338:(SESAMs) can also be used to mode lock fiber lasers. A major advantage SESAMs have over other saturable absorber techniques is that absorber parameters can be easily tailored to meet the needs of a particular laser design. For example, saturation fluence can be controlled by varying the reflectivity of the top reflector while modulation depth and recovery time can be tailored by changing the low temperature growing conditions for the absorber layers. This freedom of design has further extended the application of SESAMs into modelocking of fiber lasers where a relatively high modulation depth is needed to ensure self-starting and operation stability. Fiber lasers working at 1 ÎĽm and 1.5 ÎĽm were successfully demonstrated.
266:(MOPA) scheme. In amplifiers for ultrashort optical pulses, the optical peak intensities can become very high, so that detrimental nonlinear pulse distortion or even destruction of the gain medium or other optical elements may occur. This is generally avoided by employing chirped-pulse amplification (CPA). State of the art high-power fiber laser technologies using rod-type amplifiers have reached 1 kW with 260 fs pulses and made outstanding progress and delivered practical solutions for the most of these problems.
371:
2000:
192:
297:
MOPA containing large-pitch fibers (LPF). However, the shortcoming of amplification systems with LPF is their relatively long (up to 1.2 m) unbendable rod-type fibers meaning a rather bulky and cumbersome optical scheme. LPF fabrication is highly complex requiring significant processing such as
108:
An advantage of fiber lasers over other types of lasers is that the laser light is both generated and delivered by an inherently flexible medium, which allows easier delivery to the focusing location and target. This can be important for laser cutting, welding, and folding of metals and polymers.
361:
Multi-wavelength emission in a fiber laser demonstrated simultaneous blue and green coherent light using ZBLAN optical fiber. The end-pumped laser was based on an upconversion optical gain media using a longer wavelength semiconductor laser to pump a Pr3+/Yb3+ doped fluoride fiber that used coated
280:
The main approach to solving the problems related to increasing the output power of pulses has been to increase the core diameter of the fiber. Special active fibers with large modes were developed to increase the surface-to-active-volume ratio of active fibers and, hence, improve heat dissipation
352:
In the non-mode locking regime, a dark soliton fiber laser was successfully created using an all-normal dispersion erbium-doped fiber laser with a polarizer in-cavity. Experimental findings indicate that apart from the bright pulse emission, under appropriate conditions the fiber laser could also
224:
into a much higher-brightness signal. There is an important question about the shape of the double-clad fiber; a fiber with circular symmetry seems to be the worst possible design. The design should allow the core to be small enough to support only a few (or even one) modes. It should provide
219:
pump beam propagates in the inner cladding layer. The outer cladding keeps this pump light confined. This arrangement allows the core to be pumped with a much higher-power beam than could otherwise be made to propagate in it, and allows the conversion of pump light with relatively low
293:(T-DCF). The mode field diameter (MFD) achieved with these low aperture technologies usually does not exceed 20–30 μm. The micro-structured rod-type fiber has much larger MFD (up to 65 μm ) and good performance. An impressive 2.2 mJ pulse energy was demonstrated by a
137:. Fiber lasers are reliable and exhibit high temperature and vibrational stability and extended lifetime. High peak power and nanosecond pulses improve marking and engraving. The additional power and better beam quality provide cleaner cut edges and faster cutting speeds.
109:
Another advantage is high output power compared to other types of laser. Fiber lasers can have active regions several kilometers long, and so can provide very high optical gain. They can support kilowatt levels of continuous output power because of the fiber's high
288:
Several types of active fibers with a large effective mode area (LMA) have been developed for high power scaling including LMA fibers with a low-aperture core, micro-structured rod-type fiber helical core or chirally-coupled fibers, and
328:, blocking low-intensity light but allowing high intensity light to pass with little attenuation. This allows the laser to form mode-locked pulses, and then the non-linearity of the fiber further shapes each pulse into an ultra-short
284:
Moreover, specially developed double cladding structures have been used to reduce the brightness requirements of the high-power pump diodes by controlling pump propagation and absorption between the inner cladding and the core.
