2134:
896:
700:
1529:
715:
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1225:, a Catholic aristocrat exiled to Spain and secretary to King Philip II. Three letters exist today describing the interview, detailing what Arthur proclaimed to be the story of his life, from birth in the royal palace to the time of his arrival in Spain. However, this failed to convince the Spaniards: Englefield admitted to King Philip that Arthur's "claim at present amounts to nothing", but suggested that "he should not be allowed to get away, but kept very secure." The king agreed, and Arthur was never heard from again. Modern scholarship dismisses the story's basic premise as "impossible", and asserts that Elizabeth's life was so closely observed by contemporaries that she could not have hidden a pregnancy.
668:. There Elizabeth experienced an emotional crisis that some historians believe affected her for the rest of her life. Thomas Seymour engaged in romps and horseplay with the 14-year-old Elizabeth, including entering her bedroom in his nightgown, tickling her, and slapping her on the buttocks. Elizabeth rose early and surrounded herself with maids to avoid his unwelcome morning visits. Parr, rather than confront her husband over his inappropriate activities, joined in. Twice she accompanied him in tickling Elizabeth, and once held her while he cut her black gown "into a thousand pieces". However, after Parr discovered the pair in an embrace, she ended this state of affairs. In May 1548, Elizabeth was sent away.
2130:. Her love of sweets and fear of dentists contributed to severe tooth decay and loss to such an extent that foreign ambassadors had a hard time understanding her speech. André Hurault de Maisse, Ambassador Extraordinary from Henry IV of France, reported an audience with the queen, during which he noticed, "her teeth are very yellow and unequal ... and on the left side less than on the right. Many of them are missing, so that one cannot understand her easily when she speaks quickly." Yet he added, "her figure is fair and tall and graceful in whatever she does; so far as may be she keeps her dignity, yet humbly and graciously withal." Walter Raleigh called her "a lady whom time had surprised".
397:. Some historians depict Elizabeth as a short-tempered, sometimes indecisive ruler, who enjoyed more than her fair share of luck. Towards the end of her reign, a series of economic and military problems weakened her popularity. Elizabeth is acknowledged as a charismatic performer ("Gloriana") and a dogged survivor ("Good Queen Bess") in an era when government was ramshackle and limited, and when monarchs in neighbouring countries faced internal problems that jeopardised their thrones. After the short, disastrous reigns of her half-siblings, her 44 years on the throne provided welcome stability for the kingdom and helped to forge a sense of national identity.
2179:, who had a strong but unrecognised claim. Cecil coached the impatient James to humour Elizabeth and "secure the heart of the highest, to whose sex and quality nothing is so improper as either needless expostulations or over much curiosity in her own actions". The advice worked. James's tone delighted Elizabeth, who responded: "So trust I that you will not doubt but that your last letters are so acceptably taken as my thanks cannot be lacking for the same, but yield them to you in grateful sort". In historian J. E. Neale's view, Elizabeth may not have declared her wishes openly to James, but she made them known with "unmistakable if veiled phrases".
2217:
1311:
2146:
forgave him. She repeatedly appointed him to military posts despite his growing record of irresponsibility. After Essex's desertion of his command in
Ireland in 1599, Elizabeth had him placed under house arrest and the following year deprived him of his monopolies. In February 1601, Essex tried to raise a rebellion in London. He intended to seize the queen but few rallied to his support, and he was beheaded on 25 February. Elizabeth knew that her own misjudgements were partly to blame for this turn of events. An observer wrote in 1602: "Her delight is to sit in the dark, and sometimes with shedding tears to bewail Essex."
228:
1654:
57:
1439:
8467:
1013:
1191:
1593:
1841:
825:
1719:
1234:
513:
406:
2273:
3180:
2155:
1995:
641:
1520:
undermined
Leicester's standing among the Dutch. The military campaign was severely hampered by Elizabeth's repeated refusals to send promised funds for her starving soldiers. Her unwillingness to commit herself to the cause, Leicester's own shortcomings as a political and military leader, and the faction-ridden and chaotic situation of Dutch politics led to the failure of the campaign. Leicester finally resigned his command in December 1587.
10161:
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1114:
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minister of His heavenly will in this office now committed to me. And as I am but one body naturally considered, though by His permission a body politic to govern, so shall I desire you all ... to be assistant to me, that I with my ruling and you with your service may make a good account to
Almighty God and leave some comfort to our posterity on earth. I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel.
1182:. In poetry and portraiture, she was depicted as a virgin, a goddess, or both, not as a normal woman. At first, only Elizabeth made a virtue of her ostensible virginity: in 1559, she told the Commons, "And, in the end, this shall be for me sufficient, that a marble stone shall declare that a queen, having reigned such a time, lived and died a virgin". Later on, poets and writers took up the theme and developed an
3457:"The metaphor of drama is an appropriate one for Elizabeth's reign, for her power was an illusionâand an illusion was her power. Like Henry IV of France, she projected an image of herself which brought stability and prestige to her country. By constant attention to the details of her total performance, she kept the rest of the cast on their toes and kept her own part as queen."
3152:
2312:
Elizabeth's forces ultimately prevailed, but their tactics stain her record. Rather than as a brave defender of the
Protestant nations against Spain and the Habsburgs, she is more often regarded as cautious in her foreign policies. She offered very limited aid to foreign Protestants and failed to provide her commanders with the funds to make a difference abroad.
3540:, put it on her behalf to parliament in 1559, the queen "is not, nor ever meaneth to be, so wedded to her own will and fantasy that for the satisfaction thereof she will do anything ... to bring any bondage or servitude to her people, or give any just occasion to them of any inward grudge whereby any tumults or stirs might arise as hath done of late days".
608:, a sympathetic teacher who believed that learning should be engaging. Current knowledge of Elizabeth's schooling and precocity comes largely from Ascham's memoirs. By the time her formal education ended in 1550, Elizabeth was one of the best educated women of her generation. At the end of her life, she was believed to speak the
881:. She was then presented for the people's acceptance, amidst a deafening noise of organs, fifes, trumpets, drums, and bells. Although Elizabeth was welcomed as queen in England, the country was still in a state of anxiety over the perceived Catholic threat at home and overseas, as well as the choice of whom she would marry.
3514:, J. E. Neale observed: "The book was written before such words as "ideological", "fifth column", and "cold war" became current; and it is perhaps as well that they are not there. But the ideas are present, as is the idea of romantic leadership of a nation in peril, because they were present in Elizabethan times".
2198:, came as a particular blow. In March, Elizabeth fell sick and remained in a "settled and unremovable melancholy", and sat motionless on a cushion for hours on end. When Robert Cecil told her that she must go to bed, she snapped: "Must is not a word to use to princes, little man." She died on 24 March 1603 at
793:. If Mary and her child died, Elizabeth would become queen, but if Mary gave birth to a healthy child, Elizabeth's chances of becoming queen would recede sharply. When it became clear that Mary was not pregnant, no one believed any longer that she could have a child. Elizabeth's succession seemed assured.
2315:
Elizabeth established an
English church that helped shape a national identity and remains in place today. Those who praised her later as a Protestant heroine overlooked her refusal to drop all practices of Catholic origin from the Church of England. Historians note that in her day, strict Protestants
1990:
fell. During this time, repression of
Catholics intensified, and Elizabeth authorised commissions in 1591 to interrogate and monitor Catholic householders. To maintain the illusion of peace and prosperity, she increasingly relied on internal spies and propaganda. In her last years, mounting criticism
1689:, was even more of a disaster. As for all such expeditions, Elizabeth was unwilling to invest in the supplies and reinforcements requested by the commanders. Norreys left for London to plead in person for more support. In his absence, a Catholic League army almost destroyed the remains of his army at
2339:
fragmented. Elizabeth was the first Tudor to recognise that a monarch ruled by popular consent. She therefore always worked with parliament and advisers she could trust to tell her the truthâa style of government that her Stuart successors failed to follow. Some historians have called her lucky; she
2284:
Elizabeth was lamented by many of her subjects, but others were relieved at her death. Expectations of King James started high but then declined. By the 1620s, there was a nostalgic revival of the cult of
Elizabeth. Elizabeth was praised as a heroine of the Protestant cause and the ruler of a golden
1704:. The result was just as dismal. Essex accomplished nothing and returned home in January 1592. Henry abandoned the siege in April. As usual, Elizabeth lacked control over her commanders once they were abroad. "Where he is, or what he doth, or what he is to do," she wrote of Essex, "we are ignorant".
1621:
If the late queen would have believed her men of war as she did her scribes, we had in her time beaten that great empire in pieces and made their kings of figs and oranges as in old times. But her
Majesty did all by halves, and by petty invasions taught the Spaniard how to defend himself, and to see
1389:
and the royal council keenly assembled a case against her. At first, Elizabeth resisted calls for Mary's death. By late 1586, she had been persuaded to sanction Mary's trial and execution on the evidence of letters written during the
Babington Plot. Elizabeth's proclamation of the sentence announced
1186:
that exalted
Elizabeth. Public tributes to the Virgin by 1578 acted as a coded assertion of opposition to the queen's marriage negotiations with the Duke of Alençon. Ultimately, Elizabeth would insist she was married to her kingdom and subjects, under divine protection. In 1599, she spoke of "all my
492:
Elizabeth was two years and eight months old when her mother was beheaded on 19 May 1536, four months after Catherine of Aragon's death from natural causes. Elizabeth was declared illegitimate and deprived of her place in the royal succession. Eleven days after Anne Boleyn's execution, Henry married
1985:
The period after the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 brought new difficulties for Elizabeth that lasted until the end of her reign. The conflicts with Spain and in Ireland dragged on, the tax burden grew heavier, and the economy was hit by poor harvests and the cost of war. Prices rose and the
1903:
had "much more in common than either did with Roman Catholicism, as both rejected the worship of idols", and argued for an alliance between England and the Ottoman Empire. To the dismay of Catholic Europe, England exported tin and lead (for cannon-casting) and ammunitions to the Ottoman Empire, and
1799:
on amicable terms, though the Tsar was often annoyed by her focus on commerce rather than on the possibility of a military alliance. Ivan even proposed to her once, and during his later reign, asked for a guarantee to be granted asylum in England should his rule be jeopardised. When this failed, he
1612:
rivalled that of her coronation as a spectacle. The defeat of the armada was a potent propaganda victory, both for Elizabeth and for Protestant England. The English took their delivery as a symbol of God's favour and of the nation's inviolability under a virgin queen. However, the victory was not a
1587:
My loving people, we have been persuaded by some that are careful of our safety, to take heed how we commit ourself to armed multitudes for fear of treachery; but I assure you, I do not desire to live to distrust my faithful and loving people ... I know I have the body but of a weak and feeble
1514:
We could never have imagined (had we not seen it fall out in experience) that a man raised up by ourself and extraordinarily favoured by us, above any other subject of this land, would have in so contemptible a sort broken our commandment in a cause that so greatly touches us in honour ... And
1500:
The expedition was led by Elizabeth's former suitor, the Earl of Leicester. Elizabeth from the start did not really back this course of action. Her strategy, to support the Dutch on the surface with an English army, while beginning secret peace talks with Spain within days of Leicester's arrival in
1208:
A central issue, when it comes to the question of Elizabeth's virginity, was whether the queen ever consummated her love affair with Robert Dudley. In 1559, she had Dudley's bedchambers moved next to her own apartments. In 1561, she was mysteriously bedridden with an illness that caused her body to
1169:
By 1570, senior figures in the government privately accepted that Elizabeth would never marry or name a successor. William Cecil was already seeking solutions to the succession problem. For her failure to marry, Elizabeth was often accused of irresponsibility. Her silence, however, strengthened her
1043:
was suffering from a "malady in one of her breasts" and that the queen would like to marry Robert if his wife should die. By the autumn of 1559, several foreign suitors were vying for Elizabeth's hand; their impatient envoys engaged in ever more scandalous talk and reported that a marriage with her
865:, she was welcomed wholeheartedly by the citizens and greeted by orations and pageants, most with a strong Protestant flavour. Elizabeth's open and gracious responses endeared her to the spectators, who were "wonderfully ravished". The following day, 15 January 1559, a date chosen by her astrologer
2039:
Who keeps their sovereign from the lapse of error, in which, by ignorance and not by intent they might have fallen, what thank they deserve, we know, though you may guess. And as nothing is more dear to us than the loving conservation of our subjects' hearts, what an undeserved doubt might we have
1831:
that he convince the Tsar to reconsider. The negotiations failed, due to Fletcher addressing Feodor with two of his many titles omitted. Elizabeth continued to appeal to Feodor in half appealing, half reproachful letters. She proposed an alliance, something which she had refused to do when offered
1742:
Although Ireland was one of her two kingdoms, Elizabeth faced a hostile, and in places virtually autonomous, Irish population that adhered to Catholicism and was willing to defy her authority and plot with her enemies. Her policy there was to grant land to her courtiers and prevent the rebels from
1558:
On 12 July 1588, the Spanish Armada, a great fleet of ships, set sail for the channel, planning to ferry a Spanish invasion force under the Duke of Parma to the coast of southeast England from the Netherlands. The armada was defeated by a combination of miscalculation, misfortune, and an attack of
1301:
sailed to England, where she had once been assured of support from Elizabeth. Elizabeth's first instinct was to restore her fellow monarch, but she and her council instead chose to play safe. Rather than risk returning Mary to Scotland with an English army or sending her to France and the Catholic
3438:
John Cramsie, in reviewing the recent scholarship in 2003, argued "the period 1585â1603 is now recognised by scholars as distinctly more troubled than the first half of Elizabeth's long reign. Costly wars against Spain and the Irish, involvement in the Netherlands, socio-economic distress, and an
1515:
therefore our express pleasure and commandment is that, all delays and excuses laid apart, you do presently upon the duty of your allegiance obey and fulfill whatsoever the bearer hereof shall direct you to do in our name. Whereof fail you not, as you will answer the contrary at your utmost peril.
1268:, who carried his own claim to the English throne. The marriage was the first of a series of errors of judgement by Mary that handed the victory to the Scottish Protestants and to Elizabeth. Darnley quickly became unpopular and was murdered in February 1567 by conspirators almost certainly led by
852:
My lords, the law of nature moves me to sorrow for my sister; the burden that is fallen upon me makes me amazed, and yet, considering I am God's creature, ordained to obey His appointment, I will thereto yield, desiring from the bottom of my heart that I may have assistance of His grace to be the
2145:
praised it. Elizabeth was happy to play the part, but it is possible that in the last decade of her life she began to believe her own performance. She became fond and indulgent of the charming but petulant young Earl of Essex, who was Leicester's stepson and took liberties with her for which she
1677:
inherited the French throne in 1589, Elizabeth sent him military support. It was her first venture into France since the retreat from Le Havre in 1563. Henry's succession was strongly contested by the Catholic League and by Philip II, and Elizabeth feared a Spanish takeover of the channel ports.
1644:
as general. The English fleet suffered a catastrophic defeat with 11,000â15,000 killed, wounded or died of disease and 40 ships sunk or captured. The advantage England had won upon the destruction of the Spanish Armada was lost, and the Spanish victory marked a revival of Philip II's naval power
2285:
age. James was depicted as a Catholic sympathiser, presiding over a corrupt court. The triumphalist image that Elizabeth had cultivated towards the end of her reign, against a background of factionalism and military and economic difficulties, was taken at face value and her reputation inflated.
2002:
One of the causes for this "second reign" of Elizabeth, as it is sometimes called, was the changed character of Elizabeth's governing body, the privy council in the 1590s. A new generation was in power. With the exception of William Cecil, Baron Burghley, the most important politicians had died
2311:
Recent historians, however, have taken a more complicated view of Elizabeth. Her reign is famous for the defeat of the Armada, and for successful raids against the Spaniards, such as those on CĂĄdiz in 1587 and 1596, but some historians point to military failures on land and at sea. In Ireland,
1519:
Elizabeth's "commandment" was that her emissary read out her letters of disapproval publicly before the Dutch Council of State, Leicester having to stand nearby. This public humiliation of her "Lieutenant-General" combined with her continued talks for a separate peace with Spain irreversibly
1068:
Among other marriage candidates being considered for the queen, Robert Dudley continued to be regarded as a possible candidate for nearly another decade. Elizabeth was extremely jealous of his affections, even when she no longer meant to marry him herself. She raised Dudley to the peerage as
1759:
wrote that the victims "were brought to such wretchedness as that any stony heart would have rued the same". Elizabeth advised her commanders that the Irish, "that rude and barbarous nation", be well treated, but she or her commanders showed no remorse when force and bloodshed served their
1260:
of July 1560 removed the French threat in the north. When Mary returned from France to Scotland in 1561 to take up the reins of power, the country had an established Protestant church and was run by a council of Protestant nobles supported by Elizabeth. Mary refused to ratify the treaty.
671:
Thomas Seymour nevertheless continued scheming to control the royal family and tried to have himself appointed the governor of the King's person. When Parr died after childbirth on 5 September 1548, he renewed his attentions towards Elizabeth, intent on marrying her. Her governess
289:
and the younger Elizabeth, in spite of statutes to the contrary. Edward's will was set aside within weeks of his death and Mary became queen, deposing and executing Jane. During Mary's reign, Elizabeth was imprisoned for nearly a year on suspicion of supporting Protestant rebels.
1875:
against Spain. Elizabeth "agreed to sell munitions supplies to Morocco, and she and Mulai Ahmad al-Mansur talked on and off about mounting a joint operation against the Spanish". Discussions, however, remained inconclusive, and both rulers died within two years of the embassy.
1276:
How could a worse choice be made for your honour than in such haste to marry such a subject, who besides other and notorious lacks, public fame has charged with the murder of your late husband, besides the touching of yourself also in some part, though we trust in that behalf
1355:. The papal bull provoked legislative initiatives against Catholics by Parliament, which were, however, mitigated by Elizabeth's intervention. In 1581, to convert English subjects to Catholicism with "the intent" to withdraw them from their allegiance to Elizabeth was made a
924:
Elizabeth and her advisers perceived the threat of a Catholic crusade against heretical England. The queen therefore sought a Protestant solution that would not offend Catholics too greatly while addressing the desires of English Protestants, but she would not tolerate the
676:, who was fond of Seymour, sought to convince Elizabeth to take him as her husband. She tried to convince Elizabeth to write to Seymour and "comfort him in his sorrow", but Elizabeth claimed that Thomas was not so saddened by her stepmother's death as to need comfort.
2289:, Bishop of Gloucester, recalled: "When we had experience of a Scottish government, the Queen did seem to revive. Then was her memory much magnified." Elizabeth's reign became idealised as a time when crown, church and parliament had worked in constitutional balance.
