643:
583:
556:) against each other (or a hard surface) which are heated and create an ember. Successfully creating fire by friction involves skill, fitness, knowledge, and acceptable environmental conditions. Some techniques involve crafting a system of interlocking pieces that give the practitioner an improved mechanical advantage; these techniques require more skill and knowledge but less fitness, and work in less ideal conditions. Once hot enough, the ember is introduced to the tinder, more oxygen is added by blowing and the result is ignition.
868:
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friction). This repeated spinning and downward pressure causes black dust to form in the notch of the fireboard, eventually creating a hot, glowing coal. The coal is then carefully placed among dense, fine tinder, which is pressed against it as one blows directly onto the coal until the tinder begins burning and eventually catches into flame. The advantage of the hand drill technique is that it requires no rope.
789:
525:). Thus, humans encountered and were aware of fire, and later its beneficial uses, long before they could make fire on demand. The first and easiest way to make a fire would have been to use the hot ashes or burning wood from a forest or grass fire, and then to keep the fire or coals going for as long as possible by adding more combustible material.
755:
or naphtha/gasoline. These are simple to light, often using a wheel mechanism that when spun with the thumb creates friction on the internal rod of ferrocerium "flint" and throws a shower of white-hot sparks into the gas or wick. Alternately, an electric spark ignites the fuel. With almost 2 billion
598:
or fireplow consists of a stick cut to a dull point, and a long piece of wood with a groove cut down its length. The stake is pressed down hard and rubbed quickly against the groove of the second piece in a "plowing" motion, to produce hot dust which creates an ember. A split is often made down the
563:
is the most widespread among indigenous cultures, characterized by the use of a thin, straightened wooden shaft or reed to be spun with the hands, grinding within a notch against the soft wooden base of a fire board (a wooden board with a carved notch in which to catch heated wood fibers created by
633:
wrote about this method in one of his books. A small amount of wood ash is rolled up in a piece of cotton like a cigar. The cotton is then placed between two boards and rolled back and forth. Pressure and speed are both gradually increased. With proper technique ignition can occur in seconds.
606:
is a method by which a piece of wood is sawed through a notch in a second piece or pieces to generate friction. The tinder may be placed between two slats of wood with the third piece or "saw" drawn over them above the tinder so as to catch a coal, but there is more than one configuration.
571:
uses the same principle as the hand drill (friction by rotation of wood on wood) but the spindle is shorter, wider (about the size of a human thumb) and driven by a bow, which allows longer, easier strokes and protects the palms. Additional downward pressure is generated by the handhold.
888:, and it is brought into contact with the tinder, lighting it. For example, a foil-paper chewing gum wrapper will heat-up and ignite; or a flashlight battery coming into contact with a thin wire mesh (such as steel wool) may produce enough heat to ignite
483:
Tinder, when formed into a tight bundle, can also be used to preserve/carry an ember. Often in the form of a cigar and made of compacted tinder materials held within a tinderbox, a smouldering ember could safely be saved inside.
321:) and in doing so heats other material (heavier tinder, twigs, kindling, etc.) until it burns (as a flame). Fine tinder is characterized by its ability to combust from a spark, friction, or other action from the below methods.
716:
rod and a hard scraper to create hot sparks by manually scratching the ferro rod with a knife or sharp object to ignite man-made or natural tinder. Fire starters based upon ferrocerium are popular with
987:
618:, or flexible strip of wood to 'saw' the wood creating friction. On the board, opposite side the cord, is a well with a hole through the board to gathered the charred, soon-to-smoke, wood dust.
1403:"The Iroquois are unique in America and perhaps in the world in making fire with the pump drill." Fire-making Apparatus in the United States National Museum; Walter Hough, 1890.
1072:
Berihuete-Azorín M, Girbal J, Piqué R, Palomo A, Terradas X (2018) Punk’s not dead. Fungi for tinder at the
Neolithic site of La Draga (NE Iberia). PLoS ONE 13(4): e0195846.
725:. Similar sparking devices have a built-in striking blade which provides an easy method for sparking with one hand. Another common type has the ferro rod attached to a
1297:
1641:
943:
Stiner, Mary C.; Gopher, Avi; Barkai, Ran (2011). "Hearth-side socioeconomics, hunting and paleoecology during the late Lower
Paleolithic at Qesem Cave, Israel".
674:
cleaves small, hot, oxidizing metal particles that can ignite tinder. The steel should be high carbon, non-alloyed, and hardened. Similarly, two pieces of
979:
1210:
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is a variant of the bow drill that uses a coiled rope around a cross-section of wooden stake spin the shaft by pumping up and down a cross-member.