1460:
388:. In such lasers, the pump is not confined within the cladding of the fiber, but instead pump light is delivered across the core multiple times because it is coiled in on itself. This configuration is suitable for
1766:
Baney, D. M., Rankin, G., Change, K. W. "Simultaneous blue and green upconversion lasing in a diode-pumped Pr3+/Yb3+ doped fluoride fiber laser,"Appl. Phys. Lett, vol. 69 No 12, pp. 1622-1624, Sept 1996.
269:
However, despite the attractive characteristics of fiber lasers, several problems arise when power scaling. The most significant are thermal lensing and material resistance, nonlinear effects such as
1385:
Li N.; Xue J.; Ouyang C.; Wu K.; Wong J. H.; Aditya S.; Shum P. P. (2012). "Cavity-length optimization for high energy pulse generation in a long cavity passively mode-locked all-fiber ring laser".
987:
Müller, Michael; Kienel, Marco; Klenke, Arno; Gottschall, Thomas; Shestaev, Evgeny; Plötner, Marco; Limpert, Jens; Tünnermann, Andreas (2016-08-01). "1 kW 1 mJ eight-channel ultrafast fiber laser".
344:
saturable absorbers have also been used for mode locking fiber lasers. Graphene's saturable absorption is not very sensitive to wavelength, making it useful for mode locking tunable lasers.
1457:
471:
1328:
Eidam, Tino; Rothhardt, Jan; Stutzki, Fabian; Jansen, Florian; Hädrich, Steffen; Carstens, Henning; Jauregui, Cesar; Limpert, Jens; Tünnermann, Andreas (2011-01-03).
1185:
Wang, P.; Cooper, L. J.; Sahu, J. K.; Clarkson, W. A. (2006-01-15). "Efficient single-mode operation of a cladding-pumped ytterbium-doped helical-core fiber laser".
1125:
Limpert, J.; Deguil-Robin, N.; Manek-Hönninger, I.; Salin, F.; Röser, F.; Liem, A.; Schreiber, T.; Nolte, S.; Zellmer, H.; Tünnermann, A.; Broeng, J. (2005-02-21).
1821:
1999 IEEE LEOS Annual
Meeting Conference Proceedings. LEOS'99. 12th Annual Meeting. IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1999 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.99CH37009)
2267:
762:
Leproux, P.; S. Fevrier; V. Doya; P. Roy; D. Pagnoux (2003). "Modeling and optimization of double-clad fiber amplifiers using chaotic propagation of pump".
1555:
Zhang, H; Tang, DY; Zhao, LM; Bao, QL; Loh, KP (28 September 2009). "Large energy mode locking of an erbium-doped fiber laser with atomic layer graphene".
1440:
353:
emit single or multiple dark pulses. Based on numerical simulations the dark pulse formation in the laser may be a result of dark soliton shaping.
298:
precision drilling of the fiber pre-forms. The LPF fibers are highly sensitive to bending meaning robustness and portability is compromised.
255:
powers from Yb-doped fiber lasers have increased from 100 W in 2001 to a combined beam fiber laser demonstrated power of 30 kW in 2014.
1304:
445:
133:
of comparable power, because the fiber can be bent and coiled, except in the case of thicker rod-type designs, to save space. They have lower
1684:
571:
Phillips, Katherine C.; Gandhi, Hemi H.; Mazur, Eric; Sundaram, S. K. (Dec 31, 2015). "Ultrafast laser processing of materials: a review".
1989:
1776:
Ueda, Ken-ichi (1998). Kudryashov, Alexis V.; Galarneau, Pierre (eds.). "Optical cavity and future style of high-power fiber lasers".
496:
231:(T-DCF) has tapered core and cladding which enables power scaling of amplifiers and lasers without thermal lensing mode instability.
688:
Kouznetsov, D.; Moloney, J.V. (2003). "Efficiency of pump absorption in double-clad fiber amplifiers. 2: Broken circular symmetry".
