĂŤtar
8869:
8864:
8858:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8824:The Third Path
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8794:
8789:
8784:
8783:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8632:
8627:
8622:
8617:
8611:
8609:
8607:Central Europe
8603:
8602:
8600:
8599:
8594:
8589:
8584:
8577:
8575:Union Movement
8572:
8570:Third Way (UK)
8567:
8562:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8540:
8538:Rising Finland
8535:
8530:
8523:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8459:
8458:
8457:
8445:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8405:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8385:
8380:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8333:National Rally
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8283:
8276:
8269:
8262:
8257:
8255:Lapua Movement
8252:
8247:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8177:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8133:Casuals United
8130:
8123:
8118:
8113:
8108:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8041:
8034:
8027:
8021:
8019:
8013:
8012:
8010:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7978:
7977:
7976:
7975:
7970:
7960:
7955:
7954:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7891:Ekal Vidyalaya
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7867:
7866:
7856:
7851:
7841:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7821:
7816:
7811:
7806:
7801:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7644:Abhinav Bharat
7640:
7638:
7632:
7631:
7629:
7628:
7623:
7621:Ossewabrandwag
7618:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7592:
7591:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7576:
7574:
7573:
7568:
7567:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7546:
7545:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7508:
7507:
7497:
7496:
7495:
7490:
7489:
7488:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7464:
7463:
7453:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7440:
7439:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7377:
7376:
7375:
7374:
7373:
7363:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7343:
7342:
7341:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7305:
7304:
7299:
7298:
7297:
7296:
7295:
7290:
7284:Neo-PĂŠtainism
7277:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7246:
7245:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7208:
7200:
7194:
7191:
7190:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7175:
7172:
7171:
7169:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7142:
7140:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7125:Third Position
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7046:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7003:
6998:
6996:Indoctrination
6993:
6988:
6983:
6981:Heroic realism
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6908:
6903:
6901:Anti-communism
6898:
6893:
6887:
6885:
6875:
6874:
6864:
6863:
6856:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6833:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6763:
6756:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6725:
6718:
6711:
6704:
6697:
6690:
6685:Celli, Carlo.
6683:
6676:
6662:
6655:
6648:
6641:
6634:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6608:
6590:
6584:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6556:
6553:10.1086/497722
6546:10.1086/497722
6529:
6516:
6503:
6490:
6477:
6464:
6447:
6433:
6424:
6411:
6395:
6382:
6362:
6340:
6327:
6311:
6297:
6277:
6270:
6250:
6236:
6216:
6199:
6172:
6150:
6125:
6093:
6080:
6074:Gianni Oliva,
6067:
6058:
6027:
6018:
6009:
6000:
5991:
5972:(2): 227â242.
5956:
5947:
5938:
5925:
5916:
5903:
5889:
5869:
5853:
5851:Sarti, p. 196.
5844:
5842:Sarti, p. 194.
5835:
5826:
5817:
5808:
5790:
5772:
5770:Sarti, p. 190.
5754:
5752:Sarti, p. 191.
5745:
5732:
5712:
5708:Davide Rodogno
5700:
5687:
5648:
5641:
5621:
5614:
5594:
5561:
5530:
5500:
5491:
5478:
5464:
5452:
5440:
5438:Pauley, p. 85.
5431:
5422:
5409:
5396:
5381:
5368:
5355:
5342:
5324:
5308:
5295:
5270:
5210:
5190:
5188:, p. 235.
5186:Farrell (2004)
5178:
5174:Farrell (2004)
5166:
5148:
5141:
5121:
5112:
5099:
5086:
5074:
5053:
5051:Pauley, p. 117
5031:
5022:
5020:, p. 110.
5018:Hibbert (1975)
5010:
4985:
4983:Sarti, p. 198.
4976:
4964:
4946:
4943:. p. 220.
4931:
4928:. p. 202.
4916:
4900:
4880:
4878:, p. 466.
4855:
4837:
4834:. p. 117.
4822:
4804:
4789:
4787:Sarti, p. 200.
4780:
4778:Sarti, p. 199.
4771:
4764:
4746:
4739:
4721:
4699:
4679:
4675:Hibbert (1975)
4667:
4658:
4643:
4636:
4610:
4606:Gilbert (2004)
4598:
4596:, p. 466.
4594:Gilbert (1986)
4586:
4582:Gilbert (2004)
4574:
4559:
4540:(in Italian).
4524:
4462:
4418:
4414:Pollard (2014)
4406:
4402:Pollard (2014)
4394:
4387:
4357:
4350:
4328:
4313:
4305:
4299:. p. 19.
4278:
4271:
4234:
4221:
4207:
4184:
4149:
4140:
4129:(3): 177â191.
4113:
4104:
4095:
4086:
4071:
4056:
4038:
4023:
4002:
3987:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3700:
3688:
3678:
3663:
3657:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3577:
3572:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3527:
3517:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3491:
3490:962–1801
3488:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3398:Western Empire
3395:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3374:
3369:
3358:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3325:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3297:
3296:
3287:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3272:Historiography
3270:
3181:Sandro Pertini
3169:Carlo Rosselli
3107:Carlo Rosselli
3048:labor movement
2987:
2984:
2960:German control
2828:British Empire
2771:Italian Empire
2759:Main article:
2756:
2753:
2715:
2712:
2707:Galeazzo Ciano
2688:Czechoslovakia
2587:
2584:
2570:under fascist
2551:
2548:
2519:Czechoslovakia
2407:
2404:
2380:Sword of Islam
2236:
2233:
2227:, prompting a
2113:
2110:
2098:Italian Empire
2066:Italian Empire
2043:
2042:Foreign policy
2040:
2009:
2006:
1991:United Kingdom
1915:Main article:
1912:
1909:
1901:nuova italiana
1895:
1892:
1866:, notably the
1785:
1782:
1695:
1694:Social welfare
1692:
1648:
1645:
1533:involving the
1531:war in Hungary
1511:Vladimir Lenin
1455:Nobel laureate
1453:
1452:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1395:Jewish culture
1337:
1334:
1309:following the
1255:State religion
1244:Lateran Treaty
1238:Mussolini and
1228:Main article:
1225:
1222:
1165:anti-clericals
1141:temporal power
1111:Roman Question
1106:
1103:
998:
995:
818:prime minister
797:
796:
792:
791:
778:
764:
763:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
751:
750:
743:
737:
736:
729:
720:
717:
716:
711:
699:
698:
693:
683:
682:
676:
672:
671:
668:
667:
664:
661:
658:
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
645:
641:
640:
636:
635:
632:
631:
628:
622:
619:
618:
615:
609:
606:
605:
602:
596:
593:
592:
589:
583:
580:
579:
576:
570:
567:
566:
563:
557:
554:
553:
550:
544:
541:
540:
537:
529:
526:
525:
522:
514:
511:
510:
507:
501:
498:
497:
494:
491:Lateran Treaty
488:
485:
484:
483:29 August 1923
481:
478:Corfu incident
475:
472:
471:
468:
462:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
447:
446:
431:
425:
422:
421:
416:
410:
407:
406:
401:
397:
396:
393:
392:
387:
384:
381:
380:
375:
372:
369:
368:
365:
364:
361:
353:Prime Minister
349:
348:
345:
344:
339:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
325:
319:
318:
316:
315:
289:
288:
276:
274:
270:
269:
264:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
229:
225:
224:
221:
220:
214:
212:
206:
204:
198:
195:
192:
184:
183:
171:
126:
125:
121:House of Savoy
108:
107:
96:
89:
88:
82:
75:
74:
73:
70:
69:
65:
64:
49:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16551:
16540:
16537:
16535:
16532:
16530:
16527:
16525:
16522:
16520:
16517:
16515:
16512:
16510:
16507:
16505:
16502:
16500:
16497:
16495:
16492:
16490:
16487:
16485:
16482:
16480:
16477:
16475:
16472:
16470:
16467:
16466:
16464:
16449:
16441:
16439:
16430:
16429:
16426:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16396:
16393:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16331:
16328:
16326:
16323:
16321:
16318:
16316:
16313:
16311:
16308:
16306:
16303:
16301:
16298:
16296:
16293:
16291:
16288:
16286:
16283:
16281:
16278:
16276:
16273:
16271:
16268:
16266:
16263:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16251:
16248:
16246:
16243:
16241:
16238:
16236:
16233:
16232:
16230:
16228:
16224:
16218:
16215:
16213:
16210:
16208:
16205:
16203:
16200:
16198:
16195:
16193:
16190:
16188:
16185:
16183:
16180:
16178:
16175:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16159:
16156:
16155:
16154:
16151:
16150:
16149:
16146:
16142:
16139:
16138:
16137:
16134:
16132:
16129:
16127:
16124:
16122:
16119:
16117:
16114:
16112:
16109:
16107:
16104:
16102:
16099:
16097:
16094:
16092:
16089:
16087:
16084:
16082:
16079:
16077:
16074:
16073:
16070:
16067:
16065:
16061:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16039:
16036:
16034:
16031:
16029:
16026:
16025:
16024:
16021:
16019:
16016:
16014:
16011:
16009:
16006:
16004:
16001:
15999:
15996:
15994:
15991:
15989:
15986:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15953:
15952:
15949:
15947:
15944:
15942:
15939:
15937:
15934:
15932:
15929:
15928:
15925:
15922:
15920:
15916:
15906:
15903:
15901:
15898:
15896:
15893:
15891:
15888:
15886:
15883:
15881:
15878:
15876:
15873:
15871:
15868:
15865:
15861:
15858:
15855:
15851:
15848:
15846:
15843:
15841:
15838:
15836:
15833:
15831:
15828:
15826:
15823:
15821:
15818:
15816:
15813:
15809:
15806:
15805:
15804:
15801:
15799:
15796:
15794:
15791:
15789:
15786:
15784:
15781:
15780:
15777:
15774:
15772:
15768:
15758:
15755:
15753:
15750:
15748:
15745:
15743:
15740:
15738:
15735:
15733:
15730:
15728:
15725:
15723:
15720:
15718:
15715:
15713:
15710:
15708:
15705:
15701:
15698:
15697:
15696:
15693:
15689:
15686:
15684:
15681:
15679:
15676:
15675:
15674:
15671:
15669:
15666:
15664:
15661:
15659:
15656:
15652:
15649:
15648:
15647:
15644:
15642:
15639:
15637:
15634:
15633:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15621:
15609:
15606:
15604:
15601:
15599:
15596:
15594:
15593:Years of Lead
15591:
15589:
15588:Economic Boom
15586:
15584:
15581:
15579:
15576:
15575:
15574:
15571:
15570:
15568:
15564:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15547:
15544:
15542:
15539:
15537:
15534:
15532:
15531:Fascist Italy
15529:
15525:
15522:
15521:
15520:
15517:
15515:
15512:
15510:
15507:
15506:
15505:
15502:
15498:
15495:
15493:
15490:
15488:
15485:
15483:
15480:
15478:
15477:Niçard exodus
15475:
15473:
15470:
15468:
15465:
15464:
15463:
15460:
15459:
15457:
15453:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15434:
15432:
15429:
15425:
15422:
15421:
15420:
15417:
15415:
15412:
15410:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15377:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15357:
15356:
15353:
15352:
15350:
15346:
15340:
15337:
15333:
15330:
15329:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15296:
15293:
15291:
15288:
15286:
15283:
15281:
15278:
15276:
15273:
15271:
15267:
15266:
15265:
15262:
15261:
15259:
15255:
15245:
15242:
15241:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15230:
15227:
15225:
15222:
15220:
15217:
15216:
15215:
15212:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15197:Magna Graecia
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15181:
15178:
15176:
15173:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15152:
15151:
15148:
15147:
15146:
15143:
15142:
15140:
15136:
15128:
15125:
15123:
15120:
15118:
15115:
15113:
15110:
15108:
15105:
15103:
15100:
15098:
15095:
15093:
15090:
15088:
15085:
15084:
15083:
15080:
15079:
15077:
15073:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15027:
15024:
15022:
15019:
15017:
15014:
15012:
15009:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14998:
14996:
14992:
14986:
14983:
14982:
14980:
14976:
14973:
14971:
14967:
14963:
14959:
14952:
14947:
14945:
14940:
14938:
14933:
14932:
14929:
14915:
14910:
14908:
14904:
14900:
14895:
14893:
14889:
14887:
14886:
14882:
14880:
14879:
14875:
14871:
14866:
14864:
14860:
14856:
14851:
14849:
14845:
14843:
14842:
14838:
14834:
14829:
14827:
14823:
14821:
14820:
14816:
14814:
14813:
14809:
14807:
14806:
14802:
14801:
14799:
14795:
14784:
14781:
14778:
14775:
14772:
14769:
14768:
14766:
14762:
14756:
14753:
14749:
14744:
14741:
14739:
14738:Italia Libera
14736:
14734:
14731:
14730:
14728:
14724:
14721:
14717:
14711:
14708:
14706:
14703:
14699:
14694:
14691:
14689:
14686:
14684:
14681:
14679:
14676:
14674:
14671:
14669:
14666:
14664:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14655:
14653:
14649:
14643:
14640:
14636:
14631:
14628:
14622:
14617:
14614:
14612:
14611:
14607:
14605:
14602:
14601:
14600:
14597:
14596:
14594:
14590:
14582:
14579:
14577:
14574:
14573:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14562:
14557:
14556:Gastone Sozzi
14554:
14550:
14545:
14544:Anselmo Cessi
14542:
14540:
14537:
14535:
14534:Piero Gobetti
14532:
14530:
14527:
14525:
14522:
14518:
14513:
14510:
14508:
14505:
14504:
14502:
14498:
14492:
14489:
14487:
14484:
14482:
14479:
14475:
14470:
14467:
14465:
14462:
14460:
14457:
14456:
14454:
14452:
14451:Fascist Italy
14447:
14438:
14433:
14430:
14424:
14419:
14416:
14414:
14411:
14409:
14406:
14405:
14404:
14400:
14397:
14396:
14392:
14389:
14386:
14383:
14380:
14377:
14374:
14370:
14367:
14363:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14348:
14345:
14341:
14336:
14333:
14329:
14324:
14321:
14317:
14312:
14309:
14308:
14307:
14304:
14302:
14299:
14296:
14295:Biennio Rosso
14293:
14292:
14290:
14286:
14277:
14272:
14270:
14265:
14263:
14258:
14257:
14254:
14242:
14237:
14232:
14230:
14227:
14226:
14223:
14213:
14210:
14208:
14205:
14203:
14200:
14198:
14195:
14193:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14183:
14180:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14167:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14140:Proto-fascism
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14109:
14106:
14105:
14104:
14101:
14097:
14094:
14093:
14092:
14091:Germanisation
14089:
14087:
14084:
14082:
14079:
14077:
14074:
14072:
14069:
14067:
14064:
14062:
14059:
14057:
14054:
14052:
14049:
14047:
14044:
14040:
14037:
14035:
14032:
14030:
14027:
14025:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14017:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13997:
13996:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13975:
13974:
13971:
13970:
13967:
13960:
13956:
13946:
13943:
13941:
13938:
13936:
13933:
13931:
13928:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13915:
13912:
13910:
13906:
13903:
13901:
13898:
13896:
13893:
13891:
13890:Anti-fascists
13888:
13887:
13884:
13877:
13873:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13838:The Holocaust
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13819:
13813:
13810:
13808:
13805:
13803:
13800:
13798:
13795:
13793:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13783:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13773:
13770:
13768:
13765:
13763:
13760:
13759:
13757:
13753:
13747:
13744:
13742:
13739:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13706:March on Rome
13704:
13703:
13701:
13697:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13666:
13660:
13657:
13656:
13654:
13650:
13646:
13639:
13635:
13621:
13618:
13616:
13613:
13611:
13608:
13607:
13605:
13603:International
13601:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13585:
13582:
13580:
13577:
13575:
13572:
13570:
13567:
13565:
13562:
13561:
13559:
13555:
13549:
13546:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13522:
13519:
13518:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13501:Walloon Guard
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13456:Silver Shirts
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13436:Schutzstaffel
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13377:
13374:
13372:
13369:
13367:
13364:
13362:
13359:
13357:
13354:
13352:
13349:
13347:
13344:
13342:
13339:
13337:
13334:
13332:
13331:Interbrigades
13329:
13327:
13324:
13322:
13319:
13317:
13314:
13312:
13309:
13307:
13304:
13302:
13299:
13297:
13294:
13292:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13282:
13279:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13271:Flemish Guard
13269:
13267:
13264:
13262:
13259:
13257:
13254:
13252:
13249:
13247:
13244:
13240:
13239:Bugojno group
13237:
13236:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13220:
13217:
13215:
13212:
13210:
13207:
13205:
13202:
13200:
13197:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13165:
13162:
13160:
13157:
13155:
13152:
13150:
13147:
13145:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13137:
13133:
13129:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13117:Wiking-Jugend
13115:
13113:
13110:
13106:
13103:
13101:
13098:
13097:
13096:
13093:
13091:
13088:
13086:
13083:
13081:
13078:
13076:
13073:
13071:
13068:
13066:
13063:
13061:
13058:
13056:
13053:
13051:
13048:
13046:
13043:
13041:
13038:
13036:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13014:
13011:
13009:
13008:Jungmädelbund
13006:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12995:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12949:
12946:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12935:
12933:
12931:
12927:
12921:
12918:
12916:
12913:
12911:
12908:
12906:
12903:
12901:
12898:
12896:
12893:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12881:
12878:
12876:
12873:
12871:
12868:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12856:
12853:
12851:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12826:
12823:
12821:
12818:
12816:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12806:
12800:
12797:
12795:
12792:
12790:
12787:
12785:
12782:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12770:
12767:
12766:
12764:
12762:Institutional
12760:
12756:
12752:Organizations
12749:
12745:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12706:
12703:
12702:
12700:
12696:
12690:
12687:
12685:
12682:
12681:
12679:
12675:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12639:
12636:
12634:
12633:The Old Guard
12631:
12629:
12626:
12624:
12621:
12619:
12616:
12614:
12611:
12609:
12606:
12604:
12601:
12599:
12596:
12595:
12593:
12589:
12583:
12580:
12578:
12577:Die Wehrmacht
12575:
12573:
12570:
12568:
12567:Volk en Staat
12565:
12563:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12535:
12533:
12530:
12528:
12525:
12523:
12522:SfarmÄ-PiatrÄ
12520:
12518:
12515:
12513:
12510:
12508:
12505:
12503:
12500:
12498:
12495:
12493:
12490:
12488:
12485:
12483:
12480:
12478:
12475:
12473:
12470:
12468:
12465:
12463:
12460:
12458:
12455:
12453:
12450:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12437:Nation Europa
12435:
12433:
12430:
12428:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12413:
12410:
12408:
12405:
12403:
12400:
12398:
12395:
12393:
12390:
12388:
12385:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12370:
12368:
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12273:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12263:
12257:
12254:
12252:
12249:
12247:
12244:
12242:
12239:
12237:
12234:
12232:
12229:
12227:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12217:
12214:
12212:
12209:
12207:
12204:
12202:
12199:
12197:
12194:
12192:
12189:
12187:
12184:
12182:
12179:
12177:
12174:
12172:
12169:
12167:
12164:
12162:
12159:
12157:
12154:
12152:
12149:
12147:
12144:
12142:
12139:
12137:
12134:
12132:
12129:
12127:
12124:
12122:
12119:
12117:
12114:
12112:
12109:
12107:
12104:
12103:
12101:
12097:
12093:
12086:
12082:
12068:
12065:
12063:
12060:
12058:
12055:
12053:
12050:
12048:
12045:
12043:
12042:Terre'Blanche
12040:
12038:
12035:
12033:
12030:
12028:
12027:Seyss-Inquart
12025:
12023:
12020:
12018:
12015:
12013:
12010:
12008:
12005:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11973:
11970:
11968:
11965:
11963:
11960:
11958:
11955:
11953:
11950:
11948:
11945:
11943:
11940:
11938:
11935:
11933:
11930:
11928:
11925:
11923:
11922:Merlika-Kruja
11920:
11918:
11915:
11913:
11910:
11908:
11905:
11903:
11900:
11898:
11895:
11893:
11890:
11888:
11885:
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11868:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11858:
11855:
11853:
11850:
11848:
11845:
11843:
11840:
11838:
11835:
11833:
11830:
11828:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11818:
11815:
11813:
11810:
11808:
11805:
11803:
11800:
11798:
11795:
11793:
11790:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11778:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11765:
11763:
11760:
11758:
11755:
11753:
11750:
11748:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11739:
11737:
11733:
11727:
11724:
11722:
11719:
11717:
11714:
11712:
11709:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11697:
11694:
11692:
11689:
11687:
11684:
11682:
11679:
11677:
11674:
11672:
11669:
11667:
11664:
11662:
11659:
11657:
11654:
11652:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11642:
11639:
11637:
11634:
11632:
11629:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11612:
11609:
11607:
11604:
11602:
11599:
11597:
11594:
11592:
11589:
11587:
11584:
11582:
11579:
11577:
11574:
11572:
11569:
11567:
11564:
11562:
11559:
11557:
11554:
11552:
11549:
11547:
11544:
11542:
11539:
11537:
11534:
11532:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11522:
11519:
11517:
11514:
11512:
11509:
11508:
11506:
11504:United States
11502:
11496:
11493:
11491:
11488:
11486:
11483:
11481:
11478:
11476:
11473:
11471:
11468:
11466:
11463:
11461:
11458:
11456:
11453:
11451:
11448:
11446:
11443:
11441:
11438:
11436:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11427:
11425:
11421:
11415:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11405:
11402:
11400:
11397:
11395:
11392:
11390:
11387:
11385:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11375:
11372:
11370:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11360:
11357:
11356:
11354:
11350:
11344:
11343:Serrano SuĂąer
11341:
11339:
11338:SĂĄnchez Mazas
11336:
11334:
11331:
11329:
11326:
11324:
11321:
11319:
11318:Franco y Polo
11316:
11314:
11311:
11309:
11306:
11304:
11301:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11289:
11286:
11285:
11283:
11279:
11273:
11270:
11268:
11265:
11263:
11260:
11258:
11255:
11253:
11250:
11248:
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11237:Martsinkevich
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11223:
11220:
11218:
11215:
11213:
11210:
11208:
11205:
11203:
11200:
11198:
11195:
11193:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11179:
11177:
11173:
11167:
11164:
11162:
11159:
11157:
11154:
11152:
11149:
11147:
11144:
11142:
11139:
11137:
11134:
11132:
11129:
11127:
11124:
11122:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11107:
11101:
11098:
11096:
11093:
11091:
11088:
11086:
11083:
11081:
11078:
11076:
11073:
11071:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11061:
11058:
11056:
11053:
11051:
11048:
11047:
11045:
11041:
11035:
11032:
11030:
11027:
11025:
11022:
11020:
11017:
11015:
11012:
11010:
11007:
11005:
11002:
11000:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10990:
10987:
10985:
10982:
10980:
10977:
10975:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10965:
10962:
10960:
10957:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10905:
10902:
10900:
10897:
10895:
10892:
10890:
10887:
10885:
10882:
10880:
10877:
10875:
10872:
10870:
10867:
10865:
10862:
10860:
10857:
10855:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10816:
10814:
10810:
10804:
10801:
10799:
10796:
10794:
10791:
10789:
10786:
10784:
10781:
10779:
10776:
10774:
10771:
10769:
10766:
10764:
10761:
10759:
10756:
10754:
10751:
10749:
10746:
10744:
10741:
10739:
10736:
10734:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10724:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10694:
10692:
10688:
10682:
10679:
10677:
10674:
10672:
10669:
10667:
10664:
10662:
10659:
10657:
10654:
10652:
10649:
10647:
10644:
10642:
10639:
10638:
10636:
10632:
10626:
10623:
10621:
10620:Michaloliakos
10618:
10616:
10613:
10611:
10608:
10606:
10603:
10601:
10598:
10597:
10595:
10591:
10585:
10582:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10570:
10567:
10565:
10562:
10560:
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10515:
10512:
10510:
10507:
10505:
10502:
10500:
10497:
10495:
10492:
10490:
10487:
10485:
10482:
10480:
10477:
10475:
10472:
10470:
10467:
10465:
10462:
10460:
10457:
10455:
10452:
10450:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10440:
10437:
10435:
10432:
10430:
10427:
10425:
10422:
10420:
10417:
10415:
10412:
10410:
10407:
10405:
10402:
10400:
10397:
10395:
10392:
10390:
10387:
10385:
10382:
10380:
10377:
10375:
10372:
10370:
10367:
10365:
10362:
10360:
10357:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10320:
10314:
10311:
10309:
10306:
10304:
10301:
10299:
10296:
10294:
10291:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10259:
10256:
10254:
10253:Châteaubriant
10251:
10249:
10246:
10244:
10241:
10239:
10236:
10234:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10224:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10214:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10180:
10178:
10175:
10173:
10170:
10168:
10165:
10163:
10160:
10159:
10157:
10153:
10147:
10144:
10142:
10139:
10137:
10134:
10132:
10129:
10127:
10124:
10122:
10119:
10117:
10114:
10112:
10109:
10107:
10104:
10103:
10101:
10097:
10091:
10088:
10086:
10083:
10081:
10078:
10076:
10073:
10071:
10068:
10066:
10063:
10061:
10058:
10056:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10046:
10043:
10041:
10038:
10036:
10033:
10032:
10030:
10026:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9991:
9989:
9985:
9981:
9974:
9970:
9956:
9953:
9951:
9948:
9946:
9943:
9941:
9938:
9936:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9916:
9913:
9911:
9908:
9906:
9903:
9901:
9898:
9896:
9893:
9891:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9876:
9873:
9871:
9868:
9866:
9863:
9861:
9858:
9854:
9851:
9849:
9846:
9845:
9844:
9841:
9839:
9836:
9834:
9831:
9829:
9826:
9824:
9821:
9819:
9816:
9814:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9805:South America
9802:
9796:
9793:
9791:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9766:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9756:
9753:
9751:
9748:
9746:
9743:
9741:
9738:
9736:
9733:
9731:
9728:
9726:
9723:
9722:
9720:
9718:
9714:
9708:
9705:
9703:
9700:
9698:
9695:
9693:
9690:
9688:
9685:
9683:
9680:
9678:
9675:
9671:
9668:
9666:
9663:
9661:
9658:
9656:
9653:
9651:
9648:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9636:
9635:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9618:Patriot Front
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9524:
9521:
9519:
9516:
9515:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9502:
9499:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9481:Aryan Nations
9479:
9477:
9474:
9473:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9463:North America
9460:
9454:
9451:
9449:
9446:
9444:
9441:
9435:
9432:
9431:
9430:
9427:
9426:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9417:
9415:
9412:
9410:
9407:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9380:
9377:
9375:
9372:
9370:
9367:
9365:
9362:
9360:
9357:
9355:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
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9169:Eurasia Party
9167:
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9160:
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9140:
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8868:
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8859:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8845:
8844:Wiking-Jugend
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
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8450:
8446:
8444:
8441:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8423:Nordic League
8421:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8406:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
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8364:
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8319:
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8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8236:
8233:
8231:
8230:Heathen Front
8228:
8226:
8223:
8221:
8218:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
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8119:
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8112:
8109:
8107:
8104:
8102:
8099:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8081:Britain First
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
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8052:
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8000:
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7980:
7974:
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7965:
7964:
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7959:
7956:
7952:
7951:Vidya Bharati
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7938:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
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7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7901:Hindu Munnani
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7865:
7862:
7861:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7846:
7845:
7844:Sangh Parivar
7842:
7840:
7837:
7835:
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
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7792:
7790:
7789:Otzma Yehudit
7787:
7785:
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7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
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7760:
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7750:
7747:
7745:
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7735:
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7730:
7727:
7725:
7724:Kokumin DĹmei
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7689:Golden Square
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
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7660:
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7332:
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7327:
7325:
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7300:
7294:
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7144:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7060:Perpetual war
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7008:
7004:
7002:
7001:Irrationalism
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6956:Direct action
6954:
6952:
6949:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6916:Anti-pacifism
6914:
6912:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6899:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6869:
6865:
6861:
6854:
6849:
6847:
6842:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6824:
6823:Fascist Italy
6820:
6817:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6726:
6723:
6720:Gooch, John.
6719:
6716:
6712:
6709:
6705:
6702:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6656:
6653:
6649:
6646:
6642:
6639:
6635:
6632:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6611:
6605:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6591:
6587:
6585:0-0021-6305-5
6581:
6576:
6575:
6569:
6565:
6564:
6554:
6550:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6533:
6526:
6520:
6513:
6507:
6500:
6499:History Today
6494:
6487:
6481:
6474:
6468:
6461:
6457:
6451:
6443:
6437:
6428:
6421:
6418:Mira CenÄiÄ,
6415:
6408:
6404:
6399:
6392:
6386:
6379:
6375:
6374:JoĹže Pirjevec
6371:
6366:
6350:
6344:
6337:
6331:
6324:
6318:
6316:
6300:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6281:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6262:
6254:
6239:
6233:
6229:
6228:
6220:
6213:
6209:
6203:
6187:
6183:
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6141:
6137:
6134:
6129:
6110:
6103:
6097:
6090:
6084:
6077:
6071:
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6042:
6038:
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6022:
6013:
6004:
5995:
5987:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5960:
5951:
5942:
5935:
5929:
5920:
5913:
5907:
5892:
5886:
5882:
5881:
5873:
5864:
5862:
5860:
5858:
5848:
5839:
5830:
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5812:
5804:
5800:
5794:
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5782:
5776:
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5765:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5749:
5742:
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5726:
5722:
5716:
5709:
5704:
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5668:
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5655:
5653:
5644:
5638:
5634:
5633:
5625:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5606:
5598:
5582:
5578:
5577:
5572:
5565:
5549:
5545:
5544:Warbirds News
5541:
5534:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5504:
5495:
5488:
5482:
5476:Pauley, p. 88
5473:
5471:
5469:
5462:Pauley, p. 87
5459:
5457:
5450:Pauley, p. 86
5447:
5445:
5435:
5426:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5400:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5372:
5365:
5359:
5352:
5346:
5338:
5334:
5328:
5321:
5317:
5316:"Mafia Trial"
5312:
5305:
5299:
5284:
5280:
5273:
5271:0-3407-3144-3
5267:
5263:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5206:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5187:
5182:
5175:
5170:
5162:
5155:
5153:
5144:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5125:
5116:
5109:
5103:
5096:
5090:
5081:
5079:
5071:
5070:0-3132-1317-8
5067:
5063:
5057:
5048:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5040:
5038:
5036:
5026:
5019:
5014:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4980:
4971:
4969:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4942:
4935:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4896:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4851:
4844:
4842:
4833:
4826:
4818:
4811:
4809:
4800:
4793:
4784:
4775:
4767:
4761:
4757:
4750:
4742:
4736:
4732:
4725:
4717:
4702:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4683:
4677:, p. 98.
4676:
4671:
4662:
4655:. p. 99.
4654:
4647:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4623:
4614:
4607:
4602:
4595:
4590:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4570:
4563:
4548:on 1 May 2017
4547:
4543:
4539:
4533:
4531:
4529:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4467:
4459:
4457:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4425:
4423:
4416:, p. 61.
4415:
4410:
4404:, p. 49.
