27:
324:
Several examples of filamentation that result from biotic interactions between bacteria and other organisms or infectious agents have been reported. Filamentous cells are resistant to ingestion by bacterivores, and environmental conditions generated during predation can trigger filamentation.
248:
Filamentation is often a consequence of environmental stress. It has been observed in response to temperature shocks, low water availability, high osmolarity, extreme pH, and UV exposure. UV light damages bacterial DNA and induces filamentation via the
268:, will also filament as a result of a tendency to accumulate phosphate in the form of polyphosphate, which can chelate metal cofactors needed by division proteins. In addition, filamentation is induced by nutrient-rich conditions in the
261:
Several macronutrients and biomolecules can cause bacterial cells to filament, including the amino acids glutamine, proline and arginine, and some branched-chain amino acids. Certain bacterial species, such as
190:. The SOS response inhibits septum formation until the DNA can be repaired, this delay stopping the transmission of damaged DNA to progeny. Bacteria inhibit septation by synthesizing protein SulA, an
164:). Because the PBPs responsible for lateral wall synthesis are relatively unaffected by cefuroxime and ceftazidime, cell elongation proceeds without any cell division and filamentation is observed.
70:, filamentation occurs at a low frequency in bacterial populations (4–8% short filaments and 0–5% long filaments in 1- to 8-hour cultures). The increased cell length can protect bacteria from
1354:
Modenutti B, Balseiro E, Corno G, Callieri C, Bertoni R, Caravati E (July 2010). "Ultraviolet radiation induces filamentation in bacterial assemblages from North Andean
Patagonian lakes".
253:. Starvation can also cause bacterial filamentation. For example, if bacteria are deprived of the nucleobase thymine, this disrupts DNA synthesis and induces SOS-mediated filamentation.
277:. This occurs via the highly conserved UDP-glucose pathway. UDP-glucose biosynthesis and sensing suppresses bacterial cell division, with the ensuing filamentation allowing
1178:
Gill CO, Badoni M, Jones TH (November 2007). "Behaviours of log phase cultures of eight strains of
Escherichia coli incubated at temperatures of 2, 6, 8 and 10 degrees C".
1817:"Interspecies signalling via the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia diffusible signal factor influences biofilm formation and polymyxin tolerance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
333:
filaments when exposed to plant extracts. Lastly, bacteriophage infection can result in filamentation via the expression of proteins that inhibit divisome assembly.
99:
The number and length of filaments within a bacterial population increases when the bacteria are exposed to different physical, chemical and biological agents (e.g.
209:), this also disrupts DNA synthesis and induces SOS-mediated filamentation. Direct obstruction of Z-ring formation by SulA and other FtsZ inhibitors (e.g.
273:
34:
cell that has undergone filamentation following antibacterial treatment (upper electron micrograph; top right) and regularly sized cells of untreated
1215:"Survival and filamentation of Salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis PT4 and Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium DT104 at low water activity"
88:
of cells more difficult. Filamentation is also thought to protect bacteria from antibiotics, and is associated with other aspects of bacterial
1905:"Aqueous extract of Hibiscus sabdariffa inhibits pedestal induction by enteropathogenic E. coli and promotes bacterial filamentation in vitro"
1448:"Studies of intracellular thymidine nucleotides. Thymineless death and the recovery after re-addition of thymine in Escherichia coli K 12"
1108:
Ray S, Dhaked HP, Panda D (October 2014). "Antimicrobial peptide CRAMP (16-33) stalls bacterial cytokinesis by inhibiting FtsZ assembly".
316:
Overcrowding of the periplasm or envelope can also induce filamentation in Gram-negative bacteria by disrupting normal divisome function.
888:
Khandige S, Asferg CA, Rasmussen KJ, Larsen MJ, Overgaard M, Andersen TE, Møller-Jensen J (August 2016). Justice S, Hultgren SJ (eds.).
623:"Bacterial filament formation, a defense mechanism against flagellate grazing, is growth rate controlled in bacteria of different phyla"
1760:"Direct and indirect effects of protist predation on population size structure of a bacterial strain with high phenotypic plasticity"
1272:"Reduced water availability influences the dynamics, development, and ultrastructural properties of Pseudomonas putida biofilms"
678:
Justice SS, Hunstad DA, Cegelski L, Hultgren SJ (February 2008). "Morphological plasticity as a bacterial survival strategy".
