First Brazilian Republic

2328: 739: 2116: 2836: 287: 360: 273: 764: 2615: 2343:; the other was the Jacobins, radical authoritarians who opposed the paulista coffee oligarchy and who wanted to preserve and intensify presidential authority. The constitution created by this assembly established a federation that was officially governed by a president, a bicameral National Congress (Congresso Nacional; hereafter, Congress), and a judiciary. However, the real power was held by the states, and by local potentates called "colonels." The colonels largely controlled Brazil's internal politics through a system of unwritten agreements known as 2187: 2970:

groups, and especially to the middle class, which began to voice even more strongly its discontent with the rule of the corrupt rural oligarchies". In contrast, the labor movement remained small and weak (despite a wave of general strikes in the postwar years), lacking ties to the peasantry, who constituted the overwhelming majority of the Brazilian population. As a result, disparate social reform movements would crop up in the 1920s, ultimately culminating in the Revolution of 1930. The 1920s revolt against the seating of

127: 2757: 25: 801: 1958: 2467:, far from major centers, the news could take 4 to 6 weeks longer to arrive. In those circumstances, for lack of alternatives, along the last decade of the 19th century and the first of the 20th, a free press created by European immigrant anarchists started to develop, and, due to non-segregated conformation (ethnically speaking) of Brazilian society, spread widely, particularly in large cities. 2985:, or lieutenants), who had long been active against the ruling coffee oligarchy, staged their own revolt in 1922 amid demands for various forms of social modernization, calling for agrarian reform, the formation of cooperatives, and the nationalization of mines. Though ultimately unsuccessful, the Tenente revolts illustrated the conflicts that would go on to underpin the Revolution of 1930. 2852:— the "world power of the future". This sentiment was later nurtured throughout the Vargas years and under successive populist governments, before the 1964 military junta repudiated Brazilian populism. While these populist groups were somewhat ineffectual under the Old Republic, the structural changes in the Brazilian economy opened up by the Great War strengthened these demands. 2559:

or long-term commitments), that could have unpredictable consequences and potentially risk the social, economic, and political power held by the Brazilian elite. This course of conduct would extend throughout the 20th century, an isolationist foreign policy interspersed with sporadic automatic alignments against "disturbing elements of peace and international trade".

2593:' strategic ones (demonstrated for example in the German submarine campaign as well as in the Ottoman control over the Middle East), Brazilian involvement in the war would be inevitable. So he advised that the most logical way to proceed would be to follow the United States, which was working for a peace agreement but at the same time since the sinking of the 2471:

mule trains, impeded internal economic integration, political cohesion and military efficiency. The regions, "the Brazils" as the British called them, moved to their own rhythms. The Northeast exported its surplus cheap labor and saw its political influence decline as its sugar lost foreign markets to Caribbean producers. The

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In the early twentieth century, demographic changes and structural shifts in the economy threatened the primacy of the agrarian oligarchies. Under the Old Republic, the growth of the urban middle sectors, though slowed by dependency and entrenched oligarchy, was eventually strong enough to propel the

2470:

During this period, Brazil did not have a significantly integrated national economy. Rather, Brazil had a grouping of regional economies that exported their own specialty products to European and North American markets. The absence of a big internal market with overland transportation, except for the

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The instability and violence of the 1890s were related to the absence of consensus among the elites regarding a governmental model, as the armed forces were divided over their status, relationship to the political regime, and institutional goals. The lack of military unity, and the disagreement among

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By 1915 it was also clear that the Brazilian elites were dedicated to making sure Brazil followed a conservative political path; they were unwilling to embark upon courses of action, whether domestically (i.e. adopting the secret ballot and universal suffrage) or in foreign affairs (making alliances

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continued its presence throughout the country, it was not national but rather international in its personnel, doctrine, liturgy, and purposes. The Army assumed this new position strategically; the monarchy had become unpopular with Brazil's conservative economic elite after the abolition of slavery,

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had violated the traditional alternation between Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Vargas campaigned carefully, needing to please a large range of supporters. He used populist rhetoric and promoted bourgeois concerns. He opposed the primacy of São Paulo, but did not challenge the planters' legitimacy and

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Meanwhile, the divergence of interests between the coffee oligarchs— devastated by the Depression— and the burgeoning, dynamic urban sectors was intensifying. According to prominent Latin American historian Benjamin Keen, the task of transforming society "fell to the rapidly growing urban bourgeois

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as the center of Brazilian industry. Industrial production, though concentrated in light industry (food processing, small shops, and textiles) doubled during the war, and the number of enterprises (which stood at about 3,000 in 1908) grew by 5,940 between 1915 and 1918. The war was also a stimulus

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during World War I. The central government, dominated by rural gentries, responded to falling world coffee demand by bailing out the oligarchs, reinstating the valorization program. Valorization, government intervention to maintain coffee prices by withholding stocks from the market or restricting

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The middle class was not yet active in political life. The patron-client political machines of the countryside enabled the coffee oligarchs to dominate state structures to their advantage, particularly the weak central state structures that effectively devolved power to local agrarian oligarchies.