1004:, 22 years her junior. While risking possible loss of power like her sister, who played into the hands of King Philip II of Spain, marriage offered the chance of an heir. However, the choice of a husband might also provoke political instability or even insurrection.
1286:
2344:
when wars and seditions with grievous persecutions have vexed almost all kings and countries round about me, my reign hath been peacable, and my realm a receptacle to thy afflicted Church. The love of my people hath appeared firm, and the devices of my enemies
2015:, son of Lord Burghley, with both being supported by their respective adherents. The struggle for the most powerful positions in the state marred the kingdom's politics. The queen's personal authority was lessening, as is shown in the 1594 affair of Dr.
1048:
was not welcome in England: "There is not a man who does not cry out on him and her with indignation ... she will marry none but the favoured Robert." Amy Dudley died in September 1560, from a fall from a flight of stairs and, despite the coroner's
995:
From the start of Elizabeth's reign it was expected that she would marry, and the question arose to whom. Although she received many offers, she never married and remained childless; the reasons for this are not clear. Historians have speculated that
313:. It was expected that Elizabeth would marry and produce an heir; however, despite numerous courtships, she never did. Because of this she is sometimes referred to as the "Virgin Queen". She was eventually succeeded by her first cousin twice removed,
3415:
In a letter of 19 July 1599 to Essex, Elizabeth wrote: "For what can be more true (if things be rightly examined) than that your two month's journey has brought in never a capital rebel against whom it had been worthy to have adventured one thousand
1164:
I will never break the word of a prince spoken in public place, for my honour's sake. And therefore I say again, I will marry as soon as I can conveniently, if God take not him away with whom I mind to marry, or myself, or else some other great let
1110:(later Frederick II) several years later, but the negotiations had abated in 1551. In the years around 1559, a Dano-English Protestant alliance was considered, and to counter Sweden's proposal, King Frederick II proposed to Elizabeth in late 1559.
2019:, her trusted physician. When he was wrongly accused by the Earl of Essex of treason out of personal pique, she could not prevent the doctor's execution, although she had been angry about his arrest and seems not to have believed in his guilt.
1626:
Though some historians have criticised Elizabeth on similar grounds, Elizabeth had good reason not to place too much trust in her commanders, who once in action tended, as she put it herself, "to be transported with an haviour of vainglory".
5044:
Could it be that when Elizabeth was confined to bed in 1561 (at the time when her love affair with Dudley was at its height) with a mysterious illness she was in fact pregnant? The Spanish ambassador reported that she had a swelling of the
1685:, largely ignoring Elizabeth's orders, roamed northern France to little effect, with an army of 4,000 men. He withdrew in disarray in December 1589, having lost half his troops. In 1591, the campaign of John Norreys, who led 3,000 men to
8398:
3501:, epitomised by courtly encounters between the queen and sea-dog "heroes" such as Drake and Raleigh. Some Victorian narratives, such as Raleigh laying his cloak before the queen or presenting her with a potato, remain part of the myth.
2056:
This same period of economic and political uncertainty, however, produced an unsurpassed literary flowering in England. The first signs of a new literary movement had appeared at the end of the second decade of Elizabeth's reign, with
562:
from English into Italian, Latin, and French, which she presented to her father as a New Year's gift. From her teenage years and throughout her life, she translated works in Latin and Greek by numerous classical authors, including the
1964:
was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region and China, and received its charter from Queen Elizabeth on 31 December 1600. For a period of 15 years, the company was awarded a monopoly on English trade with all countries east of the
1505:
and was expected by the Dutch to fight an active campaign. Elizabeth, on the other hand, wanted him "to avoid at all costs any decisive action with the enemy". He enraged Elizabeth by accepting the post of Governor-General from the
738:, but her support quickly crumbled, and she was deposed after nine days. On 3 August 1553, Mary rode triumphantly into London, with Elizabeth at her side. The show of solidarity between the sisters did not last long. Mary, a devout
540:, better known by her later, married name of Catherine "Kat" Ashley, was appointed as Elizabeth's governess in 1537, and she remained Elizabeth's friend until her death in 1565. Champernowne taught Elizabeth four languages: French,
1904:
Elizabeth seriously discussed joint military operations with Murad III during the outbreak of war with Spain in 1585, as Francis Walsingham was lobbying for a direct Ottoman military involvement against the common Spanish enemy.
1390:
that "the said Mary, pretending title to the same Crown, had compassed and imagined within the same realm diverse things tending to the hurt, death and destruction of our royal person." On 8 February 1587, Mary was beheaded at
2308:(1950), interpreted Elizabeth's reign as a golden age of progress. Neale and Rowse also idealised the Queen personally: she always did everything right; her more unpleasant traits were ignored or explained as signs of stress.
1575:, and then back south past the west coast of Ireland). Unaware of the Armada's fate, English militias mustered to defend the country under the Earl of Leicester's command. Leicester invited Elizabeth to inspect her troops at
1170:
own political security: she knew that if she named an heir, her throne would be vulnerable to a coup; she remembered the way that "a second person, as I have been" had been used as the focus of plots against her predecessor.
1216:
was arrested on the coast of Spain under suspicion of being a spy. The man claimed to be the illegitimate son of Elizabeth and Robert Dudley, with his age being consistent with birth during the 1561 illness. He was taken to
2340:
believed that God was protecting her. Priding herself on being "mere English", Elizabeth trusted in God, honest advice, and the love of her subjects for the success of her rule. In a prayer, she offered thanks to God that:
3310:"It was fortunate that ten out of twenty-six bishoprics were vacant, for of late there had been a high rate of mortality among the episcopate, and a fever had conveniently carried off Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury,
2022:
During the last years of her reign, Elizabeth came to rely on the granting of monopolies as a cost-free system of patronage, rather than asking Parliament for more subsidies in a time of war. The practice soon led to
2300:, the Elizabethan legend was adapted to the imperial ideology of the day, and in the mid-20th century, Elizabeth was a romantic symbol of the national resistance to foreign threat. Historians of that period, such as
839:
Elizabeth became queen at the age of 25, and declared her intentions to her council and other peers who had come to Hatfield to swear allegiance. The speech contains the first record of her adoption of the medieval
3806:
1398:, for implementing it without her knowledge. The sincerity of Elizabeth's remorse and whether or not she wanted to delay the warrant have been called into question both by her contemporaries and later historians.
1144:
In 1563, Elizabeth told an imperial envoy: "If I follow the inclination of my nature, it is this: beggar-woman and single, far rather than queen and married". Later in the year, following Elizabeth's illness with
812:, where she had returned to live in October 1555. By October 1558, Elizabeth was already making plans for her government. Mary recognised Elizabeth as her heir on 6 November 1558, and Elizabeth became queen when
1093:
Marriage negotiations constituted a key element in Elizabeth's foreign policy. She turned down the hand of Philip, her half-sister's widower, early in 1559 but for several years entertained the proposal of King
746:
faith in which Elizabeth had been educated, and she ordered that everyone attend Catholic Mass; Elizabeth had to outwardly conform. Mary's initial popularity ebbed away in 1554 when she announced plans to marry
2166:
Elizabeth's senior adviser, Lord Burghley, died on 4 August 1598. His political mantle passed to his son Robert, who soon became the leader of the government. One task he addressed was to prepare the way for a
766:. Elizabeth fervently protested her innocence. Though it is unlikely that she had plotted with the rebels, some of them were known to have approached her. Mary's closest confidant, Emperor Charles's ambassador
8481:
3283:
An Act of July 1536 stated that Elizabeth was "illegitimate ... and utterly foreclosed, excluded and banned to claim, challenge, or demand any inheritance as lawful heir ... to by lineal descent".
4980:
1418:, lost to France in January 1558. Only through the activities of her fleets did Elizabeth pursue an aggressive policy. This paid off in the war against Spain, 80% of which was fought at sea. She knighted
8396:
2213:. Thus Elizabeth died on the last day of the year 1602 in the old calendar. The modern convention is to use the old style calendar for the day and month while using the new style calendar for the year.
338:
in 1570, which in theory released English Catholics from allegiance to her, several conspiracies threatened her life, all of which were defeated with the help of her ministers' secret service, run by
1272:. Shortly afterwards, on 15 May 1567, Mary married Bothwell, arousing suspicions that she had been party to the murder of her husband. Elizabeth confronted Mary about the marriage, writing to her:
601:
Library, one of only four surviving English translations from the early modern era, was confirmed as Elizabeth's own in 2019, after a detailed analysis of the handwriting and paper was undertaken.
1377:
gave English Catholics a strong incentive to look to Mary as the legitimate sovereign of England. Mary may not have been told of every Catholic plot to put her on the English throne, but from the
1588:
woman, but I have the heart and stomach of a king, and of a King of England too, and think foul scorn that Parma or Spain, or any Prince of Europe should dare to invade the borders of my realm.
1571:
ships to the northeast. The Armada straggled home to Spain in shattered remnants, after disastrous losses on the coast of Ireland (after some ships had tried to struggle back to Spain via the
2095:
depends largely on the builders, dramatists, poets, and musicians who were active during Elizabeth's reign. They owed little directly to the queen, who was never a major patron of the arts.
2118:'s poem. Elizabeth gave Edmund Spenser a pension; as this was unusual for her, it indicates that she liked his work. Her painted portraits became less realistic and more a set of enigmatic
1053:
finding of accident, many people suspected her husband of having arranged her death so that he could marry the queen. Elizabeth seriously considered marrying Dudley for some time. However,
1783:, who took three years to defeat the rebels. O'Neill finally surrendered in 1603, a few days after Elizabeth's death. Soon afterwards, a peace treaty was signed between England and Spain.
1256:. Mary boasted being "the nearest kinswoman she hath". Elizabeth was persuaded to send a force into Scotland to aid the Protestant rebels, and though the campaign was inept, the resulting
1264:
In 1563, Elizabeth proposed her own suitor, Robert Dudley, as a husband for Mary, without asking either of the two people concerned. Both proved unenthusiastic, and in 1565, Mary married
8397:
6046:
1895:, in 1578. For the first time, a treaty of commerce was signed in 1580. Numerous envoys were dispatched in both directions and epistolar exchanges occurred between Elizabeth and Sultan
1823:. Unlike his father, Feodor had no enthusiasm in maintaining exclusive trading rights with England. He declared his kingdom open to all foreigners, and dismissed the English ambassador
6449:
De Maisse: a journal of all that was accomplished by Monsieur De Maisse, ambassador in England from King Henri IV to Queen Elizabeth, anno domini 1597, Nonesuch Press, 1931, pp. 25â26.
4941:
2027:, the enrichment of courtiers at the public's expense, and widespread resentment. This culminated in agitation in the House of Commons during the parliament of 1601. In her famous "
3439:
authoritarian turn by the regime all cast a pall over Gloriana's final years, underpinning a weariness with the queen's rule and open criticism of her government and its failures."
10676:
9340:
1613:
turning point in the war, which continued and often favoured Spain. The Spaniards still controlled the southern provinces of the Netherlands, and the threat of invasion remained.
796:
King Philip, who ascended the Spanish throne in 1556, acknowledged the new political reality and cultivated his sister-in-law. She was a better ally than the chief alternative,
624:
in addition to those mentioned above. The Venetian ambassador stated in 1603 that she "possessed languages so thoroughly that each appeared to be her native tongue". Historian
1449:
After the occupation and loss of Le Havre in 1562â1563, Elizabeth avoided military expeditions on the continent until 1585, when she sent an English army to aid the Protestant
2248:, and when they beheld her statue lying upon the coffin, there was such a general sighing, groaning and weeping as the like hath not been seen or known in the memory of man.
1137:, and then from 1572 to 1581 his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon. This last proposal was tied to a planned alliance against Spanish control of the
805:
3810:
2327:
Though Elizabeth followed a largely defensive foreign policy, her reign raised England's status abroad. "She is only a woman, only mistress of half an island," marvelled
2190:
The queen's health remained fair until the autumn of 1602, when a series of deaths among her friends plunged her into a severe depression. In February 1603, the death of
5006:
3371:
Elizabeth's ambassador in France was actively misleading her as to the true intentions of the Spanish king, who only tried to buy time for his great assault upon England
1201:
This claim of virginity was not universally accepted. Catholics accused Elizabeth of engaging in "filthy lust" that symbolically defiled the nation along with her body.
1153:
became a heated issue in Parliament. Members urged the queen to marry or nominate an heir, to prevent a civil war upon her death. She refused to do either. In April she
1333:, and put her on the English throne. After the rebels' defeat, over 750 of them were executed on Elizabeth's orders. In the belief that the revolt had been successful,
964:
became law on 8 May 1559. All public officials were forced to swear an oath of loyalty to the monarch as the supreme governor or risk disqualification from office; the
293:
Upon her half-sister's death in 1558, Elizabeth succeeded to the throne and set out to rule by good counsel. She depended heavily on a group of trusted advisers led by
3783:
4672:
Adams, S.; Gehring, D. S. (2013). "Elizabeth I's Former Tutor Reports on the Parliament of 1559: Johannes Spithovius to the Chancellor of Denmark, 27 February 1559".
1077:, to whom the queen reacted with repeated scenes of displeasure and lifelong hatred. Still, Dudley always "remained at the centre of emotional life", as historian
3381:
2007:
in 1591. Factional strife in the government, which had not existed in a noteworthy form before the 1590s, now became its hallmark. A bitter rivalry arose between
1394:, Northamptonshire. After the execution, Elizabeth claimed that she had not intended for the signed execution warrant to be dispatched, and blamed her secretary,
755:
and an active Catholic. Discontent spread rapidly through the country, and many looked to Elizabeth as a focus for their opposition to Mary's religious policies.
2292:
The picture of Elizabeth painted by her Protestant admirers of the early 17th century has proved lasting and influential. Her memory was also revived during the
1977:
commanded the first expedition in 1601. The Company eventually controlled half of world trade and substantial territory in India in the 18th and 19th centuries.
1813:
6431:
552:, and Italian. Under Grindal, a talented and skilful tutor, she also progressed in French and Greek. By the age of 12, she was able to translate her stepmother
3384:, reached the coast near Calais, he found the Duke of Parma's troops unready and was forced to wait, giving the English the opportunity to launch their attack.
10706:
3671:
Correspondence of Edward, Third Earl of Derby, During the Years 24 to 31 Henry VIII.: Preserved in a Ms. in the Possession of Miss Pfarington, of Worden Hall
1510:. Elizabeth saw this as a Dutch ploy to force her to accept sovereignty over the Netherlands, which so far she had always declined. She wrote to Leicester:
9333:
7024:
5256:
4291:
4257:
4161:
3980:
2276:
Elizabeth I, painted around 1610, during the first revival of interest in her reign. Time sleeps on her right and Death looks over her left shoulder; two
2035:
to a deputation of 140 members, Elizabeth professed ignorance of the abuses, and won the members over with promises and her usual appeal to the emotions:
6024:
5066:
3265:
and 1 January is treated as the beginning of the year, even though 25 March was treated as the beginning of the year in England during Elizabeth's life.
10229:
730:, excluded both Mary and Elizabeth from the succession, and instead declared as his heir Lady Jane Grey, granddaughter of Henry VIII's younger sister
10696:
1682:
453:, to marry Anne, with the intent to sire a male heir and ensure the Tudor succession. She was baptised on 10 September 1533, and her godparents were
4964:
10686:
10514:
3475:
Cecil wrote to James, "The subject itself is so perilous to touch amongst us as it setteth a mark upon his head forever that hatcheth such a bird".
629:
762:
broke out; it was soon suppressed. Elizabeth was brought to court and interrogated regarding her role, and on 18 March, she was imprisoned in the
9326:
2244:
Westminster was surcharged with multitudes of all sorts of people in their streets, houses, windows, leads and gutters, that came out to see the
2202:, between two and three in the morning. A few hours later, Cecil and the council set their plans in motion and proclaimed James King of England.
1085:
in 1588. After Elizabeth's own death, a note from him was found among her most personal belongings, marked "his last letter" in her handwriting.
952:. This enabled supporters amongst peers to outvote the bishops and conservative peers. Nevertheless, Elizabeth was forced to accept the title of
679:
In January 1549, Seymour was arrested and imprisoned in the Tower on suspicion of conspiring to depose his brother Somerset as Protector, marry
10716:
6564:
1603: The Death of Queen Elizabeth, the Return of the Black Plague, the Rise of Shakespeare, Piracy, Witchcraft and the Birth of the Stuart Era
4780:
3353:
relatives had pronounced her Queen of England and had the English arms emblazoned with those of Scotland and France on her plate and furniture.
470:
6043:
4118:
656:
Henry VIII died in 1547 and Elizabeth's half-brother, Edward VI, became king at the age of nine. Catherine Parr, Henry's widow, soon married
486:
4937:
1779:, to put the revolt down. To her frustration, he made little progress and returned to England in defiance of her orders. He was replaced by
1600:, depicted in the background. Elizabeth's hand rests on the globe, symbolising her international power. One of three known versions of the "
917:
Elizabeth's personal religious convictions have been much debated by scholars. She was a Protestant, but kept Catholic symbols (such as the
778:, convinced Mary to spare her sister in the absence of hard evidence against her. Instead, on 22 May, Elizabeth was moved from the Tower to
10110:
8911:
6398:
997:
645:
1367:
went to England secretly in the cause of the "reconversion of England". Some were executed for treasonable conduct, engendering a cult of
10442:
8413:
2133:
8076:
5996:
5957:
5918:
5874:
5150:
1252:, on the throne. Mary was considered by many to be the heir to the English crown, being the granddaughter of Henry VIII's elder sister,
10736:
3852:
10721:
10631:
9285:
8829:
953:
478:
1485:
in the summer of 1585 by the Duke of Parma necessitated some reaction on the part of the English and the Dutch. The outcome was the
10681:
9096:
3332:
Most modern historians have considered murder unlikely; breast cancer and suicide being the most widely accepted explanations. The
2947:
657:
3752:
895:
369:
grew around her which was celebrated in the portraits, pageants, and literature of the day. Elizabeth's reign became known as the
2373:
2252:
Elizabeth was interred in Westminster Abbey, in a tomb shared with her half-sister, Mary I. The Latin inscription on their tomb,
2191:
1752:
1502:
462:
929:, who were pushing for far-reaching reforms. As a result, the Parliament of 1559 started to legislate for a church based on the
10636:
10611:
10596:
7481:
3337:
3193:
813:
466:
17:
5002:
1141:. Elizabeth seems to have taken the courtship seriously for a time, wearing a frog-shaped earring that Francis had sent her.