2148:
446:"Growing adoption of laser cutting machine market in the US through 2021, due to the need for superior-quality products: Technavio"
247:. Due to the introduction of large mode area (LMA) fibers as well as continuing advances in high power and high brightness diodes,
1880:
Ueda; Sekiguchi H.; Matsuoka Y.; Miyajima H.; H.Kan (1999). "Conceptual design of kW-class fiber-embedded disk and tube lasers".
335:
324:
causes a change in polarization that varies with the light's intensity. This allows a polarizer in the laser cavity to act as a
1701:
1617:
725:
Kouznetsov, D.; Moloney, J.V. (2003). "Efficiency of pump absorption in double-clad fiber amplifiers.3:Calculation of modes".
2166:
1897:
1836:
259:
651:
A. Liu; K. Ueda (1996). "The absorption characteristics of circular, offset, and rectangular double-clad fibers".
2302:
1982:
1922:
274:
2224:
1494:
Zhang H.; et al. (2009). "Multi-wavelength dissipative soliton operation of an erbium-doped fiber laser".
244:
1882:
Technical Digest. CLEO/Pacific Rim '99. Pacific Rim
Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics (Cat. No.99TH8464)
1438:
H. Zhang et al., "Induced solitons formed by cross polarization coupling in a birefringent cavity fiber laser"
1884:. Vol. 2. Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1999 12th Annual Meeting. LEOS '99. IEEE. pp. 217–218.
1239:
Lefrancois, Simon; Sosnowski, Thomas S.; Liu, Chi-Hung; Galvanauskas, Almantas; Wise, Frank W. (2011-02-14).
225:
sufficient cladding to confine the core and optical pump section over a relatively short piece of the fiber.
904:
Filippov, Valery; Kerttula, Juho; Chamorovskii, Yuri; Golant, Konstantin; Okhotnikov, Oleg G. (2010-06-07).
78:
1437:
2353:
270:
211:. The gain medium forms the core of the fiber, which is surrounded by two layers of cladding. The lasing
961:
1975:
172:
2068:
847:
Filippov, V.; Chamorovskii, Yu; Kerttula, J.; Golant, K.; Pessa, M.; Okhotnikov, O. G. (2008-02-04).
614:
S. Bedö; W. Lüthy; H. P. Weber (1993). "The effective absorption coefficient in double-clad fibers".
290:
228:
1866:
1480:
H. Zhang et al., "Coherent energy exchange between components of a vector soliton in fiber lasers",
520:
Zervas, Michalis N.; Codemard, Christophe A. (September 2014). "High Power Fiber Lasers: A Review".
2142:
2023:
801:
764:
216:
2332:
1682:
2125:
413:
2358:
2156:
2136:
1618:"Large energy soliton erbium-doped fiber laser with a graphene-polymer composite mode locker"
653:
616:
239:
Recent developments in fiber laser technology have led to a rapid and large rise in achieved
121:
properties reduce or eliminate thermal distortion of the optical path, typically producing a
1785:
1726:
1642:
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30:
8:
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240:
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1345:
1256:
1198:
1142:
1076:
1010:
921:
864:
814:
799:
D.Kouznetsov; J.Moloney (2004). "Boundary behaviour of modes of a
Dirichlet Laplacian".