3104:. However, on October 12 and 13, the Battle of Quatiguá took place (possibly the biggest fight of the revolution), although it has been little studied. Quatiguá is located to the east of Jaguariaíva, near the border between São Paulo state and Paraná. The battle did not occur in Itararé since the 2872:

Paradoxically, economic crisis spurred industrialization and a resultant boost to the urban middle and working classes. The depressed coffee sector freed up the capital and labor needed for manufacturing finished goods. A chronically adverse balance of trade and declining rate of exchange against

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in August 1914 was the turning point for the dynamic urban sectors. Wartime conditions prevented Britain from exporting goods to Brazil, thus creating space for Brazil's domestic manufacturing sector to grow. These structural shifts in the Brazilian economy helped to increase the ranks of the new

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civilian elites about the military's role in society, explain partially why a long-term military dictatorship was not established. Although the military did not directly control Brazil, military men were very active in politics; early in the decade, ten of the twenty state governors were officers.

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was at the forefront of Brazil's economic, political, and cultural life. Known colloquially as a "locomotive pulling the 20 empty boxcars" (a reference to the 20 other states) and still today Brazil's industrial and commercial center, São Paulo led this trend toward industrialization due to the

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Brazil's dependence on factory-made goods and loans from the technologically and economically superior North Atlantic diminished its domestic industrial base. Farm equipment was primitive and largely non-mechanized; peasants tilled the land with hoes and cleared the soil through the inefficient

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dominated the system and swapped the presidency between them for many years. The system consolidated the state oligarchies around families that had been members of the old monarchical elite. And to check the nationalizing tendencies of the army, this oligarchic republic and its state components

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marked 1920s Brazilian politics with little support from a central government dominated by the coffee interests. Under considerable middle class pressure, a more activist, centralized state adapted to represent the interests that the new bourgeoisie had been demanded for years — one that could

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in ending the Empire had made an oath to uphold it. The officer corps would eventually resolve the contradiction by linking its duty to Brazil itself, rather than to transitory governments. The Republic was born rather accidentally: Deodoro had intended only to replace the cabinet, but the

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to 145,296. This reduction was one reason the Empire's legitimacy foundered, but the Republic did not move to correct the situation. By 1910 there were only 627,000 voters in a population of 22 million. Throughout the 1920s, only between 2.3% and 3.4% of the total population could vote.

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The 1930 revolution began in Rio Grande do Sul on October 3 at 5:25pm. Osvaldo Aranha telegraphed Juarez Távora to communicate the beginning of the Revolution. It spread quickly through the country. Eight state governments in the northeast of Brazil were deposed by revolutionaries.

345: 342: 349: 2248:), granted extensive autonomy to the provinces, now called States. A federal system was adopted, and all powers not granted in the Constitution to the Federal Government belonged to the States. It recognized that the central government did not rule at the local level. The 347: 340: 348: 339: 338: 337: 344: 341: 2931:

utilize a state interventionist policy consisting of tax breaks, lowered duties, and import quotas to expand the domestic capital base. Manufacturers, white-collar workers, and the urban proletariat alike had earlier enjoyed the respite of world trade associated with

343: 2743:, continued to decline during this same period; largely due to the effects of contact with the outside world such as commercial expansion into the interior. Consequently, indigenous full-blooded Amerindians now constitute less than 1% of Brazil's population. 2372:

Around the start of the 20th century, the vast majority of the population lived in communities that were essentially semi-feudal in structure, though accumulating capitalist surpluses for overseas export. Because of the legacy of Ibero-American

335: 2847:

Long before the first revolts of the urban middle classes to seize power from the coffee oligarchs in the 1920s, Brazil's intelligentsia and farsighted agro-capitalists, dreamed of forging a modern, industrialized society inspired by

2583:, the government attempted to brutally repress the labor movement in order to prevent new movements from beginning. This repression, supported by legislation, was very effective in preventing the formation of real free labor unions. 3060:

and denounced by both sides: when the victory of Prestes with 57,7% of votes was declared, Vargas and the Liberal Alliance refused to concede defeat, sparking tensions in the country. On July 26, 1930, vice-presidential candidate

2935:. However, the coffee oligarchs, relying on the decentralized power structure to delegate power to their own patrimonial ruling oligarchies, were uninterested in regularizing Brazil's personalistic politics or centralizing power. 2462:

Thus, high illiteracy rates went hand in hand with the absence of universal suffrage by secret ballot and the demand for a free press, independent from the then dominant economic influence. In regions where there was not even the

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to Getulio Vargas; the new administration abrogated the 1891 Constitution, dissolved the National Congress and started to rule by decree, ending the Old Republic. A Constituent Assembly was convened in 1934, following the failed

3351:("D.N.O.G. - Naval Division in War Operations, 1917–1918: A forgotten page in the history of the Brazilian Navy") : Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha, 1961 (General Documentation Service of Brazilian Navy) OCLC 22210405 171:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2288:

and the Army capitalized on that shift in opinion to amass support for itself within the upper class. Thanks to their success in this area, the Army's prestige managed to eclipse even other military institutions, like the