4403:
4398:
4390:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4370:
4364:
4362:
4353:
4351:0-3000-9165-6
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4324:
4317:
4308:
4306:0-8386-3988-7
4302:
4298:
4294:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4250:
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4231:
4225:
4217:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4144:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4123:Media History
4117:
4108:
4099:
4090:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4024:0-2991-4870-X
4020:
4016:
4012:
4006:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3984:
3980:
3973:
3969:
3954:
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3721:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:Years of Lead
3689:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3655:
3652:
3649:
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3531:
3528:
3525:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3475:774–962
3474:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3460:568–774
3459:
3457:
3454:
3453:
3450:435–534
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3440:493–553
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:476–493
3429:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3414:
3405:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3334:Magna Graecia
3332:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3277:
3269:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3183:, who became
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3125:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3108:
3104:
3103:Piero Gobetti
3100:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3089:March on Rome
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3036:secret police
3033:
3032:
3027:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2993:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:North African
2941:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:puppet regime
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2840:invaded Egypt
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2745:Pact of Steel
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2609:March on Rome
2606:
2602:
2592:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2368:Italian Libya
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2123:
2118:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2034:known as the
2033:
2029:
2025:
2022:
2021:Macchi M.C.72
2018:
2017:
2005:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1987:United States
1984:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1908:
1904:
1902:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:Schutzstaffel
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1792:Mussolini in
1790:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:paid holidays
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:
1691:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1644:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1574:Ettore Ovazza
1571:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1438:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1326:
1324:
1323:Vatican Radio
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1296:Vito Volterra
1292:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1278:, especially
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1260:In 1938, the
1258:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1040:individualism
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Eastern Front
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Pact of Steel
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
869:Italian Libya
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
842:rapprochement
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:Fascist Italy
788:
782:
775:
769:
765:
760:
744:
742:
739:
738:
730:
728:
725:
724:
721:
715:
712:
705:
704:
701:
700:
697:
694:
692:
689:
688:
684:
680:
677:
673:
669:
665:
659:
655:
650:
646:
642:
637:
633:
629:
626:
620:
616:
613:
607:
603:
600:
594:
590:
587:
581:
577:
574:
568:
564:
561:
560:Pact of Steel
555:
551:
548:
542:
538:
534:
527:
523:
519:
512:
509:14 April 1935
508:
505:
499:
495:
492:
486:
482:
479:
473:
469:
466:
465:March on Rome
460:
456:
452:
448:
442:
435:
432:
429:
423:
420:
417:
414:
408:
405:
402:
398:
394:
391:
388:
382:
379:
376:
370:
366:
362:
360:
359:
354:
350:
346:
343:
340:
334:
330:
326:
324:
320:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:
284:
281:
278:
277:
275:
271:
268:
265:
263:
259:
256:
253:
249:
246:
243:
239:
236:
233:
226:
213:
205:
197:
196:
190:
185:
166:
165:
140:
139:
131:
127:
122:
116:
113:
109:
99:
93:
85:
79:
71:
66:
60:
53:
47:Fascist Italy
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
16275:Architecture
16245:Quattrocento
16202:Social class
16182:Prostitution
16096:Demographics
16018:Trade unions
15961:Central Bank
15803:Human rights
15783:Constitution
15566:Contemporary
15536:World War II
15530:
15424:Italian Wars
15348:Early modern
15290:Papal States
15268:Italy under
15214:Ancient Rome
14905:
14890:
14883:
14878:UmanitĂ Nova
14876:
14861:
14846:
14839:
14824:
14817:
14810:
14803:
14705:Action Party
14608:
14393:
14155:Roman salute
14135:Post-fascism
14125:Neosocialism
14115:Japanization
14051:Berlusconism
14046:Anti-fascism
13995:Maurrassisme
13945:SS personnel
13935:Nazi leaders
13858:Tokyo Trials
13848:End in Italy
13828:World War II
13777:Enabling Act
13521:Rusich Group
13516:Wagner Group
13321:Hlinka Guard
13296:Hitler Youth
13291:Hilfspolizei
13184:Black Legion
13159:Azov Brigade
13132:Paramilitary
13112:UstaĹĄe Youth
12993:Hitler Youth
12720:Hindutva pop
12492:Le Pays RĂŠel
12342:The European
12106:1776 Returns
11742:Arana Osorio
11379:Klyachkivsky
11298:Bilbao EguĂa
11267:StojadinoviÄ
10625:Papadopoulos
10374:Falkenhausen
10090:van de Wiele
9875:Nacionalismo
9760:Lads Society
9755:Centre Party
9409:Steel Shield
9194:German Party
8770:Nazi Germany
8579:
8557:
8533:Rexist Party
8525:
8520:PÄrkonkrusts
8518:
8461:
8447:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8245:Jeune Nation
8172:
8125:
8043:
8036:
8029:
7997:Tsagaan Khas
7973:Durga Vahini
7946:Seva Bharati
7714:Kataeb Party
7351:Intransigent
7288:Jeune Nation
7206:Nacionalismo
7100:Social order
7038:Palingenetic
7005:
6951:Dictatorship
6936:Conspiracism
6822:
6815:
6808:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6713:Gallo, Max.
6707:
6700:
6693:
6686:
6679:
6665:
6658:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6598:
6573:
6561:Bibliography
6537:
6532:
6524:
6519:
6511:
6506:
6498:
6493:
6485:
6480:
6472:
6467:
6459:
6455:
6450:
6436:
6427:
6419:
6414:
6406:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6377:
6365:
6353:. Retrieved
6351:(in Italian)
6343:
6335:
6330:
6322:
6302:. Retrieved
6287:
6280:
6260:
6253:
6241:. Retrieved
6226:
6219:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6190:. Retrieved
6188:(in Italian)
6185:
6175:
6163:. Retrieved
6153:
6143:
6128:
6118:23 September
6116:. Retrieved
6096:
6088:
6083:
6075:
6070:
6061:
6049:. Retrieved
6045:the original
6040:
6030:
6021:
6012:
6003:
5994:
5969:
5965:
5959:
5950:
5941:
5933:
5928:
5919:
5911:
5906:
5894:. Retrieved
5879:
5872:
5847:
5838:
5829:
5820:
5811:
5802:
5793:
5784:
5775:
5748:
5740:
5735:
5720:
5715:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5680:10 September
5678:. Retrieved
5671:the original
5666:
5631:
5624:
5604:
5597:
5585:. Retrieved
5581:the original
5574:
5564:
5552:. Retrieved
5543:
5533:
5523:10 September
5521:. Retrieved
5517:the original
5512:
5503:
5494:
5486:
5481:
5434:
5429:Sarti, 1968.
5425:
5417:
5412:
5404:
5399:
5389:
5384:
5376:
5371:
5363:
5358:
5350:
5345:
5337:the original
5327:
5319:
5311:
5304:Modern Italy
5303:
5298:
5288:10 September
5286:. Retrieved
5282:
5261:
5250:. Retrieved
5246:the original
5241:
5227:. Retrieved
5222:
5213:
5204:
5181:
5169:
5160:
5131:
5124:
5115:
5107:
5102:
5094:
5089:
5061:
5056:
5025:
5013:
5003:10 September
5001:. Retrieved
4997:
4988:
4979:
4957:
4949:
4940:
4934:
4925:
4919:
4911:
4894:
4849:
4831:
4825:
4816:
4798:
4792:
4783:
4774:
4755:
4749:
4730:
4724:
4715:
4704:. Retrieved
4689:
4682:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4646:
4621:
4613:
4601:
4589:
4577:
4567:
4562:
4550:. Retrieved
4546:the original
4488:
4482:
4473:Pollard 2014
4452:
4445:. Retrieved
4441:the original
4434:
4409:
4397:
4379:Random House
4377:. New York:
4372:
4337:
4331:
4322:
4316:
4292:
4248:
4237:
4229:
4224:
4210:
4201:
4193:
4187:
4165:(4): 27â61.