777:
740:
703:
666:
629:
584:
533:
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1854:
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1801:
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401:
325:
146:
46:
38:
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2003:
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1602:
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1022:
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935:
886:
878:
830:
674:
637:
596:
545:
208:
202:
195:
175:(DFB) where a phase-shifted Bragg grating overlaps the gain medium. Fiber lasers are
164:
134:
126:
1907:
1042:
557:
1930:
1885:
1824:
1793:
1750:
1734:
1666:
1650:
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1080:
1014:
925:
868:
818:
781:
744:
707:
670:
633:
588:
537:
385:
379:
171:. They may also be designed for single longitudinal mode operation of ultra-narrow
168:
97:
93:
89:
1688:
1464:
1444:
329:
263:
252:
248:
212:
156:
1458:"Observation of high-order polarization-locked vector solitons in a fiber laser"
472:"Fiber lasers continue to gain market share in material processing applications"
2235:
2089:
1889:
1738:
541:
425:
316:
used with other lasers, fiber lasers can be passively mode locked by using the
1615:
822:
2347:
2317:
2277:
2262:
1828:
1363:
1272:
1241:"Energy scaling of mode-locked fiber lasers with chirally-coupled core fiber"
1214:
1160:
1092:
1026:
939:
882:
600:
549:
389:
317:
176:
42:
748:
711:
258:
High average power fiber lasers generally consist of a relatively low-power
2327:
2322:
2272:
2084:
2036:
2031:
1953:
1934:
1819:
K. Ueda (1999). "Scaling physics of disk-type fiber lasers for kW output".
1616:
Han Zhang; Qiaoliang Bao; Dingyuan Tang; Luming Zhao; Kianping Loh (2009).
1594:
1533:
1424:
1371:
1290:
1222:
1168:
1151:
1126:
1108:
1034:
947:
890:
785:
405:
313:
307:
152:
110:
66:
1967:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2015:
1586:
1525:
1406:
1354:
1329:
1264:
1206:
1084:
1018:
930:
905:
873:
848:
592:
321:
294:
180:
2240:
2114:
2106:
1949:
1415:
1124:
62:
1879:
1797:
1654:
392:
in which many pump sources are used around the periphery of the coil.
100:
can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
1330:"Fiber chirped-pulse amplification system emitting 3.8 GW peak power"
1100:
130:
118:
58:
54:
1920:
1059:
Koplow, Jeffrey P.; Kliner, Dahv A. V.; Goldberg, Lew (2000-04-01).
2312:
2245:
1001:
409:
341:
221:
1721:
1637:
1569:
1508:
1238:
906:"Highly efficient 750 W tapered double-clad ytterbium fiber laser"
903:
846:
761:
370:
125:, high-quality optical beam. Fiber lasers are compact compared to
2181:
74:
70:
362:
dielectric mirrors on each end of the fiber to form the cavity.
1700:
Zhang, H.; Tang, D. Y.; Zhao, L. M.; Wu, X. (27 October 2009).
727:
690:
114:
82:
50:
962:"Many lasers become one in Lockheed Martin's 30kW fiber laser"
2297:
1999:
1061:"Single-mode operation of a coiled multimode fiber amplifier"
34:
986:
1327:
724:
687:
570:
191:
1305:"AEROGAIN-ROD HIGH POWER YTTERBIUM ROD FIBER GAIN MODULES"
613:
400:
Applications of fiber lasers include material processing,
1384:
277:(SBS), mode instabilities, and poor output beam quality.
2268:
ZEUS-HLONS (HMMWV Laser
Ordnance Neutralization System)
849:"Double clad tapered fiber for high power applications"
1184:
522:
IEEE Journal of
Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics
16:
Laser using an optical fiber as the active gain medium
798:
1058:
117:
ratio, which allows efficient cooling. The fiber's
1950:"7: Fiber laser overview and medical applications"
1487:
1127:"High-power rod-type photonic crystal fiber laser"
1378:
155:in fiber lasers is constructed monolithically by
2345:
1554:
1699:
519:
1983:
1921:Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Laser group (2006).
650:
501:Industrial Laser Solutions for Manufacturing
356:
320:of the fiber itself. The non-linear optical
81:, which provide light amplification without
1997:
497:"High-power fiber lasers gain market share"
1990:
1976:
1447:, Opt. Lett., 33, 2317–2319. (2008).
