229:
1054:
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134:
41:
150:
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239:
287:
267:
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124:
350:
173:
111:
297:
219:
1288:, which was signed on 11 September 1217, Louis had to give up his claim to be the King of England and to agree that he had never been the legitimate king. The principal provisions of the treaties were an amnesty for English rebels but the barons who had joined Louis had to pay the French prince 10,000 marks to expedite his withdrawal. Louis surrendered the few remaining castles that he had held and exhorted to his allies, Scottish and Welsh troops under
1180:
209:
1210:
189:
1027:, where 60 loyalist knights survived a two-month siege, despite severe damage to the structure of its lower ward. That was immediately repaired in 1216 by Henry III, who further strengthened the defences with the construction of the western curtain wall, much of which survives today. The damage was caused possibly by the castle having been besieged by the barons in 1189, less than 30 years earlier.
199:
1102:, persuaded him not to hang the rebels since hanging those who had surrendered would set a precedent if John ever surrendered; only one man was actually hanged (a young bowman who had previously been in John's service). The remainder of the rebel barons were taken away and imprisoned at various royal-held castles, such as
1170:
favouring Henry. Marshal was highly respected and he asked the barons not to blame the child Henry for his father's sins. The prevailing sentiment, helped by self-interest, disliked the idea of depriving a boy of his inheritance. Marshal also promised that he and the other regents would rule by Magna
1003:
and attempted to topple the castle gate, but De Burgh's men managed to repel the invaders, blocking the breach in the walls with giant timbers. (After the siege the weak northern gate was blocked and tunnels were built in that area, to St John's Tower, and the new
Constable's Gate and Fitzwilliam's
1221:
Since the truce had been arranged with Dover, the Dover garrison had repeatedly disrupted Louis's communication with France, and so Louis sailed back to Dover to begin a second siege. The French camp, set up outside Dover Castle in anticipation of the new siege, was attacked and burned by
1089:
saying, "Send to us with all speed by day and night, forty of the fattest pigs of the sort least good for eating so that we may bring fire beneath the castle". The fire thus created caused one entire corner of the keep to collapse. The rebels withdrew behind the keep's
1084:
in early
November, and began attempting the same tactics against the keep, including undermining the south-eastern tower. The mine-roof was supported by wooden props, which were then set alight using pig-fat. On 25 November 1215, John had sent a writ to the
1136:, and a number of barons rushed to have the young Henry crowned as King of England. London was held by Louis (it was his seat of government) and therefore could not be used for this coronation so, on 28 October 1216, they brought the boy from the castle at
848:
Magna Carta held clauses that theoretically noticeably reduced the authority of the King, such as Clause 61, the "security clause", which allowed a group of 25 barons to override the King at any time by means of force, a medieval legal process known as
813:
and surrendered the few remaining castles that he held. The treaty had the effect of Louis agreeing he had never been the legitimate king of
England. That formalised the end of the civil war and the departure of the French from England.
855:
that was regular in feudal relationships, albeit had never been applicated towards a King. After numerous months of half-efforted attempts to reach a settlement in the summer of 1215, open conflict was unleashed amongst the
1097:
Winter was now setting in, and the castle was taken on 30 November by starvation and not by force. John set up a memorial to the pigs and a gallows with the intention of hanging the whole garrison, but one of his captains,
922:, and so Louis had little resistance on his march to London. He entered London, also with little resistance, and was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of London and proclaimed (though not crowned) king at
902:
At first, in
November 1215, Louis simply sent the barons a contingent of knights to protect London. However, even at that stage he also agreed to an open invasion, despite the discouragement from his father and from
1198:
By early 1217, Louis decided to return to France for reinforcements. He had to fight his way to the south coast through loyalist resistance in Kent and Sussex, losing part of his force in an ambush at
1813:
1277:
After a year and a half of war, most of the rebellious barons had defected. That and the defeat of the French in 1217 forced Louis to negotiate. A few of Henry's supporters held out for
1187:
William
Marshal slowly managed to get most barons to switch sides from Louis to Henry and attack Louis. The two opposing sides fought for about a year. On 6 December 1216 Louis took
1803:
793:
Louis's ambitions of ruling
England faced a major setback in October 1216, when John's death led to the rebellious barons deserting him in favour of John's nine-year-old son,
1050:
opened the castle's gates. Thus, during
October 1215 on his marching from Dover to London, John found Rochester in his way and on 11 October began besieging it in person.