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urban middle classes. Meanwhile, Brazil's manufacturers and those employed by them enjoyed these gains at the expense of the agrarian oligarchies. This process was further accelerated by the declining world demand for

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slash-and-burn method. Meanwhile, living standards were generally squalid. Malnutrition, parasitic diseases, and a lack of medical facilities limited the average life span in 1920 to twenty-eight years. Because of the

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ideas, which created problems for the very conservative regime of large estate owners. With the growth, masses of industrial workers became unhappy with the system and began engaging in massive protests, mostly in

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lost its world primacy to efficient Southeast Asian colonial plantations after 1912. The nationally oriented market economies of the South were not dramatic, but their growth was steady and by the 1920s allowed

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strengthened the navy and the state police. In the larger states, the state police were soon turned into small armies. The Head of the Brazilian army ordered that it would doubled so they could defend them.

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process that first intensified, and then crashed, in the years between 1889 and 1891) occurred, the consequences of which were felt in all areas of the Brazilian economy throughout the subsequent decades.

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as a national regulatory and interventionist institution. With the monarchy suddenly eliminated, the Army was left as the country's only long-lasting and powerful national institution. Although the

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This informal but real distribution of power emerged, the so-called politics of the governors, to take shape as the result of armed struggles and bargaining. The populous and prosperous states of

2634:; another side was concerned about the bloody and fruitless nature of trench warfare, nurturing critical and pacifist feelings in the urban worker classes. Therefore, Brazil remained neutral in 2315:

expanded the right to vote. Brazil, however, moved to restrict access to the polls. In 1874, in a population of about 10 million, the franchise was held by about one million, but in 1881 this

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The Constituent Assembly, which drew up the constitution of 1891, was divided between two factions. One group sought to limit executive power, which was dictatorial in scope under President

2377:, abolished as late as 1888 in Brazil, there was an extreme concentration of such landownership reminiscent of feudal aristocracies: 464 great landowners held more than 270,000 km of land ( 336: 2642:

began feeling the need to divert public attention from his government; this goal could be accomplished by focusing on an external enemy and thus stoking a sense of unity and patriotism.

2349:. Coronelismo, which supported state autonomy, was called the "politics of the governors". Under it, the local oligarchies chose the state governors, who in turn selected the president. 1593: 4215: 4194: 4201: 181: 2206:, although the Brazilian regime would attempt to associate itself with both. The republic did not have enough popular support to risk open elections. It was a regime born of a 4227: 4024: 2074: 2589:

was the main opposition leader, campaigning for internal political changes. He also stated that, due to the natural conflict between Brazilian commercial interests and the

2902:. Foreign interests, however, continued to control the more capital-intensive industries, distinguishing Brazil's industrial revolution from that of the rest of the West. 2149:, but democracy was nominal. In reality, the elections were rigged, voters in rural areas were pressured or induced to vote for the chosen candidates of their bosses (see 2950:

Prosperity contributed to a rapid rise in the population of recent working class Southern and Eastern European immigrants, a population that contributed to the growth of

2157:(election authorities in the República Velha were not independent from the executive and the Legislature, dominated by the ruling oligarchs). This system resulted in the 2459:

under which the control of patronage was centralized in the hands of a locally dominant oligarch known as a coronel, who would dispense favors in return for loyalty.

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further prevented the Brás administration from getting involved more deeply. Ultimately, the armistice in November 1918 prevented the government from carrying out

2056:. Because of the power of these two states, based on the production of coffee and dairy, respectively, the Old Republic's political system has been described as " 2877:, with its relatively large capital base, large immigrant population from Southern and Eastern Europe, and wealth of natural resources, led the trend, eclipsing 1313: 2645:

During 1917, the German Navy sank Brazilian civilian ships off the French coast, creating such an opportunity. On October 26 the government declared war on the

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Because the monarchy had been overthrown by the Brazilian military, the history of the outset of republic in Brazil is also the story of the development of the

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than elsewhere, the Army's presence was felt throughout the country. Its personnel, its interests, its ideology, and its commitments were national in scope.

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Vinhosa, Luiz Francisco Teixeira "A diplomacia brasileira e a revolução mexicana, 1913–1915" (Brazilian diplomacy and the Mexican Revolution, 1913–1915)

2657:. Soon after, the navy was ordered to capture Central Powers' ships found on the Brazilian coast, and three small military groups were dispatched to the 2436:

system and lack of an open market, Brazilian industries could not compete against the technologically superior Anglo-American economies. In this context

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Following the creation of the republic in 1889, there were many political and social rebellions that had to be subdued by the regime, such as the Two

2661:. The first group consisted of medical staff from the Army, the second consisted of Army sergeants and officers, and the third consisted of military 3023:, who led a broad coalition of middle-class industrialists, planters from outside São Paulo, and the reformist faction of the military known as the 359: 191:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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Woodward; James P. "A Place in Politics: São Paulo, Brazil, from Seigneurial Republicanism to Regionalist Revolt" Duke University Press Books 2009