718:
681:
207:Many high-power fiber lasers are based on
1914:
1720:
1636:
1568:
1507:
1414:
1353:
1280:
1150:
1000:
929:
872:
140:
2149:Neodymium-doped yttrium lithium fluoride
1493:
792:
369:
336:Semiconductor saturable-absorber mirrors
190:
1818:
151:Unlike most other types of lasers, the
2346:
1702:"Dark pulse emission of a fiber laser"
494:
469:
2167:Neodymium-doped yttrium orthovanadate
1971:
1947:
1323:
1321:
1234:
1232:
1180:
1178:
1120:
1118:
1054:
1052:
982:
980:
978:
842:
840:
1775:
755:
365:
186:
1873:
1812:
1769:
607:
384:Another type of fiber laser is the
13:
1318:
1229:
1175:
1115:
1049:
975:
837:
644:
103:
14:
2370:
2178:Yttrium calcium oxoborate (YCOB)
1823:. Vol. 2. pp. 788–789.
1998:
1923:"The Fiber Disk Laser explained"
573:Advances in Optics and Photonics
347:
234:
215:propagates in the core, while a
2303:Laboratory for Laser Energetics
1941:
1760:
1693:
1676:
1609:
1548:
1474:
1450:
1431:
1297:
954:
897:
395:
301:
275:stimulated Brillouin scattering
245:diode-pumped solid-state lasers
2225:Diode-pumped solid-state laser
1960:(2nd ed.). New York: CRC.
1484:, 16,12618–12623 (2008).
564:
513:
488:
463:
438:
1:
964:. Gizmag.com. 3 February 2014
431:
675:10.1016/0030-4018(96)00368-9
638:10.1016/0030-4018(93)90338-6
495:Shiner, Bill (Feb 1, 2006).
470:Shiner, Bill (Feb 1, 2016).
312:In addition to the types of
7:
1784:(Laser Resonators): 14–22.
419:
271:stimulated Raman scattering
173:distributed feedback lasers
94:stimulated Raman scattering
10:
2375:
1958:Tunable Laser Applications
1890:10.1109/CLEOPR.1999.811381
1739:10.1103/PhysRevA.80.045803
1687:February 19, 2012, at the
542:10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2321279
377:
305:
291:tapered double-clad fibers
200:
183:or by other fiber lasers.
159:different types of fiber;
144:
2255:
2217:
2104:
2077:
2022:
2010:
823:10.1080/09500340408232504
357:Multi-wavelength emission
229:Tapered double-clad fiber
2143:Yttrium lithium fluoride
2024:Yttrium aluminium garnet
1829:10.1109/leos.1999.811970
802:Journal of Modern Optics
765:Optical Fiber Technology
281:enabling power scaling.
2333:List of petawatt lasers
1625:Applied Physics Letters
1469:Physical Review Letters
749:10.1364/JOSAB.19.001304
712:10.1364/JOSAB.19.001259
414:directed energy weapons
374:Three fiber disk lasers
2126:Terbium gallium garnet
1935:10.1038/nphoton.2006.6
1152:10.1364/OPEX.13.001055
786:10.1006/ofte.2001.0361
375:
198:
141:Design and manufacture
79:doped fiber amplifiers
77:. They are related to
2157:Yttrium orthovanadate
2137:Solid-state dye laser
1471:, 101, 153904 (2008).
654:Optics Communications
617:Optics Communications
373:
262:, or seed laser, and
194:
163:replace conventional
1780:. Laser Resonators.
1587:10.1364/OE.17.017630
1526:10.1364/oe.17.012692
1407:10.1364/AO.51.003726
1355:10.1364/OE.19.000255
1265:10.1364/OE.19.003464
1207:10.1364/OL.31.000226
1085:10.1364/OL.25.000442
1019:10.1364/OL.41.003439
931:10.1364/OE.18.012499
874:10.1364/OE.16.001929
593:10.1364/AOP.7.000684
161:fiber Bragg gratings
31:Commonwealth English
2120:Yttrium iron garnet
2016:Semiconductor laser
1790:1998SPIE.3267...14U
1731:2009PhRvA..80d5803Z
1647:2009ApPhL..95n1103Z
1579:2009OExpr..1717630Z
1518:2009OExpr..1712692Z
1399:2012ApOpt..51.3726L
1346:2011OExpr..19..255E
1257:2011OExpr..19.3464L
1199:2006OptL...31..226W
1143:2005OExpr..13.1055L
1077:2000OptL...25..442K
1011:2016OptL...41.3439M
922:2010OExpr..1812499F
916:(12): 12499–12512.