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521:. Many animals are aware of fire and adapt their behavior to it. Plants, too, have adapted to the natural occurrence of fire (see
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are small sticks of wood or stiff paper with a coating that undergoes an exothermic reaction when triggered by friction.
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must be used. After compression, the piston is opened quickly and the ember is transferred to a larger pile of tinder.
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1321:"Understanding Combustion Mechanism of Magnesium for Better Safety Measures: An Experimental Study"
980:"Invention of cooking drove evolution of the human species, new book argues | Harvard Gazette"
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object to tinder. A current is run through the object until it is red hot, like the burners on an
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187:
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bar that can be scraped with a knife to make a powdered tinder that will burn for a few seconds.
53:
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An exothermic chemical reaction can generate enough heat as to catch itself or tinder on fire.
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works, rapid compression of air heats the interior to 400–700 °F, well above the tinder's
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has a ferrocerium rod stored in the handle, which can be used to make sparks to ignite tinder.
642:
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1021:
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8:
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1546:"First step toward mandatory US standard for cigarette lighters | Injury Prevention"
1412:
625:, also known as the "fire roll" method, is believed to have been invented by World War 2
334:
100:
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1545:
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warrior lighting a fire, blowing on it to add oxygen that encourages the fire to spread
235:
1608:
693:). Travelers up to the late 19th century would often use self-contained kits known as
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The use of flint in particular became the most common method of producing flames in
1985:
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typically use a percussion-type sparking device to ignite gas/liquid fuels such as
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342:; most friction methods using wood generate their own fine tinder; today a pile of
205:
1361:"Traditions of Coast Miwok, other local American Indian tribes shared at festival"
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used in rifle and shotgun shells create a stream of sparks when rapidly struck.
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ignites a combustible substance by rapid compression of air. Similar to how a
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length of the grooved piece, so that oxygen can flow freely to the coal/ember.
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lighters sold each year, this is the most popular means to light fires today.
282:
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or other tinder. Larger batteries can generate sparks when its leads touch.
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Primitive
Technology: Cord drill and Pump drill | You Tube | Jan 22, 2016
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1010:"Neandertal fire-making technology inferred from microwear analysis"
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Fires start from increasing tinder's temperature until it combusts.
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are one of the most common features found at archaeological sites.
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Build the
Perfect Bug Out Bag: Your 72-Hour Disaster Survival Kit
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tinder features cotton balls impregnated with petroleum jelly.
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traces suggesting these tools were struck with the mineral
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1508:
Fire-Making
Apparatus in the United States National Museum
823:
Other reactions that can be used to start fires include:
1638:"How to make a fire with household chemicals - Chemistry"
1126:
Wood and Tree Fungi: Biology, Damage, Protection, and Use
626:
351:
1609:"How to Make Chemical Fire Without Matches or a Lighter"
1197:
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ammonium nitrate powder, finely ground zinc powder, and
1008:
Sorensen, A. C.; Claud, E.; Soressi, M. (2018-07-19).
658:
or firesteel when hit by a hard, glassy stone such as
1188:
234:
Evidence for fire making dates to at least the early
1007:
1319:Nam, Ki-Hun; Lee, Jun-Sik; Park, Hye-Jeong (2022).
1084:
804:) to focus the energy from the sun onto tinder. A
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1203:"Fuels and Chemicals - Auto Ignition Temperatures"
1085:Peintner, U.; Pöder, R.; Pümpel, T. (1998-10-01).
942:
833:potassium permanganate, acetone, and sulfuric acid
257:to produce sparks around 50,000 years ago. At the
880:Electrical firemaking involves the contact of an
808:can also concentrate the sun's rays onto tinder.
2059:
1425:"Fire Roll Friction Fire...Rudiger Roll Part 1"
827:calcium hypochlorite and automotive brake fluid
1393:. Society of Primitive Technology Gibbs Smith.
1296:. Leather International / Global Trade Media.
1290:"Flammability and flame retardancy of leather"
1229:
1227:
1696:
350:shavings is common; and a moisture-resistant
1391:Primitive Technology: A Book of Earth Skills
1074:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195846
732:Hiking stores sell both magnesium starters,
357:Autoignition temperatures of common tinder:
1224:
1703:
1689:
1579:"BIC Company Statistics – Statistic Brain"
1318:
1282:
174:is the process of artificially starting a
2027:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
1336:
1049:
845:sulfuric acid, zinc, and platinum (as in
836:sodium chlorate, sugar, and sulfuric acid
313:is a material that combusts first (as an
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
1271:Journal of Australian Fire Investigators
1175:
866:
787:
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682:when struck together can create sparks.