1711:"Surface sensing in Vibrio parahaemolyticus triggers a programme of gene expression that promotes colonization and virulence"
194:
inhibitor that halts Z-ring formation, thereby stopping recruitment and activation of PBP3. If bacteria are deprived of the
342:
240:) cause filamentation too, but these filaments are much shorter than the filaments induced by the above antibiotics.
501:"Morphological and ultrastructural changes in bacterial cells as an indicator of antibacterial mechanism of action"
1903:
Mohamed-Salem R, RodrĂguez Fernández C, Nieto-PelegrĂn E, Conde-ValentĂn B, Rumbero A, Martinez-Quiles N (2019).
1603:"Metabolic response to point mutations reveals principles of modulation of in vivo enzyme activity and phenotype"
1399:"Evidence for a relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid metabolism and septum formation in Escherichia coli"
1319:
Jones TH, Vail KM, McMullen LM (July 2013). "Filament formation by foodborne bacteria under sublethal stress".
357:
1967:
153:
1143:
Sass P, Brötz-Oesterhelt H (October 2013). "Bacterial cell division as a target for new antibiotics".
297:(DHFR) activity causes reversible filamentation. DHFR has a critical role in regulating the amount of
427:"Conditional filamentation as an adaptive trait of bacteria and its ecological significance in soils"
352:
347:
264:
59:
formation). The cells that result from elongation without division have multiple chromosomal copies.
20:
1662:"Cell division defects in Escherichia coli deficient in the multidrug efflux transporter AcrEF-TolC"
111:). This is termed conditional filamentation. Some of the key genes involved in filamentation in
1213:
Mattick KL, Jørgensen F, Legan JD, Cole MB, Porter J, Lappin-Scott HM, Humphrey TJ (April 2000).
325:
Filamentation can also be induced by signalling factors produced by other bacteria. In addition,
294:
290:
225:
269:
1972:
1902:
1916:
1771:
1557:
1500:
1226:
1062:
954:
634:
577:
298:
8:
939:"Distinct penicillin binding proteins involved in the division, elongation, and shape of
1920:
1775:
1561:
1504:
1230:
1066:
958:
638:
581:
1939:
1904:
1885:
1846:
1792:
1759:
1735:
1710:
1686:
1661:
1637:
1614:
1602:
1578:
1545:
1464:
1447:
1379:
1026:
1001:
914:
889:
811:
782:
703:
538:
464:
1546:"Bacterial filamentation as a mechanism for cell-to-cell spread within an animal host"
1521:
1488:
1423:
1398:
1332:
1296:
1271:
1191:
1085:
1050:
977:
938:
890:"DamX Controls Reversible Cell Morphology Switching in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli"
865:
838:
755:
722:
598:
557:
1944:
1838:
1833:
1816:
1797:
1740:
1726:
1691:
1677:
1642:
1583:
1526:
1469:
1428:
1371:
1367:
1336:
1301:
1287:
1252:
1247:
1214:
1195:
1160:
1125:
1090:
1031:
982:
919:
870:
816:
760:
695:
660:
655:
622:
603:
530:
468:
456:
448:
402:
217:
1889:
1850:
1383:
1238:
1051:"Crystal structure of the SOS cell division inhibitor SulA and in complex with FtsZ"
855:
589:
1934:
1924:
1877:
1828:
1815:
Ryan RP, Fouhy Y, Garcia BF, Watt SA, Niehaus K, Yang L, et al. (April 2008).
1787:
1779:
1730:
1722:
1681:
1673:
1632:
1624:
1573:
1565:
1516:
1508:
1459:
1418:
1410:
1363:
1328:
1291:
1283:
1242:
1234:
1187:
1152:
1117:
1080:
1070:
1021:
1013:
972:
962:
909:
901:
860:
850:
806:
798:
750:
742:
707:
687:
650:
642:
593:
585:
558:"Grazing pressure by a bacterivorous flagellate reverses the relative abundance of
542:
520:
512:
438:
394:
179:
51:
1512:
1929:
1414:
746:
398:
1783:
1709:
Gode-Potratz CJ, Kustusch RJ, Breheny PJ, Weiss DS, McCarter LL (January 2011).