2244:. This quest lurched back and forth between state autonomy and centralization. The constitution of 1891, establishing the United States of Brazil ( 3322: 3296: 1872: 4009: 3253:

Brassey, Thomas Allnutt "The Naval Annual; 1894" Elibron Classics/Adamant Media Corporation 2006, Chapter XI "The Naval Revolt in Brazil"

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Cardim; Carlos Henrique "A Raiz das Coisas. Rui Barbosa: o Brasil no Mundo" (The Root of Things. Ruy Barbosa: Brazil in the World)

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Smallman, Shawn C. "Fear & Memory: in the Brazilian Army & Society, 1889–1954" The University of North Carolina Press 2002

1843: 1543: 3062: 2410:, Brazilian producers neglected domestic consumption, forcing the country to import four-fifths of its grain needs. As in most of 3518: 2822:

undermined the domination of the republic's politics by the landed gentries of that state (dominated by the coffee industry) and

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Maia, Prado "D.N.O.G. (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra), 1917–18: uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira"

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as president signaled the beginning of a struggle by the urban bourgeoisie to seize power from the coffee-producing oligarchy.

4034: 3398: 2428:(estate) included the owner's chaplain and overseers, his indigent peasants, his sharecroppers, and his indentured servants. 2252:

had not absorbed fully the regional provinces, and now they reasserted themselves. Into the 1920s, the federal government in

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set off the tensions that had been building in Brazilian society for some time, spurring revolutionary leaders to action.

2739:. In contrast, Brazil's indigenous population, located mainly in the northern and western border regions and in the upper 2153:) and, if all those methods did not work, the election results could still be changed by one sided decisions of Congress' 1793: 945: 75: 3811: 3101: 2630:

There were two main lines of thought regarding Brazil's joining the war: One, led by Ruy Barbosa, called for joining the

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responded to mounting European and North American demand for primary products and foodstuffs. A few key export products—

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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Scheina, Robert L. "Latin America's Wars Vol.II: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001" Potomac Books, 2003

3415: 3370: 3283: 3203: 3005: 2804: 2422:, large estate owners exporting primary products overseas who headed their own patriarchal communities. Each typical 2048:

as a new president. During the First Republic, the country's presidency was dominated by the most powerful states of

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From 1875 until 1960, about 3 million Europeans emigrated to Brazil, settling mainly in the four southern states of

2700: 3895: 3653: 2962:. In the post-World War I period, Brazil was hit by its first wave of general strikes and the establishment of the 2865:

plantings, had some successes in the short term; however, coffee demand plunged even more precipitously during the

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D.N.O.G. (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra), 1914–1918: uma página esquecida da história da Marinha Brasileira

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On the 10th of October, Vargas launched the manifesto, "Rio Grande standing by Brazil" and left, by rail, towards

2695:, only strengthened the isolationist sentiment among the Brazilian elites. In addition, the devastating advent of 2170: 1538: 1483: 1461: 4375: 4355: 4350: 3587: 2518: 1979: 1531: 1384: 1211: 1158: 1106: 820: 2882:

for the diversification of agriculture. Growing wartime demand of the Allies for staple products— for instance,

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to prevent such hegemony were defeated militarily during the early 1890s. Although it had more units and men in

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foreign currencies was also helpful; Brazilian goods were simply cheaper in the Brazilian market. The state of

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middle class into the forefront of Brazilian political life. In time, growing trade, commerce, and industry in

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to exercise considerable political leverage. Real power resided in the coffee-growing states of the Southeast—

2139: 1833: 1768: 1466: 1441: 1308: 1143: 1126: 918: 586: 46: 4175: 2547:, a rebellion pitting settlers against landowners, also raged from 1912 to 1916. Therefore, with the onset of 4262: 4257: 4170: 3852: 3547: 1938: 1933: 1913: 1883: 1868: 1838: 1728: 1647: 1101: 879: 221: 2939:, leader from 1930 to 1945 and later for a brief period in the 1950s, would later respond to these demands. 2085:, a force of urban middle-class, planters from outside São Paulo and military reformists composed mostly by 2070:, in which the political and economic spheres were centered around local bosses, who controlled elections. 272: 4122: 3910: 3759: 3552: 3100:), where the federal troops were stationed to halt the advance of the revolutionary forces, led by Colonel 3070: 2994: 2704: 2078: 2041: 1773: 1436: 1431: 1148: 1096: 635: 550: 421: 2638:

until 1917. However, as denunciations of corruption exacerbated internal problems in the state, President

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eventually gave way to the political aspirations of the new urban groups: professionals, government and

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During 1918, protests broke out against the military recruitment; this, in conjunction with the news of

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The history of the Old Republic was dominated by a quest for a viable form of government to replace the

4117: 3947: 3862: 3847: 1972: 1888: 1853: 1665: 1446: 1218: 1071: 784: 2912: 2828: 82: 4188: 4142: 4132: 3872: 3796: 3683: 3663: 3582: 3407: 3033: 3016: 2963: 2692: 2609: 2504:'s crops, turned out 75% of its industrial and meat products, and held 80% of its banking resources. 2211: 2179: 2082: 1496: 1399: 1349: 1173: 960: 322: 1344: 1318: 560: 3933: 3693: 3629: 2835: 2767: 1283: 469: 207: 1012: 4240: 4019: 3326: 2771: 2218: 1943: 1733: 1424: 535: 35: 3300: 4029: 3979: 3857: 3801: 3764: 3744: 3739: 3504: 2724: 2562:

Since the end of the 19th century, many immigrants from Europe had arrived, and with them came

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Rex A. Hudson, ed. Brazil: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997.