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138:
1519:
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27:Process of starting a fire artificially
14:
2060:
1279:(Reproduced from "Firepoint" magazine)
1267:"Physical Constants for Investigators"
1236:"PHYSICAL CONSTANTS FOR INVESTIGATORS"
871:Match—in the first second after strike
776:. Tinder that holds an ember such as
586:A fire plough (left), as opposed to a
492:
480:, which today is often a plastic bag.
1684:
1300:from the original on 11 February 2015
1264:
977:
796:Sunlight can be concentrated using a
759:
509:Fire occurs naturally as a result of
365:
324:Many forms of tinder are available –
1246:from the original on 27 January 2015
548:by rapidly grinding pieces of solid
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
830:potassium permanganate and glycerin
293:, carried material to make a fire (
24:
1510:. Government Printing Office, 1890
212:. Today, it is a key component of
25:
2079:
1658:
1606:
1524:(4th ed.). Betterway Books.
712:Some fire-starting systems use a
629:. A German survival expert named
623:Rudiger roll friction fire method
456:200–212 °C (392–414 °F)
428:218–246 °C (424–475 °F)
379:300–482 °C (572–900 °F)
301:and pyrite for creating sparks).
1710:
1277:from the original on 2015-01-27.
1233:
1183:standard conditions for pressure
41:
2017:Control of fire by early humans
1644:from the original on 2017-03-18
1630:
1619:from the original on 2017-03-18
1600:
1589:from the original on 2017-06-11
1571:
1560:from the original on 2017-03-18
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1513:
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1464:from the original on 2017-03-19
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1435:from the original on 2017-04-06
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1371:from the original on 2017-06-16
1353:
1312:
1258:
1213:from the original on 2015-05-04
990:from the original on 2017-06-27
499:Control of fire by early humans
230:Control of fire by early humans
52:needs additional citations for
1665:"Home in the Wilderness: Fire"
1146:
1117:
1078:
1066:
1001:
971:
936:
265:, researchers have found that
223:
193:Fire is an essential tool for
178:. It requires completing the
13:
1:
930:
875:
736:blocks, and other specialist
637:
476:Tinder is preserved within a
957:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.10.006
907:Firestarter (disambiguation)
646:Firesteel and flint used in
544:Fire can be created through
7:
895:
811:
792:Starting a fire with a lens
743:
528:
304:
10:
2084:
1034:10.1038/s41598-018-28342-9
978:Bradt, Steve (June 2009).
945:Journal of Human Evolution
502:
496:
487:
332:and other species such as
281:of a man who lived in the
227:
29:
2004:
1938:
1895:
1825:
1787:
1741:
1718:
1153:Harding, Patrick (2008).
1103:10.1017/S0953756298006546
614:uses a non-melting cord,
468:473 °C (883 °F)
440:400 °C (752 °F)
416:455 °C (851 °F)
403:227 °C (441 °F)
391:349 °C (660 °F)
1797:Autoignition temperature
1675:"Methods of making fire"
912:Glossary of firelighting
783:
774:autoignition temperature
188:autoignition temperature
1812:Minimum ignition energy
1671:(January/February 1982)
1520:Stewart, Creek (2012).
1389:Wescott, David (1999).
1556:(3): 156. 2005-06-02.
1207:Engineeringtoolbox.com
1124:Schmidt, Olaf (2006).
872:
793:
709:
651:
591:
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328:is preferred by many;
160:
159:and piece of mushroom.
147:. From left to right:
143:Typical contents of a
1338:10.3390/safety8010011
870:
791:
703:
645:
585:
536:
503:Further information:
269:were used as tinder.
182:, usually by heating
142:
1091:Mycological Research
1087:"The iceman's fungi"
689:societies (see also
61:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
1838:Solar Spark Lighter
1677:—Pitt Rivers Museum
1242:. TC Forensic P/L.
1161:. pp. 159–60.
1155:Mushroom Miscellany
1026:2018NatSR...810065S
882:electrically heated
493:Natural occurrences
335:Phellinus igniarius
277:, a well-preserved
1640:. Science Forums.
1583:Statisticbrain.com
1483:"Survival - Feuer"
1014:Scientific Reports
873:
794:
760:Compression of air
710:
706:Mora camping knife
652:
592:
552:material (such as
542:
236:Middle Paleolithic
161:
2055:
2054:
1550:Injury Prevention
1458:Primitiveways.com
1240:tcforensic.com.au
1168:978-0-00-728464-1
1139:978-3-540-32138-5
1097:(10): 1153–1162.
847:Döbereiner's lamp
841:hydrochloric acid
650:, Sweden in 1916.
519:lightning strikes
511:volcanic activity
474:
473:
238:, with dozens of
210:Lower Paleolithic
201:was important in
197:survival and the
137:
136:
129:
111:
16:(Redirected from
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2005:Related articles
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1585:. 2015-12-26.