4162:
4158:
4152:
4143:
4126:
4122:
4116:
4107:
4098:
4089:
4080:
4074:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4041:
4014:
4005:
3978:
3972:
3953:
3904:
3883:
3877:
3828:
3818:
3726:
3725:(2020–
3702:
3684:
3683:(1946–
3607:Risorgimento
3605:
3563:Italian Wars
3551:Early modern
3382:
3376:
3348:Ancient Rome
3242:World War II
3239:
3223:Julian March
3208:
3197:
3188:
3162:anti-fascist
3152:
3135:
3122:
3096:
3074:
3067:
3031:anti-fascist
3029:
3023:
3018:anti-fascist
3013:
3007:
3001:
2968:
2924:
2921:, April 1945
2865:Vichy France
2813:
2808:Mare Nostrum
2806:
2803:Roman Empire
2780:
2755:World War II
2725:
2677:
2675:
2667:
2663:
2654:Adolf Hitler
2640:
2632:antisemitism
2626:
2616:
2597:
2578:Mare Nostrum
2576:
2564:anticlerical
2562:between the
2553:
2535:Roman Empire
2527:protectorate
2516:
2512:World War II
2487:Ante PaveliÄ
2479:
2471:Stresa Front
2463:
2455:protectorate
2449:
2435:
2399:
2365:
2361:
2335:
2329:
2289:
2282:
2271:" (English:
2268:
2262:
2194:
2183:
2158:Jebel Akhdar
2146:Omar Mukhtar
2133:
2127:
2102:Adriatic Sea
2092:Mare Nostrum
2089:
2079:
2073:defeated in
2071:
2032:World's Fair
2015:
2011:
1999:
1995:Scandinavian
1975:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1945:
1935:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1861:
1853:Soviet Union
1827:
1821:
1801:
1799:
1775:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1685:
1681:Nazi Germany
1676:Risorgimento
1674:
1658:
1641:
1635:, including
1606:
1599:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1566:
1544:
1538:
1518:
1480:
1470:
1463:Emilio Segrè
1459:Enrico Fermi
1411:
1392:
1376:Italian Jews
1360:Adolf Hitler
1357:
1336:Antisemitism
1327:
1307:puppet-state
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:Pentecostals
1280:Evangelicals
1272:Italian Jews
1265:
1259:
1251:Vatican City
1248:
1215:
1212:Pope Pius XI
1207:
1198:and for the
1184:Vatican City
1173:
1152:
1137:Papal States
1130:
1077:
1073:
1071:in Germany.
1065:Adolf Hitler
1054:Mussolini's
1053:
1049:Soviet Union
1045:Nazi Germany
1025:
1019:
1014:
1006:
1003:totalitarian
1000:
972:
968:puppet state
956:Nazi Germany
936:Soviet Union
932:World War II
925:
913:World War II
861:Tripolitania
850:
801:
800:
786:
781:
768:
696:Succeeded by
695:
690:
662:⢠1936
604:25 July 1943
578:10 June 1940
504:Stresa Front
385:⢠1943
356:
310:dictatorship
307:totalitarian
162:
155:Marcia Reale
136:
129:
112:Motto:
111:
98:Coat of arms
40:
32:Nazi Germany
16509:Axis powers
16340:Italophilia
16300:Coat of arm
16250:Cinquecento
16126:Immigration
16076:Aristocracy
15941:Agriculture
15835:Nationality
15808:LGBT rights
15722:Earthquakes
15603:Mani pulite
15519:World War I
15462:Unification
15455:Late modern
15419:Renaissance
15264:Middle Ages
15257:Middle Ages
15234:Roman Italy
15001:Citizenship
14912: [
14897: [
14868: [
14863:Non Mollare
14853: [
14831: [
14746: [
14696: [
14633: [
14619: [
14559: [
14547: [
14515: [
14472: [
14435: [
14421: [
14390:(1925â1932)
14360: [
14338: [
14326: [
14314: [
14297:(1919â1920)
14197:Szeged Idea
14187:Sorelianism
14145:Red fascism
14002:Pinochetism
13787:July Putsch
13736:Le Faisceau
13610:Axis powers
13548:Youth Front
13386:Mano Blanca
13361:Legion Wasa
13286:Gold Shirts
13189:Blackshirts
13164:Bajrang Dal
13122:Youth Front
12825:The Britons
12799:Quadrumvirs
12608:Condottieri
12552:Der Umbruch
12542:Der StĂźrmer
12382:Golden Dawn
12297:Der Angriff
12277:Ajan Suunta
12265:Periodicals
12032:Starhemberg
12017:Schuschnigg
11872:al-Husseini
11752:D'Aubuisson
11561:Frankhouser
11521:Auernheimer
11435:Chamberlain
11272:Zhirinovsky
10717:Teymourtash
10712:Pezeshkpour
10707:Monshizadeh
10519:Renthe-Fink
10278:La Rochelle
9548:Hammerskins
9476:Aryan Guard
9204:Golden Dawn
9106:Youth Front
8168:Le Faisceau
8121:The Britons
7968:Bajrang Dal
7684:Grey Wolves
7664:Azure Party
7559:Revisionism
7542:Nazi-Maoism
7512:Syndicalist
7481:Legionarism
7444:Strasserism
7397:LaRoucheism
7371:Restoration
7146:Definitions
7028:Nationalism
7013:Masculinity
6991:Imperialism
6941:Corporatism
6883:Core tenets
6578:. Collins.
6186:Ultima Voce
6051:13 December
5587:21 November
5554:23 December
4510:2434/365385
4495:: 686â707.
4475:, pp.
4261:. pp.
3749:Citizenship
3704:Mani pulite
3617:Young Italy
3436:Ostrogothic
3372:Roman Italy
3291:History of
3250:German Nazi
3219:World War I
3052:Blackshirts
2816:Axis Powers
2696:South Tyrol
2684:Sudetenland
2671:World War I
2660:, June 1934
2344:Addis Ababa
2324:Italo Balbo
2296:Racial Laws
2235:Racial Laws
2171:Sheik Idris
2082:Great Power
2028:Italo Balbo
1938:corporatism
1880:Cesare Mori
1876:'Ndrangheta
1868:Cosa Nostra
1806:Blackshirts
1629:racial laws
1623:during the
1560:Guggenheims
1552:Rothschilds
1499:World War I
1491:Italo Balbo
1461:(left) and
1457:physicists
1422:Paolo Orano
1388:master race
1380:Emil Ludwig
1161:World War I
1095:trade union
1061:Blackshirts
928:Axis powers
691:Preceded by
565:22 May 1939
444:(1939â1943)
437:(1922â1939)
428:Lower house
413:Upper house
400:Legislature
313:(1925â1943)
286:(1922â1925)
160:(1924â1943)
134:(1861â1943)
102:(1929â1943)
16463:Categories
16410:Traditions
16400:Television
16385:Philosophy
16350:Literature
16290:Cathedrals
16260:Settecento
16121:Healthcare
16086:Corruption
16081:Censorship
15840:Parliament
15798:Government
15598:Maxi Trial
15546:Resistance
15275:Ostrogoths
15207:Messapians
15092:Villanovan
15082:Prehistory
15075:Prehistory
14604:Red Guards
14486:Internment
14459:Squadrismo
14192:Synarchism
13988:Khomeinism
13716:Acerbo Law
13496:Volkssport
13476:Third Klan
13306:Greyshirts
12978:Al-Futuwwa
12915:Right Club
12875:Mladorossi
12477:Panchjanya
12447:Neues Volk
12417:Masada2000
12362:Fritt Folk
12287:El AlcĂĄzar
12201:Mein Kampf
12099:Literature
11867:al-Husayni
11832:al-Gaylani
11721:Vonsyatsky
11440:Chesterton
11399:Shukhevych
11262:Rodzaevsky
11151:Manoilescu
10859:Bastianini
10834:D'Annunzio
10793:Natan-Zada
10605:Kasidiaris
10524:Ribbentrop
10479:Ludendorff
10283:Lagardelle
10243:Brasillach
9670:Wotansvolk
9660:Volksfront
9645:Third Klan
9623:Proud Boys
9528:Creativity
9219:Iron Guard
8760:Nazi Party
8127:La Cagoule
8061:Blueshirts
7719:Kenkokukai
7654:Aria Party
7611:Greyshirts
7468:Pan-Turkic
7432:Neo-Nazism
7202:Argentine
7120:Syncretism
7110:Statolatry
7075:Propaganda
7018:Militarism
6926:Chauvinism
5097:Cambridge.