10661:
10621:
8600:
8278:
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8150:
8124:
8096:
8058:
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7863:
7832:
7804:
7785:
7766:
7747:
7714:
7695:
7673:
7628:
7604:
7583:
7541:
7489:
7463:
7437:
7413:
7386:
7364:
7345:
7323:
7304:
7283:
7264:
7242:
7220:
7185:
7166:
7134:
7115:
7063:
7012:
6959:
6576:
6161:
6136:
5990:
5951:
5912:
5868:
5712:
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5650:
5181:
5102:
5037:
4974:
4716:
4653:
4625:
4600:
4338:
3586:
2171:. Since Elizabeth would never name her successor, Robert Cecil was obliged to proceed in secret. He therefore entered into a
1827:, whose pomposity had been tolerated by Ivan. Elizabeth sent a new ambassador, Dr. Giles Fletcher, to demand from the regent
1544:
35:
8449:
3775:
1065:
made their disapproval unmistakably clear. There were even rumours that the nobility would rise if the marriage took place.
1000:
had put her off sexual relationships. She considered several suitors until she was about fifty. Her last courtship was with
913:
was thought to nourish its young with its own blood and served to depict Elizabeth as the "mother of the Church of England".
262:. When Elizabeth was two years old, her parents' marriage was annulled, her mother was executed, and Elizabeth was declared
63:
10746:
10656:
10651:
10641:
10626:
3323:"There were no less than ten sees unrepresented through death or illness and the carelessness of 'the accursed cardinal' ".
2168:
1150:
1036:
862:
6225:
4885:
Doran, Susan (1995). "Juno versus Diana: The Treatment of Elizabeth I's Marriage in Plays and Entertainments, 1561â1581".
4178:
3301:"The wives of Wycombe passed cake and wafers to her until her litter became so burdened that she had to beg them to stop."
1248:
was to oppose the French presence there. She feared that the French planned to invade England and put her Catholic cousin
1154:
699:
227:
10646:
10616:
10187:
9182:
2012:
1924:, perhaps named in honour of Elizabeth, the "Virgin Queen". This territory was much larger than the present-day state of
1423:
9088:
10731:
10177:
9073:
8190:
2267:
2040:
incurred if the abusers of our liberality, the thrallers of our people, the wringers of the poor, had not been told us!
2008:
1780:
1666:
1330:
714:
334:("I see and keep silent"). In religion, she was relatively tolerant and avoided systematic persecution. After the pope
10544:
10519:
10473:
9063:
8462:
7969:
7942:
7914:
7881:
5841:
4328:
2172:
1768:
1490:
1054:
948:, particularly from the bishops. Elizabeth was fortunate that many bishoprics were vacant at the time, including the
355:
294:
8197:(1615 and 1625.) Hypertext edition, with English translation. Dana F. Sutton (ed.), 2000. Retrieved 7 December 2007.
1859:
in opposition to Spain, selling armour, ammunition, timber, and metal in exchange for Moroccan sugar, in spite of a
10103:
8849:
8770:
3228:
2366:
2317:
2258:, translates to "Consorts in realm and tomb, here we sleep, Elizabeth and Mary, sisters, in hope of resurrection".
1945:
1482:
1458:
890:
727:
661:
474:
306:
301:. One of her first actions as queen was the establishment of an English Protestant church, of which she became the
39:
1489:
of August 1585, in which Elizabeth promised military support to the Dutch. The treaty marked the beginning of the
10666:
8963:
1772:
1580:
1347:, which declared "Elizabeth, the pretended Queen of England and the servant of crime" to be excommunicated and a
1269:
1126:
1103:
88:
1528:
10711:
10249:
9044:
7996:
7276:
The Polarisation of Elizabethan Politics: The Political Career of Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, 1585â1597
4265:
4158:
3972:
2797:
1743:
giving Spain a base from which to attack England. In the course of a series of uprisings, Crown forces pursued
1697:
775:
6021:
1351:, releasing all her subjects from any allegiance to her. Catholics who obeyed her orders were threatened with
10378:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
5062:
3258:
2206:
2049:
2044:
1414:
allies joined with the Catholics to retake the port. Elizabeth's intention had been to exchange Le Havre for
10726:
10691:
10452:
10447:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10145:
10000:
9963:
9112:
8854:
8226:
Carlson, Eric Josef. "Teaching Elizabeth Tudor with Movies: Film, Historical Thinking, and the Classroom,"
1764:
1727:
973:
752:
575:
31:
7876:. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004; New York: Vintage Books, 2005.
10364:
10096:
9725:
8859:
7529:
4641:
4324:
3523:
The new state religion was condemned at the time in such terms as "a cloaked papistry, or mingle mangle".
2623:
1426:
of the globe from 1577 to 1580, and he won fame for his raids on Spanish ports and fleets. An element of
1179:
949:
941:
731:
374:
9714:
3488:, and thus Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed, since Henry VII was Elizabeth's paternal grandfather.
1916:
sailed west to establish a colony in Newfoundland. He never returned to England. Gilbert's half-brother
1579:
in Essex on 8 August. Wearing a silver breastplate over a white velvet dress, she addressed them in her
1302:
enemies of England, they detained her in England, where she was imprisoned for the next nineteen years.
968:
laws were repealed, to avoid a repeat of the persecution of dissenters by Mary. At the same time, a new
10671:
10010:
9688:
9656:
9225:
8941:
8897:
8824:
7333:
5834:
A Biographical Encyclopedia of Early Modern Englishwomen: Exemplary Lives and Memorable Acts, 1500-1650
4588:
3429:
and John Clapham. For a detailed account of such criticisms and of Elizabeth's "government by illusion"
3233:
3213:
2993:
1864:
1844:
1609:
1395:
1265:
930:
688:
8458:
1129:. By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated. Elizabeth considered marriage to two French
10554:
10005:
9800:
9745:
9353:
9128:
9055:
8764:
8593:
8432:
8173:. Wallace T. MacCaffrey (ed). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, selected chapters, 1970 edition.
3537:
3350:
1713:
790:
691:, who reported, "I do see it in her face that she is guilty". Seymour was beheaded on 20 March 1549.
267:
107:
8070:
5694:
Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval, Tomo III, CapĂtulo III. Madrid, p. 51.
4776:
4110:
1310:
536:, wrote that she was "as toward a child and as gentle of conditions as ever I knew any in my life".
10741:
10529:
10393:
10388:
9806:
9795:
9501:
9357:
9349:
8946:
8869:
8819:
8690:
8556:
6017:
3208:
2071:
1804:, which Elizabeth declined to speak to the Russian ambassador about. English merchant and explorer
1466:
735:
458:
350:. She half-heartedly supported a number of ineffective, poorly resourced military campaigns in the
240:
79:
1240:, who was considered by her French relatives to be rightful Queen of England instead of Elizabeth.
10701:
10464:
10209:
10169:
9775:
9770:
9755:
9730:
2335:, by all". Under Elizabeth, the nation gained a new self-confidence and sense of sovereignty, as
2216:
1900:
1872:
1658:
1494:
1107:
1012:
9437:
8163:(Norton Critical Editions) (2009); primary and secondary sources, with an emphasis on literature
6627:
6390:
3466:
After Essex's downfall, James VI of Scotland referred to Robert Cecil as "king there in effect".
1608:
When no invasion came, the nation rejoiced. Elizabeth's procession to a thanksgiving service at
10549:
9954:
9839:
9785:
9760:
9735:
9720:
9592:
9427:
8844:
8834:
8622:
8453:
7797:
The Theatre of Death: The Ritual Management of Royal Funerals in Renaissance England, 1570â1625
7423:
7316:
God's Secret Agents: Queen Elizabeth's Forbidden Priests and the Hatching of the Gunpowder Plot
6617:
3218:
2255:"Regno consortes & urna, hic obdormimus Elizabetha et Maria sorores, in spe resurrectionis"
1205:
said that one of the great questions of Europe was "whether Queen Elizabeth was a maid or no".
1121:. The queen called him her "frog", finding him "not so deformed" as she had been led to expect.
1118:
1001:
969:
779:
604:
After Grindal died in 1548, Elizabeth received her education under her brother Edward's tutor,
558:
537:
339:
244:
83:
9897:
6085:
1539:
Meanwhile, Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships in the
1406:
Elizabeth's foreign policy was largely defensive. The exception was the English occupation of
1035:
In the spring of 1559, it became evident that Elizabeth was in love with her childhood friend
449:
had lost her position as a legitimate heir when Henry annulled his marriage to Mary's mother,
10539:
10534:
10484:
10421:
10398:
9944:
9854:
9834:
9765:
9703:
9693:
9683:
9562:
9557:
9530:
9491:
9486:
9155:
7902:
7397:
5980:
5941:
5902:
5858:
5122:
3393:
For example, C. H. Wilson castigates Elizabeth for half-heartedness in the war against Spain.
3223:
2594:
1641:
1157:
the Parliament, which did not reconvene until she needed its support to raise taxes in 1566.
1058:
961:
774:, worked to have Elizabeth put on trial. Elizabeth's supporters in the government, including
434:
430:
324:
In government, Elizabeth was more moderate than her father and siblings had been. One of her
196:
10354:
10194:
9649:
9401:
7736:
6568:
6562:
3849:
1481:
coast of France, where the Catholic League was strong, and exposed England to invasion. The
10606:
10601:
10591:
10372:
10301:
10264:
10199:
10150:
10140:
10127:
9922:
9869:
9859:
9849:
9822:
9740:
9663:
9597:
9552:
9542:
9536:
9525:
9519:
9469:
8758:
8732:
8727:
8661:
8586:
8428:
7230:
3485:
3292:
Elizabeth had assembled 2,000 horsemen, "a remarkable tribute to the size of her affinity".
3198:
2986:
2825:
2616:
2404:
2176:
1507:
1457:, Prince of Orange, and the Duke of Anjou, and the surrender of a series of Dutch towns to
1249:
1237:
1138:
1134:
801:
797:
759:
498:
318:
314:
2320:
as a compromise. In fact, Elizabeth believed that faith was personal and did not wish, as
2205:
While it has become normative to record Elizabeth's death as occurring in 1603, following
1653:
8:
10572:
10383:
10239:
10182:
9949:
9902:
9844:
9780:
9577:
9567:
9547:
9513:
9318:
8839:
8776:
8742:
8722:
8712:
7644:
7201:
7150:
7124:
7096:
6436:
3203:
2832:
2225:
2209:
in the 1750s, at the time England observed New Year's Day on 25 March, commonly known as
2084:
2080:
1970:
1795:
that were originally established by her half-brother, Edward VI. She often wrote to Tsar
1662:
1470:
1462:
1430:
and self-enrichment drove Elizabethan seafarers, over whom the queen had little control.
1391:
1343:
1326:
1257:
1245:
450:
382:
378:
366:
335:
146:
5860:
Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia by Anthony Jenkinson and other Englishmen
3406:, for example, was "as unknown to the English here as the most inland part of Virginia".
1681:
The subsequent English campaigns in France, however, were disorganised and ineffective.
770:, argued that her throne would never be safe while Elizabeth lived; and Lord Chancellor
10295:
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9624:
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2004:
1987:
1961:
1921:
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1438:
1386:
1314:
1298:
1222:
1202:
1095:
1062:
1017:
874:
858:
841:
789:
On 17 April 1555, Elizabeth was recalled to court to attend the final stages of Mary's
748:
707:
649:
482:
8466:
6621:
3749:"Book of translations reveals intellectualism of England's powerful Queen Elizabeth I"
10524:
10412:
10408:
10341:
10326:
10259:
10254:
9619:
9432:
9299:
9252:
9217:
8788:
8655:
8476:
8338:
8309:
Hulme, Harold (1958). "Elizabeth I and Her Parliaments: The Work of Sir John Neale".
8274:
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7341:
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7238:
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7162:
7130:
7111:
7078:
7059:
7008:
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6955:
6631:
6572:
6157:
6132:
5986:
5947:
5908:
5864:
5837:
5708:
5671:
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5177:
5142:
5098:
5033:
4970:
4862:
4722:
4712:
4689:
4649:
4621:
4596:
4334:
4221:
4217:
3340:
in the late 2000s and is compatible with a downstairs fall as well as other violence.
2818:
2411:
2332:
2229:
1998:
Lord Essex was a favourite of Elizabeth I despite his petulance and irresponsibility.
1966:
1936:. In 1585, Raleigh returned to Virginia with a small group of people. They landed on
1805:
1796:
1792:
1486:
1190:
1070:
1028:
906:
878:
446:
426:
343:
342:. Elizabeth was cautious in foreign affairs, manoeuvring between the major powers of
310:
286:
173:
9480:
4914:
3448:
A Patent of Monopoly gave the holder control over an aspect of trade or manufacture.
2122:
that made her look much younger than she was. In fact, her skin had been scarred by
1755:, in 1582, an estimated 30,000 Irish people starved to death. The poet and colonist
1747:
tactics, burning the land and slaughtering man, woman and child. During a revolt in
1617:
claimed after her death that Elizabeth's caution had impeded the war against Spain:
1532:
Portrait from 1586 to 1587, by Nicholas Hilliard, around the time of the voyages of
505:
to the throne. Elizabeth was placed in her half-brother's household and carried the
10316:
10311:
10214:
9937:
9927:
9817:
9790:
9642:
9474:
9394:
9387:
9190:
9120:
8905:
8678:
8618:
8485:
8444:
8318:
7029:
5261:
5134:
4894:
4842:
4681:
4296:
4213:
3157:
2839:
2228:, on a barge lit with torches. At her funeral on 28 April, the coffin was taken to
2032:
1913:
1892:
1840:
1776:
1381:
of 1571 (which caused Mary's suitor, the Duke of Norfolk, to lose his head) to the
1282:
980:
901:
783:
771:
613:
589:
442:
422:
302:
7043:
5273:
4310:
3578:
3362:
By the terms of the treaty, both English and French troops withdrew from Scotland.
1763:
Between 1594 and 1603, Elizabeth faced her most severe test in Ireland during the
1718:
824:
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9932:
9677:
9507:
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1974:
1944:. After the failure of the first colony, Raleigh recruited another group and put
1868:
1809:
1601:
1478:
1443:
1352:
1294:
1130:
1074:
870:
763:
665:
545:
370:
159:
8472:
8018:
Political Culture in the Reign of Elizabeth I: Queen and Commonwealth, 1558â1585
4833:
King, John N. (1990). "Queen Elizabeth I: Representations of the Virgin Queen".
1592:
30:"Elizabeth of England" and "Elizabeth Tudor" redirect here. For other uses, see
10478:
10289:
10284:
10279:
10244:
10204:
10030:
9917:
9874:
9828:
9613:
9306:
8887:
8800:
8794:
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8570:
8514:
8166:
8065:
7855:
7571:
5488:
4258:"'Queen Elizabeth I: The Pelican Portrait', called Nicholas Hilliard (c. 1573)"
4182:
3565:
3426:
3171:
3129:
2609:
2159:
2127:
2115:
2066:
2016:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1917:
1884:
1880:
1852:
1756:
1744:
1731:
1690:
1632:
1614:
1597:
1568:
1474:
1415:
1382:
1253:
1233:
1098:. Earlier in Elizabeth's life, a Danish match for her had been discussed;
1082:
945:
944:
backed the proposals strongly, but the bill of supremacy met opposition in the
809:
719:
684:
680:
621:
617:
609:
598:
553:
541:
533:
517:
454:
394:
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351:
347:
298:
279:
248:
247:
from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. She was the last monarch of the
186:
130:
7618:
7576:
Death and the Virgin: Elizabeth, Dudley and the Mysterious Fate of Amy Robsart
7053:
7034:
6217:
5265:
5138:
5095:
The Heart and Stomach of a King: Elizabeth I and the Politics of Sex and Power
4898:
4301:
3861:
Calendar of State Papers Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice
1855:
during the rule of Elizabeth. England established a trading relationship with
921:), and downplayed the role of sermons in defiance of a key Protestant belief.
512:
405:
10585:
10331:
9280:
9233:
8969:
8882:
8105:
7614:
7563:
7208:
5146:
4726:
4693:
4264:, Liverpool, United Kingdom: National Museums Liverpool, 1998, archived from
4225:
3776:"Mystery author of forgotten Tacitus translation turns out to be Elizabeth I"
3311:
2328:
2321:
2297:
2272:
2111:
2028:
1888:
1828:
1801:
1533:
1419:
1213:
516:
A rare portrait of a teenage Elizabeth prior to her accession, attributed to
502:
386:
263:
8301:
Howard, Maurice. "Elizabeth I: a sense of place in stone, print and paint",
8185:
7979:
7952:
7842:
6635:
2236:
drawn by four horses hung with black velvet. In the words of the chronicler
2003:
around 1590: the Earl of Leicester in 1588; Francis Walsingham in 1590; and
1477:
domination of the Netherlands. It also extended Spanish influence along the
683:
to King Edward VI, and take Elizabeth as his own wife. Elizabeth, living at
10498:
10459:
10306:
10055:
9812:
9275:
8782:
8696:
8366:
Woolf, D. R. "Two Elizabeths? James I and the Late Queen's Famous Memory,"
8205:
8069:
8035:
8006:
7924:
7473:
7447:
7404:
The History Men: The Historical Profession in England since the Renaissance
6978:
6391:"The best books on Elizabeth I â a Five Books interview with Helen Hackett"
6039:
5487:
Letter to Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, 10 February 1586, delivered by
3872:
3238:
2137:
Christoffel van Sichem I, Elizabeth, Queen of Great Britain, published 1601
2088:
2024:
1824:
1735:
1473:
undermined the ability of Anjou's brother, Henry III of France, to counter
1450:
1378:
1106:, in 1545, and Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset, suggested a marriage with
957:
845:
782:, where she was to spend almost a year under house arrest in the charge of
767:
605:
565:
494:
9407:
8361:
Representing Elizabeth in Stuart England: Literature, History, Sovereignty
8051:
Blood, Fire & Gold: The Story of Elizabeth I & Catherine de Medici
7521:
7082:
5174:
Constructing a World: Shakespeare's England and the New Historical Fiction
3179:
2154:
1453:
against Philip II. This followed the deaths in 1584 of the queen's allies
1325:
Mary was soon the focus for rebellion. In 1569 there was a major Catholic
10490:
10359:
10119:
10060:
10045:
8643:
8178:
7683:
7551:
7509:
7103:
4685:
4204:
Szönyi, György E. (2004). "John Dee and Early Modern Occult Philosophy".
3533:
2571:
2564:
2336:
2305:
2301:
2119:
1929:
1871:, visited England as an ambassador to the English court, to negotiate an
1334:
1297:
to be raised as a Protestant. Mary escaped in 1568 but after a defeat at
1183:
1078:
1040:
933:, with the monarch as its head, but with many Catholic elements, such as
640:
625:
438:
414:
259:
216:
206:
8416:
was created from a revision of this article dated 20 June 2015
8213:
5254:
Adams, Simon (2008). "Dudley, Robert, earl of Leicester (1532/3â1588)".