1015:
After three months spent besieging the castle and a large part of his forces being diverted by the siege, Louis called a truce on 14 October and soon returned to London.
1159:
On 12 November 1216, Magna Carta was reissued in Henry's name with some of the clauses omitted, including clause 61. The revised charter was sealed by the young king's
382:
1126:, Nottinghamshire, and with him the main reason for the fighting. Louis now seemed much more of a threat to baronial interests than John's nine-year-old son, Henry.
893:
had occurred only 149 years before, and the relationship between
England and France was not as simply adversarial as it later became. The contemporary document, the
1110:
wrote "No one alive can remember a siege so fiercely pressed and so manfully resisted" and that, after it, "There were few who would put their trust in castles".
1080:
After that five siege engines were erected, and work was carried out to undermine the curtain wall. By one of those means, the king's forces entered and held the
786:, who, in 1216, then sailed to England with an army despite his father's disapproval, as well as the pope's, who subsequently excommunicated him. Louis captured
524:
822:
King John in June 1215 was forced to put his seal to "The
Articles of the Barons" by a group of powerful barons who were no longer willing to tolerate John's
466:
877:
The war began over Magna Carta but quickly turned into a dynastic war for the throne of
England. The rebel barons, faced with a powerful king, turned to
830:
790:
and soon controlled over half of the English kingdom. He was proclaimed "King of England" in London by the barons, although never actually crowned.
1808:
1234:
and march to Dover, where he began a second siege in earnest on 12 May 1217. This new siege diverted so much of Louis's forces that Marshal and
964:
on 14 June, but it fell after a ten-day siege. Louis's campaign continued, and by July, about a third of England had fallen under his control.
857:
375:
1094:
but still managed to hold out. A few were allowed to leave the castle but on John's orders had their hands and feet lopped off as an example.
841:
to King John on 19 July 1215. A formal document to record the agreement was drafted by the royal chancery on 15 July; this was the original
823:
583:
517:
1420:
1305:"The 1216 Experience" at Dover Castle (in the keep, rather than at the site of the siege at the north gate) recounts the two sieges and
202:
212:
127:
459:
368:
911:
detected sails on the horizon, and on the next day, the King of England and his armies saw Louis's troops disembark on the coast of
1249:
Marshal prepared for a siege against London next. In the meantime, Louis suffered two more heavy defeats, this time at sea, at the
1077:, took anything of value and stabled his horses in it, all as a slight to Langton. Orders were then sent to the men of Canterbury.
666:
300:
1073:
rode out to stop the king and fought his way onto the bridge but was eventually beaten back into the castle. John also sacked the
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510:
290:
1647:
1581:
1163:
320:
242:
232:
635:
631:
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452:
310:
845:. "The law of the land" is one of the great watchwords of Magna Carta by standing in opposition to the King's mere will.
941:
remarked: "The madness of slavery is over, the time of liberty has been granted, English necks are free from the yoke."
573:
568:
1628:
1549:
1528:
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960:
initially closed its gates but surrendered as the French started to lay siege. He met resistance only when he reached
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1608:
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192:
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began on 19 July, with Louis taking the high ground to the north of the castle. His men successfully undermined the
1743:
1728:
716:
671:
588:
899:
saw no contradiction in stating that Louis was invited to invade to "prevent the realm being pillaged by aliens."
1748:
1195:
in late December, which again allowed the royal garrison to withdraw honourably with their horses and weapons.
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701:
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taunted his son for trying to conquer England without first seizing its key port, Dover. The royal castles at
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32:
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1214:
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Carta. Furthermore, he managed to get support from the Pope, who had already excommunicated Louis.
