Fiat BR.20 Cicogna

459:, which was effectively a complete redesign of the aircraft. It featured a fully glazed nose, a retractable tail wheel, and more streamlined fuselage, pointed fins, although the principal change involved was increased engine power from a pair of 932 kW (1,250 hp) Fiat A.82 RC 42 radial engines, along with an improved and heavier armament. The nose held a simple machine gun position rather than the turret used on earlier aircraft and two waist blisters were fitted over the wing trailing edge while the dorsal turret was a Breda Type V instead of the earlier Caproni Lanciani type. The BR.20bis was considered to be an improvement over the previous versions, particularly in terms of its aerodynamics. However, plans for production was delayed, in part due to technical issues that took time to resolve, and a decision by the 762: 1732: 579:(1,100 lb), 4 × 250 kg (550 lb), 4 × 160 kg (350 lb), 12 × 100 kg (220 lb), 12 × 50 kg (110 lb), 12 × 20 kg (40 lb), or 12 × 15 kg (30 lb) bombs. Combinations of different types were also possible, including 1 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) and 6 × 100 kg (220 lb), 1 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) and 6 × 15 or 20 kg (30 or 40 lb), or 2 × 250 kg (550 lb) and 6 × 50 or 100 kg (110 or 220 lb) bombs. The BR.20 could also carry four dispensers, armed with up to 720 × 1 or 2 kg (2 or 4 lb) HE or 1779: 1756: 1621: 1684: 1707: 570:. It was initially fitted with a Breda DR dorsal turret which was furnished with either one or two 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine guns; this turret was unusual because it was semi-retractable: the gunner's view was from a small cupola, and in case of danger, the turret would then be extended. This was later replaced by a Fiat-built M.I turret armed with a 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda machine gun, then by a Caproni-Lanciani Delta turret mounting a 12.7 mm (.5 in) Scotti machine gun (although this proved to be unreliable). It was finally by a more 1658: 1597: 1029: 496: 714: 398:, partly because of its performance during several high-profile air races. The performance differences between the two aircraft were minimal: both were rated at about 430 km/h (270 mph), with maximum and typical payloads of 1,600 kg (3,630 lb) and 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) respectively for a range of 800–1,000 km (500–620 mi). Both bombers also possessed an assortment of three to four machine guns as defensive weapons, but almost completely lacked protective armour. 550:(957 US gal) of fuel, along with a pair of oil tanks which held 112 L (30 US gal). When fully loaded with a 3,600 kg/7,900 lb payload, the bomber would have flight endurance time of 5½ hours when flown at 350 km/h (220 mph) and an altitude of 5,000 m (16,400 ft). The takeoff and landing distances were 350 m (1,150 ft) and 380 m (1,250 ft) respectively, while the theoretical ceiling was 7,600 m (24,930 ft). 710:; these aircraft were able to obtain sixth and seventh place in the race while rivals S.M.79s achieved the first place, the Fiat-built bomber being obviously slower. The BR.20A featured a rounded nose, similar to civil aircraft, while all of the normal military hardware, such as defensive turrets, had been removed. In its place, the internal fuel capacity was increased to 7,700 L (2,034 US gal), bringing the maximum range to 6,200 km (3,850 mi). 1804: 1230: 1340:, left Lonate Pozzolo with eight aircraft and arrived in Gerbini, Sicily. On 22 May, the BR.20s started to carry out raids against the besieged island almost nightly. While British fighter defences were initially weakened, operational effectiveness was regained via the adoption of improved anti-bomber combat techniques, which involved pursuing the bombers but only engaging them directly at critical phases of the flight. 4229: 4253: 513:. The primary mission of the aircraft was to perform medium-range bombing runs. The BR.20 was provided with a large number of design features that were very advanced for its time: the aircraft was capable of a maximum speed in excess of 400 km/h (250 mph) and a relatively high cruise speed of 320 km/h (200 mph), being as fast as the better of its international competitors, such as the 4241: 289:, set about designing a bomber that would be capable of relatively high speeds while using a simple and rugged construction and maintaining a low overall weight. According to aviation author G. Apostolo, the design "represented a departure from the line of aircraft previous designed by Ing. Celestino Rosatelli" and that it made use of elements of Fiat's earlier prototype civil 955:

the time". Amongst Japanese pilots, the aircraft was considered to possess unsatisfactory range and defensive armament; however, the first Ki-21s that entered service were not much better, except for their all-metal construction and the potential for further development when better engines became available (both types initially used two 746 kW/1,000 hp engines).

951:. The I-Type was heavily deployed on long-range bombing missions against Chinese cities and supply centers during the winter of 1938–39. The BR.20s were operating with no fighter cover at the extremes of their range and consequently incurred heavy losses from Chinese fighters, as did the early Ki-21s that shared the long-range bombing tasks. 170:(Italian Royal Air Force) issued during 1934 for a new medium bomber capable of high speeds, long range, and satisfactory payload, reliability, and flight characteristics compared to contemporaries. Among the companies that chose to respond was Fiat, which completed its design for the competition during 1935. On 10 February 1936, the first 482:. Yet another aircraft was modified to guide radio-commanded unmanned aircraft filled with explosives, but it was never used in combat. Including those bombers which had been sold to Japan, at least 233 standard BR.20s were manufactured along with an additional 264–279 BR.20Ms that were constructed from February 1940. 259:; the specifications called for it to be capable of speeds of 330 km/h (205 mph) at 4,500 m (15,000 ft) and 385 km/h (239 mph) at 5,000 m (16,400 ft), a 1,000 km (620 mi) range and 1,200 kg (2,600 lb) bombload. Various companies chose to respond, including 236:, however, by that point, the type was already approaching obsolescence. By 1942, the aircraft was mostly used for maritime patrol and operational training for bomber crews. The BR.20 was produced from the mid-1930s until the end of the Second World War. More than 500 were produced before the end of the war. 574:

Breda R turret, armed with a 12.7 mm (.5 in) Breda; this was a superior system that did not need any retraction mechanism because of the lower drag. In addition to this, the bomber was fitted with a 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine gun within a ventral clamshell hatch that could be opened

1210:

flew back to Italy, followed by the 13° before the end of the month as the Axis bombing campaign dwindled. During 12 days of bombing missions, the “Cicognas” dropped 54,320 kg (119,755 lbs); three aircraft were lost to enemy fire, 17 more for other reasons and 15 airmen were killed. Almost

954:

The fabric-covered surfaces were viewed as vulnerable, even if the main structure of this aircraft was noticeably robust. Apostolo stated of the negative coverage: "This may not have in fact been true, as the BR.20s had a metal-skinned wing and not fabric covering as claimed in the Japanese Press at

443:

Upon its introduction, the BR.20 was a cutting-edge aircraft and benefited from an overall good design, however, the bomber quickly became obsolete in the face of rapid advances made in the field during this era. The scarcity of improved versions of the aircraft condemned the BR.20 to be only viable

1371:

landed in Castelvetrano with 17 new machines (one crash landed on the Appennini Mountains); the units started operational service on 8 May, dropping 4AR mines. Before the end of August, five aircraft were lost and that same month the BR.20s departed Sicily. In the 16 months of their Malta campaign,

1498:

While the main front line task remained that of night bombing, especially against Malta, other roles included reconnaissance and the escort of convoys in the Mediterranean. For escort duties, aircraft were fitted with bombs and possibly depth charges, but with no other special equipment. They were

919:

Following an evaluation of both aircraft by the Japanese, it was determined that while the Caproni could not meet the Japanese requirements, the BR.20 closely matched the specification. In addition, the BR.20 had acquired a positive reputation as a relatively fast and durable aircraft in combat

745:, during which an average speed of 390 km/h (240 mph) was recorded. The modified aircraft carried 5,000 L (1,321 US gal) of fuel which increased its range from 3,000 km (1,864 mi) to 4,500 km (2,800 mi). The BR.20L was also used to test a newly developed 578:

The offensive payload of the BR.20 was carried entirely in the bomb bay, which was isolated from the rest of the aircraft by an aluminium sheet. It could contain various armaments in the following possible combinations: 2 × 800 kg (1,760 lb) bombs as maximum load, 2 × 500 kg

452:, along with a slightly longer fuselage. Also, the weight was increased because a part of the fabric was substituted with metal, improving the resistance to flutter and vibration from the engines while reducing speed from 430 km/h (270 mph) to 410 km/h (260 mph). 26: 1091:, Traversette and Cap San Martin fortresses on the Alps – and as reconnaissance aircraft. At the end of the French campaign, five BR.20s had been lost and 19 airmen killed. In the immediate aftermath of the campaign, the type resumed normal training and base duties. 1131:, five aircraft crash-landed because of technical failures and a lack of navigational training, while a further 17 BR.20s were forced to land en route due to poor visibility. On the night of 24 October, the 13° and 43° took off for their first bombing mission, over 665:

and a vertical camera. Another two or three crew members occupied the nose and the mid-fuselage, performing functions as the radio-operator, navigator and gunners. The radio operator was also the ventral gunner, while the last crew member was the dorsal gunner.

1522:, 67 BR.20s were operational with front line operational units, mainly being used on anti-partisan operations, although most aircraft had been relegated to the training role. During the final years of the war, some surviving aircraft remained in use as 1347:

arrived from Aviano, equipped with a total of 18 bombers, but, in less than three months, the units had lost 12 BR.20s. In addition to bombing missions, the BR.20s also performed anti-submarine patrols in the theatre. During October, the 37°

1380:

Several BR.20s were sent to the Soviet Union in August 1942, to perform long-range reconnaissance and bombing sortie in support of CSIR, Italian Army on Eastern Front. On 3 August 1941, two BR-20s arrived in Ukraine and were assigned to 38a

853:; during these engagements, the BR.20 proved to be a sturdy and accurate bomber. When flown at an operational altitude of 13,000 ft, the BR.20s were fast enough to generally avoid interception by Republican-aligned aircraft such as the 416:, weighing around the same, had a reserve of power and was capable of performing acrobatic manoeuvers, even rolls. Its engines were more reliable than those of the BR.20 and had enough power to return to base even with one shut down. The 1486:

in October 1940, and deployed increasing numbers of BR.20s in attacks on Greece from bases in Italy and Albania in support of the Italian Army while it was being driven back into Albania. They were involved in heavy battles with the

444:

in the role of a second-line machine, being underpowered and lacking in defensive firepower by the outbreak of the Second World War. By the time Italy had entered the Second World War, a new variant of the bomber, designated as the

912:"Sally", which was undergoing prototype trials at the time, and thus required the interim purchase of aircraft from abroad. Italy was willing to give priority to any Japanese orders over its own requirements, and offered both the 1135:, deploying eight BR.20s each. One bomber crashed on takeoff, as a result of engine failure, while two more got lost on their return, failing to find their airfield and their crews bailing out. On 29 October, 15 aircraft of 43° 1289:(Wing) was deployed there to continue the night attacks against the British between July 1941 and April 1942. However, due to Italian industry struggling to produce aircraft to meet demands, the strategic capabilities of the 838:. On 15 November 1937, the newly operational squadron commenced daily missions against Republican targets, usually without the support of a fighter escort. During April 1938, the bomber force flew many missions during the 279:; the majority of these offered aircraft that would have exceeded the speed requirements, but not the sought range; additionally, not all designs exhibited satisfactory flight characteristics or reliability levels. 1021:(Wing), all of which were based in Northern Italy; the decision to base the type in the north of the country was due to the general strength of the aircraft and its excellent flight performance upon encountering 1499:

used in this role from 1941, with 37° Wing (Lecce), 13° Wing (end of 1942), 116°, 32 Group (Iesi, from 1943), and 98° (based in Libya) from 1941. One of the 55° aircraft was lost in August 1941 against British

653:. Crewed by four or five, the BR.20's two pilots sat side by side with the engineer/radio operator/gunner behind. The radio operator's equipment included a R.A. 350-I radio-transmitter, A.R.5 receiver and P.3N 970:, but when this conflict ended, in September 1939, the BR.20s were progressively withdrawn and replaced by the Ki-21. Despite having been phased out from operational service, the BR.20 was allocated the 379:, to conduct test flights under tropical conditions. The initial production bombers differed from the earlier prototype in various area, particular in the finer details of the nose, fuselage, and tail. 1491:

and British, often facing fierce RAF opposition, as happened on 27 February 1941, when four BR.20s were lost or heavily damaged. This force was redeployed against Yugoslavia during the more successful

845:

During July 1938, a further seven aircraft were dispatched to Spain. During the civil war, the type had frequently participated in bombing raids across various areas of the nation, including the

1456:

After the first year of war, the limitations of this type were evident. It was highly vulnerable to enemy attacks, as Japanese experience had shown in 1938, and the aircraft was replaced by the

920:

during the Spanish Civil War. Accordingly, during late 1937, an initial order was placed by Japan for 72 BR.20s; this was soon followed by another order for a further 10 bombers.

630:, the takeoff and landing distances were relatively short while the thickness of the wing did not compromise the achievable speed. It was also provided with a retractable main 161:. It holds the distinction of being the first all-metal Italian bomber to enter service; at the time, it was regarded as one of the most modern medium bombers in the world. 2782:

Domange, Yves (August 1996). "21 juin 1940: un bombardier de reconnaissance italien survolve Lyon (1ère partie)" [An Italian Reconnaissance Bomber Flies over Lyon].

2392:

Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) – General Aviation World Records: History of General Aviation World Records List of records established by the 'Fiat B.R.20.'

1206:

and Harwich on the nights of 5, 17, 20, 29 November, three times in December and twice at the beginning of January, with no losses suffered. On 10 January 1941, the 43°

789:

of the era participating to various degrees in support of their favoured side. The civil war became a testing ground for the latest military equipment of the Italians,

412:

was a more difficult aircraft to fly with a heavier wingload, but overall its three engines provided more power than the twin-engine arrangement of the BR.20. The

2022: 1308:

was back to Reggio Emilia base: during the African campaign, with the type suffering many mechanical troubles because of the desert sand, losses amounted to 15

2069: 2050: 4054: 1401:. They usually flew lone bombing sorties, carrying 36 small-baskets of incendiary bombes to drop on enemy troops in urban areas. On 5 October, three 1173:

fighters. Despite the escort, three bombers were downed (together with three CR.42s) and three more damaged, with no loss to the Hurricanes. British

2530: 842:. In July 1938, the BR.20's role was expanded to include photo reconnaissance missions due to the accuracy and high quality of its A.G.R.61 camera. 3604: 687:) was equipped with the "Cicognas" it was probably the most modern bombing unit in the world at that time. Shortly after entering service with the 3613: 1519: 1465: 1060:

airfields; two aircraft (commanded by Catalano and Sammartano) were shot down and one was badly damaged. The same day, 28 BR.20s from 43° and 7°

971: 332:

The BR.20 moved swiftly through its design and development phases, the design itself being finalized during 1935. On 10 February 1936, the first

255:(Italian Royal Air Force) issued a request to Italian aviation manufacturers, asking them to submit their proposals for the production of a new 1453:. Other BR.20s were used to drop food and other material to the Italian Army, often trapped in the Balkans, faced with Yugoslavian resistance. 730: 4288: 3338: 3323: 1769: 1262:, in Libya. On 11 March, they landed on Castel Benito airfield; subsequently, they were allocated to Bir Dufan base, where they replaced the 1083:, the French air defenses in the south having not been defeated by the German attack in the north. Small-scale air raids continued until the 467:

instead. Originally, 98 aircraft were ordered, but only 15 BR.20bis were built from March to July 1943, with heavy Allied bombing of Fiat's

3363: 3333: 3328: 3018: 2394: 448:, had been produced and put in service. The improved BR.20M featured a different nose provisioned with additional glazed sections for the 3314: 3127: 1084: 935:, after which they were transported on for assembly and flight testing purposes. In Japanese service, the BR.20 (designated the I-Type ( 2951: 1113:

to directly challenge the British mainland itself, that the BR.20 showed its limitations for the first time. On 10 September 1940, the

3487: 1372:

41 “Cicognas” were shot down or lost through accidents. The Fiat bombers returned for a short time in 1943 with attacks on Malta.

371:. Testing of the aircraft continued even after this point; during June 1937, three aircraft were dispatched to a pair of bases in 2991: 2799:

Domange, Yves (September 1996). "21 juin 1940: un bombardier de reconnaissance italien survolve Lyon (2ème et dernière partie)".

778: 4278: 1266:

in the night-bomber role. In this theatre, the BR.20 was tasked with bombing the British forces, in particular the key port of

782: 539: 1363:

The attrition rate of the bombers remained relatively high; as such, BR.20-equipped units continued to be rotated to bases on

4283: 2739: 3597: 1174: 864:

Losses were very low; nine of the 13 BR.20s sent to Spain survived to the end of the war when they were handed over to the

471:

factory preventing further production. There is no evidence that any of these were deployed under operation circumstances.

201:. It was also used in combat during the 1930s with relative success by the licence built Japanese examples during the 878:

was successful in the theatre, just 13 examples were sent to Spain compared to at least 99 SM.79s, which meant that the

2017: 1737: 1697: 1672: 1503:, while between 9 August–11 September 1941, 98° escorted 172 ships from Italy to Libya. In almost all these units, the 1360:, in Gerbini. But within the first month those units too lost nine aircraft as a result of accidents or to enemy fire. 1005:

on 10 June 1940. At this time, only four wings operated BR.20s compared to the 14 wings equipped with SM.79s, with 172

905: 84: 2938: 2907: 2839: 2824: 2754: 2702: 1602: 394:, a non-competitor which was developed at practically the same time, gained a reputation that overshadowed the BR.20 353: 268: 3518: 2007: 1995: 1647: 1531: 182:. Flight testing proceeded at a rapid pace; during September 1936, initial deliveries of the type commenced to the 4104: 4079: 3590: 2065: 2046: 1413:

Emilio d’Emilei. The Fiat crew claimed two Soviet fighters and the bomber managed to land back to airfield, in

809:. As a by-product of this involvement, rapid advances in bomber development were achieved during this period. 614:

covering the rear fuselage. The BR.20 had 74 m² (796 ft²) metal-skinned wings, comprising a pair of

3480: 1534:, which used it for communications duties. The last BR.20 was retired on 7 June 1946 and none survive today. 622:. The wing was built in three sections, the central being integral with the fuselage and the other two being 520:. In spite of this, both the range and payload of the bomber were also comparatively favourable for the era. 3582: 478:, a gunship with a 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon in the nose, while another aircraft was modified with a 1761: 1477: 2527: 586:. All the bombs were loaded and released horizontally, improving the accuracy of the launch. There was no 3692: 2984: 1610: 4293: 4219: 1045: 761: 1421:, but the pilot was wounded. The BR.20s were withdrawn from eastern Front in spring 1943, at first to 1745: 695:

campaign lauding Italian engineering. During 1937, a pair of stripped-down BR.20s, designated as the

649:

and navigator stations, while the twin tail arrangement allowed a good field of fire from the dorsal

559: 197:; the BR-20 came to form the backbone of Nationalist bombing operations, along with the German-built 3473: 901: 598:

The BR.20 had a relatively robust main structure which featured mixed-construction; the slab-sided

202: 1053: 546:, housed within the center fuselage and the inner section of the wings held a combined 3,622 2012: 1932: 1663: 1527: 619: 567: 1584:

RC.42 rated at 932 kW/1,250 hp each), increased dimensions and new, fully glazed nose.

4273: 2977: 2391: 1492: 1461: 1450: 1402: 1278: 1263: 967: 880: 658: 654: 543: 449: 388: 313: 51: 1389:. Three days later they had their baptism of fire, bombing enemy troops at Werch Mamor, along 189:

During summer 1937, the BR.20 received its baptism of fire when a number were operated by the

580: 283: 4187: 4163: 3496: 3465: 3033: 3010: 1791: 1641: 1115: 1100: 826: 190: 1515:

was hampered by the lack of special equipment and, consequently, no submarines were sunk.

8: 4139: 4134: 3787: 3777: 3647: 3256: 3207: 3178: 349: 286: 67: 2732:

A History of Chinese Aviation: Encyclopedia of Aircraft and Aviation in China until 1949

1013:

including those not yet delivered to operational squadrons. The units equipped with the

4064: 3434: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3059: 1523: 1390: 1300:

troops serving with the British forces near Oberdan village; subsequently, 11° and 43°

839: 1813:

The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II, The Fiat B.R.20: Aircraft Profile No. 110

348:, flown by Fiat test pilot Rolandi. Following the first flight, it was transferred to 4205: 4169: 3732: 3727: 3449: 3102: 2934: 2903: 2847: 2835: 2820: 2804: 2787: 2750: 2735: 2698: 1960: 1720: 1634: 1483: 1367:

to continue the offensive against Malta though 1941 and 1942. On 1 May 1942, the 88°

1185: 1177: 1124: 1106: 870: 835: 813: 774: 535: 251: 233: 213:

under the command of Maner Lualdi performed a highly publicised non-stop flight from

194: 166: 88: 79: 4245: 4119: 4039: 4019: 4014: 3969: 3829: 3772: 3717: 3707: 3642: 3637: 3444: 3304: 1990: 1870: 1626: 1212: 1170: 990: 909: 831: 464: 264: 575:

when required. The original defensive armament weighed 220 kg (480 lb).

4257: 4004: 3959: 3954: 3894: 3889: 3808: 3802: 3797: 3682: 3672: 3571: 3454: 3167: 2534: 2398: 2073: 2054: 1929: 1712: 1689: 1446: 1418: 1317: 1166: 1110: 1080: 940: 932: 858: 854: 615: 531: 1028: 713: 650: 495: 4157: 4114: 4109: 4094: 4089: 4074: 4044: 4029: 4024: 3999: 3984: 3979: 3974: 3949: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3874: 3864: 3849: 3839: 3819: 3792: 3742: 3687: 3662: 3657: 3627: 3000: 1985: 1965: 1511:. This escort task was quite effective, at least psychologically, although the 1508: 1500: 1464:

in almost all operational units that had employed the BR.20. By 1943, when the

1406: 1002: 913: 798: 684: 661:

sat at a station located within the nose; this position was equipped with both

376: 198: 158: 56: 2845:

Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon, eds. "Fiat BR.20... Stork à la mode".