1630:
In 1589, the year after the Spanish Armada, Elizabeth sent to Spain the
1501:
Holland, had necessarily to be at odds with Leicester's, who had set up
1410:
from October 1562 to June 1563, which ended in failure when Elizabeth's
437:
born in wedlock to survive infancy. Her mother was Henry's second wife,
266:. Henry restored her to the line of succession when she was 10, via the
10494:
10234:
10035:
10025:
10015:
9602:
9464:
9104:
8637:
8330:
7651:
5286:
Letter to Mary, Queen of Scots, 23 June 1567." Quoted by Loades, 69â70.
4906:
4854:
3425:
This criticism of Elizabeth was noted by Elizabeth's early biographers
1952:
he had left, but it was the first English settlement in North America.
1564:
1560:
1364:
1360:
1338:
1099:
829:
743:
673:
410:
354:, France, and Ireland. By the mid-1580s, England could no longer avoid
275:
255:
7935:
The Shaping of the Elizabethan Regime: Elizabethan Politics, 1558â1572
5123:"All the Queen's Children: Elizabeth I and the Meanings of Motherhood"
2296:, when the nation again found itself on the brink of invasion. In the
2186:
Elizabeth's funeral cortĂšge, 1603, with banners of her royal ancestors
1567:
at midnight on 28â29 July (7â8 August New Style), which dispersed the
687:, would admit nothing. Her stubbornness exasperated her interrogator,
497:. Queen Jane died the next year shortly after the birth of their son,
10269:
10219:
10050:
10020:
9607:
9582:
8649:
7778:
Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533â1588
3000:
2237:
2142:
2099:
2098:
As Elizabeth aged, her image gradually changed. She was portrayed as
2058:
1948:
in command. When Raleigh returned in 1590, there was no trace of the
1933:
1896:
1572:
1540:
1368:
1318:
1178:
Elizabeth's unmarried status inspired a cult of virginity related to
1125:
For several years, she seriously negotiated to marry Philip's cousin
1081:
has described the situation. He died shortly after the defeat of the
1045:
984:
934:
632:, Groom of the Privy Chamber and later Chamberlain of the Exchequer.
529:
362:
271:
9708:
4846:
2182:
1113:
473:. A canopy was carried at the ceremony over the infant by her uncle
10468:
10160:
10040:
9981:
9587:
9412:
9198:
8494:
8440:
8322:
4417:
Warnicke, Retha (September 2010). "Why Elizabeth I Never Married".
3877:
West Britons, Cornish Identities and the Early Modern British State
3498:
2210:
2123:
2107:
1994:
1925:
1820:
1686:
1640:
with 23,375 men and 150 ships, led by Francis Drake as admiral and
1411:
1407:
1290:
1146:
918:
866:
739:
584:
580:
283:
8490:
8109:
Before the Armada: The Growth of English Foreign Policy, 1485â1588
5692:
Armada Española desde la Unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón.
4709:
Denmark, 1513â1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy
2091:, the English theatre would reach its peak. The notion of a great
1791:
Elizabeth continued to maintain the diplomatic relations with the
1548:
56:
10567:
10349:
9958:
9864:
4179:"John Dee and the English Calendar: Science, Religion and Empire"
3333:
2324:
put it, to "make windows into men's hearts and secret thoughts".
2245:
2103:
1856:
1851:
Trade and diplomatic relations developed between England and the
1748:
1576:
1465:. In December 1584, an alliance between Philip II and the French
1356:
1348:
1050:
1031:. Their friendship lasted for over thirty years, until his death.
926:
910:
594:
506:
325:
181:
8347:
The Subject of Elizabeth: Authority, Gender, and Representation.
8187:
Annales Rerum Gestarum Angliae et Hiberniae Regnante Elizabetha.
8117:
Elizabeth's Bedfellows: An Intimate History of the Queen's Court
7645:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
7202:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
7151:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
7097:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum (2003)
3807:"Elizabeth I revealed as the translator of Tacitus into English"
270:. After Henry's death in 1547, Elizabeth's younger half-brother
9750:
9698:
9422:
9417:
8543:
8233:
Collinson, Patrick. "Elizabeth I and the verdicts of history,"
8044:
The Age of Elizabeth: England Under the Later Tudors, 1547â1603
5668:
Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents
3863:, Volume 9: 1592â1603 (1897), 562â570. Retrieved 22 March 2012.
3403:
2233:
1427:
1218:
1160:
Having previously promised to marry, she told an unruly House:
972:
was passed, which made attendance at church and the use of the
965:
960:, which many thought unacceptable for a woman to bear. The new
703:
570:
120:
10088:
8578:
8171:
History of the Most Renowned and Victorious Princess Elizabeth
7379:
The king's two bodies: a study in mediaeval political theology
6218:"The Changing Reputations of Elizabeth I and James VI & I"
1281:
These events led rapidly to Mary's defeat and imprisonment in
274:
ruled until his own death in 1553, bequeathing the crown to a
9670:
8208:(eds). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1951.
7889:
The Nature of the Lion: Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage
3274:"I mean to direct all my actions by good advice and counsel."
2277:
1860:
1767:, a revolt that took place at the height of hostilities with
1723:
1701:
1551:, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the
833:
726:
Edward VI died on 6 July 1553, aged 15. His will ignored the
549:
5686:
5684:
2331:, "and yet she makes herself feared by Spain, by France, by
1442:
Elizabeth receiving Dutch ambassadors, 1560s, attributed to
417:. Anne was executed within three years of Elizabeth's birth.
10224:
9454:
7381:(2nd ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
1899:. In one correspondence, Murad entertained the notion that
1197:, c. 1600, showing Elizabeth I borne along by her courtiers
808:
to consult with Elizabeth. This interview was conducted at
722:
in Hertfordshire, where Elizabeth lived during Mary's reign
9348:
8271:
Music for the Love of It: Episodes in Amateur Music-Making
7852:
New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485â1603
6728:
6726:
6206:
see chapter 8, "The Queen and the People", Haigh, 149â169.
844:
of the sovereign's "two bodies": the body natural and the
425:
on 7 September 1533 and was named after her grandmothers,
8053:. London: Edbury Press, 2022; New York: Hatchette Books.
7127:
Elizabeth: The Exhibition at the National Maritime Museum
5681:
2126:
in 1562, leaving her half bald and dependent on wigs and
1920:
explored the Atlantic Coast and claimed the territory of
548:
became her tutor in 1544, Elizabeth could write English,
1887:
and the dispatch of the first English ambassador to the
7929:
political biography summarising his multivolume study:
6952:
Leicester and the Court: Essays in Elizabethan Politics
6723:
1991:
reflected a decline in the public's affection for her.
1555:, as Philip II had decided to take the war to England.
385:, the prowess of English maritime adventurers, such as
361:
As she grew older, Elizabeth became celebrated for her
282:, and ignoring the claims of his two half-sisters, the
8134:
7896:
The Birth of the Elizabethan Age: England in the 1560s
5900:
4289:
Collinson, Patrick (2008). "Elizabeth I (1533â1603)".
3668:
2075:
in 1578. During the 1590s, some of the great names of
1867:, the principal secretary to the Moroccan ruler Mulai
1819:
Upon his death in 1584, Ivan was succeeded by his son
987:, or failure to attend and conform, were not extreme.
800:, who had grown up in France and was betrothed to the
660:, Edward VI's uncle and the brother of Lord Protector
239:(7 September 1533 – 24 March 1603) was
8269:
Epstein, Joel (2022). "Elizabeth I: Queen of Music".
8244:
England's Elizabeth: An Afterlife in Fame and Fantasy
8084:
7340:, New York: Capricorn Books, G.P. Putnam's and Sons,
7146:
The Queen's Suitors and the Problem of the Succession
7108:
Monarchy and Matrimony: The Courtships of Elizabeth I
6087:
The Encyclopedia of world history by Peter N. Stearns
4159:
The "Festival Book" account, from the British Library
2224:
Elizabeth's coffin was carried downriver at night to
6789:
6693:
6598:
5097:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 81â82.
5063:"British History Online: Simancas: June 1587, 16-30"
4938:"Elizabeth I Was Likely Anything But a Virgin Queen"
3336:'s report, hitherto believed lost, came to light in
3147:
1879:
Diplomatic relations were also established with the
1359:
offence, carrying the death penalty. From the 1570s
828:
Elizabeth I in her coronation robes, patterned with
664:. The couple took Elizabeth into their household at
10677:
English people of the Anglo-Spanish War (1585â1604)
8352:Rowse, A. L. "Queen Elizabeth and the Historians."
8305:, December 2004, Vol. 14, Issue 1, pp. 261â268
7962:
Queen Elizabeth and the Making of Policy, 1572â1588
7235:
My Heart is My Own: The Life of Mary Queen of Scots
6593:
Anne Clifford's Autobiographical Writing, 1590-1676
6151:
5643:
Early modern England 1485â1714: a narrative history
5342:
5340:
5338:
5176:. State University of New York Press. p. 129.
3484:James VI of Scotland was a great-great-grandson of
3314:, less than twenty-four hours after her own death".
2220:
Elizabeth as shown on her tomb at Westminster Abbey
710:, during whose reign Elizabeth was heir presumptive
7735:
7451:
7401:
7022:—— (2008). "Elizabeth I (1533â1603)".
7000:
6042:exhibition "East-West: Objects between cultures",
4181:. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from
1808:, who began his career as a representative of the
804:. When his wife fell ill in 1558, Philip sent the
8080:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). pp. 282â283.
7296:The White Bear: The Elizabethan Earl of Leicester
7178:The Making of the Modern English State: 1460â1660
5904:Performing Blackness on English Stages, 1500â1800
5863:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1, Introduction.
3973:"Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour | English admiral"
3713:
3579:"House of Tudor | History, Monarchs, & Facts"
628:suggests that she was probably taught Cornish by
10583:
8370:, August 1985, Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 167â191
8230:, Summer 2007, Vol. 38 Issue 2, pp. 419â440
7180:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
7073:Davenport, Cyril (1899), Pollard, Alfred (ed.),
7058:, Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
6560:
6511:
6509:
6126:
5985:. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 24.
5939:
5335:
3944:
2141:The more Elizabeth's beauty faded, the more her
1847:was the Moorish ambassador to Elizabeth in 1600.
1696:In July, Elizabeth sent out another force under
8237:, Nov 2003, Vol. 76 Issue 194, pp. 469â491
7077:, London: Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂŒbner and Co.,
6668:
6666:
6156:. London: A. & C. Black. pp. 155â157.
6062:
6060:
6058:
5328:
5326:
5003:"Robert Dudley: Queen Elizabeth I's great love"
4646:The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden, 1523â1611
3742:
3740:
7259:(2nd ed.), Harlow (UK): Longman Pearson,
5789:
5787:
5618:
5616:
5303:
5301:
5195:
5193:
471:Margaret Wotton, Dowager Marchioness of Dorset
373:. The period is famous for the flourishing of
27:Queen of England and Ireland from 1558 to 1603
10104:
9334:
8594:
8241:Dobson, Michael; Watson, Nicola Jane (2002).
7090:Dobson, Michael & Watson, Nicola (2003),
6866:
6864:
6862:
6506:
6131:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. 45â47.
3804:
3229:Royal eponyms in Canada for Queen Elizabeth I
1832:one by Feodor's father, but was turned down.
445:to the English throne. Her elder half-sister
10707:People excommunicated by the Catholic Church
8303:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society
8240:
8220:
8046:(1983) survey of social and economic history
7666:Gloriana: The Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
7028:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
6663:
6418:
6416:
6055:
6033:
5723:
5721:
5574:
5572:
5544:
5542:
5438:
5436:
5408:
5406:
5323:
5260:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
5057:
5055:
5053:
4671:
4295:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
4284:
4282:
3737:
3673:. Vol. 19. Chetham Society. p. 89.
1221:for investigation, where he was examined by
9901:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the
8140:
7874:Elizabeth and Mary: Cousins, Rivals, Queens
7516:(reprint ed.), London: Jonathan Cape,
7454:Robert Earl of Essex: An Elizabethan Icarus
6954:, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
5896:
5894:
5892:
5810:
5808:
5784:
5613:
5298:
5190:
3879:, University of Exeter Press, 2002, p. 220.
3497:The age of Elizabeth was redrawn as one of
2253:
2194:, the niece of her cousin and close friend
1321:, uncovered several plots against her life.
329:
10111:
10097:
10078:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.
9341:
9327:
8601:
8587:
8465:
8261:Doran, Susan, and Thomas S. Freeman, eds.
7986:
7959:
7932:
7901:
6859:
5946:. Cambridge University Press. p. 90.
5907:. Cambridge University Press. p. 57.
5640:
5597:
5595:
5593:
5518:Haynes, 15; Strong and van Dorsten, 72â79.
5116:
5114:
5088:
5086:
5084:
4111:"BBC â History â Elizabeth I: An Overview"
3606:
3604:
1401:
1329:; the goal was to free Mary, marry her to
956:rather than the more contentious title of
509:, or baptismal cloth, at his christening.
254:Elizabeth was the only surviving child of
55:
9286:Queen Elizabeth Grammar School, Wakefield
8114:
7478:Elizabeth I: The Golden Reign of Gloriana
7033:
6623:Historical memorials of Westminster Abbey
6440:, 18 January 2015. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
6413:
6175:
6173:
5718:
5569:
5539:
5433:
5403:
5050:
4962:
4615:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4300:
4288:
4279:
4148:Loades, 36â37 (full document reproduced).
2318:Acts of Settlement and Uniformity of 1559
1596:Portrait commemorating the defeat of the
954:Supreme Governor of the Church of England
861:wound through the city on the eve of the
487:William Howard, Baron Howard of Effingham
10697:Founders of English schools and colleges
9098:The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex
8424:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
8407:
7989:Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588â1603
7195:Flynn, Sian & Spence, David (2003),
5889:
5836:. Taylor and Francis. pp. 510â511.
5805:
4711:. Oxford University Press. p. 111.
4706:
4667:
4665:
4416:
4040:
2948:Catherine Howard, Countess of Nottingham
2271:
2215:
2181:
2153:
2132:
2043:
1993:
1839:
1717:
1652:
1591:
1527:
1437:
1309:
1232:
1189:
1112:
1102:had proposed one with the Danish prince
1011:
894:
869:, Elizabeth was crowned and anointed by
823:
786:. Crowds cheered her all along the way.
713:
698:
658:Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley
646:Thomas Seymour, Baron Seymour of Sudeley
639:
511:
404:
10687:English pretenders to the French throne
8268:
8064:
8015:
7849:
7025:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
6616:
6215:
5978:
5590:
5257:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
5238:
5111:
5081:
5027:
4640:
4587:
4292:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3882:
3805:Faulconbridge, Guy (29 November 2019).
3746:
3669:Stanley, Earl of Derby, Edward (1890).
3601:
2192:Catherine Carey, Countess of Nottingham
1228:
983:) compulsory, though the penalties for
14:
10584:
7501:Papists and Puritans under Elizabeth I
7237:, London and New York: Fourth Estate,
6656:
6654:
6170:
6127:Daniel Farabaugh (2016). "Chapter 2".
5171:
5069:from the original on 27 September 2020
4567:
4203:
3773:
3510:In his preface to the 1952 reprint of
3380:When the Spanish naval commander, the
3194:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
1661:struck 1593 identifying Elizabeth as "
467:Elizabeth Stafford, Duchess of Norfolk
10717:People of the French Wars of Religion
10092:
9322:
8582:
8308:
8088:Elizabeth I: The Shrewdness of Virtue
7742:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
7726:Thomas Howard, Fourth Duke of Norfolk
7578:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
7458:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
7408:, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,
6432:"The Tudors had bad teeth? What rot!"
6401:from the original on 25 February 2019
5960:from the original on 22 December 2019
5856:
5831:
5253:
5120:
5092:
4884:
4662:
4542:Jenkins (1961), 245, 247; Hammer, 46.
4176:
4121:from the original on 17 November 2020
3956:
3755:from the original on 28 December 2019
3730:
3728:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3104:
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3098:
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3090:
3088:
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3084:
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3078:
3076:
3070:
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3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
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2959:
2957:
2955:
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2946:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2845:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2824:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2808:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2789:
2747:
2741:
2739:
2737:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2655:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2570:
2568:
2563:
2507:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2427:
2410:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2365:
1955:
1212:In 1587, a young man calling himself
1088:
1073:in 1564. In 1578, he finally married
479:John Hussey, Baron Hussey of Sleaford
36:Elizabeth of England (disambiguation)
7825:The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I
7822:
7704:
7682:
7536:, New Haven: Yale University Press,
6795:
6699:
6604:
6470:
6228:from the original on 23 October 2018
5645:. John Wiley and Sons. p. 145.
5641:Bucholz, R. O.; Key, Newton (2009).
4983:from the original on 26 January 2021
4832:
3950:
3786:from the original on 10 January 2020
3719:
1543:in 1585 and 1586. In 1587 he made a
1117:Elizabeth was engaged for a time to
990:
884:
544:, Italian, and Spanish. By the time
8135:Primary sources and early histories
7007:, Oxford: Oxford University Press,
6651:
6246:Adams, 7; Hammer, 1; Collinson, 89.
5877:from the original on 19 August 2021
5153:from the original on 19 August 2021
5127:Explorations in Renaissance Culture
4944:from the original on 1 October 2020
4869:
4616:Falkdalen, Karin Tegenborg (2010).
4323:
4170:
3751:. University of Chicago Chronicle.
3589:from the original on 24 August 2021
3564:Elizabeth's first speech as queen,
1289:in favour of her one-year-old son,
1285:. The Scottish lords forced her to
734:. Jane was proclaimed queen by the
520:. It was painted for her father in
463:Henry Courtenay, Marquess of Exeter
24:
10178:History of Christianity in Britain
8394:
7815:
7640:Elizabeth: Woman, Monarch, Mission
5943:Shakespeare Survey With Index 1â10
5009:from the original on 8 August 2020
4177:Poole, Robert (6 September 2005).
3774:McCall, Rosie (29 November 2019).
3725:
2268:Cultural depictions of Elizabeth I
2079:entered their maturity, including
1693:, north-west France, in May 1591.
931:Protestant settlement of Edward VI
694:
100:17 November 1558 –
25:
10758:
10737:Regicides of Mary, Queen of Scots
9064:Secret correspondence of James VI
8463:National Portrait Gallery, London
8375:
7738:The Life and Times of Elizabeth I
7654:& van Dorsten, J. A. (1964),
6971:The Reign of Elizabeth: 1558â1603
5999:from the original on 14 July 2020
5921:from the original on 14 July 2020
5121:Levin, Carole (2 December 2004).