927:
798:
423:
77:
984:, their towns, and indeed, most of Kent had already fallen to Louis. However, when he moved on to
1278:
834:
558:
331:
180:
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Gate.) In the meantime, Louis's occupation of Kent was being undermined by a guerrilla force of
1250:
1081:
676:
563:
1539:
327:
255:
133:
1693:
1620:
The History of England from the Accession of Henry III to the Death of Edward III (1216–1377)
1618:
1326:
1223:
1009:
944:
Pursuing John, Louis led his army south from London on 6 June, arriving the following day in
756:
623:
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1141:
1133:
1047:
878:
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783:
260:
1235:
1099:
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40:
8:
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1034:, and he had even preemptively held it during the year of the negotiations leading up to
973:
886:
882:
768:
711:
618:
153:
1296:
respectively, to lay down their arms. Louis also undertook not to attack England again.
1166:. A great deal of the country was loyal to Louis, with the southwest of England and the
149:
1293:
1192:
1191:
but allowed the defending knights to leave with their horses and weapons. He then took
1153:
895:
861:
802:
782:
The rebellious barons, faced with an uncompromising king, turned to King Philip's son,
752:
691:
114:
360:
1667:
1643:
1624:
1604:
1577:
1545:
1524:
1285:
1227:
1129:
1070:
1042:, Archbishop of Canterbury, in May 1215. The rebel barons had then sent troops under
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961:
904:
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760:
534:
280:
137:
83:
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238:
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just as the fleet carrying the reinforcements arrived. Louis was forced to land at
1167:
1058:
1031:
981:
953:
681:
428:
344:
335:
222:
937:
Many of John's supporters, sensing a tide of change, moved to support the barons.
1661:
1262:
1188:
1149:
1039:
989:
938:
838:
764:
726:
418:
266:
176:
1156:, papal legate in England 1216–18). They crowned Henry with a necklace of gold.
306:
45:
King John of England (left) in battle with the troops of Louis of France (right)
1560:
1239:
1231:
1024:
957:
949:
908:
809:
on 24 August 1217, he was forced to make peace on English terms. He signed the
772:
413:
286:
1717:
1687:
1269:, was destroyed, making it nearly impossible for Louis to continue fighting.
1038:, but the Charter's terms had forced him to hand it back into the custody of
706:
608:
349:
1281:, but the Earl of Pembroke successfully argued for the more moderate terms.
837:
was attached upon it on 15 June 1215. In exchange, the barons renewed their
1657:
1421:"When Guildford Castle Fell to the Invading French 800 Years Ago This Week"
1310:
1145:
1103:
985:
731:
408:
276:
123:
1614:
1035:
842:
776:
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in which a group of rebellious major landowners (commonly referred to as
90:
1023:
Apart from Dover, the only castle to hold out against Louis was that at
444:
172:
110:
1203:
1091:
919:
787:
613:
296:
218:
1563:; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986). "Kings of England (2) 1066–1985".
1316:
Rochester City Museum contains a model of the castle keep under siege.
1179:
767:. The conflict resulted from King John's disastrous wars against King
1206:
and were saved from starvation only by the arrival of a French fleet.
1119:
1086:
1066:
851:
1400:
502:
1459:
1209:
1065:
The rebels were expecting reinforcements from London but John sent
1057:
The round tower (centre) and two square towers (left and right) of
1000:
208:
1183:
Map of the war right before the second Battle of Lincoln, May 1217
1261:, this time at the hands of William's ally and Dover's constable
1137:
945:
797:, and the war dragged on. Louis's army was finally beaten at the
188:
1160:
1069:
out to burn their route in, the city's bridge over the Medway.
1567:. London: Offices of the Royal Historical Society. p. 37.
