434:
1932:, (derived from coconut husks), bark, and sawdust when added to soil all act similarly (but not identically) to peat and are also considered organic soil amendments – or texturizers – because of their limited nutritive inputs. Some organic additives can have a reverse effect on nutrients – fresh sawdust can consume soil nutrients as it breaks down and may lower soil pH – but these same organic texturizers (as well as compost, etc.) may increase the availability of nutrients through improved cation exchange, or through increased growth of microorganisms that in turn increase availability of certain plant nutrients. Organic fertilizers such as composts and manures may be distributed locally without going into industry production, making actual consumption more difficult to quantify.
230:
2167:
258:
222:
8007:
2119:
impact in the global mineral use, followed by potash and phosphate. The production of nitrogen has drastically increased since the 1960s. Phosphate and potash have increased in price since the 1960s, which is larger than the consumer price index. Potash is produced in Canada, Russia and
Belarus, together making up over half of the world production. Potash production in Canada rose in 2017 and 2018 by 18.6%. Conservative estimates report 30 to 50% of crop yields are attributed to natural or synthetic commercial fertilizers. Fertilizer consumption has surpassed the amount of farmland in the United States.
1348:
1238:
3003:, regulations have been implemented to control the use of N fertilizers in farming. In 2008, Chinese governments began to partially withdraw fertilizer subsidies, including subsidies to fertilizer transportation and to electricity and natural gas use in the industry. In consequence, the price of fertilizer has gone up and large-scale farms have begun to use less fertilizer. If large-scale farms keep reducing their use of fertilizer subsidies, they have no choice but to optimize the fertilizer they have which would therefore gain an increase in both grain yield and profit.
442:
44:
238:
2329:
2401:
2135:
1848:
1941:
2157:
8757:
2816:
the measured decline can be attributed to the use of progressively higher-yielding crop varieties that produce foods with lower mineral concentrations than their less-productive ancestors. It is, therefore, unlikely that organic farming or reduced use of fertilizers will solve the problem; foods with high nutrient density are posited to be achieved using older, lower-yielding varieties or the development of new high-yield, nutrient-dense varieties.
1856:
8769:
398:. It is estimated that a third of annual global food production uses ammonia from the Haber–Bosch process and that this supports nearly half the world's population. After World War II, nitrogen production plants that had ramped up for wartime bomb manufacturing were pivoted towards agricultural uses. The use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has increased steadily over the last 50 years, rising almost 20-fold to the current rate of 100 million
2568:
2925:
2265:
3382:
2316:
2146:
8793:
2130:. The diagram below shows fertilizer consumption by the European Union (EU) countries as kilograms per hectare (pounds per acre). The total consumption of fertilizer in the EU is 15.9 million tons for 105 million hectare arable land area (or 107 million hectare arable land according to another estimate). This figure equates to 151 kg of fertilizers consumed per ha arable land on average by the EU countries.
8781:
300:, began experimenting on the effects of various manures on plants growing in pots in 1837, and a year or two later the experiments were extended to crops in the field. One immediate consequence was that in 1842 he patented a manure formed by treating phosphates with sulfuric acid, and thus was the first to create the artificial manure industry. In the succeeding year, he enlisted the services of
2534:
1915:, hides, hoofs, and horns all are typical components. Organically derived materials available to industry such as sewage sludge may not be acceptable components of organic farming and gardening, because of factors ranging from residual contaminants to public perception. On the other hand, marketed "organic fertilizers" may include, and promote, processed organics
2663:). The nutrients, especially nitrates, in fertilizers can cause problems for natural habitats and for human health if they are washed off soil into watercourses or leached through soil into groundwater. Run-off can lead to fertilizing blooms of algae that use up all the oxygen and leave huge "dead zones" behind where other fish and aquatic life can not live.
3010:
Two types of agricultural management practices include organic agriculture and conventional agriculture. The former encourages soil fertility using local resources to maximize efficiency. Organic agriculture avoids synthetic agrochemicals. Conventional agriculture uses all the components that organic
2750:
Phosphate rocks contain high levels of fluoride. Consequently, the widespread use of phosphate fertilizers has increased soil fluoride concentrations. It has been found that food contamination from fertilizer is of little concern as plants accumulate little fluoride from the soil; of greater concern
2579:
Phosphorus and nitrogen fertilizers can affect soil, surface water, and groundwater due to the dispersion of minerals into waterways due to high rainfall, snowmelt and can leaching into groundwater over time. Agricultural run-off is a major contributor to the eutrophication of freshwater bodies. For
2220:
Urea is highly soluble in water and is therefore also very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: UAN), e.g., in 'foliar feed' fertilizers. For fertilizer use, granules are preferred over prills because of their narrower particle size distribution, which is an
3006:
In March 2022, the United States
Department of Agriculture announced a new $ 250M grant to promote American fertilizer production. Part of the Commodity Credit Corporation, the grant program will support fertilizer production that is independent of dominant fertilizer suppliers, made in America, and
2815:
practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers are frequently suggested as reasons for these declines and organic farming is often suggested as a solution. Although improved crop yields resulting from NPK fertilizers are known to dilute the concentrations of other nutrients in plants, much of
2759:
The radioactive content of the fertilizers varies considerably and depends both on their concentrations in the parent mineral and on the fertilizer production process. Uranium-238 concentrations can range from 7 to 100 pCi/g (picocuries per gram) in phosphate rock and from 1 to 67 pCi/g in phosphate
1140:
O, but the system is a conventional shorthand for the amount of the phosphorus (P) or potassium (K) in a fertilizer. A 50-pound (23 kg) bag of fertilizer labeled 16-4-8 contains 8 lb (3.6 kg) of nitrogen (16% of the 50 pounds), an amount of phosphorus equivalent to that in 2 pounds of
405:
The development of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers has significantly supported global population growth. It has been estimated that almost half the people on the Earth are currently fed due to synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use. The use of phosphate fertilizers has also increased from 9 million tonnes
1115:
is a rating system describing the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in a fertilizer. NPK ratings consist of three numbers separated by dashes (e.g., 10-10-10 or 16-4-8) describing the chemical content of fertilizers. The first number represents the percentage of nitrogen in the product;
2831:
were identified as limiting the growth of broad-acre crops and pastures in the 1940s and 1950s. Soils in
Western Australia are very old, highly weathered and deficient in many of the major nutrients and trace elements. Since this time these trace elements are routinely added to fertilizers used in
2725:
in phosphorus-containing fertilizers varies considerably and can be problematic. For example, mono-ammonium phosphate fertilizer may have a cadmium content of as low as 0.14 mg/kg or as high as 50.9 mg/kg. The phosphate rock used in their manufacture can contain as much as 188 mg/kg
856:
Fertilizers are classified in several ways. They are classified according to whether they provide a single nutrient (e.g., K, P, or N), in which case they are classified as "straight fertilizers". "Multinutrient fertilizers" (or "complex fertilizers") provide two or more nutrients, for example, N
409:
Agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021 was 195 million tonnes of nutrients, of which 56% was nitrogen. Asia represented 53% of the world's total agricultural use of inorganic fertilizers in 2021, followed by the
Americas (29%), Europe (12%), Africa (4%) and Oceania (2%). This ranking of
449:
Fertilizers enhance the growth of plants. This goal is met in two ways, the traditional one being additives that provide nutrients. The second mode by which some fertilizers act is to enhance the effectiveness of the soil by modifying its water retention and aeration. This article, like many on
2236:
In grain and cotton crops, urea is often applied at the time of the last cultivation before planting. In high rainfall areas and on sandy soils (where nitrogen can be lost through leaching) and where good in-season rainfall is expected, urea can be side- or top-dressed during the growing season.
2298:
period). Controlled-release fertilizer is also known as controlled-availability fertilizer, delayed-release fertilizer, metered-release fertilizer, or slow-acting fertilizer. Usually CRF refers to nitrogen-based fertilizers. Slow- and controlled-release involve only 0.15% (562,000 tons) of the
2118:
China has become the largest producer and consumer of nitrogen fertilizers while Africa has little reliance on nitrogen fertilizers. Agricultural and chemical minerals are very important in industrial use of fertilizers, which is valued at approximately $ 200 billion. Nitrogen has a significant
1919:
the materials have consumer appeal. No matter the definition nor composition, most of these products contain less-concentrated nutrients, and the nutrients are not as easily quantified. They can offer soil-building advantages as well as be appealing to those who are trying to farm / garden more
163:
invented at the beginning of the 20th century, and amplified by production capacity created during World War II, led to a boom in using nitrogen fertilizers. In the latter half of the 20th century, increased use of nitrogen fertilizers (800% increase between 1961 and 2019) has been a crucial
1927:
is the most widely used packaged organic soil amendment. It is an immature form of coal and improves the soil by aeration and absorbing water but confers no nutritional value to the plants. It is therefore not a fertilizer as defined in the beginning of the article, but rather an amendment.
1108:
NPK fertilizers are three-component fertilizers providing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. There exist two types of NPK fertilizers: compound and blends. Compound NPK fertilizers contain chemically bound ingredients, while blended NPK fertilizers are physical mixtures of single nutrient
269:
has preoccupied farmers since the beginning of agriculture. Middle
Eastern, Chinese, Mesoamerican, and Cultures of the Central Andes were all early adopters of agriculture. This is thought to have led to their cultures growing faster in population which allowed an exportation of culture to
2232:
Because of the high nitrogen concentration in urea, it is very important to achieve an even spread. Drilling must not occur on contact with or close to seed, due to the risk of germination damage. Urea dissolves in water for application as a spray or through irrigation systems.
2799:, lead, and arsenic. These potentially harmful impurities can be removed; however, this significantly increases cost. Highly pure fertilizers are widely available and perhaps best known as the highly water-soluble fertilizers containing blue dyes used around households, such as
2618:
As of 2006, the application of nitrogen fertilizer is being increasingly controlled in northwestern Europe and the United States. In cases where eutrophication can be reversed, it may nevertheless take decades and significant soil management before the accumulated nitrates in
1169:(ppm), ranging from 0.15 to 400 ppm or less than 0.04% dry matter. These elements are often required for enzymes essential to the plant's metabolism. Because these elements enable catalysts (enzymes), their impact far exceeds their weight%age. Typical micronutrients are
1867:" can describe those fertilizers with a biologic origin—derived from living or formerly living materials. Organic fertilizers can also describe commercially available and frequently packaged products that strive to follow the expectations and restrictions adopted by "
3916:
2803:. These highly water-soluble fertilizers are used in the plant nursery business and are available in larger packages at significantly less cost than retail quantities. Some inexpensive retail granular garden fertilizers are made with high purity ingredients.
2866:
and air. The cost of natural gas makes up about 90% of the cost of producing ammonia. The increase in price of natural gases over the past decade, along with other factors such as increasing demand, have contributed to an increase in fertilizer price.
2760:
fertilizers. Where high annual rates of phosphorus fertilizer are used, this can result in uranium-238 concentrations in soils and drainage waters that are several times greater than are normally present. However, the impact of these increases on the
2224:
Urea is usually spread at rates of between 40 and 300 kg/ha (35 to 270 lbs/acre) but rates vary. Smaller applications incur lower losses due to leaching. During summer, urea is often spread just before or during rain to minimize losses from
2198:, a solid globule. Liquid fertilizers comprise anhydrous ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonia, aqueous solutions of ammonium nitrate or urea. These concentrated products may be diluted with water to form a concentrated liquid fertilizer (e.g.,
1879:
typically contain both some organic materials as well as acceptable additives such as nutritive rock powders, ground seashells (crab, oyster, etc.), other prepared products such as seed meal or kelp, and cultivated microorganisms and derivatives.
1189:. These elements are provided as water-soluble salts. Iron presents special problems because it converts to insoluble (bio-unavailable) compounds at moderate soil pH and phosphate concentrations. For this reason, iron is often administered as a
2134:
270:
neighboring hunter-gatherer groups. Fertilizer use along with agriculture allowed some of these early societies a critical advantage over their neighbors, leading them to become dominant cultures in their respective regions (P Bellwood - 2023
1153:
O (8% of 50 pounds). Most fertilizers are labeled according to this N-P-K convention, although
Australian convention, following an N-P-K-S system, adds a fourth number for sulfur, and uses elemental values for all values including P and K.
6727:"Business | Fear in the Fields – How Hazardous Wastes Become Fertilizer – Spreading Heavy Metals on Farmland Is Perfectly Legal, But Little Research Has Been Done To Find Out Whether It's Safe | Seattle Times Newspaper"
6983:
4090:
7323:
Tian, Hanqin; Xu, Rongting; Canadell, Josep G.; Thompson, Rona L.; Winiwarter, Wilfried; Suntharalingam, Parvadha; Davidson, Eric A.; Ciais, Philippe; Jackson, Robert B.; Janssens-Maenhout, Greet; Prather, Michael J. (October 2020).
276:. Egyptians, Romans, Babylonians, and early Germans are all recorded as using minerals or manure to enhance the productivity of their farms. The scientific research of plant nutrition started well before the work of German chemist
2952:
296 times larger than an equal mass of carbon dioxide and it also contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion. By changing processes and procedures, it is possible to mitigate some, but not all, of these effects on anthropogenic
1450:
is a mixture of potassium minerals used to make potassium (chemical symbol: K) fertilizers. Potash is soluble in water, so the main effort in producing this nutrient from the ore involves some purification steps, e.g., to remove
410:
the regions is the same for all nutrients. The main users of inorganic fertilizers are, in descending order, China, India, Brazil, and the United States of
America (see Table 15), with China the largest user of each nutrient.
2311:
are applied directly to leaves. This method is almost invariably used to apply water-soluble straight nitrogen fertilizers and used especially for high-value crops such as fruits. Urea is the most common foliar fertilizer.
2631:
Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or is lost as run-off. High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the high
2584:. The main contributor to eutrophication is phosphate, which is normally a limiting nutrient; high concentrations promote the growth of cyanobacteria and algae, the demise of which consumes oxygen. Cyanobacteria blooms ('
2652:. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.
2916:. Nitrous oxide emissions by humans, most of which are from fertilizer, between 2007 and 2016 have been estimated at 7 million tonnes per year, which is incompatible with limiting global warming to below 2 °C.
4331:
2676:
Soil acidification refers to the process by which the pH level of soil becomes more acidic over time. Soil pH is a measure of the soil's acidity or alkalinity and is determined on a scale from 0 to 14, with
5045:
Chen, Huaihai; Yang, Zamin K.; Yip, Dan; Morris, Reese H.; Lebreux, Steven J.; Cregger, Melissa A.; Klingeman, Dawn M.; Hui, Dafeng; Hettich, Robert L.; Wilhelm, Steven W.; Wang, Gangsheng (18 June 2019).
