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130:. One of these ships exploded against the bridge, and besides allegedly killing more than 1000 Spanish soldiers, effected a breach in the structure of more than 200 feet (61 Metres) in width. This might have led to the relief of the town by the waiting Dutch fleet, except for the hesitation of Vice-Admiral Jacob Jacobsen (or Jacobzoon).
179:
was constructed to allow the
English army to deploy on either shore. The boom broke at the first flood tide after its completion. The exact contribution of Giambelli to these works is unknown, because he is not mentioned in any of the reports made by the
154:
After the surrender of
Antwerp, Giambelli went to England, where he was employed by the Crown between 1585 and 1602, the last in a line of a number Italian engineers at the English court. He was engaged during July and August 1588 in fortifying the
208:
were "infernal machines" constructed by
Giambelli; however they were unaware that he was fully occupied by the defensive works in the Thames and that a national shortage of gunpowder prevented its use in the English fireships.
98:, who, having satisfied herself of his abilities, engaged him to advise in its defence. His plans for provisioning the town were rejected by the senate, but they agreed to a modification of his scheme for destroying the
483:
118:
and heaped over with millstones, tombstones and scrap iron; stacks of timber and brushwood on the top deck were set alight to give the impression that it was an ordinary
253:, following complaints that the defences were inadequate. Giambelli made three reports on Plymouth. He suggested surrounding the town with a wall with nine ravelins.
301:
241:; the work was mostly completed by 1600, but remodelling of two of the castle's original towers was not completed until 1603. In 1602 at the request of the
546:
66:, where he soon gained considerable reputation for his knowledge in various departments of science. He is said to have married while living there.
159:, which was considered the most likely site for the expected Spanish invasion. Works included the construction of earthen ramparts around the old
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which closed the entrance to the town from the side of the sea, by the conversion of two ships of 60 and 70 tons into "infernal machines" or "
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62:. However, his proposals were given a lukewarm reception, and as he could obtain no immediate employment from the king, he moved to
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541:
437:
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224:) which would allow fires in the city to be fought more effectively. Neither of these schemes seem to have been acted upon.
184:, the commander of the English army in Essex; however, his name is noted in the accounts, drawing a respectable fee of six
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536:
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213:
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about the middle of the 16th century. Having had some experience as a military engineer in Italy, he went to
531:
360:
Monarchs, Ministers, and Maps: The
Emergence of Cartography as a Tool of Government in Early Modern Europe
416:
346:
335:
321:
402:
22:(or Gianibelli; also given as Genebelli or Genibelli in contemporary English texts), was an Italian
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484:"The British Library - A plan of "Plimouth Forte," now the citadel; drawn by Federico Genibelli"
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roads, the panic which ensued was largely due to the conviction among the
Spaniards that the
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Giambelli is said to have vowed to be revenged for his rebuff at the
Spanish court; and when
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One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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across the river, consisting of a chain supported by 120 ships' masts; also a
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513:
HMC Calendar of the
Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury at Hatfield House
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Hydraulia, an
Historical and Descriptive Account of the Water Works of London
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An 18th century engraving, depicting the explosion of one of
Giambelli's "
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310:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 925.
82:" on the Duke of Parma's pontoon bridge at the Siege of Antwerp in 1585.
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for a water system to cleanse the fetid ditches surrounding the
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249:, which was sited on the location now occupied by the
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106:". Each ship had a masonry chamber built into the
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122:. The explosive charge was to be detonated by a
442:, Simkin, Marshall and Co, London (pp. 30-31)
212:In 1591, Giambelli presented a plan to the
42:in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.
326:, Harper & Brothers, New York (p. 189)
227:Starting in 1597, Giambelli constructed a
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279:
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260:, but the year of his death is unknown.
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547:Italian emigrants to the United Kingdom
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524:
270:
133:
515:, vol. 12 (London, 1910), pp. 555-9.
407:, William Pickering, London (p, 237)
404:The History of the Town of Gravesend
94:in 1584, he offered his services to
13:
14:
558:
451:
323:History of the United Netherlands
245:, Giambelli surveyed the fort on
511:, vol. 1 (London, 1914), p. 92:
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92:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
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220:and another (perhaps a type of
542:Military personnel from Mantua
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401:Cruden, Robert Peirce (1843),
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374:
363:, University of Chicago Press
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340:
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150:, built between 1597 and 1600.
46:Early life and Spanish service
1:
384:, Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
320:Motley, John Lothrop (1888),
263:
16:16th-century Italian engineer
7:
380:Hutchinson, Robert (2013),
256:He is said to have died in
10:
563:
537:Italian military engineers
436:Matthews, William (1835),
233:fortification surrounding
192:(£0.33) per day. When the
357:Buisseret, David (1992),
58:to offer his services to
458:www.fortified-places.com
488:theeuropeanlibrary.org/
307:Encyclopædia Britannica
126:mechanism activating a
490:. The European Library
151:
96:Elizabeth I of England
83:
50:Giambelli was born at
141:
114:(3,175 kilograms) of
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454:"Carisbrooke Castle"
110:, filled with 7,000
88:Antwerp was besieged
70:The Siege of Antwerp
532:16th-century births
347:Motley, pp. 198-199
336:Motley, pp. 191-192
302:Giambelli, Federigo
142:One of Giambelli's
36:Spanish Netherlands
464:on 19 October 2014
427:Hutchinson, p. 157
382:The Spanish Armada
152:
134:Service in England
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20:Federigo Giambelli
390:978-1-7802-2088-8
235:Carisbrook Castle
182:Earl of Leicester
148:Carisbrook Castle
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218:City of London
194:Spanish Armada
177:pontoon bridge
157:Thames Estuary
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28:civil engineer
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173:boom defence
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392:(pp. 60-61)
161:blockhouses
104:hellburners
80:hellburners
526:Categories
468:5 December
264:References
188:and eight
206:fireships
198:fireships
186:shillings
169:Gravesend
128:flintlock
124:clockwork
120:fire ship
116:gunpowder
60:Philip II
171:, and a
144:bastions
24:military
494:2 March
371:(p. 59)
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237:on the
200:in the
165:Tilbury
64:Antwerp
40:England
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258:London
202:Calais
112:pounds
52:Mantua
34:, the
190:pence
56:Spain
32:Spain
496:2015
470:2014
386:ISBN
365:ISBN
167:and
108:hold
38:and
26:and
304:".
163:at
146:at
90:by
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272:^
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