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The Brazilian republic was not an ideological offspring of the republics born of the

2183:", 'coffee with milk', after the respective agricultural products of the two states. 2061: 2029: 1563: 1513: 1332: 1273: 1243: 913: 842: 792: 599: 203: 3900: 3097: 3020: 2936: 2910:

With manufacturing on the rise and the coffee oligarchs imperiled, the old order of

2720: 2639: 2619: 2476: 2100: 2045: 4087: 4082: 3989: 3882: 3867: 3567: 2866: 2249: 2215: 2120: 1693: 1119: 987: 744: 488: 408: 4039: 3012: 4314: 4247: 4147: 4107: 4044: 3974: 3557: 3457: 3105: 3025: 2978: 2971: 2670: 2650: 2186: 2086: 1673: 1258: 1223: 928: 855: 3048:, because in nominating another Paulista to succeed himself, outgoing President 3887: 3698: 3484: 3124: 3086: 2951: 2878: 2654: 2646: 2623: 2590: 2576: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2414:, the economy around the start of the 20th century therefore rested on certain 2297: 2289: 2280: 2253: 1863: 1394: 1374: 1364: 1253: 1193: 1153: 1138: 376: 278: 2703:. Despite its modest participation, Brazil gained the right to partake in the 2379: 1183: 1002: 4334: 4319: 4072: 3791: 3128: 2927: 2891: 2685: 2594: 2441: 2411: 2391: 1962: 1518: 1248: 710: 3430: 2926:, merchants, bankers, and industrialists. Increasing support for industrial 1573: 3614: 3493:", in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War. 3403: 3224: 3109: 3037: 2826:, dominated by dairy interests, known then by observers as the politics of 2823: 2740: 2489: 2437: 2353: 2261: 2166: 2143: 2053: 1612: 1327: 1228: 965: 940: 809: 365: 4267: 2572: 2256:

was dominated and managed by a combination of the more powerful states of

2099:(representative of the São Paulo oligarchies) and led to the ascension of 1278: 4102: 3240:

Smith, Joseph "Brazil and the United States; convergence and divergence"

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

3227:, Jorge Wilheim & Paulo S.Pinheiro; "Brazil: a century of change" 3093: 3041: 4272: 3406:"Soldiers of the Patria, A History of the Brazilian Army, 1889–1937" 2959: 2567: 2563: 2543:(1910) and the Revolt of Juazeiro ("Sedição de Juazeiro", 1914). The 2464: 2415: 2312: 2146: 2090: 1404: 1188: 405: 2839:

President Artur Bernardes (1922–1926) and ministers of state, 1922.

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In the last decades of the 19th century, the United States, much of

24: 3678: 2241: 1622: 1369: 1198: 837: 800: 705: 3496: 3365:(Seventh ed.). New York: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 364–376. 4277: 3113: 2665:, both of Army and Navy. The Army's members were attached to the 2662: 2551:, Brazilian elites were interested in studying the events of the 2424: 2374: 168: 3527: 3066: 2899: 2861: 2501: 2403: 2395: 2308: 2161:

alternating between the oligarchies of the dominant states of

2135:, declared Brazil a republic, and reorganized the government. 2895: 2887: 2883: 2735:. The world's largest Japanese community outside Japan is in 2673:. By 1918 all three groups were already in action in France. 2555:

with more attention than those related to the War in Europe.

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president (1889–91) and, after a financial crisis, appointed

2869:, creating a decline too steep for valorization to reverse. 3189:. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1997, pg.22 2496:— which produced the most export revenue. Those three and 2077:

against the ruling oligarchies, which culminated into the

2060:". At local level, the country was dominated by a form of 180:

to this template: there are already 473 articles in the

3323:": Exército Brasileiro – Braço Forte, Mão Amiga :" 160:

a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article.

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republicans manipulated him into founding a republic.