861:. Organic fertilizers are usually (recycled) plant- or animal-derived matter. Inorganic are sometimes called synthetic fertilizers since various chemical treatments are required for their manufacture.
1395:
OH. Billions of kg of phosphate rock are mined annually, but the size and quality of the remaining ore is decreasing. These minerals are converted into water-soluble phosphate salts by treatment with
2988:, high concentrations of nitrate and phosphorus in runoff and drainage water are classified as nonpoint source pollutants due to their diffuse origin; this pollution is regulated at the state level.
7999:
Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems
7031:
Zhao, F. J.; Su, Y. H.; Dunham, S. J.; Rakszegi, M.; Bedo, Z.; McGrath, S. P.; Shewry, P. R. (2009). "Variation in mineral micronutrient concentrations in grain of wheat lines of diverse origin".
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agriculture in this state. Many other soils around the world are deficient in zinc, leading to deficiency in both plants and humans, and zinc fertilizers are widely used to solve this problem.
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106:
for micronutrients. Farmers apply these fertilizers in a variety of ways: through dry or pelletized or liquid application processes, using large agricultural equipment, or hand-tool methods.
2936:
Through the increasing use of nitrogen fertilizer, which was used at a rate of about 110 million tons (of N) per year in 2012, adding to the already existing amount of reactive nitrogen,
2360:
are used to slow the hydrolytic conversion of urea into ammonia, which is prone to evaporation as well as nitrification. The conversion of urea to ammonia catalyzed by enzymes called
2549:
For each ton of phosphoric acid produced by the processing of phosphate rock, five tons of waste are generated. This waste takes the form of impure, useless, radioactive solid called
7613:
Bodelier, Paul, L.E.; Peter Roslev3, Thilo
Henckel1 & Peter Frenzel1 (November 1999). "Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots".
857:
and P. Fertilizers are also sometimes classified as inorganic (the topic of most of this article) versus organic. Inorganic fertilizers exclude carbon-containing materials except
540:
containing these elements are the basis of fertilizers. The macro-nutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.15% to 6.0% on a
4774:
4332:"Best available techniques for pollution prevention and control in the European fertilizer industry. Booklet No. 7 of 8: Production of NPK fertilizers by the nitrophosphate route"
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1875:" gardening – related systems of food and plant production that significantly limit or strictly avoid the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. The "organic fertilizer"
7901:
4663:
2708:
When these nitrogen-containing fertilizers are added to the soil, they increase the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in the soil solution, which lowers the pH of the soil.
1225:
The production of synthetic, or inorganic, fertilizers require prepared chemicals, whereas organic fertilizers are derived from the organic processes of plants and animals in
544:(DM) (0% moisture) basis. Plants are made up of four main elements: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are widely available respectively in
8051:
5331:
4598:
3055:
6259:
3538:
2388:
can occur when too much fertilizer is applied, resulting in damage or even death of the plant. Fertilizers vary in their tendency to burn roughly in accordance with their
4342:
90:. Many sources of fertilizer exist, both natural and industrially produced. For most modern agricultural practices, fertilization focuses on three main macro nutrients:
4897:"Efficiency of two nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide and 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate) on soil nitrogen transformations and plant productivity: a meta-analysis"
3930:
Marsh KL, Sims GK, Mulvaney RL (2005). "Availability of urea to autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria as related to the fate of C- and N-labeled urea added to soil".
1015:
A mixture of single superphosphate and triple superphosphate is called double superphosphate. More than 90% of a typical superphosphate fertilizer is water-soluble.
3397:
2190:
Fertilizers are applied to crops both as solids and as liquid. About 90% of fertilizers are applied as solids. The most widely used solid inorganic fertilizers are
6046:"Use of Phosphate Rocks for Sustainable Agriculture: Secondary nutrients, micronutrients, liming effect and hazardous elements associated with phosphate rock use"
5681:
5257:
2751:
is the possibility of fluoride toxicity to livestock that ingest contaminated soils. Also of possible concern are the effects of fluoride on soil microorganisms.
7926:
Gomiero, T.; D. Pimental & M.G Paoletti (2011). "Environmental Impact of
Different Agricultural Management Practices: Conventional vs. Organic Agriculture".
7058:
Saltzman, A.; Birol, E.; Bouis, H. E.; Boy, E.; De Moura, F.F.; Islam, Y.; Pfeiffer, W. H. (2013). "Biofortification: progress toward a more nourishing future".
3614:
7516:
7173:"Hydrogen and Ammonia fertilizers for Sustainable Agriculture and New Global Framework for Managing Nature programs | Department of Economic and Social Affairs"
6726:
6494:
4043:
5130:
Tayibi, Hanan; Choura, Mohamed; López, Félix A.; Alguacil, Francisco J.; López-Delgado, Aurora (2009). "Environmental Impact and
Management of Phosphogypsum".
4404:
Haynes, R.J, R. Naidu (1998). "Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review".
2967:) are increased by the application of ammonium-based fertilizers. These emissions contribute to global climate change as methane is a potent greenhouse gas.
2811:
Attention has been addressed to the decreasing concentrations of elements such as iron, zinc, copper and magnesium in many foods over the last 50–60 years.
2592:
that can accumulate in the food chain, and can be harmful to humans. Fertilizer run-off can be reduced by using weather-optimized fertilization strategies.
914:), with 45-46% nitrogen, another popular source of nitrogen, having the advantage that it is solid and non-explosive, unlike ammonia and ammonium nitrate.
7527:
7749:
4371:
Vasant Gowariker, V. N. Krishnamurthy, Sudha Gowariker, Manik Dhanorkar, Kalyani Paranjape "The Fertilizer Encyclopedia" 2009, John Wiley & Sons.
8057:
7172:
6988:
5960:
McLaughlin, M. J.; Tiller, K. G.; Naidu, R.; Stevens, D. P. (1996). "Review: the behaviour and environmental impact of contaminants in fertilizers".
5282:
4816:
3883:
3102:
6886:
Thomas, D. (2007). "The mineral depletion of foods available to us as a nation (1940–2002) – A Review of the 6th Edition of McCance and Widdowson".
5512:
1493:
There are three major routes for manufacturing NPK fertilizers (named for their main ingredients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K)):
1335:
and was one of the original (1830) nitrogen-rich fertilizers used. It is still mined for fertilizer. Nitrates are also produced from ammonia by the
433:
7875:
7664:
5498:
5449:"Management, regulation and environmental impacts of nitrogen fertilization in northwestern Europe under the Nitrates Directive; a benchmark study"
6019:
2684:
Soil acidification is a significant concern in agriculture and horticulture. It refers to the process of the soil becoming more acidic over time.
1038:
Major two-component fertilizers provide both nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. These are called NP fertilizers. The main NP fertilizers are
437:
Six tomato plants grown with and without nitrate fertilizer on nutrient-poor sand/clay soil. One of the plants in the nutrient-poor soil has died.
7668:
315:
was one of the competing industrial processes at the beginning of nitrogen-based fertilizer production. This process was used to fix atmospheric
8015:
6316:
Loganathan, P.; Hedley, M.J.; Grace, N.D. (2008). "Pasture Soils Contaminated with Fertilizer-Derived Cadmium and Fluorine: Livestock Effects".
5554:
536:
The nutrients required for healthy plant life are classified according to the elements, but the elements are not used as fertilizers. Instead,
8742:
8397:
8360:
6445:
5707:
Bijay-Singh; Yadvinder-Singh; Sekhon, G.S. (1995). "Fertilizer-N use efficiency and nitrate pollution of groundwater in developing countries".
2182:
and according to the particular crop. Legumes, for example, fix nitrogen from the atmosphere and generally do not require nitrogen fertilizer.
284:
and scientific colleagues at the time were quick to disprove the simplifications of von Liebig. Prominent scientists whom von Liebig drew were
4677:
4195:
6288:
6071:
Syers JK, Mackay AD, Brown MW, Currie CD (1986). "Chemical and physical characteristics of phosphate rock materials of varying reactivity".
5013:
2237:
Top-dressing is also popular on pasture and forage crops. In cultivating sugarcane, urea is side dressed after planting and applied to each
2202:). Advantages of liquid fertilizer are its more rapid effect and easier coverage. The addition of fertilizer to irrigation water is called "
8093:
6234:
4814:
Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types".
4225:
3881:
Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2009). "Fertilizers, 2. Types".
2389:
5513:"A Farmer's Guide To Agriculture and Water Quality Issues: 3. Environmental Requirements & Incentive Programs For Nutrient Management"
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3227:
7789:
4789:
4628:
Stewart, W.M.; Dibb, D.W.; Johnston, A.E.; Smyth, T.J. (2005). "The Contribution of Commercial Fertilizer Nutrients to Food Production".
7891:"Addressing Consolidation in Agriculture: USDA's Response to President Biden's Directive to Promote Competition in the American Economy"
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Fertilizers are, in fact, more likely to solve trace mineral deficiency problems than cause them: In Western Australia deficiencies of
2980:
In Europe, problems with high nitrate concentrations in runoff are being addressed by the European Union's Nitrates Directive. Within
2178:
Fertilizers are commonly used for growing all crops, with application rates depending on the soil fertility, usually as measured by a
8830:
7890:
6595:
Barisic D, Lulic S, Miletic P (1992). "Radium and uranium in phosphate fertilizers and their impact on the radioactivity of waters".
2876:
2444:
2441:
587:). To be nutritious to plants, nitrogen must be made available in a "fixed" form. Only some bacteria and their host plants (notably
2996:, both in the United States, have fertilizer registration programs with on-line databases listing chemical analyses of fertilizers.
2904:. One third is produced during the production and two thirds during the use of fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer can be converted by
2194:, diammonium phosphate and potassium chloride. Solid fertilizer is typically granulated or powdered. Often solids are available as
8710:
8654:
5335:
4606:
2507:
5314:
Wilfried Werner "Fertilizers, 6. Environmental Aspects" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
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Van Grinsven, H. J. M.; Ten Berge, H. F. M.; Dalgaard, T.; Fraters, B.; Durand, P.; Hart, A.; ... & Willems, W. J. (2012).
5048:"One-time nitrogen fertilization shifts switchgrass soil microbiomes within a context of larger spatial and temporal variation"
4255:
Cordell, Dana; Drangert, Jan-Olof; White, Stuart (2009). "The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought".
3586:
Glass, Anthony (September 2003). "Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Crop Plants: Physiological Constraints upon Nitrogen Absorption".
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Jackson, Louise E.; Burger, Martin; Cavagnaro, Timothy R. (2008). "Roots, Nitrogen Transformations, and Ecosystem Services".
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Wilke, B.M. (1987). "Fluoride-induced changes in chemical properties and microbial activity of mull, moder and mor soils".
7404:
6780:"Waste Lands: The Threat of Toxic Fertilizer Released by PIRG Toxic Wastes Found in Fertilizers Cat Lazaroff / ENS 7may01"
2595:
The nitrogen-rich compounds found in fertilizer runoff are the primary cause of serious oxygen depletion in many parts of
8864:
8612:
7682:
Banger, K.; Tian, H.; Lu, C. (2012). "Do nitrogen fertilizers stimulate or inhibit methane emissions from rice fields?".
7606:
7513:
7253:
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Davis, D.R.; Epp, M.D.; Riordan, H.D. (2004). "Changes in USDA Food Composition Data for 43 Garden Crops, 1950 to 1999".
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200:
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552:, it is in a form that is unavailable to plants. Nitrogen is the most important fertilizer since nitrogen is present in
8642:
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Penn, C. J.; Bryant, R. B. (2008). "Phosphorus Solubility in Response to Acidification of Dairy Manure Amended Soils".
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Various chemicals are used to enhance the efficiency of nitrogen-based fertilizers. In this way farmers can limit the
5851:
5579:
4501:"Production & Inputs | Government of India, Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers"
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World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023 | FAO | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
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2705:. These fertilizers release ammonium or nitrate ions, which can acidify the soil as they undergo chemical reactions.
946:
with 15,5% nitrogen and 19% calcium, reportedly holding a small share of the nitrogen fertilizer market (4% in 2007).
229:
3255:"Spatial Spillover Effects of "New Farmers" on Diffusion of Sustainable Agricultural Practices: Evidence from China"
3176:
2681:
being neutral. A pH value below 7 indicates acidic soil, while a pH value above 7 indicates alkaline or basic soil.
8904:
8869:
8086:
6471:
5864:
2226:
6362:"Fluoride: A review of its fate, bioavailability, and risks of fluorosis in grazed-pasture systems in New Zealand"
5742:
3201:
1463:
O, as a matter of convenience to those describing the potassium content. In fact, potash fertilizers are usually
8940:
8690:
8675:
8670:
8447:
8037:
4169:
2514:. Most policy and regulatory approaches to address these issues focus on pivoting agricultural practices towards
1194:
6560:
Hussein EM (1994). "Radioactivity of phosphate ore, superphosphate, and phosphogypsum in Abu-zaabal phosphate".
292:. In this field, a 'knowledge erosion' took place, partly driven by an intermingling of economics and research.
281:
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8123:
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or Odda process (invented in 1927), phosphate rock with up to a 20% phosphorus (P) content is dissolved with
451:
7840:
Ju, Xiaotang; B.Gu, Y. Wu, J.N.Galloway. (2016). "Reducing China's fertilizer use by increasing farm size".
6806:
6631:
2553:. Estimates range from 100,000,000 and 280,000,000 tons of phosphogypsum waste produced annually worldwide.
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8851:
8432:
8407:
7991:
7753:
5194:
McKay Fletcher, D. M.; Ruiz, S. A.; Dias, T.; Chadwick, D. R.; Jones, D. L.; Roose, T. (20 February 2021).
7125:
5290:
8417:
8079:
5605:
5520:
2742:. Producers of phosphorus-containing fertilizers now select phosphate rock based on the cadmium content.
175:
The use of artificial and industrially-applied fertilizers has caused environmental consequences such as
35:
17:
6982:
Fan, M. S.; Zhao, F. J.; Fairweather-Tait, S. J.; Poulton, P. R.; Dunham, S. J.; McGrath, S. P. (2008).
6224:"A possible EU wide charge on cadmium in phosphate fertilisers: Economic and environmental implications"
5988:
2984:, farmers are encouraged to manage their land more sustainably in 'catchment-sensitive farming'. In the
8457:
8392:
8219:
7358:
3040:
2607:. The resulting lack of dissolved oxygen greatly reduces the ability of these areas to sustain oceanic
795:
754:
312:
78:) is any material of natural or synthetic origin that is applied to soil or to plant tissues to supply
5543:
5195:
3722:"Phosphorus acquisition and use: critical adaptations by plants for securing a non renewable resource"
3100:
Scherer, Heinrich W.; Mengel, Konrad; Kluge, Günter; Severin, Karl (2009). "Fertilizers, 1. General".