4267: 4199: 4181: 4175: 4084: 4049: 3989: 3914: 3757: 3752: 3722: 3652: 3632: 3612: 3543: 3533: 3028: 3023: 2956: 2808: 2791: 1975: 1970: 1873:

18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engine, 746 kW (1,000 hp) each

1343:

Consequently, the first BR.20 loss occurred on 8 of June. On 9 June, the 31°

1223: 1181: 908:

found itself short of modern long-range bombers, pending the delivery of the

865: 812:

During June 1937, Italy deployed six of its newly delivered BR.20 bombers to

802: 527: 510: 479: 341: 256: 179: 154: 44: 1274:, in preparation for a major joint offensive by Italian and Germany forces. 30:

A Fiat BR.20 on the ground just prior to Italy's declaration of war in 1940.

4233: 4129: 4099: 4069: 4034: 3994: 3919: 3879: 3859: 3854: 3844: 3834: 3814: 3762: 3747: 3737: 3712: 3702: 3697: 3677: 3667: 1955: 1414: 1259: 806: 790: 750: 631: 627: 583: 517: 387:

Despite the BR.20 being the winner of the 1934 new bomber competition, the

301:, was modern and competitive with other Italian bomber aircraft. The BR.20 260: 229: 2964: 1296:

One of the last sorties occurred on 7 March 1942, when two BR.20s strafed

4193: 3944: 3392: 3387: 1980: 1457: 1304:

started their withdrawal to the Italian mainland. By 12 April, the whole

1271: 1146:

During a famous battle on 11 November, a formation of 10 BR.20s from 43°

786: 738: 571: 359:

Production orders for the type were quickly placed and authorised by the

317: 218: 1495:

in April 1941, using a strong detachment (131 aircraft) in four groups.

1229: 1088: 423:

s superior agility enabled it to perform as a torpedo-bomber, while the

3964: 3884: 3869: 3824: 3782: 3548: 3538: 3523: 3353: 3348: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3162: 3157: 3038: 2851:

Volume 22, No. 6, June 1982, pp. 290–294, 307–312. ISSN 0306-5634.

1442: 1151: 1022: 766: 692: 635: 634:, the elements of which would retract into the engine's nacelles via a 563: 514: 504: 294: 232:

during mid-1940, the BR.20 served as the standard medium bomber of the

623: 363:; during September 1936, initial deliveries of the BR.20 commenced to 4124: 4059: 3767: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3264: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3196: 3191: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3048: 3043: 2496: 1803: 1784: 1581: 1158: 948: 746: 662: 642: 607: 558:

In terms of its self-defence capability, the BR.20 was fitted with a

524: 507: 333: 171: 2877:

Lembo, Daniele. "Fiat BR.20 una Cicogna per la Regia" (in Italian).

1211:

200 modern aircraft were engaged in the campaign, which involved an

884:

was almost the Italian standard bomber, especially on day missions.

721:

During 1939, a modified long-range BR.20 version, designated as the

3343: 3245: 3186: 3077: 3072: 3067: 1469: 1258:

in Belgium, led by commander De Wittembeschi, left Italy bound for

1140: 1076: 963: 928: 742: 707: 704: 618:

and 50 ribs (also composed of duralumin) along with fabric-covered

599: 372: 310: 290: 222: 1190:"They might have found better employment defending their Fleet at 1473: 1434: 1203: 1191: 1162: 1154: 1132: 1128: 1057: 994: 817: 646: 587: 474:

Various experimental versions were developed. These included the

272: 2969: 1048:. On the night of 12 June 1940, eight bombers from 13° attacked 297:. Upon its emergence, the design, which later designated as the 157:

that was developed and manufactured by Italian aircraft company

1571: 1488: 1438: 1422: 1364: 1267: 1087:, with many BR.20s also used in support for the Army – bombing 1049: 1033: 998: 924: 846: 794: 700: 611: 603: 205:. During 1939, a modified long-range BR.20 version (designated 1180:

commented on this raid, which occurred on the same day as the

939:)) was used to supplement and eventually replace the obsolete 2891:

Massiniello, Giorgio. "Bombe sull'Inghilterra" (in Italian).

1574:

fitted with 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon in revised nose.

1329: 897: 893: 821: 547: 468: 345: 146: 25: 3495: 1564:

Improved bomber version with lengthened nose, 264 produced.

1297: 850: 734: 534:

at 4,100 m (13,451 ft), which drove three-bladed

276: 214: 1127:. During the ferry operation from Italy to their bases in 3614:

World War II Allied reporting names for Japanese aircraft

2900:

The Hamlyn Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II

2749:(Sampson Low Guides). Maidenhead, UK: Sampson Low, 1978. 1654: 1472:, although 81 were with operational units, mostly in the 645:

configuration and a nose section that was separated into

2571: 2569: 1052:

dockyard. The next day, 10 Fiat BR.20s dropped bombs on

2614: 2612: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2023:

List of Regia Aeronautica aircraft used in World War II

1552:

De-militarised conversion of two BR.20s for air racing.

1507:

was operated together with other aircraft, such as the

1277:

While North Africa was never considered to have been a

943:, equipping a pair of bomber groups (the 12th and 98th 499:

A Fiat B.R.20M of 242 Squadron, 99 Group, 43 Wing, 1940

2952:

A Spanish Civil War photo showing an early model BR.20

2092: 2090: 4217: 2654: 2566: 2922:

Sgarlato, Nico. "Il Disastro del CAI" (in Italian).

2633: 2609: 2505: 2480: 2125: 2123: 1332:

campaign in 1941, 1942 and 1943. On 7 May 1941, 19°

1123:

equipped with 80 brand-new BR.20Ms, to fight in the

916:

and the BR.20 bombers in order to meet their needs.

2916:

Enemy Aircraft (German and Italian) of World War II

2108: 2087: 1950:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

1530:after the Armistice, with only one retained by the 1293:was increasingly restricted from mid-1941 onwards. 923:During early 1938, the first BR.20 were shipped to 785:factions. However, the conflict quickly led to the 733:performed a highly publicised non-stop flight from 699:, were custom-built for entry into the prestigious 1433:During the course of the war, BR.20s were used in 861:fighters that were unable to challenge the BR.20. 305:was amongst those proposals to be accepted by the 2132: 2120: 2099: 1609:A single captured BR.20 entered service with the 765:A formation of Fiat B.R.20s, June 1937. Note the 566:, armed with a single 7.7 mm (.303 in) 408:s success lay in its flying characteristics. The 4265: 2873:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. 1580:Major re-design with more powerful engines (two 1526:and transports. A small number were used by the 431:were constructed, at least twice as many as the 2670: 2668: 2666: 1798: 427:was never considered for that role. Over 1,200 2078: 1393:. More BR.20s arrived on 5 September from 43° 1356:, based on Fontanarossa airfield, and the 55° 1001:, Italy declared war upon both France and the 164:The BR.20 has its origins in a request by the 3598: 3481: 2985: 2888:.(in Italian) Milano, Electa Mondadori, 2006. 2886:Aerei Mililtari: Bombardieri e da Trasporto 2 1906:2,750 km (1,710 mi, 1,480 nmi) 1770:Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia 1075:based on Bresso airfield, was shot down over 1073:Squadriglia Ricognizione Strategica Terrestre 610:skin of the forward and center fuselage, and 2801:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 2784:Avions: Toute l'aéronautique et son histoire 2663: 2647: 2645: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 2416: 2378: 2376: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2220: 2218: 1441:as well. They were also used extensively in 830:as a part of its contribution in support of 626:outer sections. As a consequence of the low 2834:. Glasgow, HarperCollins Publishers, 1995. 2695:The encyclopedia of weapons of World War II 2626: 2624: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2578: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2276: 2269: 2267: 1425:and, subsequently, to Italy, on 13 April. 3605: 3591: 3488: 3474: 2992: 2978: 2881:n. 29, April–May 2003, West-Ward Edizioni. 2762:The Fiat B.R.20: Aircraft Profile No. 110. 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 590:armament adopted during its service life. 503:The Fiat BR.20 was a twin-engine low-wing 2861:"Il CAI sul Mare del Nord" (in Italian). 2642: 2557: 2440: 2413: 2404: 2373: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2285: 2255: 2215: 1900:340 km/h (210 mph, 180 kn) 1894:440 km/h (270 mph, 240 kn) 1752: 1728: 356:for an accelerated evaluation programme. 2868: 2858:. Milano, Alberto Peruzzo Editore, 1984. 2778:. Modena, Editore S.T.E.M. Mucchi, 1976. 2711: 2621: 2587: 2543: 2299: 2264: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 1312:. The last use over Africa was when 55° 1228: 1027: 760: 712: 494: 463:to place large orders for the competing 382: 2798: 2781: 2454: 2324: 2308: 2227: 2189: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 1794:– A single BR.20 was sold to Venezuela. 1680: 1468:was signed, many had been relegated to 1109:, in which Axis aircraft flew over the 4266: 2913: 2747:World Aircraft: World War II, Volume I 2745:Angelucci, Enzo and Paolo Matricardi. 2697:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. 2692: 2502:Angelucci and Matricardi 1978, p. 197. 2114: 1520:Armistice between Italy and the Allies 1397:. Three of them were assigned to 116a 669: 438: 3586: 3469: 2973: 1558:Long ranged civil version, one built. 1476:and Italy; also later serving on the 1064:bombed Toulon again, with no losses. 691:, the aircraft became central to the 455:The final production variant was the 4289:Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft 2764:Profile Publications, 1966. No ISBN. 2734:. AHS of ROC: Taipei, Taiwan, 2008. 2686: 2141: 1546:Initial production model, 233 built. 1071:MM. 21837) of the newly formed 172a 1040:The aircraft of the 7°, 13° and 43° 773:During the mid- to late- 1930s, the 2856:Aerei della Seconda Guerra Mondiale 2651:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 311. 2563:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 310. 2451:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 308. 2428:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 294. 2410:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 293. 2382:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 307. 2352:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 292. 2296:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 312. 2224:Green and Swanborough 1982, p. 291. 1839:21.56 m (70 ft 9 in) 1833:16.68 m (54 ft 9 in) 979: 966:-Manchurian border to fight in the 320:, thus gaining the prefix BR, (for 13: 2817:The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft 2018:List of interwar military aircraft 1879:3-bladed variable-pitch propellers 1845:4.75 m (15 ft 7 in) 1802: 1698:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 1673:Aeronautica Nazionale Repubblicana 1518:At the time of the September 1943 681:13° Stormo Bombardamento Terrestre 365:13° Stormo Bombardamento Terrestre 99:Fiat BR.20 (233) Fiat BR.20M (279) 85:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service 14: 4305: 4151:thought to be in Japanese service 2999: 2945: 2769:Aerei d'Italia (dal 1923 al 1972) 1385:(reconnaissance squadron) of 71° 991:Nazi Germany's invasion of France 896:entered into full-scale war with 769:blending in with the ground below 228:Upon the entry of Italy into the 4251: 4239: 4227: 2871:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes 2771:. Edizioni "E.C.A. 2000" Milano. 2008:List of aircraft of World War II 1996:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 Sparviero 1777: 1754: 1730: 1705: 1682: 1656: 1648:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force 1619: 1595: 1532:Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force 1352:arrived in Sicily with the 116° 1254:, that had been in service with 679:When, near the end of 1936, the 674: 24: 2931:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation 2724: 2677: 2521: 2431: 2385: 1863:10,100 kg (22,267 lb) 1851:74 m (800 sq ft) 1428: 1375: 1237: 717:A Regia Aeronautica BR.20, 1938 2902:. London: Bounty Books, 2006. 2819:. Aerospace Publishing. 1997. 2059: 2040: 1857:6,500 kg (14,330 lb) 1383:Squadriglia osservazione aerea 1017:were the 7°, 13°, 18° and 43° 327: 282:Fiat's design team, headed by 239: 1: 4279:1930s Italian bomber aircraft 2540:. Retrieved: 7 December 2007. 2028: 1912:8,000 m (26,000 ft) 1570:Single aircraft converted by 1215:in the form of weakening the 1143:, in daylight, with no loss. 1119:was formed, with 13° and 43° 834:'s Nationalist forces in the 777:was waged between right-wing 244: 153:) was a low-wing twin-engine 4284:World War II Italian bombers 3621:Aircraft in Japanese service 2918:. London, UK: Ian Allan Ltd. 2033: 1940:1,600 kg (3,530 lb) of bombs 1799:Specifications (Fiat BR.20M) 1588: 1409:attacked the BR.20 flown by 1233:Fiat BR.20s over Yugoslavia. 