865:2008OExpr..16.1929F
815:2004JMOp...51.1955K
778:2001OptFT...7..324L
741:2002JOSAB..19.1304K
704:2002JOSAB..19.1259K
667:1996OptCo.132..511A
630:1993OptCo..99..331B
585:2015AdOP....7..684P
534:2014IJSTQ..20..219Z
241:diffraction-limited
123:diffraction-limited
47:rare-earth elements
2354:Solid-state lasers
2004:Solid-state lasers
1948:Popov, S. (2009).
1502:(2): 12692–12697.
1463:2010-01-20 at the
1456:D.Y. Tang et al.,
1443:2011-07-07 at the
402:telecommunications
376:
326:saturable absorber
199:
165:dielectric mirrors
147:Laser construction
39:active gain medium
2341:
2340:
2139:(SSDL/SSOL/SSDPL)
2132:Ti:sapphire laser
2011:Distinct subtypes
1929:. sample: 14–15.
1899:978-0-7803-5661-0
1838:978-0-7803-5634-4
1798:10.1117/12.308104
1709:Physical Review A
1655:10.1063/1.3244206
1393:(17): 3726–3730.
995:(15): 3439–3442.
809:(13): 1362–3044.
366:Fiber disk lasers
260:master oscillator
243:beam powers from
209:double-clad fiber
203:Double-clad fiber
196:Double-clad fiber
187:Double-clad fiber
179:by semiconductor
135:cost of ownership
2366:
2002:
1992:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1927:Nature Photonics
1918:
1912:
1911:
1877:
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1870:
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1858:
1850:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1749:. Archived from
1724:
1706:
1697:
1691:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1665:. Archived from
1640:
1622:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1572:
1552:
1546:
1545:
1511:
1491:
1485:
1478:
1472:
1454:
1448:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1284:
1251:(4): 3464–3470.
1236:
1227:
1226:
1182:
1173:
1172:
1154:
1137:(4): 1055–1058.
1122:
1113:
1112:
1056:
1047:
1046:
1004:
984:
973:
972:
970:
969:
958:
952:
951:
933:
901:
895:
894:
876:
859:(3): 1929–1944.
844:
835:
834:
796:
790:
789:
759:
753:
752:
735:(6): 1304–1309.
722:
716:
715:
698:(6): 1259–1263.
685:
679:
678:
661:(5–6): 511–518.
648:
642:
641:
624:(5–6): 331–335.
611:
605:
604:
568:
562:
561:
517:
511:
510:
508:
507:
492:
486:
485:
483:
482:
467:
461:
460:
458:
457:
442:
386:fiber disk laser
380:Fiber disk laser
169:optical feedback
98:four-wave mixing
2374:
2373:
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2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2308:Laser MĂ©gajoule
2256:Specific lasers
2251:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2172:
2162:
2100:
2073:
2018:
2006:
1996:
1966:
1965:
1946:
1942:
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1900:
1878:
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1698:
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1689:Wayback Machine
1681:
1677:
1669:
1620:
1614:
1610:
1563:(20): 17630–5.
1553:
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1465:Wayback Machine
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569:
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455:
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422:
398:
382:
368:
359:
350:
330:optical soliton
310:
304:
264:power amplifier
253:transverse-mode
249:continuous-wave
237:
205:
189:
157:fusion splicing
149:
143:
106:
104:Characteristics
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2250:
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2243:
2238:
2236:Figure-8 laser
2233:
2228:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
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2134:
2129:
2123:
2117:
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2101:
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2092:
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2060:
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2042:
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2034:
2028:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1940:
1913:
1898:
1872:
1863:|journal=
1837:
1811:
1768:
1759:
1756:on 2011-07-17.