1352:
145:
developed around synthetically created fertilizers. This transition was important in transforming the
8194:
7734:
6106:
Trueman NA (1965). "The phosphate, volcanic and carbonate rocks of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean)".
5743:"NOFA Interstate Council: The Natural Farmer. Ecologically Sound Nitrogen Management. Mark Schonbeck"
165:
7231:
6968:
6708:
6449:
5332:"UPDATE (9:30 a.m.): Do-not-drink water advisory lifted for City of Toledo | Toledo Free Press"
4203:
3858:
2384:
Careful use of fertilization technologies is important because excess nutrients can be detrimental.
9063:
8909:
8816:
8705:
8291:
8204:
8189:
8144:
5647:
Callisto, Marcos; Molozzi, Joseline; Barbosa, José Lucena Etham (2014). "Eutrophication of Lakes".
4681:
2949:
2637:
2519:
2467:
degradation, and accumulation of toxins in ecosystems. Indirect environmental impacts include: the
1872:
1241:
Total nitrogenous fertilizer consumption per region, measured in tonnes of total nutrient per year.
917:
257:
8874:
8632:
8355:
8350:
8241:
8209:
7440:
7271:
6223:
5359:"Variations in the microcystin content of different fish species collected from a eutrophic lake"
5113:
5020:
4146:
Plant Analysis Handbook II: A Practical Sampling, Preparation, Analysis, and Interpretation Guide
3335:"Why Panaceas Work: Recasting Science, Knowledge, and Fertilizer Interests in German Agriculture"
2515:
2511:
2480:
2206:". Granulated fertilizers are more economical to ship and store, not to mention easier to apply.
192:
8006:
4233:
3451:
3135:
2734:). Continuous use of high-cadmium fertilizer can contaminate soil (as shown in New Zealand) and
221:
8700:
8685:
8627:
8622:
8377:
8308:
8301:
8118:
8113:
2645:
1657:
1404:
1217:, while environmental conditions such as heat or drought make boron less available for plants.
1103:
1042:
634:
204:
142:
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4850:
4006:
3294:
9094:
8935:
8894:
8516:
8296:
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7658:
5781:
5492:
5425:
4987:
4306:
3502:
Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production
2649:
1000:
626:
216:
6783:
5196:"Precipitation-optimised targeting of nitrogen fertilisers in a model maize cropping system"
5114:
Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
2356:(2-chloro-6-trichloromethylpyridine) and 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) are popular.
2244:
Because it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere, urea is often stored in closed containers.
1347:
261:
Cropland nitrogen budget by component and region, a large proportion comes from fertilizers.
9089:
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8597:
8387:
8246:
8199:
7935:
7849:
7691:
7622:
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7478:
7439:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. p. 13. Archived from
7337:
7067:
6997:
6604:
6410:
6373:
6150:
6141:
Taylor MD (1997). "Accumulation of Cadmium derived from fertilizers in New Zealand soils".
6115:
6080:
5934:
5891:
5716:
5460:
5207:
5139:
5059:
4908:
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2468:
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derivatives. The micronutrient needs depend on the plant and the environment. For example,
1068:
301:
285:
195:
practices can be implemented to reduce the adverse environmental effects of fertilizer and
7612:
6538:
Radiation Exposure of the U.S. Population from Consumer Products and Miscellaneous Sources
4122:
476:(K): strong stem growth, movement of water in plants, promotion of flowering and fruiting;
450:
fertilizers, emphasizes the nutritional aspect. Fertilizers typically provide, in varying
8:
9006:
8945:
8889:
8785:
8214:
8019:
4096:. Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Archived from
3679:
2739:
2612:
2572:
2542:
2484:
2460:
2456:
1868:
1472:
1270:
352:
305:
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5422:"Discovery Channel :: News – Animals :: U.N.: Ocean 'Dead Zones' Growing"
5211:
5143:
5063:
4912:
4641:
4268:
3943:
3632:
2589:
2344:
inhibitors (also known as nitrogen stabilizers) suppress the conversion of ammonia into
1944:
Fertilizer use (2018). From FAO's World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020
1237:
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9011:
9001:
8773:
8695:
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7951:
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6011:
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5804:
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3759:
3743:
3644:
3444:
3366:
3362:
3334:
3075:
2993:
2698:
2692:
2656:
2455:. The use of fertilizer has also led to a number of direct environmental consequences:
2337:
2295:
2160:
1903:). Beyond manures, animal sources can include products from the slaughter of animals –
1888:
1864:
1842:
1629:
1464:
1254:
1226:
1166:
929:
666:
501:
422:
421:
fertilizer to be applied; soybean crops require about half, 20–25 kg per hectare.
289:
188:
6938:
6670:
6162:
5407:
4849:
Gregorich, Edward G.; Turchenek, L. W.; Carter, M. R.; Angers, Denis A., eds. (2001).
2795:, chromium, and nickel. The most common toxic elements in this type of fertilizer are
2701:
when added. This may lead to decrease in nutrient availability which may be offset by
43:
9016:
8991:
8986:
8768:
8365:
8338:
8286:
8256:
7707:
7703:
7638:
7572:
7496:
7383:
7371:
7363:
7210:
7152:
7105:
7013:
6942:
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6857:
6674:
6616:
6577:
6573:
6339:
6329:
6202:
6166:
5907:
5834:
5785:
5728:
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5621:
5390:
5243:
5231:
5223:
5165:
5095:
5077:
4993:
4942:
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3422:
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3276:
3233:
3115:
3025:
2960:
2812:
2796:
2781:
2678:
2660:
2488:
1497:
bulk blending. The individual fertilizers are combined in the desired nutrient ratio.
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1324:
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441:
332:
293:
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156:
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31:
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7387:
6869:
6688:
6045:
6015:
5882:
Schindler, D. W.; Hecky, R. E. (2009). "Eutrophication: More Nitrogen Data Needed".
5544:"An Urgent Call to Action – Report of the State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group"
5258:"Environmental impact of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers in high rainfall areas"
5219:
5177:
4425:
4276:
3803:
3763:
3649:
2738:. Limits to the cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers has been considered by the
386:) from the air. The ammonia from the Haber process is then partially converted into
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8452:
8343:
8251:
8236:
7943:
7857:
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7650:
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7486:
7353:
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7202:
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7005:
6934:
6895:
6853:
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6666:
6612:
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5613:
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5315:
5215:
5155:
5147:
5085:
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are consumed in smaller quantities and are present in plant tissue on the order of
937:
889:
184:
169:
134:
67:
7584:
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6386:
6361:
5151:
4964:
4749:
3310:
Die Wahrheit ist auf dem Feld: Eine Wissensgeschichte der deutschen Landwirtschaft
3111:
2905:
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8919:
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8577:
8313:
8065:
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7947:
7520:
6756:
5112:
United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
5072:
3065:
2527:
2523:
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2385:
1719:
1653:
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1617:
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176:
138:
87:
79:
75:
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5262:
Agriculture and Food | Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development
3613:
Erisman, JW; Sutton, MA; Galloway, J; Klimont, Z; Winiwarter, W (October 2008).
2400:
2348:, an anion that is more prone to leaching. 1-Carbamoyl-3-methylpyrazole (CMP),
2328:
280:
although his name is most mentioned as the "father of the fertilizer industry".
9032:
8808:
8533:
7979:
Kirk Otmer, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1993, volume 10, page 433-514.
7568:
7257:
6984:"Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years"
6899:
6189:
Chaney, R.L. (2012). "Food safety issues for mineral and organic fertilizers".
5357:
Schmidt, JR; Shaskus, M; Estenik, JF; Oesch, C; Khidekel, R; Boyer, GL (2013).
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2913:
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2882:
2761:
2562:
2452:
2428:
2404:
2308:
2171:
2127:
1730:
Method 1.(Odda process) Calcium nitrate crystals are removed by centrifugation.
1638:
1637:
The Nitrophosphate Process. Step 1. Nitrophosphates are made by acidiculating
1488:
1380:
1360:
1328:
1316:
1162:
1030:
These fertilizers are common. They consist of two or more nutrient components.
951:
841:
638:
545:
266:
180:
56:
7976:
Ullman´s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 1987, volume A10, page 323-421.
7349:
7272:"Carbon emissions from fertilizers could be reduced by as much as 80% by 2050"
7079:
7044:
6127:
4417:
3972:
J. Benton Jones, Jr. "Inorganic Chemical Fertilisers and Their Properties" in
3951:
1847:
1281:
9083:
8950:
8727:
8592:
8550:
8496:
8318:
8139:
7973:
McKetta & Cunningham, Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design,1984
7514:"Human alteration of the nitrogen cycle, threats, benefits and opportunities"
7367:
7206:
7104:. Perth, Western Australia: Agriculture Western Australia. pp. 161–207.
6289:"Revision of the EU fertilizer regulation and cadmium content of fertilisers"
5903:
5865:"Fertilizer Runoff Overwhelms Streams and Rivers--Creating Vast "Dead Zones""
5319:
5227:
5081:
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4825:
3892:
3393:
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3358:
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3060:
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2909:
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2893:
2735:
2702:
2641:
2550:
2538:
2499:
2476:
2349:
2341:
1896:
1621:
1616:
The wet process is based on chemical reactions between liquid raw materials
1400:
1258:
1022:(MOP, 95–99% KCl). It is typically available as 0-0-60 or 0-0-62 fertilizer.
979:
791:
654:
359:
160:
122:
83:
6092:
5946:
4649:
4500:
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3007:
utilizing innovative production techniques to jumpstart future competition.
9068:
8996:
8981:
8647:
8506:
8481:
8323:
8281:
8226:
8184:
8011:
7711:
7642:
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7500:
7375:
7017:
6907:
6861:
6541:. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. pp. 29–32
6343:
6007:
5911:
5838:
5789:
5483:
5473:
5448:
5394:
5235:
5169:
5099:
4946:
4664:"Fertilizer consumption (Kilograms per hectare of arable land) | Data"
3755:
3474:
2841:
2585:
1912:
1364:
759:
646:
630:
297:
233:
World population supported with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
7990:
Mbow, C.; Rosenzweig, C.; Barioni, L. G.; Benton, T.; et al. (2019).
7326:"A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks"
6581:
6170:
5375:
4392:
2776:
Steel industry wastes, recycled into fertilizers for their high levels of
9047:
8971:
8637:
8572:
8555:
8528:
8501:
8486:
8462:
8333:
8174:
8102:
7392:
5820:
5541:
4702:
3271:
3254:
3159:
3157:
3045:
3030:
3020:
2964:
2863:
2800:
2620:
2472:
2203:
2123:
1642:
1435:). This mixture can be combined with a potassium fertilizer to produce a
1408:
1262:
845:
800:
728:
584:
387:
379:
324:
146:
118:
7898:
Center for Agriculture and Food Systems, Vermont Law and Graduate School
7491:
7466:
7101:
Soilguide – A handbook for understanding and managing agricultural soils
4740:
Kiiski, Harri; Dittmar, Heinrich (2016). "Fertilizers, 4. Granulation".
2156:
1940:
8328:
8276:
8271:
8154:
6720:
6718:
6422:
5746:
5160:
4842:
3747:
2932:
concentrations (surface and atmospheric) for 2005; note distinct plumes
2851:
2828:
2764:
from radinuclide contamination of foods is very small (less than 0.05 m
2353:
2283:
2280:
2229:(a process wherein nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere as ammonia gas).
1723:
1202:
1178:
1112:
837:
678:
573:
561:
557:
549:
541:
509:
467:
130:
103:
95:
8034:
5989:"Cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers used for tobacco production"
5973:
4920:
4173:
4091:"National Code of Practice for Fertilizer Description & Labelling"
3719:
3599:
3154:
2862:
Most fertilizer is made from dirty hydrogen. Ammonia is produced from
2483:
and large-scale industrial agricultural practices are associated with
1855:
669:
are highly relevant to the efficiency of nitrogen-based fertilizers.
27:
Substance added to soils to supply plant nutrients for a better growth
8914:
8538:
8266:
7925:
7815:
7767:
7634:
4856:
4449:
3813:
3689:
3505:
3295:"Justus von Liebig and the Agricultural Revolution | SciHi Blog"
2924:
2847:
2824:
2655:
Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L (10 ppm) in groundwater can cause '
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2492:
2238:
2179:
2104:
1908:
1904:
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864:
708:
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577:
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486:
473:
418:
250:
196:
126:
99:
6715:
6446:"Heavy Metal and Radionuclide Contaminants in Phosphate Fertilizers"
6360:
Cronin, S. J.; Manoharan, V.; Hedley, M. J.; Loganathan, P. (2000).
3640:
249:
and fertilizers, is claimed to be the oldest industrial business in
8231:
7790:"Washington State Dept. of Agriculture Fertilizer Product Database"
4439:
2502:
concerns, the international community has included food systems in
2448:
2287:
2264:
1900:
1439:
with the three macronutrients N, P and K in easily dissolved form.
878:
712:
700:
650:
529:
461:
348:
316:
91:
8052:
Agriculture Guide, Complete Guide to Fertilizers and Fertilization
5117:
4874:
3387:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3202:"World population with and without synthetic nitrogen fertilizers"
2315:
2145:
1718:
Step 2. Removal of Calcium Nitrate. It is important to remove the
109:
Historically, fertilization came from natural or organic sources:
9042:
8587:
8543:
8511:
6639:
5803:
Knobeloch, L; Salna, B; Hogan, A; Postle, J; Anderson, H (2000).
4807:
2929:
2889:
2792:
2788:
2765:
2722:
2688:
2345:
2332:
N-Butylthiophosphoryltriamide, an enhanced efficiency fertilizer.
2150:
1892:
1625:
1246:
985:
870:
821:
805:
775:
599:
553:
521:
482:
414:
371:
336:
110:
8035:
Nitrogen for Feeding Our Food, Its Earthly Origin, Haber Process
7970:
Malcolm Vickar, Fertilizer technology and usage, Wisconsin, 1963
5706:
5682:"Preventing Pollution Problems from Lawn and Garden Fertilizers"
4341:. European Fertilizer Manufacturers' Association. Archived from
3562:"A Brief History of Our Deadly Addiction to Nitrogen Fertilizer"
1883:
Fertilizers of an organic origin (the first definition) include
8565:
8491:
8159:
8149:
7523:
7405:"Nitrogen fertiliser use could 'threaten global climate goals'"
6663:
The impact of soil and fertilizer phosphorus on the environment
6359:
4123:"AESL Plant Analysis Handbook – Nutrient Content of Plant"
3477:
A short history of twentieth-century technology c. 1900-c. 1950
3446:
The world's greatest fix: a history of nitrogen and agriculture
2989:
2780:(essential to plant growth), wastes can include the following
2479:, the agricultural boom is partially responsible for the rapid
2361:
2080:
2056:
2032:
1884:
1447:
1363:, which contains two principal phosphorus-containing minerals,
1214:
1210:
704:
588:
569:
525:
497:
490:
425:
is the world's largest producer of nitrogen-based fertilizers.