1017:
721:
Fuchs BB, Eby J, Nobile CJ, El Khoury JB, Mitchell AP, Mylonakis E (June 2010).
646:
1601:
Bhattacharyya S, Bershtein S, Adkar BV, Woodard J, Shakhnovich EI (June 2021).
1569:
1055:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
947:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1156:
516:
1961:
1868:
to living plant tissues induces conversion to a filamentous bacterial form".
171:
167:
141:
108:
104:
1075:
839:"Cell division inhibitors SulA and MinCD prevent formation of the FtsZ ring"
443:
426:
156:
responsible for crosslinking peptidoglycan at the septal wall (e.g. PBP3 in
1948:
1842:
1801:
1744:
1695:
1646:
1628:
1587:
1530:
1375:
1340:
1305:
1256:
1199:
1164:
1129:
1094:
1035:
967:
923:
820:
764:
699:
534:
460:
406:
310:
250:
229:
206:
187:
81:
1881:
1473:
1432:
986:
905:
874:
664:
607:
237:
175:
149:
100:
1864:
Finer KR, Larkin KM, Martin BJ, Finer JJ (February 2001). "Proximity of
802:
691:
381:
Jaimes-Lizcano YA, Hunn DD, Papadopoulos KD (April 2014). "Filamentous
233:
195:
183:
145:
78:
63:
1121:
525:
452:
221:
210:
89:
85:
74:
787:
from Phage
Infection by Inhibiting Inner Membrane Receptor Proteins"
1619:
500:
306:
71:
67:
46:
1600:
26:
198:
93:
1708:
302:
202:
56:
1544:
Tran TD, Ali MA, Lee D, FĂ©lix MA, Luallen RJ (February 2022).
1353:
677:
380:
289:
Filamentation can also be induced by other pathways affecting
887:
425:
Karasz DC, Weaver AI, Buckley DH, Wilhelm RC (January 2022).
305:
and thymidylate synthesis. DHFR activity can be inhibited by
284:
55:, in which cells continue to elongate but do not divide (no
191:
424:
1212:
498:
319:
720:
1863:
783:"Cryptic-Prophage-Encoded Small Protein DicB Protects
1142:
780:
499:
Cushnie TP, O'Driscoll NH, Lamb AJ (December 2016).
1814:
1048:
1002:"β-Lactams and β-Lactamase Inhibitors: An Overview"
135:
1318:
256:
1959:
1543:
1177:
329:spp. filament in proximity to plant roots, and
243:
170:-inhibiting and DNA damaging antibiotics (e.g.
1489:"Formation of Filaments by Pseudomonas putida"
1486:
1269:
1107:
781:Ragunathan PT, Vanderpool CK (December 2019).
620:
313:(see antibiotic-induced filamentation above).
1702:
1049:Cordell SC, Robinson EJ, Lowe J (June 2003).
776:
774:
385:cells swimming in tapered microcapillaries".
1757:
1659:
1396:
999:
836:
621:Hahn MW, Moore ER, Höfle MG (January 1999).
309:or by high concentrations of the antibiotic
1006:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
494:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
478:
376:
374:
372:
1321:International Journal of Food Microbiology
1180:International Journal of Food Microbiology
832:
830:
771:
1938:
1928:
1832:
1791:
1734:
1685:
1636:
1618:
1577:
1520:
1463:
1422:
1295:
1246:
1101:
1084:
1074:
1042:
1025:
976:
966:
913:
864:
854:
810:
754:
654:
597:
555:
524:
442:
420:
418:
416:
293:synthesis. For instance, partial loss of
285:Intrinsic dysbiosis-induced filamentation
152:) induce filamentation by inhibiting the
1439:
1390:
930:
714:
671:
475:
369:
25:
1270:Chang WS, Halverson LJ (October 2003).
827:
614:
549:
1960:
1857:
1764:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1660:Lau SY, Zgurskaya HI (November 2005).
1493:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1487:Jensen RH, Woolfolk CA (August 1985).
1445:
1219:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
936:
627:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
570:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
413:
1397:Walker JR, Pardee AB (January 1968).