4783:from the original on 19 July 2023
4620:. Historiska media. p. 126.
3983:from the original on 11 June 2020
3747:Sanders, Seth (10 October 2002).
3349:On Elizabeth's accession, Mary's
1775:. In spring 1599, Elizabeth sent
1523:
1305:
635:
10722:Prisoners in the Tower of London
10632:16th-century English translators
10566:
10159:
9184:Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra
9090:Les Amours de la reine Ălisabeth
8498:
8406:
8356:(September 1953) 3#9 pp 630â641.
8291:(1974), excerpts from historians
7075:English Embroidered Bookbindings
6926:
6917:
6908:
6895:
6886:
6873:
6850:
6837:
6828:
6819:
6810:
6801:
6780:
6771:
6762:
6753:
6744:
6735:
6714:
6705:
6684:
6675:
6642:
6610:
6585:
6554:
6545:
6536:
6527:
6518:
6497:
6488:
6479:
6461:
6452:
6443:
6425:
6383:
6374:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6338:
6329:
6316:
6307:
6298:
6289:
6280:
6271:
6258:
6249:
6240:
6209:
6200:
6191:
6182:
6154:England's Quest of Eastern Trade
6145:
6120:
6111:
6102:
6078:
6069:
6011:
5972:
5933:
5850:
5825:
5796:
5775:
5766:
5757:
5748:
5739:
5730:
5697:
5690:FernĂĄndez Duro, CesĂĄreo (1972).
5660:
5634:
5625:
5604:
5581:
5560:
5551:
5530:
5521:
5512:
5503:
5494:
5481:
5472:
5463:
5454:
5445:
5424:
5415:
5394:
5385:
5376:
5367:
5358:
5349:
5310:
5289:
5280:
5247:
5229:
5220:
5211:
5202:
5165:
5021:
4995:
4956:
4930:
4921:
4878:
4648:. Cambridge. pp. 159, 207.
4218:10.1111/j.1741-4113.2004.00110.x
3710:Somerset, 11. Jenkins (1957), 13
3526:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3469:
3460:
3451:
3442:
3432:
3419:
3409:
3396:
3387:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3343:
3178:
3164:
3150:
2367:Thomas Boleyn, Earl of Wiltshire
1835:
1700:, to help Henry IV in besieging
1459:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
1244:Elizabeth's first policy toward
1007:
891:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
728:Succession to the Crown Act 1543
662:Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset
597:. A translation of Tacitus from
475:George Boleyn, Viscount Rochford
307:Elizabethan Religious Settlement
226:
40:Elizabeth Tudor (disambiguation)
10682:English people of Welsh descent
10118:
9378:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603
8608:
8452:at the official website of the
8443:at the official website of the
8247:. Oxford University Press, US.
8145:. University of Chicago Press.
7757:Willson, David Harris (1963) ,
7728:, London: Barrie & Rockliff
7534:The Grand Strategy of Philip II
6626:. London: John Murray. p.
5979:Bartels, Emily Carroll (2008).
5901:Virginia Mason Vaughan (2005).
4826:
4817:
4808:
4795:
4769:
4760:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4707:Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2011).
4700:
4634:
4609:
4595:. Victor Gollancz. p. 59.
4581:
4558:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4514:
4501:
4492:
4483:
4470:
4461:
4452:
4443:
4434:
4425:
4410:
4401:
4392:
4383:
4374:
4365:
4356:
4347:
4317:
4250:
4241:
4232:
4197:
4151:
4142:
4133:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4058:
4049:
4031:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3995:
3965:
3931:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3891:
3866:
3843:
3834:
3825:
3798:
3767:
3704:
3695:
3686:
3677:
3662:
3653:
3568:, 20 November 1558. Loades, 35.
3326:
3317:
3304:
3295:
3286:
3277:
1771:, who backed the rebel leader,
1581:Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
1385:of 1586, Elizabeth's spymaster
1270:James Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell
1127:Charles II, Archduke of Austria
1104:Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
9375:Monarchs of England until 1603
8459:Portraits of Queen Elizabeth I
8085:Ridley, Jasper Godwin (1989).
8020:. Cambridge University Press.
7991:. Princeton University Press.
7964:. Princeton University Press.
7937:. Princeton University Press.
7514:Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography
7278:, Cambridge University Press,
6986:Chamberlin, Frederick (1939),
6942:
6567:. St. Martin's Press. p.
5705:La Europa dividida (1559â1598)
5670:(Taylor & Francis, 1972).
5587:Somerset, 591; Neale, 297â298.
5451:Strong and van Dorsten, 20â26.
4777:"Let Definition & Meaning"
3644:
3635:
3626:
3617:
3571:
3558:
3268:
3251:
2349:
2280:hold the crown above her head.
2158:Elizabeth's death depicted by
1980:
1698:Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex
1433:
1331:Thomas Howard, Duke of Norfolk
758:In January and February 1554,
742:, was determined to crush the
441:. At birth, Elizabeth was the
433:. She was the second child of
13:
1:
10637:17th-century English monarchs
10612:16th-century English monarchs
10597:People of the Elizabethan era
8482:Works by or about Elizabeth I
8289:Elizabeth I, Queen of England
7129:, London: Chatto and Windus,
6152:Foster, Sir William (1998) .
5857:Coote, Charles Henry (2017).
4674:The English Historical Review
3552:
2050:Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger
1021:
521:
400:
377:, led by playwrights such as
68:
10662:Burials at Westminster Abbey
10622:16th-century English writers
10146:Continuing Anglican movement
8143:Elizabeth I: Collected Works
8071:"Elizabeth of England"
7891:(London: Faith Press, 1962).
7432:, Harvard University Press,
7125:——, ed. (2003),
7044:UK public library membership
5274:UK public library membership
4449:Skidmore, 162, 165, 166â168.
4330:This Sceptred Isle 1547â1660
4311:UK public library membership
3547:
1173:
1039:. It was said that his wife
1020:of Elizabeth and Leicester,
819:
753:Holy Roman Emperor Charles V
576:De consolatione philosophiae
393:, and for the defeat of the
305:. This era, later named the
32:Elizabeth I (disambiguation)
7:
10747:16th-century queens regnant
10657:17th-century queens regnant
10652:17th-century Irish monarchs
10642:17th-century English people
10627:16th-century Irish monarchs
10545:Anglicanism of the Americas
9985:British monarchs after the
8497:(public domain audiobooks)
8368:Canadian Journal of History
7795:Woodward, Jennifer (1997),
7780:, London: Hamish Hamilton,
7161:, London: British Library,
6620:(1868). "The royal tombs".
6216:Cramsie, John (June 2003).
5707:(Editorial Critica, 2002).
5478:Strong and van Dorsten, 50.
5469:Strong and van Dorsten, 72.
5460:Strong and van Dorsten, 43.
3143:
2624:Mary Tudor, Queen of France
2106:, and after the Armada, as
1883:with the chartering of the
1816:to the court of Tsar Ivan.
1461:, Philip's governor of the
1187:husbands, my good people".
979:(an adapted version of the
950:Archbishopric of Canterbury
732:Mary Tudor, Queen of France
10:
10763:
10647:17th-century English women
10617:16th-century English women
10250:Dissolution of Monasteries
8298:(1984), essays by scholars
7724:Williams, Neville (1964),
7688:The Children of Henry VIII
7375:Kantorowicz, Ernst Hartwig
6595:(Manchester, 2018), p. 17.
5421:Flynn and Spence, 126â128.
3234:Royal Standards of England
3214:Portraiture of Elizabeth I
2994:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
2798:Henry Carey, Baron Hunsdon
2265:
1907:
1865:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud
1845:Abd el-Ouahed ben Messaoud
1711:
1707:
1266:Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
888:
776:William Paget, Baron Paget
29:
10732:Queens regnant of England
10563:
10555:Reformed Episcopal Church
10507:
10407:
10340:
10168:
10157:
10126:
10073:
9996:
9980:
9976:
9913:
9896:
9892:
9369:
9365:
9294:
9268:
9245:
9210:
9167:
9140:
9130:Elizabeth: The Golden Age
9081:
9072:
9054:
8983:
8956:
8934:
8927:
8896:
8868:
8810:
8751:
8705:
8671:
8630:
8616:
8567:
8554:
8540:
8535:
8508:
8311:Journal of Modern History
8287:Greaves, Richard L., ed.
8228:Sixteenth Century Journal
8221:Historiography and memory
8066:Pollard, Albert Frederick
7761:, London: Jonathan Cape,
7658:, Oxford University Press
7620:Elizabeth: Apprenticeship
7503:, London: Blandford Press
7499:McGrath, Patrick (1967),
7318:, London: HarperCollins,
7274:Hammer, P. E. J. (1999),
6561:Lee, Christopher (2004).
5940:Allardyce Nicoll (2002).
5139:10.1163/23526963-90000274
4963:Gristwood, Sarah (2008).
4899:10.1017/S0018246X00019427
3899:Elizabeth: Apprenticeship
3809:. Reuters. Archived from
3068:
3066:
2990:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2868:
2866:
2852:
2815:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2745:
2743:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2711:
2707:
2701:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2629:
2613:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2408:
2370:
2261:
2110:, the eternally youthful
2031:" of 30 November 1601 at
2011:, the Earl of Essex, and
1786:
1714:Tudor conquest of Ireland
1648:
1645:through the next decade.
1493:, which lasted until the
1363:priests from continental
501:, who was the undisputed
336:declared her illegitimate
268:Third Succession Act 1543
222:
212:
202:
192:
180:
166:
153:
140:
136:
126:
116:
106:
96:
78:
54:
49:
10188:Anglo-Saxon Christianity
8947:The Doubt of Future Foes
8687:(Lady of the Bedchamber)
8296:The Reign of Elizabeth I
8294:Haigh, Christopher, ed.
8193:18 December 2020 at the
8115:Whitelock, Anna (2013).
7799:, Boydell & Brewer,
7690:, London: Random House,
7664:Strong, Roy C. (2003) ,
7599:, London: Anchor Books,
7556:The England of Elizabeth
7355:—— (2002) ,
7176:Edwards, Philip (2004),
6777:Haigh, 142â147, 174â177.
6049:26 December 2013 at the
6027:28 February 2009 at the
6018:University of Birmingham
3402:One observer wrote that
3259:before 14 September 1752
3244:
3209:Inventory of Elizabeth I
2357:Elizabeth's family tree
2149:
2072:The Shepheardes Calender
1061:, and some conservative
459:Archbishop of Canterbury
309:, would evolve into the
10573:Christianity portal
10515:Converts to Anglicanism
10210:Augustine of Canterbury
8942:On Monsieur's Departure
8912:Plimpton Sieve Portrait
8161:Elizabeth I and Her Age
8091:. Fromm International.
8077:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
8016:McLaren, A. N. (1999).
7987:—— (1994).
7960:—— (1988).
7933:—— (1969).
7850:Bridgen, Susan (2001).
7734:—— (1972),
7705:—— (1999),
7638:—— (2003),
7593:Somerset, Anne (2003),
7424:Kupperman, Karen Ordahl
7357:Elizabeth and Leicester
7197:Elizabeth's Adventurers
7157:—— (2003),
7144:—— (2003),
7052:Croft, Pauline (2003),
6988:Elizabeth and Leycester
6732:Dobson and Watson, 258.
6711:Dobson and Watson, 257.
6618:Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn
5820:The Nations and Britain
5172:Rozett, Martha (2003).
5028:Burgess, Steve (2011).
4966:Elizabeth and Leicester
4431:Loades, 42; Wilson, 95.
3977:Encyclopedia Britannica
3583:Encyclopedia Britannica
2207:English calendar reform
2048:Portrait attributed to
1901:Protestantism and Islam
1873:Anglo-Moroccan alliance
1760:authoritarian purpose.
1402:Wars and overseas trade
1180:that of the Virgin Mary
1133:princes in turn, first
157:24 March 1603 (aged 69)
10667:Children of Henry VIII
10550:Free Church of England
8454:Royal Collection Trust
8402:
8382:Listen to this article
8273:. Juwal Publications.
8263:The Myth of Elizabeth.
8119:. London: Bloomsbury.
7903:MacCaffrey, Wallace T.
7827:. Palgrave Macmillan.
7823:Beem, Charles (2011).
7776:Wilson, Derek (1981),
6990:, Dodd, Mead & Co.
6969:Black, J. B. (1945) ,
5093:Levin, Carole (1994).
4887:The Historical Journal
3382:Duke of Medina Sidonia
3257:Dates in this article
3219:Protestant Reformation
2805:Elizabeth I of England
2347:
2281:
2254:
2250:
2221:
2187:
2163:
2138:
2087:. Continuing into the
2053:
2052:or his studio, c. 1595
2042:
1999:
1848:
1739:
1670:
1624:
1605:
1590:
1536:
1517:
1446:
1322:
1279:
1241:
1198:
1195:The Procession Picture
1167:
1122:
1119:Francis, Duke of Anjou
1032:
1002:Francis, Duke of Anjou
914:
855:
836:
723:
711:
653:
559:Prayers or Meditations
538:Catherine Champernowne
525:
421:Elizabeth was born at
418:
340:Sir Francis Walsingham
330:
18:Elizabeth I of England
10712:People from Greenwich
10540:Anglican prayer beads
10422:Book of Common Prayer
10379:Lambeth Quadrilateral
10230:Medieval architecture
10151:Personal ordinariates
8401:
7759:King James VI & I
7558:, London: Macmillan,
7482:The National Archives
7429:The Jamestown Project
7359:, The Phoenix Press,
7314:Hogge, Alice (2005),
7293:Haynes, Alan (1987),
7110:, London: Routledge,
7035:10.1093/ref:odnb/8636
6973:, Oxford: Clarendon,
6950:Adams, Simon (2002),
6129:United States History
5832:Levin, Carol (2016).
5266:10.1093/ref:odnb/8160
4835:Renaissance Quarterly
4302:10.1093/ref:odnb/8636
4164:16 April 2016 at the
3855:13 April 2014 at the
3338:The National Archives
3224:Royal Arms of England
2595:Henry VIII of England
2342:
2275:
2266:Further information:
2242:
2219:
2185:
2157:
2136:
2047:
2037:
1997:
1843:
1812:, became the queen's
1721:
1656:
1619:
1595:
1585:
1553:Enterprise of England
1531:
1512:
1441:
1313:
1293:. James was taken to
1274:
1236:
1193:
1162:
1116:
1059:Nicholas Throckmorton
1015:
976:Book of Common Prayer
898:
850:
827:
717:
702:
644:Elizabeth's guardian
643:
515:
435:Henry VIII of England
431:Lady Elizabeth Howard
409:Elizabeth's parents,
408:
258:and his second wife,
197:Henry VIII of England
10373:Thirty-nine Articles
10265:Apostolic succession
10141:Anglican realignment
9955:William III & II
9520:Henry the Young King
9470:Edward the Confessor
9438:Ăthelred the Unready
8771:Religious Settlement
8759:Third Succession Act
8728:Hampton Court Palace
8662:Mary, Queen of Scots
8491:Works by Elizabeth I
8473:Works by Elizabeth I
8433:More spoken articles
8202:Elizabeth of England
8159:Susan M. Felch, ed.
8141:Elizabeth I (2002).
5982:Speaking of the Moor
4185:on 30 September 2007
3850:"Venice: April 1603"
3486:Henry VII of England
3199:Early modern Britain
2987:Mary, Queen of Scots
2826:Edward VI of England
2617:James IV of Scotland
2405:Henry VII of England
2177:James VI of Scotland
1673:When the Protestant
1508:Dutch States General
1424:his circumnavigation
1250:Mary, Queen of Scots
1238:Mary, Queen of Scots
1229:Mary, Queen of Scots
1139:Southern Netherlands
1135:Henry, Duke of Anjou
798:Mary, Queen of Scots
319:Mary, Queen of Scots
315:James VI of Scotland
149:, Greenwich, England
10727:Protestant monarchs
10692:English women poets
10240:English Reformation
10183:Celtic Christianity
9903:Union of the Crowns
9227:Elizabeth the Queen
8777:Regnans in Excelsis
8743:Queen Elizabeth Oak
8723:Palace of Whitehall
8681:(Lady of the Robes)
8235:Historical Research
8049:Paranque, Estelle.
7709:, London: Pimlico,
7707:Elizabeth the Queen
7668:, London: Pimlico,
7656:Leicester's Triumph
7623:, London: Vintage,
7338:Elizabeth the Great
7215:, London: Phoenix,
7213:Catherine de Medici
6437:The Daily Telegraph
5814:Crankshaw, Edward,
5500:Chamberlin, 263â264
4940:. 4 February 2019.
4593:Elizabeth the Great
4327:(1998) . "Disc 1".
3813:on 24 December 2019
3204:English Renaissance
2833:James V of Scotland
2085:Christopher Marlowe
2081:William Shakespeare
1971:Straits of Magellan
1663:by the Grace of God
1610:St Paul's Cathedral
1463:Spanish Netherlands
1392:Fotheringhay Castle
1375:Regnans in Excelsis
1344:Regnans in Excelsis
1327:rising in the North
1258:Treaty of Edinburgh
1151:succession question
863:coronation ceremony
451:Catherine of Aragon
383:Christopher Marlowe
379:William Shakespeare
367:cult of personality
297:, whom she created
147:Palace of Placentia
10296:King James Version
10136:Anglican Communion
9987:Acts of Union 1707
9950:James II & VII
9643:Kenneth I MacAlpin
9428:Edgar the Peaceful
9157:The Virgin's Lover
8878:Bacton Altar Cloth
8685:Elizabeth Stafford
8403:
7334:Jenkins, Elizabeth
7253:Haigh, Christopher
7092:Elizabeth's Legacy
6997:Collinson, Patrick
6825:Haigh, 45â46, 177.
6591:Jessica L. Malay,
6224:(review no. 334).
6222:Reviews in History
5816:Russia and Britain
5781:Somerset, 668â669.
5430:Somerset, 607â611.
4686:10.1093/ehr/ces310
4589:Jenkins, Elizabeth
4489:Skidmore, 230â233.
4467:Somerset, 166â167.
4380:Somerset, 101â103.