593: 7: 2957:BR.20 on Avions legendaires 2693:Bishop, Chris, ed. (1998). 2401:Retrieved: 1 December 2007. 1944: 1611:Republic of China Air Force 1537: 1493:German and Italian invasion 641:The BR.20 possessed a twin- 553: 523:The engines were a pair of 490: 10: 4310: 1157:fighters – but not by the 1098: 1094: 1009:being in service with the 4148: 3620: 3557: 3504: 3427: 3401: 3362: 3313: 3254: 3205: 3176: 3057: 3008: 2869:Lawrence, Joseph (1945). 2584:Apostolo 1966, pp. 10–11. 2282:Apostolo 1966, pp. 13–14. 1746:Royal Hungarian Air Force 1202:nevertheless bombed both 997:forces pushing deep into 984: 931:, in Japanese-controlled 540:variable-pitch propellers 485: 354:Metropolitan City of Rome 124: 116: 108: 103: 95: 74: 62: 50: 40: 35: 23: 18: 2965:Comando Supremo on BR.20 2933:. London: Jane's, 1980. 2914:Munson, Kenneth (1960). 2832:Aircraft of World War II 2674:Donald 1997, p. 407-408. 2138:Matricardi 2006, p. 257. 1933:Breda-SAFAT machine guns 1328:BR.20s were used in the 1323: 1242:On 27 February 1941, 14 1161:– on a daylight raid on 1067:On 15 June, one BR.20M ( 902:Second Sino-Japanese War 887: 756: 606:steel tube structure. A 203:Second Sino-Japanese War 2803:(in French) (42): 2–4. 2786:(in French) (41): 2–4. 2683:Andersson 2008, p. 266. 2370:Apostolo 1966, pp. 3–4. 2361:Apostolo 1966, pp. 4–5. 2261:Apostolo 1966, pp. 6–7. 2013:List of bomber aircraft 1818:General characteristics 1664:Italian Social Republic 1046:campaign against France 906:Japanese Army Air Force 871:Ejército del Aire (EdA) 620:flight control surfaces 568:Breda-SAFAT machine gun 544:self-sealing fuel tanks 389:Savoia Marchetti SM.79 322:"Bombardiere Rosatelli" 4190:(Messerschmitt Bf 109) 4166:(Messerschmitt Bf 110) 2660:De Marchi 1976, p. 12. 2575:De Marchi 1976, p. 10. 1807: 1462:Savoia-Marchetti SM.84 1264:Savoia-Marchetti SM.81 1234: 1037: 993:in May 1940, and with 968:Battle of Khalkhin Gol 962:was redeployed to the 770: 718: 530:, rated at 1,000 500: 480:tricycle undercarriage 314:Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 2929:Taylor, M.J.H. (ed). 2717:Apostolo 1966, p. 16. 2639:De Marchi 1976, p. 9. 2630:Apostolo 1966, p. 12. 2618:De Marchi 1976, p. 8. 2606:Apostolo 1966, p. 11. 2554:Apostolo 1966, p. 10. 2528:"David Scott Malden." 2518:De Marchi 1976, p. 7. 2493:De Marchi 1976, p. 6. 2305:Apostolo 1966, p. 14. 2273:Apostolo 1966, p. 13. 2096:Gunston 1994, p. 221. 1806: 1232: 1165:, was intercepted by 1031: 972:Allied reporting name 764: 729:under the command of 716: 638:-actuated mechanism. 498: 383:Cicogna vs. Sparviero 284:aeronautical engineer 3497:Spanish Armed Forces 2926:magazine, June 2007. 2830:Ethell, L. Jeffrey. 2730:Andersson, Lennart. 2477:Apostolo 1966, p. 7. 2437:Taylor 1980, p. 384. 2343:Apostolo 1966, p. 5. 2321:Apostolo 1966, p. 4. 2252:Apostolo 1966, p. 6. 2212:Apostolo 1966, p. 3. 2186:Lembo 2003, p. 8-26. 1792:Venezuelan Air Force 1642:Aviazione Legionaria 1484:Italy invaded Greece 1256:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1200:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1116:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1101:Corpo Aereo Italiano 1044:fought in the brief 827:Aviazione Legionaria 401:The reasons for the 309:, together with the 191:Aviazione Legionaria 4208:(Focke-Wulf Fw 200) 4172:(Focke Wulf Fw 190) 3559:Bombardero Vertical 3499:bomber designations 2884:Matricardi, Paolo. 2815:Donald, David, ed. 2767:Bignozzi, Giorgio. 2129:Ethell 1995, p. 67. 2105:Ethell 1995, p. 66. 1861:Max takeoff weight: 1316:aircraft contested 892:In July 1937, when 670:Operational history 439:Further development 350:Guidonia Montecelio 287:Celestino Rosatelli 68:Celestino Rosatelli 36:General information 2924:Aerei nella Storia 2895:magazine n.1/2005. 2879:Aerei nella Storia 2776:Fiat BR.20 cicogna 2774:De Marchi, Italo. 2533:2007-12-12 at the 2397:2006-05-29 at the 2072:2014-09-27 at the 2053:2014-09-26 at the 1808: 1235: 1222:s presence in the 1198:The BR.20s of the 1105:It was during the 1069:Matricola Militare 1038: 868:to serve with the 840:Battle of the Ebro 771: 719: 602:was composed of a 501: 4294:Low-wing aircraft 4215: 4214: 3580: 3579: 3565: 3512: 3463: 3462: 2848:Air International 2740:978-957-28533-3-7 1961:Douglas B-18 Bolo 1721:Spanish Air Force 1635:Regia Aeronautica 1466:Italian armistice 1291:Regia Aeronautica 1217:Regia Aeronautica 1178:Winston Churchill 1125:Battle of Britain 1107:Battle of Britain 1011:Regia Aeronautica 836:Spanish Civil War 824:, for use by the 775:Spanish Civil War 689:Regia Aeronautica 542:. A group of six 461:Regia Aeronautica 369:Regia Aeronautica 361:Regia Aeronautica 307:Regia Aeronautica 252:Regia Aeronautica 249:During 1934, the 234:Regia Aeronautica 195:Spanish Civil War 184:Regia Aeronautica 167:Regia Aeronautica 132: 131: 109:Introduction date 89:Spanish Air Force 80:Regia Aeronautica 4301: 4256: 4255: 4254: 4244: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4223: 4160:(Heinkel He 111) 4149:Foreign aircraft 3607: 3600: 3593: 3584: 3583: 3563: 3510: 3490: 3483: 3476: 3467: 3466: 2994: 2987: 2980: 2971: 2970: 2961: 2919: 2874: 2812: 2795: 2718: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2690: 2684: 2681: 2675: 2672: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2640: 2637: 2631: 2628: 2619: 2616: 2607: 2604: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2573: 2564: 2561: 2555: 2552: 2541: 2525: 2519: 2516: 2503: 2500: 2494: 2491: 2478: 2475: 2452: 2449: 2438: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2411: 2408: 2402: 2389: 2383: 2380: 2371: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2350: 2344: 2341: 2322: 2319: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2294: 2283: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2262: 2259: 2253: 2250: 2225: 2222: 2213: 2210: 2187: 2184: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2127: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2094: 2085: 2084:Bignozzi, p. 10. 2082: 2076: 2063: 2057: 2044: 1991:Mitsubishi Ki-21 1920: 1910:Service ceiling: 1887: 1871:Fiat A.80 R.C.41 1820: 1783: 1781: 1780: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1740: 1736: 1734: 1733: 1711: 1709: 1708: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1685: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1659: 1627:Kingdom of Italy 1625: 1623: 1622: 1601: 1599: 1598: 1221: 1213:opportunity cost 1171:Hawker Hurricane 1085:French surrender 1081:Dewoitine D.520s 1032:Two Fiat B.R.20 980:Second World War 910:Mitsubishi Ki-21 832:Francisco Franco 657:. The navigator/ 465:CRDA CANT Z.1018 422: 407: 340:) performed its 230:Second World War 178:) conducted its 152: 149: 144: 120:10 February 1936 28: 16: 15: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4302: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4264: 4263: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4240: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4202:(Junkers Ju 52) 4184:(Junkers Ju 88) 4178:(Junkers Ju 87) 4150: 4144: 3616: 3611: 3581: 3576: 3562: 3553: 3509: 3500: 3494: 3464: 3459: 3423: 3397: 3358: 3309: 3255:Fighter series 3250: 3201: 3172: 3053: 3004: 2998: 2959: 2948: 2898:Mondey, David. 