320:Filamentation and biotic interactions
130:
837:Bi E, Lutkenhaus J (February 1993).
505:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences
1758:Corno G, JĂĽrgens K (January 2006).
1000:Bush K, Bradford PA (August 2016).
566:strain CB5 in chemostat cocultures"
45:is the anomalous growth of certain
13:
1465:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb20975.x
343:Bacterial morphological plasticity
154:penicillin binding proteins (PBPs)
14:
1984:
1333:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.05.001
1192:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.043
1834:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06132.x
1727:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07445.x
1678:10.1128/JB.187.22.7815-7825.2005
1452:European Journal of Biochemistry
1368:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00758.x
1288:10.1128/JB.185.20.6199-6204.2003
281:to spread to neighboring cells.
232:) and membrane disruptors (e.g.
136:Antibiotic-induced filamentation
1896:
1808:
1751:
1653:
1594:
1537:
1480:
1356:Photochemistry and Photobiology
1347:
1312:
1263:
1239:10.1128/AEM.66.4.1274-1279.2000
1206:
1171:
1145:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1136:
993:
881:
856:10.1128/jb.175.4.1118-1125.1993
590:10.1128/AEM.64.5.1910-1918.1998
186:) induce filamentation via the
556:Hahn MW, Höfle MG (May 1998).
358:Segmented filamentous bacteria
257:Nutrient-induced filamentation
1:
1513:10.1128/aem.50.2.364-372.1985
363:
213:) induces filamentation too.
1930:10.1371/journal.pone.0213580
1415:10.1128/JB.95.1.123-131.1968
747:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.03.001
680:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
399:10.1016/j.resmic.2014.01.007
244:Stress-induced filamentation
7:
1784:10.1128/AEM.72.1.78-86.2006
1018:10.1101/cshperspect.a025247
647:10.1128/AEM.65.1.25-35.1999
336:
205:synthesis inhibitors (e.g.
144:synthesis inhibitors (e.g.
38:(lower electron micrograph)
10:
1989:
1570:10.1038/s41467-022-28297-6
1446:Ohkawa T (December 1975).
723:"Role of filamentation in
431:Environmental Microbiology
18:
1607:Molecular Systems Biology
1157:10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.006
937:Spratt BG (August 1975).
517:10.1007/s00018-016-2302-2
353:Filamentous cyanobacteria
348:Filamentous bacteriophage
301:, which is essential for
265:Paraburkholderia elongata
107:-inhibiting antibiotics,
21:Filament (disambiguation)
387:Research in Microbiology
1666:Journal of Bacteriology
1403:Journal of Bacteriology
1276:Journal of Bacteriology
1076:10.1073/pnas.1330742100
843:Journal of Bacteriology
791:Journal of Bacteriology
444:10.1111/1462-2920.15871
295:dihydrofolate reductase
16:Type of bacteria growth
1821:Molecular Microbiology
1715:Molecular Microbiology
1629:10.15252/msb.202110200
968:10.1073/pnas.72.8.2999
735:Microbes and Infection
270:intracellular pathogen
39:
1882:10.1007/s002990100315
1550:Nature Communications
906:10.1128/mBio.00642-16
560:Comamonas acidovorans
29:
19:For other uses, see
1921:2019PLoSO..1413580M
1776:2006ApEnM..72...78C
1562:2022NatCo..13..693T
1505:1985ApEnM..50..364J
1231:2000ApEnM..66.1274M
1067:2003PNAS..100.7889C
959:1975PNAS...72.2999S
803:10.1128/JB.00475-19
725:Galleria mellonella
692:10.1038/nrmicro1820
639:1999ApEnM..65...25H
582:1998ApEnM..64.1910H
1968:Cellular processes
1870:Plant Cell Reports
201:by treatment with
131:Filament formation
62:In the absence of
40:
1672:(22): 7815–7825.
1282:(20): 6199–6204.
1122:10.1021/bi501115p
511:(23): 4471–4492.
274:Bordetella atropi
228:inhibitors (e.g.
220:inhibitors (e.g.
218:protein synthesis
1980:
1953:
1952:
1942:
1932:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1836:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1795:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1640:
1622:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1581:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1524:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1394:
1388:
1387:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1299:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1250:
1225:(4): 1274–1279.