2210:

that maintained itself by force. The republicans made

3297:"Grandes Guerras – Os grandes conflitos do século XX" 2190:

First Brazilian flag after empire's fall, created by

3036:. Support was especially strong in the provinces of 364:

Brazil at its largest territorial extent, including

164: 3092:It was expected that a major battle would occur in 2947:foreign revenues flowing into the coffee industry. 2331:Constitution of the United States of Brazil, 1891. 2032:from 1889 to 1930. The Old Republic began with the 49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2227: 2224:of War to ensure the allegiance of the military. 4332: 3263: 3261: 3259: 253: 218:{{Translated|pt|Primeira República Brasileira}} 3136:: the Assembly enacted a new Constitution and 2194:, used between November 15th and 19th of 1889. 206:accompanying your translation by providing an 151:Click for important translation instructions. 138:expand this article with text translated from 3512: 3360: 3256: 3120:on October 24 and formed a joint government. 3032:Together, these disparate groups made up the 2894:— sparked a new boom for products other than 1980: 3425:. Serviço de Documentação Geral da Marinha. 3181: 3179: 3177: 3065:of the Liberal Alliance was assassinated in 2999: 2177:(PRM). This regime is often referred to as " 3449:Chapter 5 "World War I and Brazil, 1917–18" 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 3053:kept his calls for social reform moderate. 2988: 2785:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2073:The country was also marked by a series of 16:1889–1930 federal republic in South America 3519: 3505: 2684:, to join the Allies' Naval Forces in the 2680:, the Naval Division in War Operations or 1987: 1973: 1018:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 358: 3140:as new President of Brazil, starting the 2805:Learn how and when to remove this message 2669:, and the Navy's aviators to the British 2406:— thus dominated agriculture. Because of 2103:as president, heralding the start of the 109:Learn how and when to remove this message 3154: 2834: 2613: 2507: 2326: 2185: 2114: 4371:Former countries of the interwar period 2364: 2169:, who governed the country through the 2026:Republic of the United States of Brazil 4333: 3361:Benajmin, Keen; Keith, Haynes (2004). 2942:During this time period, the state of 2905: 2710: 2232:The officers who joined Field Marshal 2142:enacted in 1891, the government was a 255:República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil 3500: 3354: 2119:The Proclamation of the Republic, by 2019: 3420: 3134:Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932 3089:, the national capital at the time. 2783:adding citations to reliable sources 2750: 2676:By that time Brazil had also sent a 2127:On November 15, 1889, Field Marshal 120: 47:adding citations to reliable sources 18: 3593:Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) 3526: 3116:Isaiah de Noronha ousted President 3056:The election itself was plagued by 2981:as well. Junior military officers ( 2747:Developments under the Old Republic 1204:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 13: 3229:University of North Carolina Press 1008:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 993:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 14: 4387: 3588:Military dictatorship (1964–1985) 3463: 3076: 2155:verification of powers commission 1559:March of the One Hundred Thousand 4366:1930 disestablishments in Brazil 3573:First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) 3123:At 3pm on November 3, 1930, the 3069:, sparking the beginning of the 2755: 2693:the ongoing revolution in Russia 2175:Republican Party of Minas Gerais 1956: 799: 762: 737: 332: 285: 271: 125: 23: 3383: 3341: 3315: 2519:South American dreadnought race 34:needs additional citations for 3289: 3272: 3247: 3234: 3218: 3209: 3192: 2228:Rule of the landed oligarchies 1628:1993 Constitutional referendum 1618:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 1067:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 1037:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 216:You may also add the template 1: 4361:1889 establishments in Brazil 3017:Republican Party of São Paulo 3011:The elections of 1930 pitted 2171:Republican Party of São Paulo 1648:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 880:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 868:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 3393:Civilização Brasileira 2007 2995:Brazilian Revolution of 1930 2600:was also preparing for war. 2512: 2292:and the National Guard. The 2095:), deposed ruling president 2040:in 1889, and ended with the 1437:Constitutionalist Revolution 1304:Proclamation of the Republic 1149:Confederation of the Equator 1050:United Kingdom with Portugal 574:Proclamation of the Republic 7: 4035:Water supply and sanitation 3583:Fourth Republic (1946–1964) 3558:Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) 3015:, of the pro-establishment 2841:National Archives of Brazil 2390:in the advanced countries, 2333:National Archives of Brazil 2140:new republican Constitution 2110: 1107:Recognition of Independence 1097:Declaration of Independence 328:"Brazilian National Anthem" 188:will aid in categorization. 