2893:Storia Militare 2854:Gunston, Bill. 2727: 2722: 2721: 2716: 2712: 2705: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2622: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2544: 2535:Wayback Machine 2526: 2522: 2517: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2481: 2476: 2455: 2450: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2399:Wayback Machine 2390: 2386: 2381: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2325: 2320: 2309: 2304: 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1096: 1093: 1003:United Kingdom 986: 983: 981: 978: 914:Caproni Ca.135 889: 886: 781:and left-wing 758: 755: 685:Lonate Pozzolo 676: 673: 671: 668: 595: 592: 555: 552: 528:radial engines 492: 489: 487: 484: 440: 437: 384: 381: 377:Tripoli, Libya 329: 326: 246: 243: 241: 238: 199:Heinkel He 111 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 101: 100: 97: 93: 92: 83: 76: 72: 71: 66: 64: 60: 59: 54: 48: 47: 42: 38: 37: 33: 32: 29: 21: 20: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4306: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4274:Fiat aircraft 4272: 4271: 4269: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4237: 4235: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4196:(Vultee V-11) 4195: 4192: 4189: 4186: 4183: 4180: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4147: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 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3623: 3619: 3615: 3608: 3603: 3601: 3596: 3594: 3589: 3588: 3585: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3514: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3491: 3486: 3484: 3479: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3468: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3154: 3151: 3149: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3056: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2983: 2981: 2976: 2975: 2972: 2966: 2963: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2940: 2939:1-85170-324-1 2936: 2932: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2908:0-7537-1460-4 2905: 2901: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2865:October 1990. 2864: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2840:0-00-470849-0 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2825:1-85605-375-X 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2766: 2763: 2760:Apostolo, G. 2759: 2756: 2755:0-562-00096-8 2752: 2748: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2714: 2706: 2704:0-7607-1022-8 2700: 2696: 2689: 2680: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2657: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2627: 2625: 2615: 2613: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2572: 2570: 2560: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2529: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2499: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2434: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2417: 2407: 2400: 2396: 2393: 2388: 2379: 2377: 2367: 2358: 2349: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2302: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2279: 2270: 2268: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2221: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2117:, p. 18. 2116: 2111: 2102: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2039: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2005: 2004: 2003: 2002:Related lists 1997: 1994: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1977: 1976:Junkers Ju 86 1974: 1972: 1971:Ilyushin DB-3 1969: 1967: 1964: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1952: 1951: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1898:Cruise speed: 1896: 1893: 1890: 1889: 1888: 1886: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1859: 1856: 1855:Empty weight: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1814: 1812: 1805: 1793: 1790: 1789: 1786: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1763: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1722: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1713:Spanish State 1703: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1695: 1691: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1639: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1631: 1628: 1617: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1593: 1592: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1481: 1479: 1478:Eastern Front 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1373: 1370: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1321: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1231: 1227: 1225: 1224:Mediterranean 1218: 1214: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1195: 1193: 1187: 1184:'s attack on 1183: 1182:Fleet Air Arm 1179: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 977: 976: 973: 969: 965: 961: 956: 952: 950: 947:) located in 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 917: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 885: 883: 882: 877: 873: 872: 867: 866:Spanish State 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 828: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 768: 763: 754: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 715: 711: 709: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 675:Early service 667: 664: 660: 656: 655:radio compass 652: 648: 644: 639: 637: 636:hydraulically 633: 632:undercarriage 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 591: 589: 585: 582: 576: 573: 569: 565: 562:model H nose 561: 551: 549: 545: 541: 537: 536:Fiat-Hamilton 533: 529: 526: 521: 519: 516: 512: 511:medium bomber 509: 506: 497: 483: 481: 477: 472: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 436: 434: 430: 426: 419: 415: 411: 404: 399: 397: 393: 392: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 355: 351: 347: 343: 342:maiden flight 339: 335: 325: 323: 319: 315: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 285: 280: 278: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 257:medium bomber 254: 253: 237: 235: 231: 226: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 187: 185: 181: 180:maiden flight 177: 173: 169: 168: 162: 160: 156: 155:medium bomber 148: 140: 139: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 81: 77: 75:Primary users 73: 69: 65: 61: 58: 55: 53: 49: 46: 45:Medium bomber 43: 39: 34: 27: 22: 19:BR.20 Cicogna 17: 4009: 3558: 3528: 3505: 3439: 3240: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2899: 2892: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2863:RID magazine 2862: 2855: 2846: 2831: 2816: 2800: 2783: 2775: 2768: 2761: 2746: 2731: 2725:Bibliography 2713: 2694: 2688: 2679: 2656: 2635: 2580: 2559: 2537: 2523: 2498: 2433: 2406: 2387: 2366: 2357: 2348: 2301: 2278: 2257: 2134: 2110: 2101: 2080: 2061: 2042: 2001: 2000: 1956:Bloch MB.210 1949: 1948: 1937: 1925: 1917: 1915: 1909: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1817: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1719: 1671: 1640: 1633: 1517: 1512: 1504: 1497: 1482: 1455: 1432: 1429:Other fronts 1415:Kantemirovka 1410: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1379: 1376:Soviet Union 1368: 