399:
344:
246:
187:
and other emissions from fertilizer production and mining; and
137:). However, starting in the 19th century, after innovations in
114:
52:
48:
8071:
8021:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023
6981:
5580:"Study shows eutrophic lakes may not recover for a millennium"
5193:
4848:
4482:
Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options
4069:"Label Requirements of specialty and other bagged fertilizers"
8582:
3000:
2727:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2425:
Nitrogen fertilizer § Problems with inorganic fertilizer
2195:
1332:
1206:
1198:
1170:
858:
764:
642:
517:
242:
8046:
7839:
6632:"Naturally Occurring Radionuclides in Agricultural Products"
5959:
3612:
2900:
and use of nitrogen fertilizer is estimated as around 5% of
1851:
Compost bin for small-scale production of organic fertilizer
8473:
8261:
8058:
Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium Values of Organic Fertilizers
7989:
7816:"Metals Content for Fertilizer and Soil Amendment Products"
5986:
5419:
4895:
Yang, Ming; Fang, Yunting; Sun, Di; Shi, Yuanliang (2016).
4813:
3880:
3163:
2820:
2785:
2777:
2600:
2533:
2408:
2373:
2291:
2250:
2215:
2191:
1929:
1924:
1456:
1396:
1301:
1182:
1174:
1094:
About 85% of MAP and DAP fertilizers are soluble in water.
903:
697:
682:
580:
513:
7467:"An Earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle"
5987:
Lugon-Moulin, N.; Ryan, L.; Donini, P.; Rossi, L. (2006).
5356:
4196:"Supplemental technical report for sodium nitrate (crops)"
4071:. Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
2857:
6221:
5802:
5408:"Rapid Growth Found in Oxygen-Starved Ocean 'Dead Zones'"
5129:
3099:
2846:
High levels of fertilizer may cause the breakdown of the
2199:
731:
565:
417:(2.5 acres) requires 31–50 kilograms (68–110 lb) of
335:. The resultant nitric acid was then used as a source of
6222:
Oosterhuis, F.H.; Brouwer, F.M.; Wijnants, H.J. (2000).
4627:
4541:
Harvesting the Biosphere: What We Have Taken From Nature
4516:
Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization
4143:
3917:"Negative and positive effects of N fertilizer on crops"
2522:
practices: these use less synthetic fertilizers, better
2323:
2268:
Methylene diurea (MDU) is component of the most popular
406:
per year in 1960 to 40 million tonnes per year in 2000.
7542:"Decreasing reliance on mineral nitrogen-yet more food"
5679:
3253:
Liu, Min; Zhong, Taiyang; Lyu, Xiao (22 January 2024).
7322:
7197:
Appl, Max (2000). "Ammonia, 2. Production Processes".
6070:
5767:
5646:
4441:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2020
3805:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021
3615:"How a century of ammonia synthesis changed the world"
3475:
Trevor Illtyd Williams; Thomas Kingston Derry (1982).
1359:
Phosphate fertilizers are obtained by extraction from
7232:"Natural gas prices affect nitrogen fertilizer costs"
7057:
6729:. Community.seattletimes.nwsource.com. Archived from
6472:"TENORM: Fertilizer and Fertilizer Production Wastes"
6318:
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
6315:
6252:
5606:"Eutrophication of Freshwater and Coastal Ecosystems"
4137:
548:
and in water. Although nitrogen makes up most of the
168:(more than 30% per capita) as part of the so-called "
7030:
4254:
3229:
First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies
2580:
example, in the US, about half of all the lakes are
958:"Single superphosphate" (SSP) consisting of 14–18% P
470:(P): development of roots, flowers, seeds and fruit;
30:"Plant food" redirects here. For the drug term, see
8047:
International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA)
7433:
Current world fertilizer trends and outlook to 2016
6594:
6495:"Uranium and heavy metals in phosphate fertilizers"
4621:
1403:is primarily motivated by this application. In the
7967:Gilbeart H. Collings, Commercial Fertilizers, 1938
7201:. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH. pp. 139–225.
7147:Carroll and Salt, Steven B. and Steven D. (2004).
6808:Use of phosphate rocks for sustainable agriculture
5542:State-EPA Nutrient Innovations Task Group (2009).
3443:
304:; together they performed crop experiments at the
125:, and byproducts of human-nature industries (e.g.
6989:Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology
6311:
6309:
5805:"Blue Babies and Nitrate-Contaminated Well Water"
5044:
4297:
3929:
3720:Vance, Carroll P; Uhde-Stone & Allan (2003).
2870:
2711:
2447:, production of these fertilizers and associated
660:
102:(K) with occasional addition of supplements like
9081:
8838:
7539:
7146:
5649:Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control
4989:Organic Lawn Care: Growing Grass the Natural Way
4575:Mineral Resources, Economics and the Environment
4572:
2442:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
1018:The main potassium-based straight fertilizer is
950:The main straight phosphate fertilizers are the
8014:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (
7540:Roy, R. N.; Misra, R. V.; Montanez, A. (2002).
7298:"How Fertilizer Is Making Climate Change Worse"
6839:
5440:
4772:
3416:
2571:Red circles show the location and size of many
2247:Overdose or placing urea near seed is harmful.
2122:Data on the fertilizer consumption per hectare
869:The main nitrogen-based straight fertilizer is
343:). A factory based on the process was built in
7732:
7464:
7199:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
6931:The Dilution Effect in Plant Nutrition Studies
6928:
6881:
6879:
6660:
6306:
6215:
5881:
4894:
4817:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
4742:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3884:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
3103:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
413:A maize crop yielding 6–9 tonnes of grain per
358:The 1910s and 1920s witnessed the rise of the
8824:
8087:
7254:"Table 8—Fertilizer price indexes, 1960–2007"
7051:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6829:
6753:"Waste Lands: The Threat of Toxic Fertilizer"
6654:
6437:
6355:
6353:
6269:. fertilizerseurope.com. 2014. Archived from
6184:
6182:
6180:
5310:
5308:
4992:. University of Texas Press. pp. 55–56.
4961:"Nitrogen Fertilization: General Information"
4739:
3531:"Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch – Feed the World"
3479:. Oxford University Press. pp. 134–135.
2433:Synthetic fertilizer used in agriculture has
8010: This article incorporates text from a
7874:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
7768:"Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution"
7681:
7663:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6922:
6842:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
6530:
6528:
6526:
6366:New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research
5745:. Nofa.org. 25 February 2004. Archived from
5680:C. J. Rosen; B. P. Horgan (9 January 2009).
5497:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4888:
4573:Kesler and Simon, Stephen and Simon (2015).
4367:
4365:
4363:
3406:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
1415:) to produce a mixture of phosphoric acid (H
1288:for all other nitrogen fertilizers, such as
1025:
331:), one of several chemical processes called
7675:
7359:1871.1/c74d4b68-ecf4-4c6d-890d-a1d0aaef01c9
7223:
6876:
6623:
6486:
6193:. Vol. 117. Elsevier. pp. 51–99.
4403:
3441:
3421:. Courier Dover Publications. p. 678.
3252:
2948:after carbon dioxide and methane. It has a
900:) with 34-35% nitrogen is also widely used.
164:component of the increased productivity of
8831:
8817:
8094:
8080:
7667:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
6826:
6559:
6443:
6394:
6350:
6177:
6105:
6037:
5924:
5305:
4670:
3095:
3093:
3091:
2835:
2806:
2697:Nitrogen-containing fertilizers can cause
2133:
7792:. Agr.wa.gov. 23 May 2012. Archived from
7549:Ambio: A Journal of the Human Environment
7490:
7357:
7229:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7024:
6804:
6777:
6745:
6523:
6385:
6280:
6140:
6043:
5980:
5828:
5603:
5482:
5472:
5384:
5374:
5159:
5089:
5071:
5014:"Understanding Salt index of fertilizers"
4936:
4852:Soil and Environmental Science Dictionary
4543:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
4518:. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons.
4486:. Retrieved 29 June 2009. United Nations
4360:
3974:Plant Nutrition and Soil Fertility Manual
3737:
3648:
3528:
3270:
3177:"Total fertilizer production by nutrient"
2877:Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture
2623:can be broken down by natural processes.
2615:near inhabited coastlines is increasing.
2445:Special Report on Climate Change and Land
7958:– via Taylor & Francis Online.
7533:
7423:
6975:
6798:
6464:
5782:10.1146/annurev.arplant.59.032607.092932
5610:Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies
5283:"The Sources and Solutions: Agriculture"
4323:
3553:
3392:
3332:
3307:
3225:
2923:
2566:
2532:
2435:wide-reaching environmental consequences
2399:
2395:
2327:
2314:
2263:
2251:Slow- and controlled-release fertilizers
2165:
2155:
2144:
1939:
1854:
1846:
1459:). Sometimes potash is referred to as K
1442:
1346:
1342:
1236:
1128:O. Fertilizers do not actually contain P
865:Single nutrient ("straight") fertilizers
440:
432:
366:. The Haber process produces ammonia (NH
256:
236:
228:
220:
42:
6755:. Pirg.org. 3 July 1997. Archived from
6661:Sharpley, A. N.; Menzel, R. G. (1987).
6638:. University of Florida. Archived from
5927:Soil Science Society of America Journal
4985:
4707:
3450:. Oxford University Press US. pp.
3088:
2944:O) has become the third most important
2858:Hydrogen consumption and sustainability
2754:
2498:In order to mitigate environmental and
2459:which leads to downstream effects like
1951:Top users of nitrogen-based fertilizer
1232:
1003:(TSP) typically consists of 44–48% of P
14:
9082:
7888:
7086:
6885:
6724:
6629:
6492:
6188:
6134:
5862:
5612:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 145–152,
5604:Wilkinson, Grace M. (1 January 2017),
5324:
5123:
4721:. International Fertilizer Association
4568:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4560:
4000:
3998:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3674:
3672:
2902:anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions
2850:relationships between plant roots and
2221:advantage for mechanical application.
1836:
8812:
8075:
7190:
7097:
6929:Jarrell, W.M.; Beverly, R.B. (1981).
6400:
6286:
5640:
5189:
5187:
4013:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
3585:
3579:
2364:. A popular inhibitor of ureases is
2338:polluting effects of nitrogen run-off
2324:Chemicals that affect nitrogen uptake
2303:
2174:fertilizer by hand, New Zealand, 1938
1722:because calcium nitrate is extremely
8780:
7196:
6534:
6260:"Putting all the cards on the table"
4963:. Hubcap.clemson.edu. Archived from
4599:"Industry Stats – Fertilizer Canada"
4538:
4513:
4329:
4004:
3778:"Mergers in the fertiliser industry"
3559:
3499:
2626:
2379:
1859:A large commercial compost operation
1767:Method 3.Phosphonitric Process Ca(NO
1261:. In this energy-intensive process,
1149:(4% of 50 pounds), and 4 pounds of K
625:) is required for the production of
576:bases), and other components (e.g.,
520:(B). Of occasional significance are
225:Total fertilizer production by type.
8792:
7429:
6240:from the original on 9 October 2022
6025:from the original on 9 October 2022
5684:. Extension.umn.edu. Archived from
5560:from the original on 9 October 2022
5424:. Dsc.discovery.com. Archived from
5132:Journal of Environmental Management
5106:
4557:
4144:H.A. Mills; J.B. Jones Jr. (1996).
4049:from the original on 9 October 2022
3995:
3976:, Second Edition. CRC Press, 2012.
3865:
3669:
3419:The development of modern chemistry
2417:Environmental impact of agriculture
1733:Method 2. Sulfonitric Process Ca(NO
1628:) and solid raw materials (such as
1245:Nitrogen fertilizers are made from
840:and mobile and is a major cause of
189:contamination and pollution of soil
82:. Fertilizers may be distinct from
24:
8643:Environmental impact of irrigation
7928:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
7733:European Union (15 January 2024).
7126:"Zinc in Soils and Crop Nutrition"
6933:. Vol. 34. pp. 197–224.
6665:. Vol. 41. pp. 297–324.
6199:10.1016/b978-0-12-394278-4.00002-7
5618:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10160-5
5287:US Environmental Protection Agency
5184:
4406:Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems
4037:"Summary of State Fertilizer Laws"
3588:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
3226:Bellwood, Peter (4 January 2023).
2726:cadmium (examples are deposits on
2648:into groundwater, thereby causing
2512:sustainable food production system
2421:Human impact on the nitrogen cycle
2411:and fertilizer during a rain storm
2185:
1801:Method 4.Carbonitric Process Ca(NO
1482:
1351:An apatite mine for phosphates in
445:Inorganic fertilizer use by region
306:Institute of Arable Crops Research
25:
9111:
8028:
7907:from the original on 20 July 2022
7747:
6320:. Vol. 192. pp. 29–66.
5420:John Heilprin, Associated Press.
4488:Food and Agriculture Organization
3541:from the original on 19 June 2021
3036:Food and Agriculture Organization
2469:environmental impacts of fracking
1887:, plant wastes from agriculture,
1502:Bulk blending. Ingredient kg/ton
1157:
851:
458:Three main macronutrients (NPK):
8791:
8779:
8767:
8756:
8755:
8005:
7983:
7919:
7882:
7833:
7808:
7782:
7760:
7741:
7726:
7704:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02762.x
7507:
7465:Gruber, N; Galloway, JN (2008).
7458:
7397:
7316:
7290:
7264:
7246:
7165:
7140:
7118:
6771:
6588:
6574:10.1097/00004032-199409000-00010
6553:
6143:Science of the Total Environment
5709:Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
5200:Science of the Total Environment
3739:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00695.x
3380:
2671:
2530:) and more organic fertilizers.
2372:-butyl)thiophosphoric triamide (
2256:This section is an excerpt from
591:) can fix atmospheric nitrogen (
481:three secondary macronutrients:
159:chemical processes, such as the
8711:Agriculture and the environment
8448:British Agricultural Revolution
8101:
7862:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.08.005
6782:. Mindfully.org. Archived from
6099:
6064:
5953:
5918:
5875:
5863:Biello, David (14 March 2008).
5856:
5845:
5796:
5761:
5735:
5700:
5673:
5608:, in Abraham, Martin A. (ed.),
5597:
5572:
5535:
5505:
5413:
5401:
5350:
5289:. 12 March 2013. Archived from
5275:
5250:
5220:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144051
5038:
5006:
4979:
4953:
4766:
4733:
4696:
4656:
4591:
4532:
4507:
4493:
4474:
4432:
4397:
4291:
4277:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009
4248:
4218:
4188:
4162:
4115:
4083:
4061:
4029:
3966:
3923:
3909:
3796:
3770:
3713:
3606:
3522:
3493:
3468:
3435:
3410:
3373:
3326:
2963:from crop fields (notably rice
2771:
2599:, especially in coastal zones,
1648:Nitric acid + Phosphate rock →
1034:Binary (NP, NK, PK) fertilizers
885:) or its solutions, including:
382:) gas and molecular nitrogen (N
9100:Climate change and agriculture
8655:Climate change and agriculture
8428:Agriculture in the Middle Ages
7889:Andrew, Hannah (5 July 2022).