1692:
1675:
1672:on 2011-07-17.
1631:(14): 141103.
1608:
1557:Optics Express
1547:
1496:Optics Express
1486:
1482:Optics Express
1473:
1449:
1430:
1387:Applied Optics
1377:
1340:(1): 255–260.
1334:Optics Express
1317:
1296:
1245:Optics Express
1228:
1193:(2): 226–228.
1187:Optics Letters
1174:
1131:Optics Express
1114:
1071:(7): 442–444.
1065:Optics Letters
1048:
989:Optics Letters
974:
953:
910:Optics Express
896:
853:Optics Express
836:
791:
772:(4): 324–339.
754:
717:
680:
643:
606:
579:(4): 684–712.
563:
528:(5): 219–241.
512:
487:
462:
436:
435:
433:
430:
429:
428:
426:Figure-8 laser
421:
418:
397:
394:
378:Main article:
367:
364:
358:
355:
349:
346:
306:Main article:
303:
300:
236:
233:
201:Main article:
188:
185:
142:
139:
105:
102:
90:nonlinearities
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2371:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:Mercury laser
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Cyclops laser
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2263:Trident laser
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
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2222:
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2203:
2197:
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2164:
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2110:
2108:
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2096:
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2027:
2025:
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2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1959:
1955:
1954:Duarte, F. J.
1951:
1944:
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1715:(4): 045803.
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452:. Feb 2, 2017
451:
450:Business Wire
447:
441:
437:
427:
424:
423:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
393:
391:
390:power scaling
387:
381:
372:
363:
354:
348:Dark solitons
345:
343:
339:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:birefringence
315:
309:
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296:
292:
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272:
267:
265:
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256:
254:
250:
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242:
235:Power scaling
232:
230:
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72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
43:optical fiber
40:
37:in which the
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
2359:Fiber optics
2328:Vulcan laser
2273:Nova (laser)
2230:
2037:Er:YAG laser
2032:Nd:YAG laser
1957:
1943:
1926:
1916:
1881:
1875:
1820:
1814:
1781:
1777:
1771:
1762:
1751:the original
1712:
1708:
1695:
1678:
1667:the original
1628:
1624:
1611:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1476:
1468:
1452:
1433:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1337:
1333:
1308:. Retrieved
1299:
1248:
1244:
1190:
1186:
1134:
1130:
1068:
1064:
992:
988:
966:. Retrieved
956:
913:
909:
899:
856:
852:
806:
800:
794:
769:
763:
757:
732:
726:
720:
695:
689:
683:
658:
652:
646:
621:
615:
609:
576:
572:
566:
525:
521:
515:
504:. Retrieved
500:
490:
479:. Retrieved
475:
465:
454:. Retrieved
449:
440:
406:spectroscopy
399:
396:Applications
383:
360:
351:
340:
334:
314:mode locking
311:
308:Mode-locking
302:Mode locking
287:
283:
279:
268:
257:
238:
227:
206:
181:laser diodes
153:laser cavity
150:
111:surface area
107:
87:
67:praseodymium
26:
22:
20:
18:
2293:Shiva laser
2288:Argus laser
2283:Janus laser
2231:Fiber laser
2094:Er:Yb:glass
1778:Proceedings
1416:10220/10097
322:Kerr effect
295:femtosecond
167:to provide
127:solid-state
45:doped with
27:fibre laser
23:fiber laser
2348:Categories
2241:Disk laser
2218:Structures
2115:Ruby laser
2107:gain media
1310:14 January
1002:2101.08498
968:2014-02-04
506:2020-02-08
481:2020-02-08
456:2020-02-08
432:References
222:brightness
145:See also:
131:gas lasers
92:, such as
63:dysprosium
2065:Ce:Gd:YAG
2047:Nd:Ce:YAG
2041:Nd:Cr:YAG
1865:ignored (
1855:cite book
1847:120732530
1806:136018975
1747:118581850
1722:0910.5799
1663:119284608
1638:0909.5540
1603:207313024
1570:0909.5536
1509:0907.1782
1364:1094-4087
1273:1094-4087
1215:1539-4794
1161:1094-4087
1093:1539-4794
1027:1539-4794
940:1094-4087
883:1094-4087
831:209833904
601:1943-8206
550:1077-260X
217:multimode
119:waveguide
59:neodymium
55:ytterbium
2313:LULI2000
2246:F-center
2192:Ce:LiCAF
2189:Ce:LiSAF
2151:(Nd:YLF)
2097:Yb:glass
2090:Er:glass
2085:Nd:glass
1908:30251829
1685:Archived
1595:19907547
1534:19654674
1461:Archived
1441:Archived
1425:22695649
1372:21263564
1291:21369169
1223:16441038
1169:19494970
1109:18064073
1043:11678581
1035:27472588
948:20588376
891:18542272
558:36779372
420:See also
410:medicine
342:Graphene
49:such as
2323:ISKRA-6
2227:(DPSSL)
2210:Yb:SFAP
2195:Cr:ZnSe
2182:Nd:YCOB
2169:(Nd:YVO
1956:(ed.).