4569:Commonweal
4295:. London:
3965:References
3697:Maxi Trial
3580:Napoleonic
3156:(English:
3136:La LibertĂ
3126:(English:
3095:wrote his
2990:See also:
2901:El-Alamein
2897:Montenegro
2863:following
2627:Mein Kampf
2618:Mein Kampf
2601:Pan-German
2410:See also:
2348:Ethiopians
2300:Aryan race
2213:poison gas
2209:Somaliland
2166:Al-'Aghela
2140:to lead a
1976:After the
1942:tripartism
1862:To combat
1857:castor oil
1741:Dopolavoro
1731:Dopolavoro
1727:Dopolavoro
1723:Dopolavoro
1714:Dopolavoro
1710:Dopolavoro
1706:Dopolavoro
1570:Aldo Finzi
1503:Hindenburg
1180:city-state
1109:See also:
1083:referendum
1069:Nazi Party
1056:propaganda
1036:militarist
893:Somaliland
666:42,993,602
652:Population
404:Parliament
273:Government
262:Demonym(s)
164:Giovinezza
16370:Mythology
16345:Libraries
16265:Ottocento
16207:Terrorism
16148:Languages
16101:Education
16023:Transport
15973:Companies
15880:Provinces
15850:President
15815:Judiciary
15788:Elections
15700:Volcanoes
15695:Volcanism
15688:Apennines
15673:Mountains
15641:Peninsula
15624:Geography
15555:Civil War
15280:Byzantium
15187:Etruscans
15122:Canegrate
15117:Golasecca
15102:Rinaldone
15097:Terramare
15087:Neolithic
14826:Il Popolo
14175:Nordicism
14086:Garveyism
14019:Alt-right
13983:Francoism
13978:Chiangism
13511:Waffen-SS
13416:Rodobrana
13406:The Order
13401:New Guard
13336:Iron Wolf
13281:Frontbann
13204:Column 88
13136:terrorist
12769:Ahnenerbe
12537:Spearhead
12532:Siniristi
12507:Das Reich
12497:Der Pimpf
12482:Panzerbär
12472:Organiser
12462:Novopress
12427:Nash Put'
12067:Weinstein
11882:Linderman
11822:ÄurÄanskĂ˝
11626:MacDonald
11621:Lindbergh
11495:Wellesley
11485:Southgate
11470:Pankhurst
11409:Tyahnybok
11293:Bau Nolla
11257:Prokhanov
11242:Milchakov
11222:Kuryokhin
11197:Borovikov
11192:Barkashov
11187:AstroĹski
11121:Bacaloglu
11116:Antonescu
11065:Hashimoto
10969:Mussolini
10954:Marinetti
10949:Malaparte
10904:Corradini
10768:Greenberg
10758:Goldstein
10671:Mukherjee
10656:Golwalkar
10600:Dragoumis
10564:Streicher
10534:Rosenberg
10464:Klintzsch
10344:Berchtold
10263:DÊroulède
10197:Somersalo
10121:Kvaternik
10116:KraljeviÄ
10111:FrancetiÄ
9987:Australia
9613:The Order
8787:New Order
8581:Verdinaso
8413:New Party
7839:Sakurakai
7804:Patrol 36
7589:Movements
7549:Uruguayan
7477:Romanian
7427:Hitlerism
7357:Japanese
7314:Hungarism
7302:Valoisism
7280:PĂŠtainism
7275:Doriotism
7265:Falangism
7238:Christian
7228:Brazilian
7223:Banderism
7166:Symbolism
7151:Economics
6961:Dirigisme
6775:28444279M
5986:159756071
5262:Mussolini
5161:Mussolini
4832:Mussolini
4706:9 January
4693:. Brill.
4552:15 August
4519:146180634
4456:Auschwitz
4447:15 August
4255:Cambridge
3671:Partisans
3426:Odoacer's
3384:Optimates
3378:Populares
2885:Ljubljana
2679:Anschluss
2540:Albanians
2482:espionage
1888:the Mafia
1818:Air Force
1647:Education
1507:synagogue
1426:Palestine
1190:the sole
1011:of 1935:
975:civil war
865:Cyrenaica
625:Surrender
612:Armistice
539:1936â1939
524:1935â1936
297:one-party
251:Religion
169:("Youth")
68:1922â1943
16448:Category
16335:Internet
16325:Folklore
16255:Seicento
16240:Trecento
16235:Duecento
16197:Religion
16158:Regional
16136:Italians
16111:Gambling
16003:Taxation
15830:Military
15771:Politics
15573:Republic
15360:Florence
15285:Lombards
15224:Republic
15170:Samnites
15165:Picentes
15107:Apennine
15066:Railways
15046:Military
14994:By topic
14978:Overview
14962:articles
14885:Il Mondo
14779:(France)
14773:(France)
14764:In exile
14726:In Italy
14229:Category
14202:Trumpism
14170:Aryanism
14120:Morenazi
14034:Alt-tech
14024:Alt-lite
14007:Putinism
13615:NSDAP/AO
13381:Makapili
13356:LÄncieri
13311:Heimwehr
13169:The Base
12870:The Link
12808:Activist
12618:Erbkrank
12372:Gândirea
12352:Fashizmi
12121:Defiance
12057:Vikernes
11977:Quisling
11962:Planetta
11947:Piasecki
11912:MartĂnez
11847:Gustloff
11827:FrashĂŤri
11812:Dollfuss
11802:Coughlin
11777:Carrasco
11686:Rockwell
11666:Patsalos
11616:LaRouche
11591:Invictus
11581:Heimbach
11414:Vitrenko
11364:Biletsky
11252:Prilepin
11217:Kaminski
11126:Codreanu
11100:Sasakawa
11085:Matsuoka
11019:Sarfatti
11004:Ridruejo
10989:Pavolini
10979:Panunzio
10974:Olivetti
10964:Morgagni
10939:Graziani
10924:Giuriati
10844:Badoglio
10763:Gopstein
10743:Ben-Gvir
10697:Forouhar
10681:Vajpayee
10676:Savarkar
10661:Hedgewar
10569:Terboven
10549:Skorzeny
10494:Niekisch
10449:Heydrich
10409:Goebbels
10339:Baeumler
10228:Bardèche
10207:Varjonen
10192:Simojoki
10146:Servatzy
10060:Eriksson
10045:Degrelle
10040:Declercq
10004:Cottrell
9179:Format18
8792:Nipsters
8553:Stormers
8418:Nipsters
7571:UstaĹĄism
7422:Esoteric
7417:Austrian
7407:Mystical
7385:Kahanism
7324:Ilminism
7309:Hindutva
7250:Clerical
7218:Austrian
7188:Variants
7065:Populism
7033:Integral
7007:Machismo
6971:Eugenics
6803:2389786M
6674:6783825M
6661:. (2006)
6596:(2004).
6570:(1986).
6192:23 March
6136:Archived
6109:Archived
5548:Archived
5252:3 August
5229:3 August
5072:, p. 474
4371:(2014).
4245:(2014).
4179:21812160
4049:(1935).
4013:(1995).
3997:7748977M
3913:See also
3830:Timeline
3794:Military
3742:By topic
3681:Republic
3665:Fascist
3636:Monarchy
3591:Republic
3503:Medieval
3481:Germanic
3466:Frankish
3361:Republic
3282:a series
3280:Part of
3211:Slovenes
3145:Flag of
3000:Flag of
2962:. Italy
2871:; and a
2787:Ethiopia
2451:de facto
2384:Florence
2352:Ethiopia
2197:Ethiopia
2106:Dalmazia
2024:seaplane
1993:and the
1985:and the
1930:Lingotto
1874:and the
1843:(SS) in
1756:sick pay
1752:pensions
1556:Warburgs
1505:and the
1264:and the
1169:atheists
1067:and the
1047:and the
828:imposed
822:dictator
675:Currency
305:under a
267:Italians
16405:Theatre
16380:Palaces
16360:Museums
16330:Gardens
16315:Fashion
16305:Cuisine
16285:Castles
16227:Culture
16177:Poverty
16153:Italian
16064:Society
16045:Welfare
16013:Tourism
15983:Exports
15951:Banking
15931:Economy
15919:Economy
15875:Regions
15757:Valleys
15727:Islands
15707:Beaches
15678:Prealps
15658:Geology
15646:Climate
15310:Normans
15270:Odoacer
15219:Kingdom
15202:Ligures
15138:Ancient
15112:Nuragic
15061:Postage
15036:Judaism
15026:Genetic
15016:Fashion
15011:Economy
14970:History
14909:
14894:
14865:
14850:
14828:
14819:L'UnitĂ
14805:Avanti!