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1531:978-1440318740
1530:
1512:
1506:Walter Hough.
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1431:. 2014-10-27.
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1367:. 2016-07-18.
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859:firearms, and
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806:concave mirror
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721:hobbyists and
687:pre-industrial
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76:"Fire making"
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72:Find sources:
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50:This article
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2022:Firem'n Chit
1882:Fire striker
1712:Firelighting
1711:
1669:Mother Earth
1668:
1646:. Retrieved
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1621:. Retrieved
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1491:. Retrieved
1487:the original
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1234:Cafe, Tony.
1215:. Retrieved
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1020:(1): 10065.
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59:Please help
54:verification
51:
32:Fire-raising
18:Firelighting
2068:Fire making
1908:Ferrocerium
1872:Fire plough
1867:Fire piston
1817:Smouldering
1454:"Fire Roll"
1365:Marinij.com
1304:11 February
1265:Tony Cafe.
1250:11 February
800:(such as a
766:fire piston
734:firelighter
714:ferrocerium
695:tinderboxes
676:iron pyrite
596:fire plough
550:combustible
348:ferrocerium
297:along with
283:Ötztal Alps
249:exhibiting
240:Neanderthal
224:Archaeology
203:early human
199:use of fire
164:Fire making
1946:Char cloth
1860:Pump drill
1855:Hand drill
1845:Fire drill
1802:Combustion
1742:Components
1648:2017-06-17
1623:2017-06-17
1593:2017-06-17
1564:2017-06-17
1493:2017-03-17
1468:2017-06-17
1439:2017-06-17
1375:2017-06-17
1217:2017-06-17
994:2017-06-17
931:References
876:Electrical
638:Percussion
612:fire-thong
588:hand drill
577:pump drill
561:hand drill
515:meteorites
497:See also:
208:since the
186:above its
172:fire craft
157:char cloth
145:tinder box
117:April 2013
87:newspapers
2042:Pyromania
2037:Pyrolysis
1991:Tinderbox
1976:Matchbook
1971:Fire ring
1951:Chuckmuck
1903:Blowtorch
1850:Bow drill
1779:Wood fuel
1347:2313-576X
1331:(1): 11.
1111:0953-7562
1042:2045-2322
902:Bushcraft
890:charcloth
778:charcloth
727:magnesium
719:bushcraft
680:marcasite
569:bow drill
478:tinderbox
464:Magnesium
452:parchment
436:Petroleum
363:Substance
344:magnesium
326:charcloth
259:Neolithic
243:hand axes
218:bushcraft
2062:Category
1981:Matchbox
1966:Fire pit
1961:Fire pan
1928:Electric
1877:Fire-saw
1774:Wood ash
1759:Firewood
1733:Glossary
1723:Campfire
1642:Archived
1617:Archived
1587:Archived
1558:Archived
1462:Archived
1433:Archived
1369:Archived
1298:Archived
1275:Archived
1244:Archived
1211:Archived
1130:Springer
1060:30026576
988:Archived
965:21146194
896:See also
812:Chemical
749:Lighters
744:Lighters
604:fire-saw
546:friction
529:Friction
387:Charcoal
305:Material
291:3100 BCE
285:between
263:La Draga
261:site of
251:use-wear
214:Scouting
1913:Lighter
1728:Bonfire
1429:YouTube
1051:6053370
1022:Bibcode
861:primers
818:Matches
648:Dalarna
590:(right)
488:Methods
448:Leather
271:Hearths
101:scholar
1789:Topics
1769:Tinder
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1325:Safety
1181:Under
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920:(film)
753:butane
738:tinder
664:jasper
660:quartz
538:Maasai
517:, and
413:fibers
411:Cotton
311:Tinder
255:pyrite
247:France
184:tinder
103:
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2012:Arson
1996:Torch
1923:Black
1918:Match
1887:Flint
1764:Spark
1749:Ember
784:Solar
704:This
672:flint
668:agate
616:ratan
424:Paper
369:Note
319:flame
315:ember
299:flint
267:fungi
245:from
195:human
149:flint
108:JSTOR
94:books
1986:Punk
1526:ISBN
1343:ISSN
1306:2015
1252:2015
1163:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1107:ISSN
1056:PMID
1038:ISSN
961:PMID
798:lens
627:POWs
621:The
594:The
567:The
559:The
554:wood
399:Peat
375:Wood
289:and
287:3400
275:Ötzi
216:and
176:fire
80:news
1333:doi
1099:doi
1095:102
1046:PMC
1030:doi
953:doi
678:or
670:or
352:DIY
346:or
317:or
170:or
63:by
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