6854:10.1080/07315724.2004.10719409
6403:Biology and Fertility of Soils
6044:Zapata, F.; Roy, R.N. (2004).
5770:Annual Review of Plant Biology
3932:Biology and Fertility of Soils
3312:. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
3301:
3287:
3246:
3219:
3194:
3169:
3128:
2871:Contribution to climate change
2712:Accumulation of toxic elements
2636:of nitrate leads to increased
2504:Sustainable Development Goal 2
2270:controlled-release fertilizers
2140:
661:Microbiological considerations
13:
1:
7750:"Catchment-Sensitive Farming"
6939:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60887-1
6671:10.1016/s0065-2113(08)60807-x
6387:10.1080/00288233.2000.9513430
6163:10.1016/S0048-9697(97)00273-8
5152:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007
4750:10.1002/14356007.n10_n03.pub2
4715:"About Fertilizers Home Page"
3112:10.1002/14356007.a10_323.pub3
3081:
2975:
2919:
2277:controlled-release fertiliser
2258:Controlled-release fertiliser
1935:
1220:
1083:. With 18% nitrogen and 46% P
1057:. With 11% nitrogen and 48% P
649:, the main components of the
637:, the main energy carrier in
8433:Arab Agricultural Revolution
8016:license statement/permission
7948:10.1080/07352689.2011.554355
7128:. Scribd.com. 25 August 2010
6725:Wilson, Duff (3 July 1997).
6617:10.1016/0043-1354(92)90234-U
5729:10.1016/0169-7722(95)00067-4
5073:10.1371/journal.pone.0211310
4775:"Biuret in Urea Fertilizers"
3504:. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
2588:') can also produce harmful
2506:which focuses on creating a
2463:and waterway contamination,
1284:. This ammonia is used as a
940:with 24-28 % nitrogen.
428:
282:Nicolas Théodore de Saussure
149:, allowing for larger-scale
7:
8875:Magnesium deficiency#Plants
7842:Global Environmental Change
7151:. Cambridge: Timber Press.
7010:10.1016/j.jtemb.2008.07.002
6805:Zapata, F; Roy, RN (2004).
6326:10.1007/978-0-387-71724-1_2
5657:10.1007/978-94-007-7814-6_5
4257:Global Environmental Change
3535:www.thechemicalengineer.com
3056:Nutrient Recovery and Reuse
3014:
2745:
966:, again in the form of Ca(H
464:(N): leaf growth and stems
183:due to nutritional runoff;
36:Plant food (disambiguation)
10:
9116:
8393:Agriculture in Mesoamerica
7992:"Chapter 5: Food Security"
7569:10.1579/0044-7447-31.2.177
6900:10.1177/026010600701900205
6444:Mortvedt, JJ; Beaton, JD.
5410:, NY Times, 14 August 2008
4678:"Eurostat - Data Explorer"
4428:– via Springer Link.
3041:History of organic farming
3011:agriculture does not use.
2874:
2839:
2716:
2686:
2560:
2481:growth in human population
2414:
2255:
2213:
1840:
1552:diammonium phosphate (DAP)
1486:
1399:. The large production of
1290:anhydrous ammonium nitrate
1101:
796:Nitrite-oxidizing bacteria
757:(AOB), such as species of
755:Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria
711:the conversion of urea to
214:
210:
29:
9056:
9025:
8964:
8928:
8850:
8752:
8743:Universities and colleges
8719:
8663:
8611:
8472:
8376:
8361:Universities and colleges
8173:
8166:
8132:
8109:
8054:(archived 6 October 2011)
7530:Policy briefs, April 2007
7350:10.1038/s41586-020-2780-0
7278:. University of Cambridge
7080:10.1016/j.gfs.2012.12.003
7045:10.1016/j.jcs.2008.11.007
7033:Journal of Cereal Science
6493:Khater, A. E. M. (2008).
6267:Fertilizers International
6128:10.1080/00167616508728596
4303:Chemistry of the Elements
4301:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
3952:10.1007/s00374-005-0004-2
3232:. John Wiley & Sons.
3140:Science History Institute
2970:
2520:regenerative agricultural
2451:practices are drivers of
2299:fertilizer market (1995).
2126:in 2012 are published by
1026:Multinutrient fertilizers
681:(reaction with water) of
166:conventional food systems
9064:Algal nutrient solutions
8910:Micronutrient deficiency
8728:Agriculturist profession
8205:Agricultural engineering
8190:Agricultural cooperative
8064:26 February 2021 at the
7207:10.1002/14356007.o02_o11
5904:10.1126/science.324_721b
5809:Environ. Health Perspect
5320:10.1002/14356007.n10_n05
4986:Garrett, Howard (2014).
4826:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01
4788:(3): 6–7. Archived from
4773:Mikkelsen, R.L. (2007).
3893:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01
3529:Flavell-While, Claudia.
3417:Aaron John Ihde (1984).
3333:Uekötter, Frank (2014).
3308:Uekötter, Frank (2010).
2950:global warming potential
2611:. The number of oceanic
2556:
2489:pressure on biodiversity
1873:environmentally friendly
1327:) are also found in the
918:Calcium ammonium nitrate
153:with large crop yields.
8941:Phosphorus assimilation
8633:Agricultural wastewater
8356:Sustainable food system
8351:Sustainable agriculture
8242:Animal-free agriculture
8210:Agricultural technology
8040:11 January 2017 at the
8018:). Text taken from
7519:14 January 2009 at the
6814:. Rome: FAO. p. 82
6093:10.1002/jsfa.2740371102
5947:10.2136/sssaj2007.0071N
4820:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
4650:10.2134/agronj2005.0001
4418:10.1023/A:1009738307837
3887:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3403:Encyclopædia Britannica
3367:10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68
3351:10.3098/ah.2014.88.1.68
3106:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2836:Changes in soil biology
2807:Trace mineral depletion
2666:
2209:
355:facilities were built.
193:sustainable agriculture
8733:Agricultural machinery
8691:History of agriculture
8676:Agriculture by country
8671:Agricultural machinery
8628:Agricultural pollution
8623:Agricultural expansion
8398:Austronesian expansion
8309:Mechanised agriculture
7820:regulatory-info-sc.com
6630:Hanlon, E. A. (2012).
5474:10.5194/bg-9-5143-2012
3684:. FAODocuments. 2023.
3398:Lawes, Sir John Bennet
2933:
2576:
2546:
2412:
2333:
2320:
2273:
2175:
2163:
2153:
1945:
1860:
1852:
1658:hexafluorosilicic acid
1405:nitrophosphate process
1356:
1242:
1104:Labeling of fertilizer
1043:monoammonium phosphate
836:), which is extremely
598:) by converting it to
446:
438:
402:of nitrogen per year.
313:Birkeland–Eyde process
262:
254:
234:
226:
205:industrial agriculture
151:industrial agriculture
121:, harvested minerals,
86:or other non-nutrient
59:
34:. For other uses, see
8936:Nitrogen assimilation
8895:Phosphorus deficiency
8885:Molybdenum deficiency
8738:Government ministries
8681:Agriculture companies
8517:Convertible husbandry
8195:Agricultural supplies
8145:Agricultural Engineer
7684:Global Change Biology
7149:Ecology for Gardeners
7098:Moore, Geoff (2001).
5376:10.3390/toxins5050992
4539:Smil, Vaclav (2012).
4514:Smil, Vaclav (2015).
4393:10.1002/9780470431771
4339:fertilizerseurope.com
4307:Butterworth-Heinemann
4299:Greenwood, Norman N.
4005:Smil, Vaclav (2004).
3500:Smil, Vaclav (2004).
2927:
2840:Further information:
2721:The concentration of
2650:groundwater pollution
2570:
2536:
2403:
2396:Environmental effects
2331:
2318:
2267:
2169:
2161:Drone crop fertilizer
2159:
2148:
1943:
1858:
1850:
1569:triple superphosphate
1443:Potassium fertilizers
1350:
1343:Phosphate fertilizers
1276:, and the nitrogen (N
1274:supplies the hydrogen
1240:
1001:Triple superphosphate
920:Is a blend of 20-30%
641:, as well as certain
444:
436:
260:
240:
232:
224:
217:History of fertilizer
143:agricultural industry
127:fish processing waste
46:
8951:Microbial assistance
8900:Potassium deficiency
8880:Manganese deficiency
8388:Neolithic Revolution
8247:Cellular agriculture
8200:Agricultural science
7735:"Nitrates Directive"
7594:on 24 September 2015
7060:Global Food Security
6888:Nutrition and Health
6191:Advances in Agronomy
6008:10.1051/agro:2006010
5821:10.1289/ehp.00108675
5523:on 23 September 2015
3442:G. J. Leigh (2004).
3339:Agricultural History
3272:10.3390/land13010119
3071:Soil defertilisation
2896:produced during the
2762:risk to human health
2755:Radioactive elements
1923:In terms of volume,
1282:derived from the air
1233:Nitrogen fertilizers
1229:using biochemicals.
1227:biological processes
1116:the second number, P
1069:diammonium phosphate
790:), a process termed
651:lipidic double layer
351:in Norway and large
302:Joseph Henry Gilbert
286:Carl Ludwig Sprenger
201:environmental damage
9007:Nutrient management
8946:Sulfur assimilation
8890:Nitrogen deficiency
8024:, FAO, FAO.
7940:2011CRvPS..30...95G
7854:2016GEC....41...26J
7696:2012GCBio..18.3259B
7627:2000Natur.403..421B
7561:2002Ambio..31..177R
7492:10.1038/nature06592
7483:2008Natur.451..293G
7390:on 13 October 2020.
7342:2020Natur.586..248T
7304:. 10 September 2020
7072:2013GlFS....2....9S
7002:2008JTEMB..22..315F
6759:on 26 November 2010
6733:on 18 November 2010
6609:1992WatRe..26..607B
6415:1987BioFS...5...49W
6378:2000NZJAR..43..295C
6155:1997ScTEn.208..123T
6120:1965AuJES..12..261T
6085:1986JSFA...37.1057S
5996:Agron. Sustain. Dev
5939:2008SSASJ..72..238P
5896:2009Sci...324..721S
5869:Scientific American
5721:1995JCHyd..20..167S
5465:2012BGeo....9.5143V
5212:2021ScTEn.75644051M
5144:2009JEnvM..90.2377T
5064:2019PLoSO..1411310C
4913:2016NatSR...622075Y
4795:on 22 December 2015
4642:2005AgrJ...97....1S
4444:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
4269:2009GEC....19..292C
4148:. Micro-Macro Pub.
4103:on 28 February 2015
4008:Enriching the Earth
3944:2005BioFS..42..137M
3633:2008NatGe...1..636E
2740:European Commission
2543:Fort Meade, Florida
2528:no-till agriculture
2485:habitat destruction
2457:agricultural runoff
2290:gradually into the
1952:
1869:organic agriculture
1865:Organic fertilizers
1837:Organic fertilizers
1503:
1473:potassium carbonate
1437:compound fertilizer
1259:Haber–Bosch process
703:possess the enzyme
667:enzymatic reactions
353:hydroelectric power
9038:Nutrient pollution
9012:Organic fertilizer
9002:Nutrient budgeting
8865:Calcium deficiency
8522:Rotational grazing
8438:Columbian exchange
7796:on 30 October 2013
7230:Sawyer JE (2001).
6786:on 11 January 2002
6423:10.1007/BF00264346
6287:Wates, J. (2014).
5852:Nitrogen and Water
5651:. pp. 55–71.
4901:Scientific Reports
4170:"Boron Deficiency"
4125:. Aesl.ces.uga.edu
3784:. 18 February 2010
3076:Seaweed fertilizer
2934:
2699:soil acidification
2693:Soil acidification
2657:blue baby syndrome
2577:
2547:
2413:
2334:
2321:
2309:Foliar fertilizers
2304:Foliar application
2296:controlled release
2274:
2176:
2164:
2154:
1950:
1946:
1861:
1853:
1843:Organic fertilizer
1630:potassium chloride
1583:potassium chloride
1501:
1465:potassium chloride
1357:
1243:
1205:appear to require
447:
439:
423:Yara International
290:Hermann Hellriegel
263:
255:
235:
227:
147:global food system
60:
9077:
9076:
9017:Plant tissue test
8992:Hydroponic dosers
8987:Hoagland solution
8806:
8805:
8366:Urban agriculture
8339:Rice-duck farming
8287:Intensive farming
8257:Extensive farming
7690:(10): 3259–3267.
7621:(6768): 421–424.
7477:(7176): 293–296.
7336:(7828): 248–256.
7216:978-3-527-30673-2
7158:978-0-88192-611-8
7111:978-0-7307-0057-9
6636:edis.ifas.ufl.edu
6502:radioecology.info
6335:978-0-387-71723-4
6276:on 8 August 2014.
6079:(11): 1057–1064.
5974:10.1071/sr9960001
5890:(5928): 721–722.
5666:978-94-007-7813-9
5627:978-0-12-804792-7
5459:(12): 5143–5160.
4999:978-0-292-72849-3
4921:10.1038/srep22075
4866:978-0-8493-3115-2
4759:978-3-527-30673-2
4744:. pp. 1–32.
4684:on 6 October 2014
4603:Fertilizer Canada
4584:978-1-107-07491-0
4550:978-0-262-01856-2
4525:978-1-119-94253-5
4459:978-92-5-133394-5
4385:978-0-470-43177-1
4377:978-0-470-41034-9
4316:978-0-08-037941-8
4155:978-1-878148-05-6
4022:978-0-262-69313-4
3990:978-1-4398-1610-3
3982:978-1-4398-1609-7
3823:978-92-5-134332-6
3699:978-92-5-138262-2
3620:Nature Geoscience
3600:10.1080/713989757
3486:978-0-19-858159-8
3461:978-0-19-516582-1
3428:978-0-486-64235-2
3319:978-3-5253-1705-1
3239:978-1-119-70634-2
3206:Our World in Data
3181:Our World in Data
3026:Circulus (theory)
2961:Methane emissions
2813:Intensive farming
2732:Christmas islands
2661:methemoglobinemia
2627:Nitrate pollution
2491:and agricultural
2440:According to the
2380:Overfertilization
2358:Urease inhibitors
2116:
2115:
1613:
1612:
1477:potassium nitrate
1469:potassium sulfate
1325:Chilean saltpeter
1167:parts-per-million
1020:muriate of potash
750:Ammonia oxidation
677:The first is the
333:nitrogen fixation
294:John Bennet Lawes
278:Justus von Liebig
241:Founded in 1812,
32:Bath salts (drug)
16:(Redirected from
9107:
9057:Related concepts
8956:Photorespiration
8860:Boron deficiency
8833:
8826:
8819:
8810:
8809:
8795:
8794:
8783:
8782:
8771:
8759:
8758:
8603:Wildlife farming
8453:Green Revolution
8404:Ancient history
8344:Rice-fish system
8252:Contract farming
8237:Animal husbandry
8096:
8089:
8082:
8073:
8072:
8009:
8002:
7996:
7960:
7959:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7906:
7895:
7886:
7880:
7879:
7873:
7865:
7837:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7826:
7812:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7801:
7786:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7775:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7756:on 30 June 2011.