1362: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1327: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1272:supply lines 1260:Tripolitania 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1238:North Africa 1216: 1207: 1199: 1197: 1189: 1147: 1145: 1136: 1120: 1114: 1104: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1061: 1041: 1039: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 988: 974: 959: 957: 953: 944: 936: 922: 918: 891: 879: 875: 874:. While the 869: 863: 844: 825: 811: 787:Great Powers 772: 751:Microtecnica 731:Maner Lualdi 726: 722: 720: 696: 688: 680: 678: 640: 628:wing loading 597: 577: 557: 522: 518:light bomber 502: 475: 473: 460: 456: 454: 445: 442: 432: 428: 424: 417: 413: 409: 402: 400: 395: 390: 386: 368: 364: 360: 358: 337: 331: 321: 306: 302: 298: 281: 250: 248: 227: 210: 206: 188: 183: 175: 165: 163: 137: 135: 133: 117:First flight 96:Number built 78: 52:Manufacturer 3564:Dive bomber 3402:other types 2960:(in French) 2115:Munson 1960 1981:Martin B-10 1885:Performance 1877:Propellers: 1867:Powerplant: 1458:Cant Z.1007 1399:Squadriglia 779:nationalist 739:Addis Ababa 572:streamlined 352:within the 328:Into flight 318:Cant Z.1007 240:Development 219:Addis Ababa 193:during the 136:Fiat BR.20 4268:Categories 3506:Bombardero 3364:C.A.N.S.A. 2029:References 1849:Wing area: 1443:Yugoslavia 1159:Fiat G.50s 1152:Fiat CR.42 1099:See also: 1036:in flight. 1023:turbulence 989:Following 816:, outside 783:Republican 767:camouflage 693:propaganda 663:bombsights 659:bomb-aimer 651:gun turret 581:incendiary 515:Tupolev SB 505:cantilever 450:bombardier 429:Sparvieros 245:Background 4246:Companies 4020:Sally III 3315:C.M.A.S.A 3257:Rosatelli 3208:Rosatelli 3179:Rosatelli 3060:Gabrielli 2809:1243-8650 2792:1243-8650 2538:skynet.be 2034:Citations 1837:Wingspan: 1811:Data from 1785:Venezuela 1589:Operators 1582:Fiat A.82 1451:partisans 1391:Don river 1336:from 43° 964:Mongolian 958:The 12th 949:Manchuria 881:Sparviero 803:Americans 749:built by 747:autopilot 608:duralumin 594:Structure 508:monoplane 418:Sparviero 414:Sparviero 410:Sparviero 403:Sparviero 391:Sparviero 334:prototype 172:prototype 4258:Aviation 3435:Centauro 3003:aircraft 2531:Archived 2395:Archived 2070:Archived 2051:Archived 1945:See also 1918:Armament 1613:in 1939. 1577:BR.20bis 1538:Variants 1524:trainers 1470:training 1445:against 1411:Capitano 1281:for the 1141:Ramsgate 1089:Briançon 1077:Provence 1007:Cicognas 937:Yi-shiki 929:Liaoning 876:Cicognas 743:Ethiopia 725:, named 708:air race 705:Damascus 600:fuselage 584:bomblets 554:Armament 491:Overview 457:BR.20bis 373:Benghazi 311:trimotor 291:airliner 223:Ethiopia 209:) named 63:Designer 4220:Portals 4140:Zeke 32 4085:Theresa 3865:Kate 61 3811:(Ki-55) 3805:(Ki-36) 3798:Hickory 3738:Frances 3693:Cypress 3668:Buzzard 3455:Spartan 3450:Freccia 3440:Cicogna 3428:by name 3177:Series 3058:Series 3011:Ansaldo 3009:Series 1843:Height: 1831:Length: 1762:Croatia 1738:Hungary 1513:Cicogna 1505:Cicogna 1474:Balkans 1435:Albania 1310:Cicogne 1283:Cicogna 1246:of 98° 1244:Cicogne 1204:Ipswich 1192:Taranto 1186:Taranto 1163:Harwich 1155:biplane 1139:bombed 1133:Harwich 1129:Belgium 1095:Britain 1058:Fayence 1034:bombers 1015:Cicogna 975:"Ruth". 904:), the 818:Seville 814:Tablada 807:Soviets 799:British 791:Germans 647:cockpit 624:tapered 588:torpedo 433:Cicogna 425:Cicogna 396:Cicogna 367:of the 338:M.M.274 303:Cicogna 273:Caproni 261:Piaggio 176:M.M.274 138:Cicogna 125:Retired 104:History 4200:Trixie 4194:Millie 4182:Janice 4130:Willow 4100:Tillie 4080:Thelma 4075:Thalia 4050:Stella 4045:Spruce 3895:Louise 3815:Irving 3753:George 3748:Gander 3688:Claude 3678:Cherry 3511:Bomber 3393:F.C.20 3388:F.C.12 3354:A.S.14 3349:R.S.14 3305:C.R.42 3300:C.R.41 3295:C.R.40 3290:C.R.33 3285:C.R.32 3280:C.R.30 3275:C.R.25 3270:C.R.20 3246:B.R.G. 3241:B.R.20 2937: 2906: 2838: 2823: 2807: 2790: 2753: 2738: 2701: 1938:Bombs: 1904:Range: 1782: 1759: 1735: 1710: 1687: 1661: 1624: 1600: 1572:Agusta 1567:BR.20C 1561:BR.20M 1555:BR.20L 1549:BR.20A 1489:Greeks 1439:Greece 1423:Odessa 1405:and a 1395:Stormo 1387:Gruppo 1369:Gruppo 1365:Sicily 1358:Gruppo 1354:Gruppo 1350:Stormo 1345:Gruppo 1338:Stormo 1334:Gruppo 1314:Gruppo 1306:Stormo 1302:Gruppi 1287:Stormo 1268:Tobruk 1252:Stormo 1250:, 43° 1248:Gruppo 1208:Stormo 1169:(RAF) 1148:Stormo 1137:Stormo 1121:Stormi 1062:Stormo 1054:Hyères 1050:Toulon 1042:Stormo 1019:Stormo 999:France 995:German 985:France 960:Sentai 945:Sentai 925:Dalian 847:Teruel 805:, and 795:French 723:BR.20L 701:Istres 697:BR.20A 612:fabric 604:welded 564:turret 538:metal 486:Design 476:BR.20C 446:BR.20M 293:, the 265:Macchi 207:BR.20L 4234:Italy 4206:Trudy 4176:Irene 4120:Topsy 4090:Thora 4065:Tabby 4060:Susie 4055:Steve 4040:Sonia 4030:Sandy 4015:Sally 3975:Perry 3970:Peggy 3960:Patsy 3950:Oscar 3915:Mavis 3905:Mabel 3890:Loise 3885:Lorna 3870:Laura 3840:Jerry 3793:Helen 3768:Grace 3763:Goose 3743:Frank 3723:Emily 3708:Dinah 3683:Clara 3673:Cedar 3658:Betty 3653:Belle 3628:Abdul 3445:Falco 3414:T.R.1 3366:types 3339:MF.10 3317:types 3265:C.R.1 3236:B.R.4 3231:B.R.3 3226:B.R.2 3221:B.R.1 3197:R.700 3168:G.222 3163:G.212 3158:G.91Y 3049:A.S.2 3044:A.S.1 3039:APR.2 3029:A.300 3024:A.120 3019:A.100 1926:Guns: 1825:Crew: 1690:Japan 1603:China 1543:BR.20 1417:, in 1330:Malta 1324:Malta 1285:, 13 1220:' 900:(the 898:China 894:Japan 888:Japan 822:Spain 757:Spain 616:spars 560:Breda 469:Turin 421:' 406:' 346:Turin 344:from 299:BR.20 295:APR.2 269:Breda 147:stork 4188:Mike 4170:Fred 4158:Bess 4135:Zeke 4115:Tony 4110:Tojo 4105:Toby 4095:Tina 4070:Tess 4035:Slim 4010:Ruth 4005:Rufe 3995:Rita 3985:Pine 3980:Pete 3965:Paul 3940:Norm 3935:Nick 3930:Nell 3925:Nate 3920:Myrt 3910:Mary 3900:Luke 3875:Lily 3860:Kate 3855:Judy 3845:Jill 3835:Jean 3830:Jane 3825:Jake 3820:Jack 3783:Hank 3778:Hamp 3773:Gwen 3758:Glen 3718:Edna 3703:Dick 3698:Dave 3648:Baka 3643:Babs 3572:BV.1 3561:(BV) 3419:7002 3409:C.29 3334:MF.6 3329:MF.5 3324:MF.4 3216:B.R. 3192:R.22 3153:G.91 3148:G.84 3143:G.82 3138:G.81 3133:G.80 3128:G.61 3123:G.59 3118:G.57 3113:G.56 3108:G.55 3103:G.50 3098:G.49 3093:G.46 3088:G.18 3083:G.12 3034:AN.1 3001:Fiat 2935:ISBN 2904:ISBN 2836:ISBN 2821:ISBN 2805:ISSN 2788:ISSN 2751:ISBN 2736:ISBN 2699:ISBN 1869:2 × 1460:and 1437:and 1298:Arab 1056:and 857:and 851:Ebro 849:and 735:Rome 683:(in 643:tail 375:and 316:and 277:Fiat 275:and 215:Rome 159:Fiat 134:The 128:1945 112:1936 57:Fiat 41:Type 4164:Doc 4125:Val 4025:Sam 4000:Rob 3990:Rex 3955:Pat 3945:Oak 3880:Liz 3850:Jim 3809:Ida 3803:Ida 3788:Hap 3733:Eve 3728:Eva 3713:Dot 3663:Bob 3638:Ann 3633:Alf 3549:B.7 3544:B.6 3539:B.5 3534:B.4 3529:B.3 3524:B.2 3519:B.1 3508:(B) 3383:C.6 3378:C.5 3373:C.4 3344:BGA 3187:R.2 3078:G.8 3073:G.5 3068:G.2 1928:3× 1528:RSI 1449:'s 1079:by 737:to 324:). 217:to 4270:: 2665:^ 2644:^ 2623:^ 2611:^ 2589:^ 2568:^ 2545:^ 2507:^ 2482:^ 2456:^ 2442:^ 2415:^ 2375:^ 2326:^ 2310:^ 2287:^ 2266:^ 2229:^ 2217:^ 2191:^ 2143:^ 2122:^ 2089:^ 1480:. 1320:. 1226:. 1194:." 1188:: 1025:. 927:, 820:, 801:, 797:, 793:, 753:. 741:, 548:Ls 532:cv 435:. 271:, 267:, 263:, 225:. 221:, 186:. 4222:: 3606:e 3599:t 3592:v 3489:e 3482:t 3475:v 2993:e 2986:t 2979:v 2941:. 2910:. 2842:. 2827:. 2811:. 2794:. 2757:. 2742:. 2707:. 1827:5 703:– 151:' 143:' 141:(

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Knowledge

Fiat BR.20 Cicogna

Index