4262:Walker Art Gallery
4206:Literature Compass
2812:Philip II of Spain
2282:
2222:
2188:
2164:
2139:
2077:English literature
2054:
2005:Christopher Hatton
2000:
1988:standard of living
1962:East India Company
1956:East India Company
1940:, off present-day
1849:
1814:special ambassador
1740:
1671:
1665:Queen of England,
1606:
1537:
1455:William the Silent
1447:
1387:Francis Walsingham
1323:
1315:Francis Walsingham
1242:
1223:Francis Englefield
1203:Henry IV of France
1199:
1123:
1096:Eric XIV of Sweden
1089:Foreign candidates
1033:
915:
875:bishop of Carlisle
859:triumphal progress
842:political theology
837:
791:apparent pregnancy
724:
718:The Old Palace at
712:
654:
556:'s religious work
528:Elizabeth's first
526:
483:Lord Thomas Howard
419:
10672:English Anglicans
10579:
10578:
10485:Books of Homilies
10327:Anglo-Catholicism
10260:Church of Ireland
10255:Church of England
10086:
10085:
10069:
10068:
9972:
9971:
9888:
9887:
9883:
9882:
9433:Edward the Martyr
9316:
9315:
9264:
9263:
9254:The Faerie Queene
8979:
8978:
8789:Throckmorton Plot
8733:St James's Palace
8577:
8576:
8568:Succeeded by
8477:Project Gutenberg
8399:
8345:Montrose, Louis.
8280:978-9-6592-7823-7
8254:978-0-1981-8377-8
8204:. E. P. Read and
8152:978-0-2265-0465-0
8126:978-1-4088-0880-1
8098:978-0-8806-4110-4
8059:978-0-3068-3051-8
8027:978-0-5210-2483-9
7898:(Blackwell, 1993)
7865:978-0-6708-9985-2
7834:978-0-2301-1214-8
7806:978-0-8511-5704-7
7787:978-0-2411-0149-0
7768:978-0-2246-0572-4
7749:978-0-2978-3168-6
7716:978-0-7126-7312-9
7697:978-0-3454-0786-3
7675:978-0-7126-0944-9
7630:978-0-0992-8657-8
7606:978-0-3857-2157-8
7585:978-0-2978-4650-5
7543:978-0-3000-8273-9
7491:978-1-9033-6543-4
7465:978-0-2970-0320-5
7439:978-0-6740-2474-8
7415:978-0-2977-8254-4
7388:978-0-6910-1704-4
7366:978-1-8421-2560-1
7347:978-1-8987-9970-2
7325:978-0-0071-5637-5
7306:978-0-7206-0672-0
7285:978-0-5210-1941-5
7266:978-0-5824-3754-8
7244:978-1-8411-5752-8
7222:978-0-7538-2039-1
7187:978-0-3122-3614-4
7168:978-0-7123-4802-7
7159:Queen Elizabeth I
7136:978-0-7011-7476-7
7117:978-0-4151-1969-6
7065:978-0-3336-1395-5
7042:(Subscription or
7014:978-0-1992-1356-6
6961:978-0-7190-5325-2
6578:978-0-3123-2139-0
6163:978-0-4151-5518-2
6138:978-1-2595-8409-1
5992:978-0-8122-4076-4
5953:978-0-5215-2347-9
5914:978-0-5218-4584-7
5870:978-1-3171-4661-2
5713:978-8-4843-2669-4
5676:978-0-8173-5703-0
5652:978-1-4051-6275-3
5355:Collinson, 67â68.
5272:(Subscription or
5183:978-0-7914-5551-7
5104:978-0-8122-3252-3
5039:978-1-8469-4494-9
5030:Famous Past Lives
4976:978-0-1431-1449-9
4718:978-0-1992-7121-4
4655:978-1-0012-9698-2
4627:978-9-1870-3126-7
4602:978-0-6981-0110-4
4553:Queen Elizabeth I
4340:978-0-5635-5769-2
4309:(Subscription or
4157:Somerset, 89â90.
3512:Queen Elizabeth I
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
2819:Mary I of England
2412:Elizabeth of York
2230:Westminster Abbey
2173:coded negotiation
2169:smooth succession
1967:Cape of Good Hope
1928:, extending from
1806:Anthony Jenkinson
1797:Ivan the Terrible
1793:Tsardom of Russia
1753:Gerald FitzGerald
1622:his own weakness.
1491:Anglo-Spanish War
1487:Treaty of Nonsuch
1071:Earl of Leicester
1029:Nicholas Hilliard
991:Marriage question
970:Act of Uniformity
907:Nicholas Hilliard
885:Church settlement
879:Westminster Abbey
832:and trimmed with
802:Dauphin of France
760:Wyatt's rebellion
630:William Killigrew
427:Elizabeth of York
311:Church of England
234:
233:
174:Westminster Abbey
162:, Surrey, England
16:(Redirected from
10754:
10571:
10570:
10317:Nonjuring schism
10312:Caroline Divines
10163:
10113:
10106:
10099:
10090:
10089:
9978:
9977:
9938:Richard Cromwell
9928:The Protectorate
9918:James I & VI
9894:
9893:
9475:Harold Godwinson
9395:Edward the Elder
9388:Alfred the Great
9372:
9371:
9367:
9366:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9320:
9319:
9192:Roberto Devereux
9114:The Virgin Queen
9079:
9078:
8932:
8931:
8906:Pelican Portrait
8713:Greenwich Palace
8619:Queen of England
8603:
8596:
8589:
8580:
8579:
8557:Queen of England
8541:Preceded by
8531:
8524:
8523:7 September 1533
8506:
8505:
8502:
8501:
8486:Internet Archive
8469:
8445:British monarchy
8423:
8421:
8410:
8409:
8400:
8390:
8388:
8383:
8342:
8284:
8258:
8184:William Camden.
8156:
8130:
8102:
8081:
8073:
8042:Palliser, D. M.
8039:
8010:
7983:
7956:
7928:
7869:
7846:
7809:
7790:
7771:
7752:
7741:
7729:
7719:
7700:
7678:
7659:
7642:
7633:
7609:
7588:
7566:
7546:
7530:Parker, Geoffrey
7524:
7504:
7494:
7468:
7457:
7442:
7418:
7407:
7392:
7369:
7350:
7328:
7309:
7288:
7269:
7247:
7225:
7199:
7190:
7171:
7148:
7139:
7120:
7094:
7085:
7068:
7047:
7039:
7037:
7017:
7006:
6991:
6981:
6964:
6937:
6934:Elizabeth: Woman
6930:
6924:
6921:
6915:
6914:Somerset, 75â76.
6912:
6906:
6903:Elizabeth: Woman
6899:
6893:
6890:
6884:
6877:
6871:
6868:
6857:
6854:
6848:
6841:
6835:
6832:
6826:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6808:
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6778:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6760:
6757:
6751:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6733:
6730:
6721:
6720:Haigh, 175, 182.
6718:
6712:
6709:
6703:
6697:
6691:
6688:
6682:
6679:
6673:
6670:
6661:
6660:Loades, 100â101.
6658:
6649:
6648:Strong, 163â164.
6646:
6640:
6639:
6614:
6608:
6602:
6596:
6589:
6583:
6582:
6558:
6552:
6549:
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6531:
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6410:
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6387:
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6369:
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6360:
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6351:
6345:
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6336:
6333:
6327:
6320:
6314:
6311:
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6296:
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6287:
6284:
6278:
6275:
6269:
6262:
6256:
6253:
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6238:
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6235:
6233:
6213:
6207:
6204:
6198:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6168:
6167:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6124:
6118:
6115:
6109:
6106:
6100:
6099:
6097:
6095:
6082:
6076:
6073:
6067:
6064:
6053:
6037:
6031:
6022:Mimsy.bham.ac.uk
6015:
6009:
6008:
6006:
6004:
5976:
5970:
5969:
5967:
5965:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5898:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5882:
5854:
5848:
5847:
5829:
5823:
5812:
5803:
5800:
5794:
5791:
5782:
5779:
5773:
5770:
5764:
5761:
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5752:
5746:
5743:
5737:
5734:
5728:
5725:
5716:
5701:
5695:
5688:
5679:
5664:
5658:
5656:
5638:
5632:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5611:
5608:
5602:
5599:
5588:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5567:
5564:
5558:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5537:
5536:Parker, 193â194.
5534:
5528:
5527:Wilson, 294â295.
5525:
5519:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5492:
5485:
5479:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5452:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5431:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5383:
5380:
5374:
5371:
5365:
5362:
5356:
5353:
5347:
5344:
5333:
5330:
5321:
5314:
5308:
5305:
5296:
5293:
5287:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5269:
5251:
5245:
5242:
5236:
5233:
5227:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5209:
5206:
5200:
5197:
5188:
5187:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5158:
5118:
5109:
5108:
5090:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5074:
5059:
5048:
5047:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5014:
4999:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4960:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4934:
4928:
4925:
4919:
4918:
4882:
4876:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4830:
4824:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4773:
4767:
4764:
4758:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4669:
4660:
4659:
4642:Roberts, Michael
4638:
4632:
4631:
4613:
4607:
4606:
4585:
4579:
4576:
4565:
4562:
4556:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4534:
4533:Adams, 384, 146.
4531:
4525:
4518:
4512:
4505:
4499:
4498:Wilson, 126â128.
4496:
4490:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4459:
4458:Chamberlin, 118.
4456:
4450:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4396:
4390:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4372:
4369:
4363:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4325:Lee, Christopher
4321:
4315:
4314:
4306:
4304:
4286:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4268:on 16 April 2014
4254:
4248:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4174:
4168:
4155:
4149:
4146:
4140:
4139:Kantorowicz, ix.
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4126:
4107:
4101:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4065:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4047:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3988:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3954:
3948:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3926:
3920:
3917:
3911:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3870:
3864:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3744:
3735:
3732:
3723:
3717:
3711:
3708:
3702:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3684:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3615:
3612:Elizabeth: Woman
3608:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3575:
3569:
3562:
3541:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3449:
3446:
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3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3369:
3363:
3360:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3330:
3324:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3293:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3266:
3255:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3158:Biography portal
3155:
3154:
3153:
2840:Margaret Douglas
2374:Elizabeth Howard
2363:
2362:
2354:
2353:
2257:
2033:Whitehall Palace
1969:and west of the
1914:Humphrey Gilbert
1893:William Harborne
1683:Peregrine Bertie
1495:Treaty of London
1483:siege of Antwerp
1341:in 1570, titled
1283:Lochleven Castle
1108:Prince Frederick
1026:
1023:
981:1552 prayer book
962:Act of Supremacy
942:House of Commons
902:Pelican Portrait
816:on 17 November.
784:Henry Bedingfeld
772:Stephen Gardiner
583:, a treatise by
523:
443:heir presumptive
423:Greenwich Palace
333:
303:supreme governor
241:Queen of England
230:
144:7 September 1533
80:Queen of England
73:
70:
64:Darnley Portrait
59:
47:
46:
21:
10762:
10761:
10757:
10756:
10755:
10753:
10752:
10751:
10742:Reputed virgins
10582:
10581:
10580:
10575:
10565:
10559:
10503:
10474:Liturgical year
10403:
10336:
10322:Oxford Movement
10164:
10155:
10122:
10117:
10087:
10082:
10065:
9992:
9968:
9933:Oliver Cromwell
9909:
9884:
9879:
9726:Constantine III
9635:
9460:Harold Harefoot
9450:Edmund Ironside
9361:
9356: and
9347:
9317:
9312:
9290:
9260:
9241:
9206:
9176:The Fairy-Queen
9163:
9136:
9068:
9050:
8975:
8952:
8923:
8918:Armada Portrait
8892:
8864:
8806:
8747:
8738:Richmond Palace
8701:
8667:
8626:
8612:
8607:
8573:
8564:
8552:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8511:
8499:
8437:
8436:
8425:
8419:
8417:
8414:This audio file
8411:
8404:
8395:
8392:
8386:
8385:
8381:
8378:
8373:
8359:Watkins, John.
8281:
8255:
8223:
8200:Clapham, John.
8195:Wayback Machine
8153:
8137:
8127:
8099:
8028:
7999:
7972:
7945:
7917:
7894:Jones, Norman.
7866:
7835:
7818:
7816:Further reading
7813:
7807:
7794:
7788:
7775:
7769:
7756:
7750:
7733:
7723:
7717:
7698:
7676:
7663:
7650:
7637:
7631:
7613:
7607:
7592:
7586:
7572:Skidmore, Chris
7570:
7550:
7544:
7528:
7508:
7498:
7492:
7472:
7466:
7446:
7440:
7422:
7416:
7398:Kenyon, John P.
7396:
7389:
7373:
7367:
7354:
7348:
7332:
7326:
7313:
7307:
7292:
7286:
7273:
7267:
7251:
7245:
7229:
7223:
7207:
7194:
7188:
7175:
7169:
7156:
7143:
7137:
7118:
7102:
7089:
7072:
7066:
7051:
7041:
7021:
7015:
6995:
6985:
6968:
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6900:
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6891:
6887:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6860:
6855:
6851:
6842:
6838:
6833:
6829:
6824:
6820:
6815:
6811:
6806:
6802:
6794:
6790:
6785:
6781:
6776:
6772:
6768:Black, 408â409.
6767:
6763:
6758:
6754:
6749:
6745:
6740:
6736:
6731:
6724:
6719:
6715:
6710:
6706:
6698:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6680:
6676:
6671:
6664:
6659:
6652:
6647:
6643:
6615:
6611:
6603:
6599:
6590:
6586:
6579:
6559:
6555:
6551:Black, 410â411.
6550:
6546:
6541:
6537:
6532:
6528:
6523:
6519:
6514:
6507:
6502:
6498:
6493:
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6475:
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6462:
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6448:
6444:
6430:
6426:
6421:
6414:
6404:
6402:
6389:
6388:
6384:
6379:
6375:
6371:Black, 239â245.
6370:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6344:Neale, 383â384.
6343:
6339:
6335:Black, 192â194.
6334:
6330:
6321:
6317:
6313:See Neale, 382.
6312:
6308:
6303:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6285:
6281:
6276:
6272:
6263:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6245:
6241:
6231:
6229:
6214:
6210:
6205:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6188:Black, 355â356.
6187:
6183:
6178:
6171:
6164:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6112:
6107:
6103:
6093:
6091:
6084:
6083:
6079:
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6070:
6065:
6056:
6051:Wayback Machine
6038:
6034:
6029:Wayback Machine
6016:
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5797:
5792:
5785:
5780:
5776:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5758:
5753:
5749:
5745:Haigh, 143â144.
5744:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5719:
5703:Elliott, J. H.
5702:
5698:
5689:
5682:
5665:
5661:
5653:
5639:
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4847:10.2307/2861792
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4166:Wayback Machine
4156:
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3857:Wayback Machine
3848:
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3602:
3592:
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3572:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3532:As Elizabeth's
3531:
3527:
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3509:
3505:
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3318:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3291:
3287:
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3278:
3273:
3269:
3263:Julian calendar
3256:
3252:
3247:
3186:Monarchy portal
3184:
3177:
3170:
3165:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3146:
2847:Frances Brandon
2791:Catherine Carey
2352:
2294:Napoleonic Wars
2287:Godfrey Goodman
2270:
2264:
2200:Richmond Palace
2152:
2093:Elizabethan era
2009:Robert Devereux
1983:
1975:James Lancaster
1958:
1910:
1869:Ahmad al-Mansur
1838:
1810:Muscovy Company
1800:asked to marry
1789:
1777:Robert Devereux
1765:Nine Years' War
1716:
1710:
1651:
1602:Armada Portrait
1545:successful raid
1526:
1467:Catholic League
1444:Levina Teerlinc
1436:
1404:
1396:William Davison
1353:excommunication
1308:
1295:Stirling Castle
1231:
1176:
1091:
1075:Lettice Knollys
1024:
1010:
993:
893:
887:
873:, the Catholic
871:Owen Oglethorpe
822:
764:Tower of London
749:Philip of Spain
697:
695:Reign of Mary I
689:Robert Tyrwhitt
650:sexually abused
638:
622:Irish languages
546:William Grindal
403:
371:Elizabethan era
176:
171:
160:Richmond Palace
158:
145:
112:15 January 1559
101:
92:
74:
71:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10760:
10750:
10749:
10744:
10739:
10734:
10729:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10702:House of Tudor
10699:
10694:
10689:
10684:
10679:
10674:
10669:
10664:
10659:
10654:
10649:
10644:
10639:
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10609:
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10558:
10557:
10552:
10547:
10542:
10537:
10532:
10527:
10522:
10517:
10511:
10509:
10508:Related topics
10505:
10504:
10502:
10501:
10488:
10481:
10479:Biblical canon
10476:
10471:
10469:Evening Prayer
10462:
10457:
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9878:
9877:
9872:
9867:
9862:
9857:
9852:
9847:
9842:
9837:
9832:
9829:Edward Balliol
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
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9768:
9763:
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9753:
9748:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9728:
9723:
9718:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9696:
9691:
9689:Constantine II
9686:
9681:
9674:
9667:
9660:
9653:
9646:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9633:
9628:
9617:
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9605:
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9590:
9585:
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9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9516:
9511:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9481:Edgar Ătheling
9477:
9472:
9467:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9447:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9425:
9420:
9415:
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9383:
9380:
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9376:
9370:
9363:
9362:
9346:
9345:
9338:
9331:
9323:
9314:
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9311:
9310:
9303:
9295:
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9270:
9266:
9265:
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9261:
9259:
9258:
9249:
9247:
9243:
9242:
9240:
9239:
9231:
9223:
9214:
9212:
9208:
9207:
9205:
9204:
9196:
9188:
9180:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9164:
9162:
9161:
9153:
9144:
9142:
9138:
9137:
9135:
9134:
9126:
9118:
9110:
9102:
9094:
9085:
9083:
9076:
9070:
9069:
9067:
9066:
9060:
9058:
9052:
9051:
9049:
9048:
9042:
9036:
9030:
9024:
9018:
9012:
9006:
9000:
8994:
8987:
8985:
8981:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8967:
8964:Tilbury Speech
8960:
8958:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8950:
8944:
8938:
8936:
8929:
8925:
8924:
8922:
8921:
8915:
8909:
8902:
8900:
8894:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8888:Royal Gold Cup
8885:
8880:
8874:
8872:
8866:
8865:
8863:
8862:
8857:
8852:
8847:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8816:
8814:
8808:
8807:
8805:
8804:
8801:Spanish Armada
8798:
8795:Babington Plot
8792:
8786:
8780:
8774:
8768:
8762:
8755:
8753:
8749:
8748:
8746:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8718:Hatfield House
8715:
8709:
8707:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8699:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8675:
8673:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8659:
8653:
8652:(half-brother)
8647:
8641:
8634:
8632:
8628:
8627:
8617:
8614:
8613:
8606:
8605:
8598:
8591:
8583:
8575:
8574:
8569:
8566:
8553:
8542:
8538:
8537:
8536:Regnal titles
8533:
8532:
8515:House of Tudor
8512:
8509:
8504:
8503:
8488:
8479:
8470:
8456:
8447:
8426:
8412:
8405:
8393:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8376:External links
8374:
8372:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8323:10.1086/238230
8317:(3): 236â240.