1210:
1204:
1203:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1088:
1078:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1029:
997:
991:
990:
980:
970:
953:(8): 2999–3003.
941:Escherichia coli
934:
928:
927:
917:
885:
879:
878:
868:
858:
849:(4): 1118–1125.
834:
825:
824:
814:
785:Escherichia coli
778:
769:
768:
758:
729:Candida albicans
718:
712:
711:
675:
669:
668:
658:
618:
612:
611:
601:
553:
547:
546:
528:
496:
473:
472:
446:
422:
411:
410:
383:Escherichia coli
378:
299:tetrahydrofolate
180:fluoroquinolones
52:Escherichia coli
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1915:(3): e0213580.
1901:
1897:
1862:
1858:
1813:
1809:
1756:
1752:
1707:
1703:
1658:
1654:
1599:
1595:
1542:
1538:
1485:
1481:
1444:
1440:
1395:
1391:
1352:
1348:
1317:
1313:
1268:
1264:
1211:
1207:
1176:
1172:
1141:
1137:
1106:
1102:
1061:(13): 7889–94.
1047:
1043:
998:
994:
935:
931:
886:
882:
835:
828:
779:
772:
719:
715:
676:
672:
619:
615:
554:
550:
497:
476:
423:
414:
379:
370:
366:
339:
322:
287:
259:
246:
138:
133:
32:Bacillus cereus
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1986:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1955:
1954:
1895:
1876:(3): 250–255.
1856:
1807:
1750:
1721:(1): 240–263.
1701:
1652:
1593:
1536:
1499:(2): 364–372.
1479:
1438:
1409:(1): 123–131.
1389:
1362:(4): 871–881.
1346:
1311:
1262:
1205:
1186:(3): 200–206.
1170:
1151:(5): 522–530.
1135:
1116:(41): 6426–9.
1100:
1041:
1012:(8): a025247.
992:
929:
880:
826:
770:
713:
670:
613:
548:
474:
412:
367:
365:
362:
361:
360:
355:
350:
345:
338:
335:
321:
318:
286:
283:
258:
255:
245:
242:
137:
134:
132:
129:
109:bacteriophages
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1985:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:Agrobacterium
1860:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1613:(6): e10200.
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1327:(2): 97–110.
1326:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
988:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
942:
933:
925:
921:
916:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
884:
876:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
786:
777:
775:
766:
762:
757:
752:
748:
744:
741:(6): 488–96.
740:
736:
732:
730:
726:
717:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
666:
662:
657:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
617:
609:
605:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
576:(5): 1910–8.
575:
571:
567:
565:
561:
552:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
479:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
445:
440:
436:
432:
428:
421:
419:
417:
408:
404:
400:
396:
393:(3): 166–74.
392:
388:
384:
377:
375:
373:
368:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
340:
334:
332:
328:
327:Agrobacterium
317:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
275:
271:
267:
266:
254:
252:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:RNA synthesis
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
172:metronidazole
169:
168:DNA synthesis
165:
163:
162:P. aeruginosa
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:peptidoglycan
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:DNA synthesis
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
53:
48:
44:
43:Filamentation
37:
33:
28:
22:
1973:Microbiology
1912:
1908:
1898:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1827:(1): 75–86.
1824:
1820:
1810:
1770:(1): 78–86.
1767:
1763:
1753:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1610:
1606:
1596:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1458:(1): 57–66.
1455:
1451:
1441:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1222:
1218:
1208:
1183:
1179:
1173:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1113:
1110:Biochemistry
1109:
1103:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1009:
1005:
995:
950:
946:
940:
932:
897:
893:
883:
846:
842:
794:
790:
784:
738:
734:
728:
724:
716:
686:(2): 162–8.
683:
679:
673:
633:(1): 25–35.
630:
626:
616:
573:
569:
563:
559:
551:
508:
504:
434:
430:
390:
386:
382:
330:
326:
323:
315:
311:trimethoprim
288:
278:
272:
263:
260:
251:SOS response
247:
230:bicyclomycin
215:
207:trimethoprim
188:SOS response
166:
161:
157:
139:
124:
120:
116:
112:
98:
82:phagocytosis
61:
50:
42:
41:
35:
31:
727:killing by
437:(1): 1–17.