7752:. Archived from
7745:
7739:
7738:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7679:
7673:
7672:
7662:
7654:
7635:10.1038/35000193
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7593:
7587:. Archived from
7546:
7537:
7531:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7494:
7462:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7451:
7445:
7438:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7416:
7411:. 7 October 2020
7401:
7395:
7391:
7386:. Archived from
7361:
7320:
7314:
7313:
7311:
7309:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7268:
7262:
7261:
7260:on 6 March 2010.
7256:. Archived from
7250:
7244:
7243:
7227:
7221:
7220:
7194:
7188:
7187:
7185:
7183:
7169:
7163:
7162:
7144:
7138:
7137:
7135:
7133:
7122:
7116:
7115:
7095:
7084:
7083:
7055:
7049:
7048:
7028:
7022:
7021:
6979:
6973:
6972:
6966:
6962:
6960:
6952:
6926:
6920:
6919:
6883:
6874:
6873:
6837:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6819:
6813:
6802:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6775:
6769:
6768:
6766:
6764:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:
6722:
6713:
6712:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6692:
6658:
6652:
6651:
6649:
6647:
6627:
6621:
6620:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6557:
6551:
6550:
6548:
6546:
6532:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6510:
6504:. Archived from
6499:
6490:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6448:. Archived from
6441:
6435:
6434:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6357:
6348:
6347:
6313:
6304:
6303:
6301:
6299:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6264:
6256:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6245:
6239:
6228:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6186:
6175:
6174:
6149:(1–2): 123–126.
6138:
6132:
6131:
6103:
6097:
6096:
6073:J Sci Food Agric
6068:
6062:
6061:
6059:
6057:
6041:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6030:
6024:
5993:
5984:
5978:
5977:
5957:
5951:
5950:
5922:
5916:
5915:
5879:
5873:
5872:
5860:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5842:
5832:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5765:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5754:
5749:on 24 March 2004
5739:
5733:
5732:
5715:(3–4): 167–184.
5704:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5693:
5688:on 10 March 2014
5677:
5671:
5670:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5634:
5601:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5590:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5559:
5548:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5528:
5519:. Archived from
5509:
5503:
5502:
5496:
5488:
5486:
5476:
5444:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5417:
5411:
5405:
5399:
5398:
5388:
5378:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5338:on 5 August 2014
5334:. Archived from
5328:
5322:
5312:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5298:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5268:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5163:
5138:(8): 2377–2386.
5127:
5121:
5110:
5104:
5103:
5093:
5075:
5042:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5025:
5019:. Archived from
5018:
5010:
5004:
5003:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4957:
4951:
4950:
4940:
4892:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4811:
4805:
4804:
4802:
4800:
4794:
4779:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4680:. Archived from
4674:
4668:
4667:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4630:Agronomy Journal
4625:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4605:. Archived from
4595:
4589:
4588:
4570:
4555:
4554:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4511:
4505:
4504:
4497:
4491:
4478:
4472:
4471:
4450:10.4060/cb1329en
4436:
4430:
4429:
4401:
4395:
4369:
4358:
4357:
4355:
4353:
4347:
4336:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4305:(2nd ed.).
4295:
4289:
4288:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4232:. Archived from
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4202:. Archived from
4192:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4181:
4172:. Archived from
4166:
4160:
4159:
4141:
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4110:
4108:
4102:
4095:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4076:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4054:
4048:
4041:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4002:
3993:
3970:
3964:
3963:
3927:
3921:
3920:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3878:
3863:
3862:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3842:
3840:
3838:
3814:10.4060/cb4477en
3800:
3794:
3793:
3791:
3789:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3741:
3717:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3706:
3690:10.4060/cc8166en
3676:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3653:. Archived from
3652:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3449:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3173:
3167:
3164:Mbow et al. 2019
3161:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3097:
3051:Leaf Color Chart
2883:greenhouse gases
2634:water solubility
2508:climate-friendly
2461:ocean dead zones
2137:
1953:
1949:
1654:Calcium sulphate
1524:ammonium nitrate
1507:Blend ingredient
1504:
1500:
996:
938:ammonium nitrate
890:Ammonium nitrate
835:
834:
833:
830:
819:
818:
817:
814:
789:
788:
787:
784:
773:
745:
744:
743:
740:
726:
725:
724:
721:
695:
624:
623:
622:
619:
608:
597:
496:Micronutrients:
170:Green Revolution
135:animal slaughter
84:liming materials
68:American English
21:
9115:
9114:
9110:
9109:
9108:
9106:
9105:
9104:
9080:
9079:
9078:
9073:
9052:
9021:
8977:Fertilizer tree
8960:
8924:
8920:Fertilizer burn
8905:Zinc deficiency
8870:Iron deficiency
8846:
8840:Plant nutrition
8837:
8807:
8802:
8748:
8747:
8746:
8715:
8706:Poultry farming
8659:
8614:
8607:
8578:Poultry farming
8468:
8444:Modern history
8424:Post-classical
8372:
8371:
8370:
8314:Organic farming
8169:
8168:
8164:
8128:
8105:
8100:
8066:Wayback Machine
8042:Wayback Machine
8031:
7994:
7986:
7964:
7963:
7934:(1–2): 95–124.
7924:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7904:
7893:
7887:
7883:
7867:
7866:
7838:
7834:
7824:
7822:
7814:
7813:
7809:
7799:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7783:
7773:
7771:
7766:
7765:
7761:
7746:
7742:
7731:
7727:
7680:
7676:
7656:
7655:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7591:
7544:
7538:
7534:
7521:Wayback Machine
7512:
7508:
7463:
7459:
7449:
7447:
7443:
7436:
7428:
7424:
7414:
7412:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7321:
7317:
7307:
7305:
7296:
7295:
7291:
7281:
7279:
7270:
7269:
7265:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7179:
7171:
7170:
7166:
7159:
7145:
7141:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7123:
7119:
7112:
7096:
7087:
7056:
7052:
7029:
7025:
6980:
6976:
6964:
6963:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6927:
6923:
6884:
6877:
6838:
6827:
6817:
6815:
6811:
6803:
6799:
6789:
6787:
6778:mindfully.org.
6776:
6772:
6762:
6760:
6751:
6750:
6746:
6736:
6734:
6723:
6716:
6704:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6681:
6659:
6655:
6645:
6643:
6642:on 25 July 2014
6628:
6624:
6593:
6589:
6558:
6554:
6544:
6542:
6533:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6511:on 24 July 2014
6508:
6497:
6491:
6487:
6477:
6475:
6470:
6469:
6465:
6455:
6453:
6452:on 26 July 2014
6442:
6438:
6399:
6395:
6372:(3): 295–3214.
6358:
6351:
6336:
6314:
6307:
6297:
6295:
6285:
6281:
6273:
6262:
6258:
6257:
6253:
6243:
6241:
6237:
6231:dare.ubvu.vu.nl
6226:
6220:
6216:
6209:
6187:
6178:
6139:
6135:
6108:J Geol Soc Aust
6104:
6100:
6069:
6065:
6055:
6053:
6042:
6038:
6028:
6026:
6022:
5991:
5985:
5981:
5958:
5954:
5923:
5919:
5880:
5876:
5861:
5857:
5850:
5846:
5801:
5797:
5766:
5762:
5752:
5750:
5741:
5740:
5736:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5678:
5674:
5667:
5645:
5641:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5586:
5578:
5577:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5557:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5524:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5490:
5489:
5484:1854/LU-3072131
5445:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5428:on 18 June 2010
5418:
5414:
5406:
5402:
5369:(5): 992–1009.
5355:
5351:
5341:
5339:
5330:
5329:
5325:
5313:
5306:
5296:
5294:
5293:on 5 April 2023
5281:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5264:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5192:
5185:
5128:
5124:
5111:
5107:
5058:(6): e0211310.
5043:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5023:
5016:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4984:
4980:
4970:
4968:
4967:on 29 June 2012
4959:
4958:
4954:
4893:
4889:
4879:
4877:
4867:
4859:. p. 132.
4847:
4843:
4836:
4812:
4808:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4777:
4771:
4767:
4760:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4708:
4701:
4697:
4687:
4685:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4609:on 4 April 2018
4597:
4596:
4592:
4585:
4571:
4558:
4551:
4537:
4533:
4526:
4512:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4479:
4475:
4460:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4402:
4398:
4370:
4361:
4351:
4349:
4348:on 29 July 2014
4345:
4334:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4296:
4292:
4253:
4249:
4239:
4237:
4236:on 14 July 2014
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4206:on 14 July 2014
4194:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4177:
4176:on 6 March 2019
4168:
4167:
4163:
4156:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4093:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4074:
4072:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4015:. p. 135.
4003:
3996:
3971:
3967:
3928:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3879:
3866:
3854:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3834:
3824:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3785:
3776:
3775:
3771:
3726:New Phytologist
3718:
3714:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3660:
3658:
3657:on 23 July 2010
3641:10.1038/ngeo325
3627:(10): 636–639.
3611:
3607:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3560:Philpott, Tom.
3558:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3508:. p. 156.
3498:
3494:
3487:
3473:
3469:
3462:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3415:
3411:
3396:, ed. (1911). "
3381:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3306:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3200:
3199:
3195:
3185:
3183:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3098:
3089:
3084:
3066:Peak phosphorus
3017:
2978:
2973:
2943:
2922:
2879:
2873:
2860:
2844:
2838:
2809:
2774:
2757:
2748:
2719:
2714:
2695:
2674:
2669:
2629:
2565:
2559:
2524:soil management
2465:soil microbiome
2431:
2398:
2386:Fertilizer burn
2382:
2326:
2319:Fertilizer burn
2306:
2301:
2300:
2261:
2253:
2218:
2212:
2188:
2186:Liquid vs solid
2143:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1938:
1845:
1839:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1720:calcium nitrate
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1650:Phosphoric acid
1618:phosphoric acid
1491:
1485:
1483:NPK fertilizers
1462:
1455:(NaCl) (common
1453:sodium chloride
1445:
1434:
1430:
1425:calcium nitrate
1422:
1418:
1414:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1345:
1337:Ostwald process
1322:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1279:
1268:
1252:
1235:
1223:
1191:chelate complex
1160:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1106:
1098:NPK fertilizers
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1028:
1010:
1006:
994:
989:
983:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
952:superphosphates
944:Calcium nitrate
935:
927:
913:
909:
899:
895:
884:
876:
867:
854:
831:
828:
827:
825:
815:
812:
811:
809:
785:
782:
781:
779:
772:
768:
741:
738:
737:
735:
722:
719:
718:
716:
694:
690:
686:
663:
620:
617:
616:
614:
607:
603:
596:
592:
431:
396:Ostwald process
393:
385:
377:
369:
364:Ostwald process
342:
330:
322:
219:
213:
177:water pollution
157:Nitrogen-fixing
139:plant nutrition
88:soil amendments
80:plant nutrients
76:British English
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9113:
9103:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9071:
9066:
9060:
9058:
9054:
9053:
9051:
9050:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9033:Soil fertility
9029:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9020:
9019:
9014:
9009:
9004:
8999:
8994:
8989:
8984:
8979:
8974:
8968:
8966:
8962:
8961:
8959:
8958:
8953:
8948:
8943:
8938:
8932:
8930:
8926:
8925:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8872:
8867:
8862:
8856:
8854:
8848:
8847:
8836:
8835:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8804:
8803:
8801:
8789:
8777:
8765:
8753:
8750:
8749:
8745:
8740:
8735:
8730:
8725:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8717:
8716:
8714:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8673:
8667:
8665:
8661:
8660:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8651:
8650:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8619:
8617:
8609:
8608:
8606:
8605:
8600:
8595:
8590:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8569:
8568:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8547:
8546:
8536:
8534:Insect farming
8531:
8526:
8525:
8524:
8519:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8478:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8466:
8465:
8460:
8455:
8450:
8442:
8441:
8440:
8435:
8430:
8422:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8413:Ancient Greece
8410:
8402:
8401:
8400:
8395:
8390:
8382:
8380:
8374:
8373:
8369:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8347:
8346:
8341:
8331:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8311:
8306:
8305:
8304:
8299:
8294:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8217:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8136:
8134:
8130:
8129:
8127:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8110:
8107:
8106:
8099:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8076:
8070:
8069:
8055:
8049:
8044:
8030:
8029:External links
8027:
8026:
8025:
8003:
8001:. p. 454.
7985:
7982:
7981:
7980:
7977:
7974:
7971:
7968:
7962:
7961:
7918:
7881:
7832:
7807:
7781:
7759:
7740:
7725:
7674:
7605:
7555:(2): 177–183.
7532:
7506:
7457:
7446:on 18 May 2017
7422:
7396:
7315:
7302:BloombergQuint
7289:
7263:
7245:
7222:
7215:
7189:
7164:
7157:
7139:
7117:
7110:
7085:
7050:
7039:(2): 290–295.
7023:
6996:(4): 315–324.
6974:
6965:|journal=
6947:
6921:
6894:(1–2): 21–55.
6875:
6848:(6): 669–682.
6825:
6797:
6770:
6744:
6714:
6705:|journal=
6679:
6653:
6622:
6603:(5): 607–611.
6597:Water Research
6587:
6568:(3): 280–282.
6562:Health Physics
6552:
6522:
6485:
6474:. US EPA. 2016
6463:
6436:
6393:
6349:
6334:
6305:
6279:
6251:
6214:
6207:
6176:
6133:
6114:(2): 261–286.
6098:
6063:
6036:
6002:(3): 151–155.
5979:
5952:
5917:
5874:
5855:
5844:
5795:
5776:(1): 341–363.
5760:
5734:
5699:
5672:
5665:
5639:
5626:
5596:
5571:
5534:
5504:
5453:Biogeosciences
5439:
5412:
5400:
5349:
5323:
5304:
5274:
5249:
5183:
5122:
5105:
5037:
5026:on 28 May 2013
5005:
4998:
4978:
4952:
4887:
4865:
4841:
4835:978-3527306732
4834:
4806:
4765:
4758:
4732:
4719:fertilizer.org
4706:
4695:
4669:
4655:
4620:
4590:
4583:
4556:
4549:
4531:
4524:
4506:
4492:
4473:
4458:
4431:
4412:(2): 123–137.