8306:
8299:
8292:
8285:
8279:
8266:
8259:
8253:
8238:
8231:
8222:
8219:
8218:
8217:
8198:
8182:
8167:William Camden
8164:
8157:
8151:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8125:
8112:
8106:Wernham, R. B.
8103:
8097:
8082:
8062:
8047:
8040:
8026:
8013:
8012:
8011:
7997:
7984:
7970:
7957:
7943:
7915:
7899:
7892:
7887:Hodges, J. P.
7885:
7870:
7864:
7856:Viking Penguin
7847:
7833:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7811:
7805:
7792:
7786:
7773:
7767:
7754:
7748:
7731:
7721:
7715:
7702:
7696:
7680:
7674:
7661:
7652:Strong, Roy C.
7648:
7635:
7629:
7615:Starkey, David
7611:
7605:
7590:
7584:
7568:
7548:
7542:
7526:
7506:
7496:
7490:
7470:
7464:
7444:
7438:
7420:
7414:
7394:
7387:
7371:
7365:
7352:
7346:
7330:
7324:
7311:
7305:
7299:, Peter Owen,
7290:
7284:
7271:
7265:
7249:
7243:
7227:
7221:
7209:Frieda, Leonie
7205:
7192:
7186:
7173:
7167:
7154:
7141:
7135:
7122:
7116:
7100:
7087:
7070:
7064:
7049:
7019:
7013:
6993:
6983:
6966:
6960:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6938:
6925:
6916:
6907:
6894:
6885:
6872:
6870:Somerset, 727.
6858:
6849:
6836:
6827:
6818:
6816:Somerset, 102.
6809:
6800:
6798:, p. 487.
6788:
6786:Loades, 46â50.
6779:
6770:
6761:
6752:
6743:
6734:
6722:
6713:
6704:
6702:, p. 488.
6692:
6683:
6674:
6672:Somerset, 726.
6662:
6650:
6641:
6609:
6607:, p. 486.
6597:
6584:
6577:
6553:
6544:
6535:
6526:
6517:
6505:
6496:
6487:
6478:
6469:
6460:
6451:
6442:
6424:
6412:
6382:
6373:
6364:
6355:
6346:
6337:
6328:
6315:
6306:
6304:Lacey, 117â120
6297:
6288:
6279:
6270:
6257:
6255:Collinson, 89.
6248:
6239:
6208:
6199:
6190:
6181:
6169:
6162:
6144:
6137:
6119:
6117:Kupperman, 41.
6110:
6108:Kupperman, 40.
6101:
6077:
6068:
6066:Kupperman, 39.
6054:
6032:
6010:
5991:
5971:
5952:
5932:
5913:
5888:
5869:
5849:
5842:
5824:
5804:
5802:Loades, 98â99.
5795:
5783:
5774:
5772:Somerset, 668.
5765:
5756:
5754:Somerset, 667.
5747:
5738:
5729:
5717:
5696:
5680:
5666:Hampden, John
5659:
5651:
5633:
5631:Somerset, 655.
5624:
5612:
5603:
5589:
5580:
5568:
5559:
5550:
5538:
5529:
5520:
5511:
5502:
5493:
5489:Thomas Heneage
5480:
5471:
5462:
5453:
5444:
5432:
5423:
5414:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5382:Loades, 78â79.
5375:
5366:
5364:Collinson, 68.
5357:
5348:
5346:Collinson, 67.
5334:
5322:
5309:
5297:
5295:Loades, 72â73.
5288:
5279:
5246:
5237:
5228:
5219:
5210:
5201:
5189:
5182:
5164:
5110:
5103:
5080:
5049:
5038:
5020:
4994:
4975:
4955:
4929:
4920:
4893:(2): 257â274.
4877:
4868:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4794:
4768:
4766:Somerset, 408.
4759:
4750:
4748:Loades, 53â54.
4741:
4732:
4717:
4699:
4661:
4654:
4633:
4626:
4608:
4601:
4580:
4566:
4557:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4513:
4500:
4491:
4482:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4419:History Review
4409:
4400:
4391:
4382:
4373:
4364:
4355:
4346:
4339:
4316:
4278:
4249:
4240:
4231:
4196:
4169:
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3661:
3659:Somerset, 4â5.
3652:
3643:
3634:
3632:Somerset, 729.
3625:
3616:
3600:
3570:
3566:Hatfield House
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3538:Nicholas Bacon
3525:
3516:
3503:
3490:
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3459:
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3427:William Camden
3418:
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3172:England portal
3161:
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3130:James VI and I
3127:
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2610:Margaret Tudor
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2263:
2260:
2160:Paul Delaroche
2151:
2148:
2116:Edmund Spenser
2067:Edmund Spenser
2017:Roderigo Lopes
1982:
1979:
1957:
1954:
1950:Roanoke Colony
1942:North Carolina
1938:Roanoke Island
1918:Walter Raleigh
1909:
1906:
1885:Levant Company
1881:Ottoman Empire
1863:ban. In 1600,
1853:Barbary states
1837:
1834:
1788:
1785:
1781:Charles Blount
1757:Edmund Spenser
1745:scorched-earth
1738:in submission.
1730:and the other
1712:Main article:
1709:
1706:
1669:, and Ireland"
1650:
1647:
1638:Counter Armada
1633:English Armada
1615:Walter Raleigh
1598:Spanish Armada
1525:
1524:Spanish Armada
1522:
1503:a protectorate
1435:
1432:
1403:
1400:
1383:Babington Plot
1317:, Elizabeth's
1307:
1306:Catholic cause
1304:
1230:
1227:
1175:
1172:
1090:
1087:
1083:Spanish Armada
1009:
1006:
998:Thomas Seymour
992:
989:
946:House of Lords
889:Main article:
886:
883:
821:
818:
810:Hatfield House
806:Count of Feria
720:Hatfield House
696:
693:
685:Hatfield House
681:Lady Jane Grey
637:
636:Thomas Seymour
634:
599:Lambeth Palace
554:Catherine Parr
534:Margaret Bryan
518:William Scrots
455:Thomas Cranmer
402:
399:
395:Spanish Armada
391:Walter Raleigh
356:war with Spain
331:video et taceo
299:Baron Burghley
280:Lady Jane Grey
249:House of Tudor
232:
231:
224:
220:
219:
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10339:
10333:
10332:Modern Church
10330:
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9809:
9808:
9804:
9802:
9801:Alexander III
9799:
9797:
9794:
9792:
9789:
9787:
9784:
9782:
9779:
9777:
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9772:
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9659:
9658:
9657:Constantine I
9654:
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9321:
9309:
9308:
9304:
9302:
9301:
9297:
9296:
9293:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9281:Stuart period
9279:
9277:
9274:
9273:
9271:
9267:
9257:
9255:
9251:
9250:
9248:
9244:
9238:
9236:
9235:Elizabeth Rex
9232:
9230:
9228:
9224:
9222:
9220:
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9209:
9203:
9201:
9197:
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9010:
9007:
9004:
9001:
8998:
8995:
8992:
8989:
8988:
8986:
8982:
8971:
8970:Golden Speech
8968:
8965:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8955:
8948:
8945:
8943:
8940:
8939:
8937:
8933:
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8913:
8910:
8907:
8904:
8903:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8883:Chequers Ring
8881:
8879:
8876:
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8873:
8871:
8867:
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8809:
8802:
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8711:
8710:
8708:
8704:
8698:
8695:
8692:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8680:
8679:Lady Stafford
8677:
8676:
8674:
8670:
8663:
8660:
8658:(half-sister)
8657:
8654:
8651:
8648:
8645:
8642:
8639:
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8604:
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8584:
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8572:
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8558:
8551:
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8545:
8539:
8534:
8530:24 March 1603
8529:
8522:
8517:
8516:
8507:
8496:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8478:
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8446:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8415:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8358:
8355:
8354:History Today
8351:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8328:
8324:
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8316:
8312:
8307:
8304:
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8023:
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8004:
8000:
7994:
7990:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7971:0-6911-0112-4
7967:
7963:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7944:0-6910-5168-2
7940:
7936:
7931:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7916:0-3405-6167-X
7912:
7909:. E. Arnold.
7908:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7883:
7882:0-3757-0820-0
7879:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7861:
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7708:
7703:
7699:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7636:
7632:
7626:
7622:
7621:
7616:
7612:
7608:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7591:
7587:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7557:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7539:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7523:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7493:
7487:
7483:
7479:
7475:
7474:Loades, David
7471:
7467:
7461:
7456:
7455:
7449:
7448:Lacey, Robert
7445:
7441:
7435:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7421:
7417:
7411:
7406:
7405:
7399:
7395:
7390:
7384:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7362:
7358:
7353:
7349:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7321:
7317:
7312:
7308:
7302:
7298:
7297:
7291:
7287:
7281:
7277:
7272:
7268:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7236:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7218:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7189:
7183:
7179:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7160:
7155:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7128:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7109:
7105:
7101:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7071:
7067:
7061:
7057:
7056:
7050:
7045:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7026:
7020:
7016:
7010:
7005:
7004:
6998:
6994:
6989:
6984:
6980:
6976:
6972:
6967:
6963:
6957:
6953:
6948:
6947:
6935:
6929:
6923:Edwards, 205.
6920:
6911:
6904:
6898:
6889:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6853:
6846:
6840:
6834:Black, 14â15.
6831:
6822:
6813:
6804:
6797:
6792:
6783:
6774:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6738:
6729:
6727:
6717:
6708:
6701:
6696:
6687:
6678:
6669:
6667:
6657:
6655:
6645:
6637:
6633:
6629:
6625:
6624:
6619:
6613:
6606:
6601:
6594:
6588:
6580:
6574:
6570:
6566:
6565:
6557:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6524:Willson, 155.
6521:
6515:Willson, 154.
6512:
6510:
6500:
6491:
6482:
6473:
6464:
6455:
6446:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6419:
6417:
6400:
6396:
6392:
6386:
6377:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6341:
6332:
6325:
6319:
6310:
6301:
6292:
6286:Hammer, 1, 9.
6283:
6274:
6267:
6261:
6252:
6243:
6227:
6223:
6219:
6212:
6203:
6194:
6185:
6176:
6174:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6140:
6134:
6130:
6123:
6114:
6105:
6090:. p. 353
6089:
6088:
6081:
6072:
6063:
6061:
6059:
6052:
6048:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6014:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5984:
5983:
5975:
5959:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5936:
5920:
5916:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5876:
5872:
5866:
5862:
5861:
5853:
5845:
5843:9781315440712
5839:
5835:
5828:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5809:
5799:
5790:
5788:
5778:
5769:
5760:
5751:
5742:
5733:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5700:
5693:
5687:
5685:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5663:
5654:
5648:
5644:
5637:
5628:
5619:
5617:
5607:
5598:
5596:
5594:
5584:
5575:
5573:
5563:
5554:
5545:
5543:
5533:
5524:
5515:
5506:
5497:
5491:. Loades, 94.
5490:
5484:
5475:
5466:
5457:
5448:
5439:
5437:
5427:
5418:
5409:
5407:
5397:
5388:
5379:
5373:Guy, 483â484.
5370:
5361:
5352:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5319:
5313:
5304:
5302:
5292:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5223:
5214:
5205:
5196:
5194:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5115:
5106:
5100:
5096:
5089:
5087:
5085:
5068:
5064:
5058:
5056:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5032:. John Hunt.
5031:
5024:
5008:
5004:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4959:
4943:
4939:
4933:
4924:
4916:
4912:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4872:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4829:
4823:Haigh, 22â23.
4820:
4814:Haigh, 20â21.
4811:
4804:
4798:
4782:
4778:
4772:
4763:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4728:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4668:
4666:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4629:
4623:
4619:
4618:Vasadöttrarna
4612:
4604:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4584:
4575:
4573:
4571:
4561:
4554:
4548:
4539:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4510:
4504:
4495:
4486:
4479:
4473:
4464:
4455:
4446:
4437:
4428:
4420:
4413:
4404:
4395:
4386:
4377:
4368:
4362:Somerset, 77.
4359:
4350:
4342:
4336:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4320:
4312:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4285:
4283:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4244:
4235:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4200:
4184:
4180:
4173:
4167:
4163:
4160:
4154:
4145:
4136:
4120:
4116:
4115:www.bbc.co.uk
4112:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4079:
4073:Somerset, 66.
4070:
4061:
4052:
4043:
4037:Somerset, 51.
4034:
4025:
4016:
4007:
4001:Loades 24â25.
3998:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3959:
3952:
3947:
3940:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3900:
3894:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3846:
3837:
3831:Somerset, 25.
3828:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3770:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3741:
3734:Loades, 8â10.
3731:
3729:
3721:
3716:
3707:
3698:
3692:Somerset, 10.
3689:
3680:
3672:
3665:
3656:
3647:
3638:
3629:
3620:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3567:
3561:
3557:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3500:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3472:
3463:
3454:
3445:
3435:
3428:
3422:
3412:
3405:
3399:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3320:
3313:
3312:Reginald Pole
3307:
3298:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3162:
3159:
3148:
3134:
3131:
3075:
3073:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3002:
2995:
2988:
2949:
2937:
2935:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2806:
2799:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2753:
2751:
2750:
2733:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2596:
2573:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2543:
2541:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2483:
2481:
2469:
2467:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2406:
2375:
2368:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2329:Pope Sixtus V
2325:
2323:
2322:Francis Bacon
2319:
2316:regarded the
2313:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2298:Victorian era
2295:
2290:
2288:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2184:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2161:
2156:
2147:
2144:
2135:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:Faerie Queene
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2029:Golden Speech
2026:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1889:Sublime Porte
1886:
1882:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1836:Muslim states
1833:
1830:
1829:Boris Godunov
1826:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1802:Mary Hastings
1798:
1794:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1534:Francis Drake
1530:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1420:Francis Drake
1417:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1214:Arthur Dudley
1210:
1206:
1204:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:William Cecil
1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1037:Robert Dudley
1030:
1019:
1014:
1008:Robert Dudley
1005:
1003:
999:
988:
986:
982:
978:
977:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
938:
936:
932:
928:
922:
920:
912:
908:
904:
903:
897:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
854:
849:
847:
843:
835:
831:
826:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
751:, the son of
750:
745:
741:
737:
736:privy council
733:
729:
721:
716:
709:
705:
701:
692:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
669:
667:
663:
659:
651:
647:
642:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
602:
600:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
578:
577:
572:
568:
567:
561:
560:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
519:
514:
510:
508:
504:
503:heir apparent
500:
496:
490:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
416:
412:
407:
398:
396:
392:
388:
387:Francis Drake
384:
380:
376:
375:English drama
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
327:
322:
320:
317:, the son of
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
295:William Cecil
291:
288:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
205:
201:
198:
195:
191:
188:
185:
183:
179:
175:
170:28 April 1603
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
132:
129:
125:
122:
119:
115:
111:
109:
105:
102:24 March 1603
99:
95:
90:
85:
81:
77:
66:
65:
58:
53:
48:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
10499:Broad church
10497: /
10493: /
10483:
10467: /
10460:Anglican Use
10420:
10371:
10294:
10274:
10077:
10056:Elizabeth II
9984:
9900:
9827:
9805:
9796:Alexander II
9713:
9676:
9669:
9662:
9655:
9648:
9641:
9630:
9623:
9612:
9535:
9518:
9506:
9479:
9442:
9400:
9393:
9386:
9305:
9298:
9276:Tudor period
9253:
9234:
9226:
9218:
9199:
9191:
9183:
9175:
9156:
9148:
9129:
9121:
9113:
9105:
9097:
9089:
8820:Architecture
8783:Ridolfi Plot
8697:Aura Soltana
8693:(Apothecary)
8609:
8555:
8546:
8527:
8520:
8513:
8510:Elizabeth I
8367:
8360:
8353:
8346:
8314:
8310:
8302:
8295:
8288:
8270:
8262:
8243:
8234:
8227:
8206:Conyers Read
8201:
8186:
8170:
8160:
8142:
8116:
8108:
8087:
8075:
8050:
8043:
8017:
7988:
7961:
7934:
7906:
7895:
7888:
7873:
7872:Dunn, Jane.
7854:. New York:
7851:
7824:
7796:
7777:
7758:
7737:
7725:
7706:
7687:
7684:Weir, Alison
7665:
7655:
7639:
7619:
7595:
7575:
7555:
7552:Rowse, A. L.
7533:
7513:
7510:Neale, J. E.
7500:
7477:
7453:
7428:
7403:
7378:
7356:
7337:
7315:
7295:
7275:
7256:
7234:
7212:
7196:
7177:
7158:
7145:
7126:
7107:
7104:Doran, Susan
7091:
7074:
7054:
7023:
7002:
6987:
6970:
6951:
6933:
6928:
6919:
6910:
6902:
6897:
6888:
6880:
6875:
6852:
6844:
6839:
6830:
6821:
6812:
6807:Hogge, 9â10.
6803:
6791:
6782:
6773:
6764:
6755:
6746:
6737:
6716:
6707:
6695:
6686:
6681:Strong, 164.
6677:
6644:
6622:
6612:
6600:
6592:
6587:
6563:
6556:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6520:
6499:
6490:
6481:
6472:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6435:
6427:
6403:. Retrieved
6394:
6385:
6376:
6367:
6358:
6349:
6340:
6331:
6323:
6318:
6309:
6300:
6295:Hammer, 9â10
6291:
6282:
6277:Hammer, 1â2.
6273:
6265:
6260:
6251:
6242:
6230:. Retrieved
6221:
6211:
6202:
6193:
6184:
6153:
6147:
6128:
6122:
6113:
6104:
6092:. Retrieved
6086:
6080:
6071:
6040:Tate Gallery
6035:
6020:Collections
6013:
6001:. Retrieved
5981:
5974:
5962:. Retrieved
5942:
5935:
5923:. Retrieved
5903:
5879:. Retrieved
5859:
5852:
5833:
5827:
5819:
5815:
5798:
5777:
5768:
5759:
5750:
5741:
5732:
5704:
5699:
5691:
5667:
5662:
5642:
5636:
5627:
5606:
5583:
5562:
5553:
5532:
5523:
5514:
5509:Parker, 193.
5505:
5496:
5483:
5474:
5465:
5456:
5447:
5426:
5417:
5400:Frieda, 191.
5396:
5387:
5378:
5369:
5360:
5351:
5317:
5312:
5291:
5282:
5255:
5249:
5240:
5231:
5222:
5213:
5204:
5173:
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5133:(1): 57â76.