1814:
Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe
1199:
1005:
996:
931:
1710:(the online version lacks the diagrams of the print version)
198:
1238:
were able to attack and heavily defeat pro-Louis barons at
912:
801:
on 20 May 1217. Also, after a fleet assembled by his wife,
1471:
1376:
926:. Many nobles gathered to give homage to him, including
1804:
13th-century military history of the Kingdom of England
907:. That came in May 1216, when watchmen on the coast of
805:, attempted to bring him French reinforcements but was
775:, and John's subsequent refusal to accept and abide by
390:
1558:
1465:
1242:
on 15 May or 20 May 1217, in what became known as the
1438:
1388:
1364:
1537:
1496:
1406:
1144:in front of a small attendance presided over by a
1018:
1122:, which would ultimately prove fatal. He died at
1715:
1493:. Ed. John Cannon. Oxford University Press, 2009
918:John decided to escape to the Saxon capital of
518:
460:
376:
1574:Louis: The French Prince who Invaded England
1518:
1456:Contemporary source quoted in Salter (2000).
1382:
1309:, and there is also material on them at the
988:on 25 July, it was prepared. Its constable,
1030:In 1206, John had spent ÂŁ115 on repairs to
1698:"Dover Castle and the Great Siege of 1216"
1538:Danziger, Danny; Gillingham, John (2004).
1265:. Louis's new reinforcement convoy, under
956:on 8 June, which surrendered immediately.
525:
511:
467:
453:
383:
369:
1350:equivalent to ÂŁ204,662 in 2023 money.
779:, which John had sealed on 15 June 1215.
474:
1595:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1208:
1178:
1052:
1809:13th-century military history of France
1692:
1590:
1370:
992:, had a well-supplied garrison of men.
967:
1716:
1656:
1637:
1571:
1519:Arlidge, Anthony; Judge, Igor (2014).
1477:
1444:
1418:
1394:
872:
1113:
1046:to the castle, to whom its constable
532:
506:
448:
364:
1613:
1576:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
1502:
1118:On 18 October 1216, John contracted
881:, the son and heir apparent of King
867:
771:, which led to the collapse of the
751:(1215–1217) was a civil war in the
16:Civil war in the Kingdom of England
13:
807:defeated off the coast of Sandwich
14:
1825:
1681:
1593:England in the Thirteenth Century
1174:
1623:. Ozymandias Press. p. 16.
1202:, with the remainder pursued to
885:and the grandson-in-law of King
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326:
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187:
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132:
122:
109:
39:
1640:King John: England's Evil King?
1603:. Folly Publications, Malvern.
1491:A Dictionary of British History
1483:
1019:Sieges of Windsor and Rochester
952:abandoned. He moved onwards to
1565:Handbook of British chronology
1450:
1419:Morgan, Gavin (10 June 2016).
1412:
1407:Danziger & Gillingham 2004
1344:
1:
1754:Civil wars of the Middle Ages
1642:. Stroud, UK: History Press.
1541:1215: The Year of Magna Carta
1332:
817:
271:Robert, Lord of Champignelles
1357:
1272:
7:
1320:
128:Army of God and Holy Church
10:
1830:
1572:Hanley, Catherine (2017).
1512:
1299:
1008:archers raised and led by
1523:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
544:
482:
404:
162:
103:
49:
38:
30:
25:
1383:Arlidge & Judge 2014
1337:
1244:Second Battle of Lincoln
1215:Second Battle of Lincoln
928:Alexander II of Scotland
1744:Wars of the Middle Ages
1729:13th-century rebellions
1561:Greenway, Diana Eleanor
1279:unconditional surrender
332:Thomas, Count of Perche
1638:Turner, Ralph (2009).
1591:Harding, Alan (1993).
1489:"Kingston, treaty of"
1218:
1184:
1062:
858:rebel barons' alliance
163:Commanders and leaders
33:Capet–Plantagenet feud
1749:Civil wars in England
1599:Salter, Mike (2000).
1544:. Hodder Paperbacks.
1521:Magna Carta Uncovered
1224:William of Cassingham
1212:
1182:
1056:
1010:William of Cassingham
972:In the meantime, the
213:Ranulf de Blondeville
1799:Louis VIII of France
1734:Invasions of England
1425:The Guildford Dragon
1134:Bishop of Winchester
1106:. Of the siege, the
1048:Reginald de Cornhill
968:First siege of Dover
765:King John of England
261:Louis VIII of France
1666:. London: Methuen.
1601:The Castles of Kent
1480:, pp. 254–255.
1409:, pp. 261–262.