13907: (
13642:History
13557:Student
13533:Werwolf
13446:Sicarii
13376:Levente
13035:Levente
12603:Bengasi
12412:Limonka
12402:Kangura
12367:Fronten
12347:Fashist
12211:My Life
12052:Tsankov
12037:SzĂĄlasi
12007:Salgado
11982:RamĂrez
11942:Pfrimer
11937:Noreika
11917:McInnes
11892:Lugones
11857:Hamidov
11817:O'Duffy
11797:Clausen
11787:CelmiĹĹĄ
11772:Caetano
11767:Bushati
11757:Bahçeli
11701:Spencer
11661:Nordean
11656:Mullins
11651:Minadeo
11636:Metzger
11606:Kessler
11566:Fuentes
11546:Dilling
11541:Collins
11511:Abascal
11490:Tyndall
11475:Pearson
11445:Griffin
11430:Beckett
11404:Stetsko
11394:Samchuk
11374:Gubarev
11369:Dontsov
11359:Bandera
11352:Ukraine
11232:Limonov
11161:Ogoranu
11141:Gigurtu
11131:Crainic
11109:Romania
11029:Spirito
11024:Soffici
11014:Rossoni
10959:Michels
10919:Gentile
10879:Boselli
10864:Bianchi
10824:Alfieri
10773:Ha'ivri
10753:Eliyahu
10738:Ben-Ari
10733:Ahimeir
10702:Kashani
10610:Koryzis
10579:Krosigk
10574:Thadden
10544:Schreck
10539:Schmitt
10509:Reitsch
10484:Maurice
10454:Himmler
10429:GĂźnther
10424:Greiser
10399:Franz V
10389:Forster
10359:Brunner
10322:Germany
10298:Rebatet
10167:Isotalo
10162:Helanen
10155:Finland
10136:PaviÄiÄ
10131:PaveliÄ
10126:LuburiÄ
10099:Croatia
10080:Severen
10065:Hermans
10028:Belgium
9717:Oceania
9414:Svoboda
9174:Falanga
8912:Falange
7992:TĹhĹkai
7554:Marzism
7500:Russian
7461:Finnish
7449:Swedish
7437:Russian
7402:Latvian
7366:Statism
7346:Italian
7334:Islamic
7233:British
7050:New Man
6986:Heroism
6860:Fascism
6797:(1988)
6755:(1982).
6304:11 June
6243:11 June
6165:7 April
6041:fnff.es
5896:27 July
5667:fsu.edu
4994:"Italy"
4716:Fascism
4228:Smith,
4033:784569M
3814:Railway
3809:Postage
3784:Judaism
3774:Genetic
3764:Fashion
3759:Economy
3727:present
3685:present
3654:Fascism
3596:Kingdom
3524:Normans
3456:Lombard
3355:Kingdom
3240:During
3026:Fascist
2895:), and
2881:Albania
2861:Tunisia
2857:Corsica
2795:Albania
2733:Corsica
2692:Germans
2586:Germany
2572:Falange
2510:during
2406:Balkans
2372:Libyans
2205:Eritrea
2154:Jaghbub
2068:in 1940
1911:Economy
1884:Palermo
1872:Sicilia
1851:of the
1847:or the
1845:Germany
1579:At the
1547:Denikin
1495:Ferrara
1418:Zionist
1240:Vatican
1016:people.
938:on the
901:autarky
889:Eritrea
623:â˘
610:â˘
597:â˘
584:â˘
571:â˘
558:â˘
545:â˘
530:â˘
515:â˘
502:â˘
489:â˘
476:â˘
463:â˘
450:History
426:â˘
411:â˘
300:fascist
294:Unitary
280:Unitary
245:Italian
228:Capital
130:Anthem:
59:Italian
16436:
16310:Design
16295:Cinema
16270:Anthem
16192:Racism
16141:People
16116:Health
15978:Energy
15968:Brands
15895:Comune
15890:Cities
15752:Rivers
15712:Canals
15395:Amalfi
15380:Venice
15239:Empire
15180:Veneti
15155:Latins
15127:Latial
14960:
14441:(1940)
14398:(1931)
14384:(1925)
14378:(1924)
14012:Ziaism
13680:Fascio
13675:Arditi
13620:ODESSA
13366:Lehava
13316:Hirden
12835:DeVlag
12684:Allach
12562:Vlajka
12557:Vairas
12527:Signal
12432:NĂĄstup
12387:Hamaas
12302:Arriba
12282:L'Alba
12272:Action
12221:OPROP!
12161:Hunter
12022:Ĺ eĹĄelj
12012:Sayigh
12002:Saadeh
11997:Rupnik
11932:Mohler
11927:Miklas
11907:Madero
11887:LjotiÄ
11862:Hlinka
11842:GĂśmbĂśs
11837:Genoud
11762:Blythe
11747:Arcand
11726:Yockey
11711:Tarrio
11676:Pierce
11671:Pelley
11641:Miller
11576:Graves
11516:Anglin
11480:Ramsay
11450:Jordan
11313:Franco
11288:Arrese
11207:Dugina
11175:Russia
11090:Nonaka
11080:Kodama
10984:Papini
10934:Grandi
10884:Bottai
10829:Ambris
10819:Acerbo
10803:Yeivin
10788:Marzel
10783:Kahane
10778:Heruti
10726:Israel
10641:Advani
10593:Greece
10584:ZĂźndel
10529:Rieger
10499:Ploetz
10489:MĂźller
10474:KĂźhnen
10459:Hitler
10439:Heiden
10414:GĂśring
10404:Gesche
10364:BĂźhler
10349:Berger
10334:Andrae
10308:Valois
10293:PĂŠtain
10273:Doriot
10248:Bucard
10238:BĂŠraud
10223:Augier
10216:France
10182:Kosola
10177:Konkka
10172:Kalsta
10085:Streel
10075:Poulet
10070:Lagrou
10019:Saleam
9977:People
9443:Vlajka
9424:UstaĹĄe
9344:Pamyat
9214:Hosank
8882:CEDADE
8587:Vigrid
7599:Africa
7564:Sosism
7522:Techno
7473:Rexism
7412:Nazism
7380:Jewish
7339:Ziaism
7270:French
7255:Crypto
7139:Topics
7080:Racism
6872:Themes
6801:
6773:
6672:
6606:
6582:
6551:
6462:(1999)
6355:12 May
6295:
6268:
6234:
5984:
5887:
5727:
5639:
5612:
5379:(1993)
5366:(2002)
5353:(1994)
5268:
5139:
5068:
4762:
4737:
4697:
4634:
4517:
4479:â111;
4385:
4348:
4303:
4269:
4177:
4031:
4021:
3995:
3985:
3630:Modern
3446:Vandal
3392:Empire
3284:on the
3262:Naples
3215:Croats
3204:Franco
3179:, and
3009:fasces
2905:Gazala
2793:, and
2741:Savoia
2658:Venice
2492:UstaĹĄe
2446:Greece
2430:, and
2388:Muslim
2251:, and
2112:Africa
2054:, and
1983:Canada
1816:, and
1796:, 1930
1733:, the
1554:, the
1525:, the
1352:, and
1157:papacy
1127:, 1931
1099:clergy
1022:, 1935
983:killed
903:; the
824:. The
453:
419:Senate
363:
327:
216:
208:
200:
132:
55:
16395:Sport
16365:Music
16355:Media
16217:Women
16091:Crime
15956:Banks
15732:Lakes
15717:Caves
15668:Flora
15663:Fauna
15385:Genoa
15370:Milan
15365:Siena
15305:Arabs
15192:Celts
15175:Umbri
15051:Music
15021:Flags
14958:Italy
14916:]
14901:]
14872:]
14857:]
14835:]
14785:(USA)
14750:]
14700:]
14637:]
14623:]
14581:Nello
14576:Carlo
14563:]
14551:]
14519:]
14476:]
14439:]
14425:]
14364:]
14342:]
14330:]
14318:]
13880:Lists
13821:1940s
13755:1930s
13699:1920s
13668:1910s
13652:1900s
12930:Youth
12865:GRECE
12677:Other
12241:Siege
12089:Works
11967:Preto
11952:PerĂłn
11897:Lukov
11852:HĂĄcha
11792:Cerro
11735:Other
11706:Strom
11696:Smith
11691:Rubin
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