4396:
4359:
4322:
4315:
4290:
4263:(2): 292–305.
4247:
4217:
4187:
4161:
4154:
4136:
4114:
4082:
4060:
4028:
4021:
3994:
3965:
3938:(2): 137–145.
3922:
3908:
3902:978-3527306732
3901:
3864:
3855:|website=
3822:
3795:
3769:
3732:(3): 423–447.
3712:
3698:
3668:
3605:
3594:(5): 453–470.
3578:
3552:
3521:
3514:
3492:
3485:
3467:
3460:
3434:
3427:
3409:
3394:Chisholm, Hugh
3372:
3325:
3318:
3300:
3297:. 12 May 2020.
3286:
3245:
3238:
3218:
3193:
3168:
3153:
3127:
3121:978-3527306732
3120:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3016:
3013:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2955:climate change
2946:greenhouse gas
2941:
2921:
2918:
2914:greenhouse gas
2886:carbon dioxide
2881:The amount of
2872:
2869:
2859:
2856:
2837:
2834:
2808:
2805:
2773:
2770:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2744:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2628:
2625:
2563:Eutrophication
2561:Main article:
2558:
2555:
2537:Large pile of
2453:global warming
2429:Nitrogen Cycle
2397:
2394:
2381:
2378:
2325:
2322:
2305:
2302:
2294:(i.e., with a
2286:that releases
2262:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2227:volatilization
2214:Main article:
2211:
2208:
2187:
2184:
2172:superphosphate
2142:
2139:
2128:The World Bank
2114:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1964:
1957:
1937:
1934:
1895:, and treated
1841:Main article:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1646:
1639:phosphate rock
1634:
1633:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1499:
1498:
1489:NPK fertilizer
1487:Main article:
1484:
1481:
1460:
1444:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:hydroxyapatite
1376:
1372:
1368:
1361:phosphate rock
1344:
1341:
1329:Atacama desert
1320:
1317:sodium nitrate
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1277:
1266:
1250:
1234:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1163:Micronutrients
1159:
1158:Micronutrients
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1124:; the third, K
1121:
1117:
1102:Main article:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1013:
1012:
1011:and no gypsum.
1008:
1004:
998:
992:
987:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
948:
947:
941:
933:
925:
915:
911:
907:
901:
897:
893:
882:
874:
866:
863:
853:
852:Classification
850:
842:eutrophication
770:
752:
751:
692:
688:
675:
674:
662:
659:
655:cell membranes
605:
594:
546:carbon dioxide
534:
533:
494:
479:
478:
477:
471:
465:
430:
427:
391:
383:
375:
367:
340:
328:
320:
267:soil fertility
265:Management of
245:, producer of
215:Main article:
212:
209:
181:eutrophication
123:crop rotations
57:soil fertility
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9112:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9087:
9085:
9070:
9067:
9065:
9062:
9061:
9059:
9055:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9026:Miscellaneous
9024:
9018:
9015:
9013:
9010:
9008:
9005:
9003:
9000:
8998:
8995:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8969:
8967:
8963:
8957:
8954:
8952:
8949:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8933:
8931:
8927:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8871:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8861:
8858:
8857:
8855:
8853:
8849:
8845:
8841:
8834:
8829:
8827:
8822:
8820:
8815:
8814:
8811:
8800:
8799:
8790:
8788:
8787:
8778:
8776:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8754:
8751:
8744:
8741:
8739:
8736:
8734:
8731:
8729:
8726:
8722:
8718:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8701:Meat industry
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8686:Biotechnology
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8662:
8656:
8653:
8649:
8646:
8645:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8631:
8629:
8626:
8624:
8621:
8620:
8618:
8616:
8613:Environmental
8610:
8604:
8601:
8599:
8596:
8594:
8593:Sheep farming
8591:
8589:
8586:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8567:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8545:
8542:
8541:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8515:
8514:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8497:Dairy farming
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8479:
8477:
8475:
8474:Farming Types
8471:
8464:
8461:
8459:
8456:
8454:
8451:
8449:
8446:
8445:
8443:
8439:
8436:
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8425:
8423:
8419:
8416:
8414:
8411:
8409:
8408:Ancient Egypt
8406:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8381:
8379:
8375:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8337:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8330:
8327:
8325:
8322:
8320:
8319:Paludiculture
8317:
8315:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8295:
8293:
8290:
8289:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8221:
8220:Biotechnology
8218:
8216:
8213:
8212:
8211:
8208:
8206:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8196:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8183:
8182:
8178:
8176:
8172:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8140:Agriculturist
8138:
8137:
8135:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8108:
8104:
8097:
8092:
8090:
8085:
8083:
8078:
8077:
8074:
8067:
8063:
8059:
8056:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8023:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7993:
7988:
7987:
7984:Cited sources
7978:
7975:
7972:
7969:
7966:
7965:
7957:
7953:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7933:
7929:
7922:
7903:
7900:. p. 7.
7899:
7892:
7885:
7877:
7871:
7863:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7843:
7836:
7821:
7817:
7811:
7795:
7791:
7785:
7769:
7763:
7755:
7751:
7744:
7736:
7729:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7709:
7705:
7701:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7678:
7670:
7666:
7660:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7632:
7628:
7624:
7620:
7616:
7609:
7590:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7574:
7570:
7566:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7543:
7536:
7529:
7525:
7522:
7518:
7515:
7510:
7502:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7476:
7472:
7468:
7461:
7442:
7435:
7434:
7426:
7410:
7406:
7400:
7394:
7389:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7351:
7347:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7331:
7327:
7319:
7303:
7299:
7293:
7277:
7276:Science Daily
7273:
7267:
7259:
7255:
7249:
7241:
7237:
7233:
7226:
7218:
7212:
7208:
7204:
7200:
7193:
7178:
7174:
7168:
7160:
7154:
7150:
7143:
7127:
7121:
7113:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7094:
7092:
7090:
7081:
7077:
7073:
7069:
7065:
7061:
7054:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7027:
7019:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6978:
6970:
6958:
6950:
6948:9780120007349
6944:
6940:
6936:
6932:
6925:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6901:
6897:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6880:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6851:
6847:
6843:
6836:
6834:
6832:
6830:
6810:
6809:
6801:
6785:
6781:
6774:
6758:
6754:
6748:
6732:
6728:
6721:
6719:
6710:
6698:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6680:9780120007417
6676:
6672:
6668:
6664:
6657:
6641:
6637:
6633:
6626:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6602:
6598:
6591:
6583:
6579:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6556:
6540:
6539:
6535:NCRP (1987).
6531:
6529:
6527:
6507:
6503:
6496:
6489:
6473:
6467:
6451:
6447:
6440:
6432:
6428:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6397:
6388:
6383:
6379:
6375:
6371:
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6363:
6356:
6354:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
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6310:
6294:
6290:
6283:
6272:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6236:
6232:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6208:9780123942784
6204:
6200:
6196:
6192:
6185:
6183:
6181:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6137:
6129:
6125:
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6113:
6109:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6067:
6051:
6047:
6040:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5975:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5962:Soil Research
5956:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5921:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5889:
5885:
5878:
5870:
5866:
5859:
5853:
5848:
5840:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5764:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5687:
5683:
5676:
5668:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5629:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5600:
5585:
5584:news.wisc.edu
5581:
5575:
5556:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5522:
5518:
5517:cals.ncsu.edu
5514:
5508:
5500:
5494:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
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5443:
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5416:
5409:
5404:
5396:
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5387:
5382:
5377:
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5364:
5360:
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5337:
5333:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5311:
5309:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5229:
5225:
5221:
5217:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5190:
5188:
5179:
5175:
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5167:
5162:
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5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
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5119:
5115:
5109:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5041:
5022:
5015:
5009:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4966:
4962:
4956:
4948:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4891:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4845:
4837:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4761:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4743:
4736:
4720:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4699:
4683:
4679:
4673:
4665:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4624:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4586:
4580:
4577:. Cambridge.
4576:
4569:
4567:
4565:
4563:
4561:
4552:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4502:
4496:
4489:
4485:
4483:
4477:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4443:
4442:
4435:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4400:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4344:
4340:
4333:
4330:EFMA (2000).
4326:
4318:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4294:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4251:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4226:"Caliche Ore"
4221:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4140:
4124:
4118:
4099:
4092:
4086:
4070:
4064:
4045:
4038:
4032:
4024:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4001:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3969:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3926:
3918:
3912:
3904:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3860:
3848:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3806:
3799:
3783:
3782:The Economist
3779:
3773:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3716:
3701:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3675:
3673:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3582:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3517:
3515:9780262693134
3511:
3507:
3503:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3463:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3438:
3430:
3424:
3420:
3413:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3389:public domain
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3321:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3249:
3241:
3235:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3142:. 1 June 2016
3141:
3137:
3136:"Fritz Haber"
3131:
3123:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3087:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Phosphogypsum
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2938:nitrous oxide
2931:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:nitrous oxide
2907:
2906:soil bacteria
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:nitrous oxide
2891:
2887:
2884:
2878:
2868:
2865:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2817:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2763:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2672:Acidification
2664:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2642:surface water
2639:
2635:
2624:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2551:phosphogypsum
2544:
2540:
2539:phosphogypsum
2535:
2531:
2529:
2526:(for example
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2500:food security
2496:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:Haber process
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2377:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:dicyandiamide
2347:
2343:
2342:Nitrification
2339:
2330:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2259:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1920:"naturally".
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:sewage sludge
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:animal wastes
1881:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1800:
1766:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1697:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1622:sulfuric acid
1619:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1426:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1401:sulfuric acid
1398:
1382:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1303:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1275:
1272:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1155:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1096:
1070:
1067:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1002:
999:
990:
981:
980:phosphogypsum
957:
956:
955:
953:
945:
942:
939:
931:
923:
919:
916:
905:
902:
891:
888:
887:
886:
880:
872:
862:
860:
849:
847:
843:
839:
823:
807:
803:
802:
798:, especially
797:
793:
792:nitrification
777:
766:
762:
761:
756:
749:
748:
747:
733:
730:
714:
710:
706:
702:
699:
684:
680:
672:
671:
670:
668:
658:
656:
652:
648:
647:phospholipids
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
612:
601:
590:
586:
582:
579:
578:tetrapyrrolic
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
457:
456:
455:
453:
443:
435:
426:
424:
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
389:
381:
373:
365:
361:
360:Haber process
356:
354:
350:
346:
338:
334:
326:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
296:, an English
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
268:
259:
252:
248:
244:
239:
231:
223:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
162:
161:Haber process
158:
154:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:animal manure
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
58:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9095:Horticulture
9069:Biostimulant
8997:Living mulch
8982:Green manure
8929:Assimilation
8843:
8796:
8784:
8772:
8760:
8648:Overdrafting
8507:Goat farming
8418:Ancient Rome
8324:Permaculture
8282:Horticulture
8227:Agroforestry
8185:Agribusiness
8020:
8012:free content
7998:
7931:
7927:
7921:
7909:. Retrieved
7897:
7884:
7870:cite journal
7845:
7841:
7835:
7823:. Retrieved
7819:
7810:
7798:. Retrieved
7794:the original
7784:
7772:. Retrieved
7762:
7754:the original
7743:
7728:
7687:
7683:
7677:
7659:cite journal
7618:
7614:
7608:
7596:. Retrieved
7589:the original
7552:
7548:
7535:
7509:
7474:
7470:
7460:
7448:. Retrieved
7441:the original
7432:
7430:FAO (2012).
7425:
7413:. Retrieved
7409:Carbon Brief
7408:
7399:
7388:the original
7333:
7329:
7318:
7306:. Retrieved
7301:
7292:
7280:. Retrieved
7275:
7266:
7258:the original
7248:
7239:
7235:
7225:
7198:
7192:
7180:. Retrieved
7176:
7167:
7148:
7142:
7130:. Retrieved
7120:
7100:
7063:
7059:
7053:
7036:
7032:
7026:
6993:
6987:
6977:
6930:
6924:
6891:
6887:
6845:
6841:
6816:. Retrieved
6807:
6800:
6788:. Retrieved
6784:the original
6773:
6761:. Retrieved
6757:the original
6747:
6735:. Retrieved
6731:the original
6662:
6656:
6644:. Retrieved
6640:the original
6635:
6625:
6600:
6596:
6590:
6565:
6561:
6555:
6543:. Retrieved
6537:
6513:. Retrieved
6506:the original
6501:
6488:
6476:. Retrieved
6466:
6454:. Retrieved
6450:the original
6439:
6409:(1): 49–55.
6406:
6402:
6396:
6369:
6365:
6317:
6296:. Retrieved
6292:
6282:
6271:the original
6266:
6254:
6242:. Retrieved
6230:
6217:
6190:
6146:
6142:
6136:
6111:
6107:
6101:
6076:
6072:
6066:
6054:. Retrieved
6049:
6039:
6027:. Retrieved
5999:
5995:
5982:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5930:
5926:
5920:
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5883:
5877:
5868:
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5847:
5815:(7): 675–8.
5812:
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5798:
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5769:
5763:
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5747:the original
5737:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5690:. Retrieved
5686:the original
5675:
5648:
5642:
5631:, retrieved
5609:
5599:
5587:. Retrieved
5583:
5574:
5562:. Retrieved
5550:
5537:
5525:. Retrieved
5521:the original
5516:
5507:
5493:cite journal
5456:
5452:
5442:
5430:. Retrieved
5426:the original
5415:
5403:
5366:
5362:
5352:
5340:. Retrieved
5336:the original
5326:
5295:. Retrieved
5291:the original
5286:
5277:
5265:. Retrieved
5261:
5252:
5203:
5199:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5118:A/RES/71/313
5108:
5055:
5051:
5040:
5028:. Retrieved
5021:the original
5008:
4988:
4981:
4969:. Retrieved
4965:the original
4955:
4907:(1): 22075.