10: 4392: 3563:United Kingdom (1815–1822) 3363:A History of Latin America 2992: 2607: 2527:(1891 & 1893–94), the 2516: 2075:rebellions and revolutions 2028:, refers to the period of 2003:, also referred to as the 1539:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1462:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 1447:Communist uprising of 1935 1219:Liberal rebellions of 1842 1072:Constituent Cortes of 1820 163:Machine translation, like 58:"First Brazilian Republic" 4292: 4161: 4053: 3955: 3946: 3924: 3838: 3829: 3817:President of the Republic 3735: 3726: 3610: 3601: 3538: 3408:Stanford University Press 3142:Second Brazilian Republic 3000:The 1930 general election 2610:Brazil during World War I 2268:, and to a lesser extent 2021:[ʁeˈpublikɐˈvɛʎɐ] 2017:Portuguese pronunciation: 1599:1988 Constituent Assembly 1544:Vacancy in the Presidency 1484:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 1425:Second Brazilian Republic 1350:Coffee with milk politics 1284:Post–abolition of slavery 1134:1823 Constituent Assembly 1062:Conquest of French Guiana 716: 704: 694: 690: 680: 670: 660: 656: 649: 645: 632: 622: 609: 596: 583: 570: 566: 556: 541: 526: 516: 512: 497: 482: 478: 468: 464: 449: 434: 430: 420: 392: 382: 372: 357: 315: 301: 267: 262: 246: 140:the corresponding article 4346:Modern history of Brazil 4341:First Brazilian Republic 3740:Administrative divisions 3147: 2989:Fall of the Old Republic 2246:Estados Unidos do Brasil 2034:coup d'état that deposed 2001:First Brazilian Republic 1509:Construction of Brasília 1504:Lott's preventative coup 323:Hino Nacional Brasileiro 3187:Brazil: A Country Study 3129:the presidential palace 2219:Floriano Vieira Peixoto 1013:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 587:Republican Constitution 250:United States of Brazil 227:For more guidance, see 4376:Military dictatorships 4356:20th century in Brazil 4351:19th century in Brazil 3896:Science and technology 3578:Vargas Era (1930–1946) 3231:2009 pages 58 & 63 3215:Ibidem - Smallman 2002 2844: 2832:; 'coffee with milk'. 2705:Paris Peace Conference 2627: 2603: 2581:General Strike in 1917 2336: 2195: 2124: 2012: 1643:Car Wash investigation 1554:Araguaia Guerrilla War 1234:Eusébio de Queirós Law 254: 3242:University of Georgia 2977:This era sparked the 2838: 2617: 2508:Brazil in World War I 2455:, this was a classic 2434:comparative advantage 2388:Industrial Revolution 2330: 2285:Roman Catholic Church 2189: 2118: 1532:Military dictatorship 1338:Federalist Revolution 1314:Republic of the Sword 1264:Revolt of the Muckers 1159:Abdication of Pedro I 951:Quilombo dos Palmares 863:Treaty of Tordesillas 624:• Civilian rule 613:Federalist Revolution 412:presidential republic 399:Military dictatorship 383:Common languages 229:Knowledge:Translation 200:copyright attribution 3714:World Heritage Sites 3647:Environmental issues 3620:Brazilian Antarctica 3475:(WorldWars) Magazine 3421:Maia, Prado (1961). 3096:(on the border with 3071:Brazilian Revolution 2924:white-collar workers 2779:improve this section 2622:declares war on the 2529:Federalist Rebellion 2204:American Revolutions 2159:presidency of Brazil 2058:milk coffee politics 1653:Coronavirus pandemic 1474:Integralist Uprising 1279:Abolition of Slavery 1023:Opening of the ports 310:"Order and Progress" 43:improve this article 4263:Syncretic Religions 4171:Freedom of religion 3853:Automotive industry 3489:Frederik Schulze: " 3329:on 23 December 2007 3303:on 20 December 2007 3268:pt:Página principal 3244:Press 2010, page 39 2906:Struggle for reform 2711:Demographic changes 1769:Rio Grande do Norte 1179:1834 Additional Act 1102:War of Independence 978:War of the Emboabas 551:Chamber of Deputies 4223:Eastern Orthodoxy 4216:Ukrainian Catholic 3911:Telecommunications 3568:Empire (1822–1889) 3553:Indigenous peoples 3286:Page94 2nParagraph 3108:Tasso Fragoso and 2845: 2628: 2553:Mexican Revolution 2541:Revolt of the Whip 2341:Deodoro da Fonseca 2337: 2311:, and neighboring 2234:Deodoro da Fonseca 2196: 2129:Deodoro da Fonseca 2125: 2079:Revolution of 1930 2042:Revolution of 1930 2024:), officially the 1729:Mato Grosso do Sul 1666:By federative unit 1549:Institutional Acts 1432:Revolution of 1930 1405:Lieutenant revolts 1390:Revolt of the Lash 1370:Annexation of Acre 1360:Amazon rubber boom 956:France Equinoxiale 936:France Antarctique 875:European discovery 828:Indigenous Peoples 636:Revolution of 1930 441:Deodoro da Fonseca 208:interlanguage link 4328: 4327: 4288: 4287: 4230: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4195:Armenian Catholic 4000:Income inequality 3942: 3941: 3825: 3824: 3812:Political parties 3807:National Congress 3770:Freedom of speech 3755:Foreign relations 3722: 3721: 3399:978-85-200-0835-5 3127:handed power and 3046:Rio Grande do Sul 2815: 2814: 2807: 2729:Rio Grande do