5130:
5126:
5094:
5071:. Retrieved
5043:
5029:
5023:
5011:. Retrieved
4997:
4985:. Retrieved
4965:
4958:
4946:. Retrieved
4932:
4923:
4890:
4886:
4880:
4871:
4841:(1): 30â74.
4838:
4834:
4828:
4819:
4810:
4802:
4797:
4785:. Retrieved
4771:
4762:
4753:
4744:
4739:Frieda, 397.
4735:
4708:
4702:
4677:
4673:
4645:
4636:
4617:
4611:
4592:
4583:
4564:Wilson, 303.
4560:
4552:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4521:
4516:
4508:
4503:
4494:
4485:
4477:
4472:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4436:
4427:
4421:(67): 15â20.
4418:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4349:
4329:
4319:
4290:
4270:, retrieved
4266:the original
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4209:
4205:
4199:
4187:. Retrieved
4183:the original
4172:
4153:
4144:
4135:
4123:. Retrieved
4114:
4105:
4096:
4087:
4078:
4069:
4060:
4051:
4042:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3997:
3985:. Retrieved
3976:
3967:
3958:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3924:
3915:
3906:
3898:
3893:
3884:
3876:
3873:Stoyle, Mark
3868:
3860:
3845:
3836:
3827:
3815:. Retrieved
3811:the original
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3779:
3769:
3757:. Retrieved
3722:, p. 7.
3715:
3706:
3701:Loades, 7â8.
3697:
3688:
3683:Loades, 6â7.
3679:
3670:
3664:
3655:
3650:Loades, 3â5.
3646:
3641:Somerset, 4.
3637:
3628:
3619:
3611:
3591:. Retrieved
3582:
3573:
3560:
3528:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3493:
3480:
3471:
3462:
3453:
3444:
3434:
3421:
3411:
3398:
3389:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3345:
3328:
3319:
3306:
3297:
3288:
3279:
3270:
3253:
3239:Tudor period
2804:
2343:
2326:
2314:
2310:
2291:
2283:
2251:
2243:
2223:
2204:
2196:Lady Knollys
2189:
2165:
2140:
2097:
2089:Jacobean era
2070:
2062:
2055:
2038:
2025:price-fixing
2021:
2013:Robert Cecil
2001:
1984:
1959:
1911:
1878:
1850:
1825:Jerome Bowes
1818:
1790:
1773:Hugh O'Neill
1762:
1741:
1736:Henry Sidney
1695:
1680:
1672:
1642:John Norreys
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1607:
1586:
1557:
1552:
1538:
1518:
1513:
1499:
1451:Dutch rebels
1448:
1405:
1379:Ridolfi Plot
1374:
1373:
1342:
1324:
1280:
1275:
1263:
1243:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1177:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1143:
1124:
1092:
1067:
1034:
994:
975:
958:Supreme Head
939:
923:
916:
900:
856:
851:
846:body politic
838:
795:
788:
768:Simon Renard
757:
725:
678:
670:
655:
606:Roger Ascham
603:
588:
574:
566:Pro Marcello
564:
557:
527:
495:Jane Seymour
491:
420:
360:
323:
292:
264:illegitimate
253:
236:
235:
62:
44:
10607:1603 deaths
10602:1533 births
10592:Elizabeth I
10530:Monasticism
10365:Holy Spirit
10275:Elizabeth I
10120:Anglicanism
10061:Charles III
10046:Edward VIII
9776:Alexander I
9756:Malcolm III
9731:Kenneth III
9631:Elizabeth I
9593:Richard III
8984:Parliaments
8898:Portraiture
8691:Hugh Morgan
8644:Anne Boleyn
8625:(1558â1603)
8610:Elizabeth I
8450:Elizabeth I
8441:Elizabeth I
7907:Elizabeth I
7596:Elizabeth I
7257:Elizabeth I
7003:Elizabeth I
6943:Works cited
6796:Weir (1999)
6759:Kenyon, 207
6750:Haigh, 182.
6741:Haigh, 175.
6700:Weir (1999)
6690:Haigh, 170.
6605:Weir (1999)
6542:Black, 411.
6533:Neale, 385.
6494:Black, 410.
6485:Loades, 97.
6476:Loades, 93.
6467:Haigh, 179.
6458:Haigh, 171.
6422:Loades, 92.
6405:25 February
6380:Haigh, 176.
6362:Black, 239.
6353:Loades, 86.
6197:Black, 355.
6179:Haigh, 155.
6075:Nicoll, 96.
6044:Tate.org.uk
5818:, Collins,
5793:Loades, 98.
5763:Loades, 55.
5736:Haigh, 143.
5727:Haigh, 142.
5622:Haigh, 183.
5610:Haigh, 145.
5601:Black, 353.
5578:Neale, 300.
5566:Black, 349.
5557:Loades, 64.
5548:Haigh, 138.
5442:Haigh, 135.
5412:Loades, 61.
5332:McGrath, 69
5307:Loades, 73.
5244:Loades, 68.
5235:Loades, 67.
5226:Haigh, 132.
5208:Haigh, 131.
5199:Guy, 96â97.
4969:. Penguin.
4757:Loades, 54.
4680:(530): 43.
4440:Wilson, 95.
4407:Loades, 39.
4389:Loades, 38.
4353:Loades, 46.
4247:Loades, xv.
4212:(1): 1â12.
4125:15 November
4091:Loades, 33.
4064:Loades, 32.
4046:Loades, 29.
4028:Loades, 28.
4010:Loades, 27.
3951:Weir (1997)
3910:Loades, 14.
3888:Loades, 11.
3840:Loades, 21.
3720:Weir (1997)
3623:Neale, 386.
3534:Lord Keeper
3261:are in the
2572:Anne Boleyn
2565:Mary Boleyn
2350:Family tree
2337:Christendom
2306:A. L. Rowse
2304:(1934) and
2302:J. E. Neale
1981:Later years
1930:New England
1434:Netherlands
1357:treasonable
1335:Pope Pius V
1184:iconography
1079:Susan Doran
1025: 1575
830:Tudor roses
648:, may have
626:Mark Stoyle
439:Anne Boleyn
415:Anne Boleyn
352:Netherlands
260:Anne Boleyn
237:Elizabeth I
217:Anglicanism
207:Anne Boleyn
117:Predecessor
72: 1575
50:Elizabeth I
10586:Categories
10384:Sacraments
10235:Henry VIII
10195:Ăthelberht
10128:Communions
10036:Edward VII
10026:William IV
10016:George III
9945:Charles II
9840:Robert III
9786:Malcolm IV
9761:Donald III
9736:Malcolm II
9721:Kenneth II
9603:Henry VIII
9563:Richard II
9558:Edward III
9492:William II
9465:Harthacnut
9219:Henry VIII
9149:Kenilworth
9106:Young Bess
9074:Depictions
9056:Succession
8845:Literature
8835:Government
8765:Coronation
8638:Henry VIII
8565:1558â1603
8429:Audio help
8420:2015-06-20
7998:0691031886
7480:, London:
7055:King James
7046:required.)
6892:Loades, 1.
6856:Haigh, 42.
6503:Croft, 48.
6395:Five Books
6003:22 October
5964:22 October
5925:22 October
5881:3 February
5391:Guy, 1â11.
5316:Williams,
5276:required.)
5045:abdomen...
4927:Haigh, 24.
4875:Haigh, 23.
4578:Haigh, 17.
4398:Haigh, 19.
4371:Black, 10.
4313:required.)
4238:Neale, 70.
4189:26 October
4100:Neale, 59.
4082:Neale, 53.
4055:Neale, 49.
4019:Neale, 45.
3987:22 January
3962:Neale, 33.
3928:Neale, 32.
3553:References
2345:frustrate.
2333:the Empire
1946:John White
1726:chieftain
1722:The Irish
1565:Gravelines
1561:fire ships
1365:seminaries
1361:missionary
1100:Henry VIII
1018:miniatures
744:Protestant
674:Kat Ashley
587:, and the
411:Henry VIII
401:Early life
276:Protestant
256:Henry VIII
108:Coronation
10389:Eucharist
10302:Charles I
10270:Edward VI
10220:Hygeberht
10051:George VI
10021:George IV
10011:George II
9923:Charles I
9905:from 1603
9855:James III
9835:Robert II
9791:William I
9766:Duncan II
9694:Malcolm I
9684:Donald II
9608:Edward VI
9598:Henry VII
9583:Edward IV
9553:Edward II
9543:Henry III
9526:Richard I
9487:William I
9408:Ăthelstan
9307:James I â
9122:Elizabeth
8870:Inventory
8850:Ministers
8706:Locations
8672:Household
8650:Edward VI
8339:144764596
7980:22365258M
7953:22365254M
7843:25553298M
7564:181656553
7512:(1954) ,
7336:(1967) ,
7231:Guy, John
6845:Elizabeth
6843:Williams
6324:Elizabeth
6322:Williams
5217:Guy, 115.
5157:10 August
5147:2352-6963
4863:164188105
4727:844083309
4694:0013-8266
4591:(1959) .
4226:1741-4113
3939:Elizabeth
3937:Williams
3919:Haigh, 8.
3817:9 January
3790:9 January
3759:9 January
3593:31 August
3548:Citations
3001:Jane Grey
2238:John Stow
2226:Whitehall
2143:courtiers
2128:cosmetics
2100:Belphoebe
2059:John Lyly
1934:Carolinas
1912:In 1583,
1897:Murad III
1734:kneel to
1573:North Sea
1541:Caribbean
1497:in 1604.
1471:Joinville
1369:martyrdom
1337:issued a
1319:spymaster
1174:Virginity
1155:prorogued
1046:favourite
985:recusancy
935:vestments
820:Accession
814:Mary died
780:Woodstock
530:governess
363:virginity
272:Edward VI
223:Signature
127:Successor
10525:Ministry
10520:Heraldry
10342:Theology
10215:Paulinus
10041:George V
10031:Victoria
10006:George I
9875:James VI
9860:James IV
9850:James II
9823:David II
9818:Robert I
9807:Margaret
9741:Duncan I
9650:Donald I
9588:Edward V
9578:Henry VI
9568:Henry IV
9548:Edward I
9514:Henry II
9413:Edmund I
9402:Ălfweard
9360:monarchs
9354:Scottish
9300:â Mary I
9200:Gloriana
8957:Speeches
8928:Writings
8664:(cousin)
8646:(mother)
8640:(father)
8495:LibriVox
8431: ·
8191:Archived
8179:59210072
8068:(1911).
8036:7714150M
8007:1553610M
7925:1396177M
7905:(1993).
7686:(1997),
7617:(2001),
7574:(2010),
7554:(1950),
7532:(2000),
7476:(2003),
7450:(1971),
7426:(2007),
7400:(1983),
7377:(1997).
7255:(2000),
7233:(2004),
7211:(2005),
7106:(1996),
6999:(2007),
6932:Starkey
6901:Starkey
6879:Hogge, 9
6636:24223816
6399:Archived
6266:Monarchy
6226:Archived
6047:Archived
6025:Archived
5997:Archived
5958:Archived
5919:Archived
5875:Archived
5151:Archived
5073:1 August
5067:Archived
5013:1 August
5007:Archived
4987:1 August
4981:Archived
4948:1 August
4942:Archived
4915:55555610
4803:Monarchy
4781:Archived
4644:(1968).
4522:Monarchy
4509:Monarchy
4478:Monarchy
4162:Archived
4119:Archived
3981:Archived
3897:Starkey
3853:Archived
3784:Archived
3780:Newsweek
3753:Archived
3610:Starkey
3587:Archived
3499:chivalry
3144:See also
2211:Lady Day
2124:smallpox
2108:Gloriana
1926:Virginia
1922:Virginia
1821:Feodor I
1687:Brittany
1675:Henry IV
1659:sixpence
1559:English
1412:Huguenot
1408:Le Havre
1299:Langside
1291:James VI
1287:abdicate
1277:falsely.
1254:Margaret
1246:Scotland
1147:smallpox
1016:Pair of
927:Puritans
919:crucifix
867:John Dee
740:Catholic
618:Scottish
585:Plutarch
581:Boethius
284:Catholic
278:cousin,
213:Religion
10465:Morning
10413:worship
10409:Liturgy
10350:Trinity
10290:James I
10245:Cranmer
10170:History
9959:Mary II
9865:James V
9845:James I
9781:David I
9746:Macbeth
9678:Eochaid
9573:Henry V
9508:Matilda
9502:Stephen
9497:Henry I
9358:British
9352:,
9350:English
9269:Related
8860:Theatre
8840:Leisure
8830:Fashion
8623:Ireland
8571:James I
8561:Ireland
8484:at the
8461:at the
8418: (
8389:minutes
8349:(2006).
8331:1872838
8265:(2003).
8214:1350639
8111:(1966).
6979:5077207
6264:Doran,
6232:19 July
5822:series.
5318:Norfolk
4907:2639984
4855:2861792
4801:Doran,
4787:19 July
4551:Doran,
4520:Doran,
4507:Doran,
4476:Doran,
4272:29 July
3901:, p. 69
3334:coroner
2246:obsequy
2104:Astraea
2063:Euphues
1932:to the
1908:America
1857:Morocco
1751:led by
1749:Munster
1728:O'Neale
1708:Ireland
1657:Silver
1577:Tilbury
1569:Spanish
1479:channel
1475:Spanish
1349:heretic
1209:swell.
1165:happen.
1051:inquest
911:pelican
857:As her
666:Chelsea
614:Cornish
595:Tacitus
507:chrisom
326:mottoes
245:Ireland
131:James I
89:more...
84:Ireland
10399:Saints
10355:Father
10285:Hooker
10280:Parker
9870:Mary I
9751:Lulach
9715:AmlaĂb
9709:Cuilén
9699:Indulf
9625:Philip
9620:Mary I
9423:Eadwig
9418:Eadred
9256:(1590)
9246:Poetry
9237:(2000)
9229:(1930)
9221:(1613)
9202:(1953)
9194:(1837)
9186:(1815)
9178:(1692)
9168:Operas
9159:(2004)
9151:(1821)
9141:Novels
9132:(2007)
9124:(1998)
9116:(1955)
9108:(1953)
9100:(1939)
9092:(1912)
9047:(1601)
9041:(1597)
9035:(1593)
9029:(1589)
9023:(1586)
9017:(1584)
9011:(1572)
9005:(1571)
8999:(1562)
8993:(1558)
8972:(1601)
8966:(1588)
8949:(1571)
8935:Poetry
8920:(1588)
8914:(1579)
8908:(1575)
8803:(1588)
8797:(1586)
8791:(1583)
8785:(1571)
8779:(1570)
8773:(1559)
8767:(1559)
8761:(1543)
8752:Events
8656:Mary I
8631:Family
8550:Philip
8544:Mary I
8526:
8363:(2002)
8337:
8329:
8277:
8251:
8212:
8177:
8149:
8123:
8095:
8057:
8034:
8024:
8005:
7995:
7978:
7968:
7951:
7941:
7923:
7913:
7880:
7862:
7841:
7831:
7803:
7784:
7765:
7746:
7713:
7694:
7672:
7627:
7603:
7582:
7562:
7540:
7522:220518
7520:
7488:
7462:
7436:
7412:
7385:
7363:
7344:
7322:
7303:
7282:
7263:
7241:
7219:
7184:
7165:
7133:
7114:
7083:705685
7081:
7062:
7040:
7011:
6977:
6958:
6936:, 6â7.
6634:
6575:
6326:, 208.
6268:, 216.
6160:
6135:
5989:
5950:
5911:
5867:
5840:
5715:, 333.
5711:
5678:, 254.
5674:
5649:
5320:, 174.
5270:
5180:
5145:
5101:
5036:
4973:
4913:
4905:
4861:
4853:
4725:
4715:
4692:
4652:
4624:
4599:
4524:, 212.
4337:
4307:
4224:
3404:Ulster
2262:Legacy
2234:hearse
2162:, 1828
1787:Russia
1724:Gaelic
1667:France
1649:France
1428:piracy
1422:after
1416:Calais
1219:Madrid
1149:, the
1131:Valois
966:heresy
909:. The
834:ermine
708:Philip
704:Mary I
620:, and
590:Annals
573:, the
571:Cicero
499:Edward
485:; and
469:; and
344:France
203:Mother
193:Father
167:Burial
121:Mary I
38:, and
10535:Music
10200:Edwin
9771:Edgar
9671:Giric
9537:Louis
9444:Sweyn
9211:Plays
8855:Music
8812:Reign
8528:Died:
8521:Born:
8335:S2CID
8327:JSTOR
6847:, 50.
6094:2 May
4911:S2CID
4903:JSTOR
4859:S2CID
4851:JSTOR
4805:, 87.
4555:, 61.
4511:, 45.
4480:, 44.
3941:, 24.
3416:men".
3351:Guise
3245:Notes
2278:putti
2232:on a
2175:with
2150:Death
2120:icons
1861:papal
1769:Spain
1732:kerns
1702:Rouen
1691:Craon
1549:CĂĄdiz
1063:peers
1027:, by
974:1559
877:, in
610:Welsh
550:Latin
542:Dutch
524:1546.
348:Spain
187:Tudor
182:House
97:Reign
10491:High
10453:1979
10448:1962
10443:1928
10438:1662
10433:1552
10428:1549
10411:and
10394:Mary
10307:Laud
10225:Bede
10205:Offa
10001:Anne
9964:Anne
9957:and
9813:John
9622:and
9614:Jane
9531:John
9455:Cnut
9082:Film
9045:10th
8621:and
8559:and
8275:ISBN
8249:ISBN
8210:OCLC
8175:OCLC
8147:ISBN
8121:ISBN
8093:ISBN
8055:ISBN
8022:ISBN
7993:ISBN
7966:ISBN
7939:ISBN
7911:ISBN
7878:ISBN
7860:ISBN
7829:ISBN
7801:ISBN
7782:ISBN
7763:ISBN
7744:ISBN
7711:ISBN
7692:ISBN
7670:ISBN
7625:ISBN
7601:ISBN
7580:ISBN
7560:OCLC
7538:ISBN
7518:OCLC
7486:ISBN
7460:ISBN
7434:ISBN
7410:ISBN
7383:ISBN
7361:ISBN
7342:ISBN
7320:ISBN
7301:ISBN
7280:ISBN
7261:ISBN
7239:ISBN
7217:ISBN
7182:ISBN
7163:ISBN
7131:ISBN
7112:ISBN
7079:OCLC
7060:ISBN
7009:ISBN
6975:OCLC
6956:ISBN
6905:, 7.
6632:OCLC
6573:ISBN
6569:viii
6407:2019
6234:2017
6158:ISBN
6133:ISBN
6096:2010
6005:2020
5987:ISBN
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