1108:Barnwell chronicler
948:where he found the
924:St Paul's Cathedral
887:Henry II of England
883:Philip II of France
873:French intervention
769:Philip II of France
154:Kingdom of Scotland
1688:Photos and article
1327:Second Barons' War
1307:Battle of Sandwich
1294:Llywelyn the Great
1255:Battle of Sandwich
1219:
1193:Berkhamsted Castle
1185:
1154:Bishop of Vercelli
1114:Death of King John
1063:
896:Annals of Waverley
803:Blanche of Castile
763:waged war against
753:Kingdom of England
492:Second Barons' War
323:(until March 1217)
233:William de Ferrers
115:Kingdom of England
1794:Anglo-French wars
1764:Conflicts in 1217
1759:Conflicts in 1216
1739:Conflicts in 1215
1649:978-0-7524-4850-3
1583:978-0-30021-745-2
1466:Fryde et al. 1986
1286:Treaty of Lambeth
1236:Falkes de Breauté
1228:Oliver fitz Regis
1130:Pierre des Roches
1100:Savari de Mauléon
1071:Robert Fitzwalter
1044:William d'Aubigny
962:Winchester Castle
905:Pope Innocent III
862:loyalist factions
811:Treaty of Lambeth
799:Battle of Lincoln
761:Robert Fitzwalter
749:First Barons' War
742:
741:
536:Anglo-French Wars
500:
499:
487:First Barons' War
442:
441:
394:First Barons' War
359:
358:
281:Robert Fitzwalter
245:(from March 1217)
203:William Longespée
138:Kingdom of France
99:
98:
84:Treaty of Lambeth
26:First Barons' War
1821:
1789:1210s in England
1709:
1702:Château Gaillard
1677:
1658:Warren, W. Lewis
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1267:Eustace the Monk
1259:Straits of Dover
1142:Gloucester Abbey
1059:Rochester Castle
1032:Rochester Castle
954:Guildford Castle
868:Course of events
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78:English monarchy
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23:
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1784:1210s in France
1779:1217 in England
1774:1216 in England
1769:1215 in England
1714:
1713:
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1674:
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1615:Tout, Thomas F.
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1263:Hubert de Burgh
1251:Battle of Dover
1189:Hertford Castle
1177:
1164:William Marshal
1150:Guala Bicchieri
1116:
1040:Stephen Langton
1021:
990:Hubert de Burgh
970:
939:Gerald of Wales
891:Norman invasion
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321:William Marshal
248:
243:William Marshal
193:Hubert de Burgh
158:
142:
88:Restoration of
76:Victory of the
67:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1827:
1817:
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1801:
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1683:
1682:Siege of Dover
1680:
1679:
1678:
1672:
1654:
1648:
1635:
1630:978-3732633340
1629:
1611:
1597:
1588:
1582:
1569:
1559:Fryde, E. B.;
1556:
1551:978-0340824757
1550:
1535:
1530:978-1782255918
1529:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1449:
1447:, p. 109.
1437:
1411:
1399:
1397:, p. 189.
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1274:
1271:
1240:Lincoln Castle
1176:
1175:Louis's losses
1173:
1115:
1112:
1020:
1017:
974:King of France
969:
966:
958:Farnham Castle
874:
871:
869:
866:
819:
816:
773:Angevin Empire
740:
739:
737:
736:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
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414:Windsor Castle
411:
405:
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388:
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373:
365:
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342:
324:
313:
311:Henry de Bohun
303:
293:
291:Saer de Quincy
283:
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168:
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144:Supported by:
141:
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106:
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73:
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28:
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15:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
1826:
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1699:
1695:
1694:Goodall, John
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1675:
1673:0-413-45520-3
1669:
1665:
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1659:
1655:
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1636:
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1609:1-871731-43-7
1606:
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1598:
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1547:
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1536:
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1522:
1517:
1516:
1505:, p. 16.
1504:
1499:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1468:, p. 37.
1467:
1462:
1453:
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1441:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1408:
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1396:
1391:
1385:, p. 19.
1384:
1379:
1373:, p. 10.