291:thymidylate
238:polymyxin B
176:mitomycin C
150:ceftazidime
96:formation.
64:antibiotics
1962:Categories
1620:2012.09658
1556:(1): 693.
526:10059/2129
364:References
234:daptomycin
203:folic acid
196:nucleobase
184:novobiocin
146:cefuroxime
84:by making
79:neutrophil
49:, such as
562:PX54 and
469:245412965
307:mutations
279:B. atropi
222:kanamycin
211:berberine
90:virulence
86:ingestion
75:predation
72:protozoan
68:stressors
66:or other
36:B. cereus
1949:30849110
1909:PLOS ONE
1890:24531530
1851:26725907
1843:18312265
1802:16391028
1745:21166906
1696:16267305
1647:34180142
1588:35121734
1531:16346856
1384:45542973
1376:20528974
1341:23727653
1306:14526033
1257:10742199
1200:17719669
1165:23932516
1130:25294259
1095:12808143
1036:27329032
924:27486187
821:31527115
765:20223293
700:18157153
535:27392605
461:34929753
407:24566556
337:See also
115:include
101:UV light
92:such as
47:bacteria
1940:6407759
1917:Bibcode
1793:1352273
1772:Bibcode
1736:3075615
1687:1280316
1638:8236904
1579:8816909
1558:Bibcode
1501:Bibcode
1474:1107038
1433:4867214
1227:Bibcode
1063:Bibcode
1027:4968164
987:1103132
955:Bibcode
915:4981707
875:8432706
812:6832061
708:7247384
665:9872755
635:Bibcode
608:9572971
578:Bibcode
543:2065821
453:1863903
331:E. coli
199:thymine
158:E. coli
113:E. coli
94:biofilm
1947:
1937:
1888:
1849:
1841:
1800:
1790:
1743:
1733:
1694:
1684:
1645:
1635:
1586:
1576:
1529:
1522:238629
1519:
1472:
1431:
1424:251980
1421:
1382:
1374:
1339:
1304:
1297:225025
1294:
1255:
1245:
1198:
1163:
1128:
1093:
1086:164683
1083:
1034:
1024:
985:
978:432906
975:
922:
912:
873:
866:193028
863:
819:
809:
797:(23).
763:
756:288367
753:
706:
698:
663:
653:
606:
599:106250
596:
564:Vibrio
541:
533:
467:
459:
451:
405:
303:purine
178:, the
1886:S2CID
1847:S2CID
1615:arXiv
1380:S2CID
1248:91980
900:(4).
704:S2CID
656:90978
539:S2CID
465:S2CID
216:Some
140:Some
121:minCD
57:septa
1945:PMID
1839:PMID
1798:PMID
1741:PMID
1692:PMID
1643:PMID
1584:PMID
1527:PMID
1470:PMID
1429:PMID
1372:PMID
1337:PMID
1302:PMID
1253:PMID
1196:PMID
1161:PMID
1126:PMID
1091:PMID
1032:PMID
983:PMID
943:K12"
920:PMID
894:mBio
871:PMID
817:PMID
761:PMID
696:PMID
661:PMID
604:PMID
531:PMID
457:PMID
449:OSTI
403:PMID
192:FtsZ
160:and
125:damX
123:and
117:sulA
77:and
1935:PMC
1925:doi
1878:doi
1829:doi
1788:PMC
1780:doi
1731:PMC
1723:doi
1682:PMC
1674:doi
1670:187
1633:PMC
1625:doi
1574:PMC
1566:doi
1517:PMC
1509:doi
1460:doi
1419:PMC
1411:doi
1364:doi
1329:doi
1325:165
1292:PMC
1284:doi
1280:185
1243:PMC
1235:doi
1188:doi
1184:119
1153:doi
1118:doi
1081:PMC
1071:doi
1059:100
1022:PMC
1014:doi
973:PMC
963:doi
910:PMC
902:doi
861:PMC
851:doi
847:175
807:PMC
799:doi
795:201
751:PMC
743:doi
688:doi
651:PMC
643:doi
594:PMC
586:doi
521:hdl
513:doi
439:doi
395:doi
391:165
224:),
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