1786:Bibcode
1727:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1575:Bibcode
1542:1512526
1514:Bibcode
1395:Bibcode
1342:Bibcode
1282:3135632
1253:Bibcode
1195:Bibcode
1139:Bibcode
1073:Bibcode
1007:Bibcode
918:Bibcode
861:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
774:Bibcode
737:Bibcode
700:Bibcode
663:Bibcode
626:Bibcode
581:Bibcode
530:Bibcode
476:SME.org
332:pulse.
273:(SRS),
251:single-
75:holmium
71:thulium
33:) is a
2204:Sm:CaF
2145:(YLF)
2105:Other
2069:Gd:YAG
2062:Ce:YAG
2059:Tb:YAG
2056:Sm:YAG
2053:Dy:YAG
2050:Ho:YAG
2044:Yb:YAG
1906:
1896:
1845:
1835:
1804:
1745:
1661:
1601:
1593:
1540:
1532:
1423:
1370:
1362:
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1271:
1221:
1213:
1167:
1159:
1107:
1101:751138
1099:
1091:
1041:
1033:
1025:
946:
938:
889:
881:
829:
728:JOSA B
691:JOSA B
599:
556:
548:
412:, and
177:pumped
115:volume
88:Fiber
83:lasing
51:erbium
41:is an
2298:HiPER
2248:laser
2198:U:CaF
2184:laser
2128:(TGG)
2122:(YIG)
2078:Glass
1952:. In
1904:S2CID
1843:S2CID
1802:S2CID
1754:(PDF)
1743:S2CID
1717:arXiv
1705:(PDF)
1670:(PDF)
1659:S2CID
1633:arXiv
1621:(PDF)
1599:S2CID
1565:arXiv
1538:S2CID
1504:arXiv
1039:S2CID
997:arXiv
827:S2CID
554:S2CID
35:laser
2159:(YVO
1894:ISBN
1867:help
1833:ISBN
1782:3267
1591:PMID
1530:PMID
1421:PMID
1368:PMID
1360:ISSN
1312:2020
1287:PMID
1269:ISSN
1219:PMID
1211:ISSN
1165:PMID
1157:ISSN
1105:PMID
1097:OSTI
1089:ISSN
1031:PMID
1023:ISSN
944:PMID
936:ISSN
887:PMID
879:ISSN
597:ISSN
546:ISSN
213:mode
73:and
25:(or
1931:doi
1886:doi
1825:doi
1794:doi
1735:doi
1651:doi
1583:doi
1522:doi
1411:hdl
1403:doi
1350:doi
1277:PMC
1261:doi
1203:doi
1147:doi
1081:doi
1015:doi
926:doi
869:doi
819:doi
782:doi
745:doi
708:doi
671:doi
659:132
634:doi
589:doi
538:doi
129:or
113:to
96:or
29:in
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