1372:
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1124:Newark Castle
1121:
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880:
865:
863:
859:
854:
853:
846:
844:
840:
836:
833:; The King's
832:
831:despotic rule
828:
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288:
284:
282:
278:
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268:
264:
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178:
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155:
151:
147:
146:
145:
139:
135:
131:
129:
125:
121:
120:
118:
116:
112:
108:
107:
102:
93:
92:
87:
85:
82:
81:
80:
79:
74:
71:
70:
64:
61:
60:
56:
53:
52:
48:
42:
37:
34:
31:Part of the
29:
24:
19:
1724:Barons' Wars
1705:
1701:
1662:
1639:
1619:
1600:
1592:
1573:
1564:
1540:
1520:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1452:
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1371:Harding 1993
1366:
1346:
1290:Alexander II
1283:
1276:
1248:
1220:
1197:
1186:
1158:
1146:Papal Legate
1128:
1117:
1104:Corfe Castle
1096:
1079:
1064:
1029:
1022:
1014:
994:
986:Dover Castle
971:
943:
936:
934:in England.
917:
901:
894:
876:
850:
847:
821:
792:
781:
748:
746:
593:
486:
476:Barons' Wars
409:Dover Castle
392:
337:
181:
143:
104:Belligerents
89:
75:
18:
1478:Warren 1991
1445:Hanley 2017
1395:Turner 2009
1311:town museum
1036:Magna Carta
930:, who held
843:Magna Carta
777:Magna Carta
91:Magna Carta
1718:Categories
1333:References
1204:Winchelsea
1152:(d. 1227,
1092:cross-wall
1087:justiciars
1067:fire ships
995:The first
978:Canterbury
920:Winchester
835:Great Seal
827:leadership
818:Background
788:Winchester
1663:King John
1617:(2018) .
1503:Tout 2018
1358:Citations
1273:Aftermath
1120:dysentery
1075:cathedral
982:Rochester
852:distraint
795:Henry III
759:) led by
727:1803–1814
722:1793–1802
717:1778–1783
712:1754–1763
707:1746–1763
702:1744–1748
697:1702–1713
692:1689–1697
687:1689–1815
677:1666–1667
672:1627–1629
667:1562–1563
662:1557–1559
657:1542–1546
652:1522–1526
647:1512–1514
642:1496–1498
636:1415–1453
632:1369–1389
628:1337–1360
624:1337–1453
614:1294–1303
609:1242–1243
594:1215–1217
589:1213–1214
584:1202–1204
579:1199–1200
574:1197–1199
569:1193–1196
559:1173–1174
554:1116–1120
549:1109–1113
429:Rochester
398:1215–1217
177:King John
57:1215–1217
1696:(2000).
1660:(1991).
1321:See also
1232:Sandwich
1217:in 1217.
1168:Midlands
1001:barbican
860:and the
434:Sandwich
419:Hertford
62:Location
1513:Sources
1430:16 July
1300:Museums
1284:At the
1257:in the
1138:Devizes
1025:Windsor
1006:Wealden
946:Reigate
424:Lincoln
338:†
66:England
1670:
1646:
1627:
1607:
1580:
1548:
1527:
1161:regent
1082:bailey
950:castle
909:Thanet
889:. The
839:fealty
824:failed
757:barons
347:
334:
179:
72:Result
1338:Notes
1200:Lewes
997:siege
932:fiefs
879:Louis
784:Louis
259:King
1668:ISBN
1644:ISBN
1625:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1546:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1432:2019
1292:and
1253:and
1226:and
1213:The
980:and
913:Kent
829:and
747:The
732:1815
682:1678
619:1324
604:1230
599:1224
564:1189
54:Date
1140:to
1720::
1706:19
1704:.
1700:.
1423:.
1246:.
1148:,
1132:,
1012:.
915:.
864:.
634:,
630:,
1708:.
1676:.
1652:.
1633:.
1586:.
1554:.
1533:.
1434:.
1313:.
1061:.
638:)
626:(
526:e
519:t
512:v
468:e
461:t
454:v
384:e
377:t
370:v
182:#
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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