4904:
4900:
4890:
4878:. Retrieved
4851:
4844:
4815:
4809:
4797:. Retrieved
4790:the original
4785:
4782:Better Crops
4781:
4768:
4741:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4718:
4709:
4698:
4686:. Retrieved
4682:the original
4672:
4658:
4633:
4629:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4607:the original
4602:
4593:
4574:
4540:
4534:
4515:
4509:
4495:
4481:
4476:
4440:
4434:
4409:
4405:
4399:
4350:. Retrieved
4343:the original
4338:
4325:
4302:
4293:
4260:
4256:
4250:
4238:. Retrieved
4234:the original
4229:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4204:the original
4200:ams.usda.gov
4199:
4190:
4178:. Retrieved
4174:the original
4164:
4145:
4139:
4129:11 September
4127:. Retrieved
4117:
4105:. Retrieved
4098:the original
4085:
4073:. Retrieved
4063:
4051:. Retrieved
4031:
4007:
3973:
3968:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3911:
3882:
3835:. Retrieved
3804:
3798:
3786:. Retrieved
3781:
3772:
3729:
3725:
3715:
3703:. Retrieved
3680:
3659:. Retrieved
3655:the original
3624:
3618:
3608:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3566:Mother Jones
3565:
3555:
3543:. Retrieved
3534:
3524:
3501:
3495:
3476:
3470:
3445:
3437:
3418:
3412:
3401:
3375:
3345:(1): 68–86.
3342:
3338:
3328:
3309:
3303:
3289:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3228:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3205:
3196:
3184:. Retrieved
3180:
3171:
3144:. Retrieved
3139:
3130:
3101:
3009:
3005:
2998:
2979:
2965:paddy fields
2959:
2935:
2880:
2861:
2845:
2842:soil biology
2818:
2810:
2782:toxic metals
2775:
2772:Other metals
2758:
2749:
2720:
2707:
2696:
2683:
2675:
2659:' (acquired
2654:
2630:
2617:
2594:
2586:algal blooms
2578:
2548:
2497:
2475:used in the
2439:
2432:
2383:
2369:
2365:
2335:
2307:
2246:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2189:
2177:
2132:
2121:
2117:
1947:
1922:
1916:
1913:feather meal
1882:
1876:
1862:
1717:
1519:NPK 8-32-16
1513:NPK 19-19-19
1510:NPK 17-17-17
1492:
1446:
1436:
1379:F (CFA) and
1365:fluorapatite
1358:
1315:Deposits of
1314:
1244:
1224:
1193:, e.g., the
1161:
1111:
1109:components.
1107:
1037:
1029:
1017:
1014:
949:
868:
855:
799:
760:Nitrosomonas
758:
753:
676:
665:Two sets of
664:
631:genetic code
535:
448:
412:
408:
404:
357:
310:
298:entrepreneur
274:
271:
264:
174:
155:
119:human manure
108:
71:
63:
61:
40:
9090:Fertilizers
9048:Agrobiology
8972:Fertigation
8798:Wikiproject
8638:Overgrazing
8573:Pig farming
8556:Paddy field
8529:Hydroponics
8502:Fur farming
8487:Aquaculture
8482:Agrivoltaic
8463:Monoculture
8384:Prehistory
8334:Polyculture
8155:Farm worker
8133:Occupations
8103:Agriculture
7282:17 February
7177:sdgs.un.org
7066:(1): 9–17.
5968:(1): 1–54.
5161:10261/45241
4725:19 December
4703:Arable land
4484:, Table 3.3
3919:. Agrozist.
3837:10 December
3788:21 February
3705:13 December
3146:16 December
3046:Milorganite
3031:Fertigation
3021:Agroecology
2898:manufacture
2864:natural gas
2852:mycorrhizal
2827:, iron and
2801:Miracle-Gro
2644:as well as
2621:groundwater
2541:waste near
2516:sustainable
2473:natural gas
2279:(CRF) is a
2204:fertigation
2149:Fertilizer
2141:Application
2124:arable land
1724:hygroscopic
1643:nitric acid
1516:NPK 9-23-30
1409:nitric acid
1353:Siilinjärvi
1263:natural gas
1203:sugar beets
978:, but also
936:and 70-80%
846:algal bloom
801:Nitrobacter
729:bicarbonate
585:chlorophyll
562:amino acids
558:amide bonds
452:proportions
388:nitric acid
380:natural gas
325:nitric acid
55:to improve
18:Fertilisers
9084:Categories
8852:Imbalances
8844:Fertilizer
8664:Categories
8329:Plantation
8277:Free range
8272:Feed ratio
7911:7 November
5933:(1): 238.
5633:3 November
5589:3 November
5206:: 144051.
4880:9 December
4875:2001025292
4688:19 October
4636:(1): 1–6.
3661:22 October
3265:(1): 119.
3082:References
2994:Washington
2976:Regulation
2920:Atmosphere
2875:See also:
2829:molybdenum
2823:, copper,
2687:See also:
2613:dead zones
2573:dead zones
2415:See also:
2390:salt index
2354:nitrapyrin
2284:fertiliser
2281:granulated
1936:Statistics
1698:6 HF + SiO
1221:Production
1179:molybdenum
1113:NPK rating
1071:(DAP). (NH
991:· 2 H
804:, oxidize
679:hydrolysis
550:atmosphere
542:dry matter
528:(Co), and
516:(Zn), and
510:molybdenum
489:(Mg), and
468:Phosphorus
203:caused by
191:. Various
104:rock flour
96:phosphorus
72:fertiliser
64:fertilizer
51:spreading
8915:Chlorosis
8696:Livestock
8539:Livestock
8267:Farmhouse
7848:: 26–32.
7384:222217027
7368:1476-4687
6967:ignored (
6957:cite book
6790:25 August
6763:25 August
6737:25 August
6707:ignored (
6697:cite book
6478:30 August
5753:25 August
5692:25 August
5432:25 August
5244:227522409
5228:0048-9697
5082:1932-6203
4929:2045-2322
4857:CRC Press
4468:242794287
4379:. Online
3857:ignored (
3847:cite book
3832:240163091
3506:MIT Press
3359:0002-1482
3281:2073-445X
2848:symbiotic
2825:manganese
2582:eutrophic
2493:soil loss
2288:nutrients
2180:soil test
2170:Applying
2105:Argentina
1966:N use for
1909:bone meal
1905:bloodmeal
1901:biosolids
1687:+ 5 Ca(NO
1355:, Finland
1286:feedstock
1187:manganese
932:(Ca,Mg)CO
922:limestone
767:ammonia (
709:catalyzes
611:Phosphate
574:pyrimidic
538:compounds
506:manganese
487:magnesium
474:Potassium
429:Mechanism
419:phosphate
394:) in the
251:Salamanca
197:pesticide
131:bloodmeal
100:potassium
98:(P), and
8762:Category
8588:Orchards
8561:Pastoral
8232:Agronomy
8062:Archived
8038:Archived
7956:83736589
7902:Archived
7720:31666406
7712:28741830
7643:10667792
7577:12078007
7526: –
7517:Archived
7501:18202647
7415:25 March
7376:33028999
7308:25 March
7018:19013359
6908:18309763
6870:13595345
6862:15637215
6689:83005521
6344:18020303
6293:iatp.org
6235:Archived
6020:Archived
6016:13996565
5912:19423798
5839:10903623
5790:18444903
5555:Archived
5395:23676698
5342:5 August
5236:33280884
5178:24111765
5170:19406560
5100:31211785
5052:PLOS ONE
4947:26902689
4613:28 March
4426:20113235
4107:14 March
4075:14 March
4053:14 March
4044:Archived
3984:. eBook
3808:. 2021.
3764:53490640
3756:33873400
3650:94880859
3571:24 March
3545:30 April
3539:Archived
3015:See also
2746:Fluoride
2730:and the
2646:leaching
2449:land use
2021:Germany
1972:(Mt pa)
1968:feed and
1963:(Mt pa)
1956:Country
1877:products
1675:+ 10 HNO
1255:produced
1213:require
1045:(MAP) NH
930:dolomite
879:ammonium
713:ammonium
707:, which
701:bacteria
696:). Many
560:between
554:proteins
530:vanadium
462:Nitrogen
362:and the
349:Notodden
317:nitrogen
253:(Spain).
199:use and
92:nitrogen
9043:Soil pH
8965:Methods
8786:Commons
8598:Terrace
8544:Pasture
8512:Grazing
8458:Organic
8378:History
8292:animals
8215:Digital
8175:General
8119:History
8114:Outline
7936:Bibcode
7850:Bibcode
7825:21 July
7800:17 June
7774:23 July
7748:Defra.
7692:Bibcode
7651:4351801
7623:Bibcode
7557:Bibcode
7479:Bibcode
7393:Alt URL
7338:Bibcode
7182:30 June
7132:17 June
7068:Bibcode
6998:Bibcode
6818:16 July
6646:17 July
6605:Bibcode
6582:8056596
6545:17 July
6515:17 July
6456:16 July
6431:1225884
6411:Bibcode
6374:Bibcode
6298:27 June
6244:27 June
6171:9496656
6151:Bibcode
6116:Bibcode
6081:Bibcode
6056:27 June
6050:fao.org
6029:27 June
5935:Bibcode
5892:Bibcode
5884:Science
5830:1638204
5717:Bibcode
5551:epa.gov
5461:Bibcode
5386:3709275
5267:9 April
5208:Bibcode
5140:Bibcode
5091:6581249
5060:Bibcode
5030:22 July
4971:17 June
4938:4763264
4909:Bibcode
4638:Bibcode
4352:28 June
4285:1450932
4265:Bibcode
4230:sqm.com
4180:4 March
4042:. EPA.
3960:6245255
3940:Bibcode
3748:1514050
3629:Bibcode
3452:134–139
3391::
3211:5 March
3186:7 March
2982:Britain
2930:methane
2928:Global
2890:methane
2854:fungi.
2797:mercury
2793:cadmium
2789:arsenic
2723:cadmium
2717:Cadmium
2689:Soil pH
2362:ureases
2346:nitrate
2151:sprayer
2045:Canada
2010:France
1970:pasture
1917:because
1893:compost
1889:seaweed
1871:" and "
1817:O + 2NH
1787:→ CaHPO
1626:ammonia
1271:usually
1257:by the
1247:ammonia
1211:legumes
871:ammonia
838:soluble
822:nitrate
806:nitrite
776:nitrite
765:oxidize
653:of the
600:ammonia
589:legumes
522:silicon
483:calcium
415:hectare
372:methane
370:) from
337:nitrate
323:) into
247:manures
211:History
111:compost
8774:Portal
8615:impact
8566:Bocage
8492:Cattle
8160:Herder
8150:Farmer
7954:
7718:
7710:
7649:
7641:
7615:Nature
7598:3 July
7585:905322
7583:
7575:
7524:UNESCO
7499:
7471:Nature
7450:3 July
7382:
7374:
7366:
7330:Nature
7236:IC-486
7213:
7155:
7108:
7016:
6945:
6916:372456
6914:
6906:
6868:
6860:
6687:
6677:
6580:
6429:
6342:
6332:
6205:
6169:
6014:
5910:
5837:
5827:
5788:
5663:
5624:
5564:3 July
5527:3 July
5393:
5383:
5363:Toxins
5242:
5234:
5226:
5176:
5168:
5098:
5088:
5080:
4996:
4945:
4935:
4927:
4873:
4863:
4832:
4756:
4581:
4547:
4522:
4466:
4456:
4424:
4383:
4375:
4313:
4283:
4240:6 July
4210:6 July
4152:
4019:
3988:
3980:
3958:
3899:
3830:
3820:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3696:
3647:
3512:
3483:
3458:
3425:
3385:
3365:
3357:
3316:
3279:
3236:
3118:
2990:Oregon
2971:Policy
2736:plants
2703:liming
2638:runoff
2605:rivers
2597:oceans
2590:toxins
2427:, and
2405:Runoff
2241:crop.
2239:ratoon
2196:prills
2093:Spain
2081:Mexico
2057:Turkey
2033:Brazil
1988:India
1977:China
1821:→ CaCO
1753:→ CaSO
1600:filler
1448:Potash
1427:(Ca(NO
1423:) and
1304:(CO(NH
1300:) and
1215:cobalt
1209:, and
1185:, and
906:(CO(NH
727:) and
705:urease
673:Urease
643:lipids
633:) and
526:cobalt
524:(Si),
512:(Mo),
508:(Mn),
504:(Fe),
500:(Cu),
498:copper
491:sulfur
485:(Ca),
400:tonnes
345:Rjukan
185:carbon
53:manure
49:farmer
8720:Lists
8583:Ranch
8551:Mixed
8302:crops
8124:Index
7995:(PDF)
7952:S2CID
7905:(PDF)
7894:(PDF)
7770:. EPA
7716:S2CID
7647:S2CID
7592:(PDF)
7581:S2CID
7545:(PDF)
7528:SCOPE
7444:(PDF)
7437:(PDF)
7380:S2CID
6912:S2CID
6866:S2CID
6812:(PDF)
6685:S2CID
6509:(PDF)
6498:(PDF)
6427:S2CID
6274:(PDF)
6263:(PDF)
6238:(PDF)
6227:(PDF)
6052:. FAO
6023:(PDF)
6012:S2CID
5992:(PDF)
5558:(PDF)
5547:(PDF)
5297:4 May
5240:S2CID
5174:S2CID
5024:(PDF)
5017:(PDF)
4799:2 May
4793:(PDF)
4778:(PDF)
4464:S2CID
4422:S2CID
4346:(PDF)
4335:(PDF)
4281:S2CID
4101:(PDF)
4094:(PDF)
4047:(PDF)
4040:(PDF)
3956:S2CID
3828:S2CID
3760:S2CID
3744:JSTOR
3645:S2CID
3363:JSTOR
3001:China
2768:/y).
2728:Nauru
2640:into
2609:fauna
2601:lakes
2557:Water
1999:U.S.
1991:11.9
1980:18.7
1961:N use
1959:Total
1825:+ 2NH
1791:+ 2NH
1783:+ 2NH
1757:+ 2NH
1749:+ 2NH
1710:+ 2 H
1641:with
1475:, or
1397:acids
1333:Chile
1319:(NaNO
1280:) is
1207:boron
1199:EDDHA
1171:boron
859:ureas
820:) to
774:) to
715:ion (
687:CO(NH
639:cells
570:puric
518:boron
243:Mirat
141:, an
133:from
129:, or
94:(N),
70:) or
8297:pigs
8262:Farm
7913:2022
7876:link
7827:2022
7802:2012
7776:2014
7708:PMID
7669:link
7665:link
7639:PMID
7600:2014
7573:PMID
7497:PMID
7452:2014
7417:2021
7372:PMID
7364:ISSN
7310:2021
7284:2023
7242:: 8.
7211:ISBN
7184:2024
7153:ISBN
7134:2012
7106:ISBN
7014:PMID
6969:help
6943:ISBN
6904:PMID
6858:PMID
6820:2014
6792:2010
6765:2010
6739:2010
6709:help
6675:ISBN
6648:2014
6578:PMID
6547:2014
6517:2014
6480:2017
6458:2014
6340:PMID
6330:ISBN
6300:2014
6246:2014
6203:ISBN
6167:PMID
6058:2014
6031:2014
5908:PMID
5835:PMID
5786:PMID
5755:2010
5694:2010
5661:ISBN
5635:2022
5622:ISBN
5591:2022
5566:2014
5529:2014
5499:link
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