Sul 2500:harvested 60% of 2498:Rio Grande do Sul 2482:Rio Grande do Sul 2386:After the Second 2302:Rio Grande do Sul 2266:Rio Grande do Sul 2138:According to the 2030:Brazilian history 1997: 1996: 1963:Brazil portal 1884:Jewish Brazilians 1774:Rio Grande do Sul 1606:1988 Constitution 1569:Redemocratization 1564:Brazilian Miracle 1514:Legality Campaign 1497:Populist Republic 1467:1937 Constitution 1442:1934 Constitution 1380:Taubaté Agreement 1309:1891 Constitution 1274:Military Question 1212:Reign of Pedro II 1144:1824 Constitution 1057:Pernambuco Revolt 843:Marajoara culture 793:History of Brazil 778: 777: 774: 773: 770: 769: 750: 749: 521:National Congress 499:• 1926–1930 451:• 1926–1930 436:• 1889–1891 416: 403: 350: 306:Ordem e Progresso 240: 239: 152: 148: 119: 118: 111: 93: 4383: 4308: 4301: 4226: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4118:National symbols 3953: 3952: 3891: 3863:Economic history 3848:Animal husbandry 3836: 3835: 3733: 3732: 3608: 3607: 3521: 3514: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3455: 3434: 3404:McCann, Frank D. 3392: 3377: 3376: 3358: 3352: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3325:. 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Archived from 3293: 3287: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3254: 3251: 3245: 3238: 3232: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3207: 3206:pages 17–22 3196: 3190: 3183: 3034:Liberal Alliance 3006:Great Depression 2867:Great Depression 2855:The outbreak of 2810: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2790: 2759: 2751: 2701:its plan for war 2473:wild rubber boom 2438:the Encilhamento 2418:produced by the 2250:Empire of Brazil 2133:Emperor Pedro II 2121:Benedito Calixto 2083:Liberal Alliance 2062:machine politics 2023: 2018: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1704:Federal District 1322: 1127:Reign of Pedro I 1120:Empire of Brazil 1031: 998:Treaty of Madrid 988:Vila Rica Revolt 905: 897:Brazilwood cycle 803: 780: 779: 766: 765: 754: 753: 745:Empire of Brazil 741: 740: 734: 733: 718: 717: 628:15 November 1894 592:24 February 1891 579:15 November 1889 508: 493: 489:Floriano Peixoto 460: 445: 414: 401: 362: 352: 351: 329: 311: 289: 275: 257: 244: 243: 219: 213: 187: 186:|topic= 184:, and specifying 169:Google Translate 150: 147:(September 2011) 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article: 2605: 2602: 2591:Central Powers 2577:Rio de Janeiro 2545:Contestado War 2537:Vaccine Revolt 2533:War of Canudos 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2494:Rio de Janeiro 2408:specialization 2369: 2363: 2298:Rio de Janeiro 2254:Rio de Janeiro 2229: 2226: 2180:café com leite 2173:(PRP) and the 2144:constitutional 2112: 2109: 2101:Getúlio Vargas 2046:Getúlio Vargas 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1930: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1904:Rail transport 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1789:Santa Catarina 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1764:Rio de Janeiro 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1709:Espírito Santo 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1670: 1669: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1640: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1602: 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category 179: 178: 173: 170: 166: 162: 159: 156: 155: 149: 143: 142:in Portuguese 141: 136:You can help 132: 123: 122: 113: 110: 102: 99:November 2020 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: – 59: 55: 54:Find sources: 48: 44: 38: 37: 32:This article 30: 26: 21: 20: 4030:Unemployment 3980:Demographics 3858:Central Bank 3765:Human rights 3745:Constitution 3615:Amazon basin 3572: 3472: 3435:(Portuguese) 3422: 3384:Bibliography 3362: 3356: 3343: 3331:. 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Retrieved 3301:the original 3291: 3274: 3249: 3236: 3225:Ignacy Sachs 3220: 3211: 3194: 3186: 3122: 3110:Mena Barreto 3091: 3084: 3080: 3055: 3038:Minas Gerais 3031: 3024: 3010: 3003: 2982: 2976: 2968: 2949: 2941: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2871: 2854: 2846: 2827: 2824:Minas Gerais 2816: 2801: 2795:October 2014 2792: 2777:Please help 2765: 2741:Amazon Basin 2714: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2644: 2629: 2596: 2585: 2561: 2557: 2522: 2490:Minas Gerais 2469: 2461: 2450: 2447: 2430: 2423: 2419: 2385: 2378: 2371: 2365: 2354:Minas Gerais 2351: 2344: 2338: 2322: 2317:had been cut 2306: 2278: 2262:Minas Gerais 2245: 2239: 2231: 2207: 2197: 2178: 2167:Minas Gerais 2154: 2137: 2126: 2091: 2072: 2066: 2054:Minas Gerais 2025: 2005:Old Republic 2004: 2000: 1998: 1849:Constitution 1734:Minas Gerais 1613:Plano Collor 1587:New Republic 1479:World War II 1345:Belle Époque 1333:Navy Revolts 1328:Encilhamento 1297:Old Republic 1296: 1229:Coffee cycle 1174:April Revolt 1085:Independence 966:Dutch Brazil 941:Bandeirantes 810:Miller Atlas 805: 727:Succeeded by 726: 721: 682:• 1920 672:• 1900 662:• 1890 561:Belle Époque 484:• 1891 321: 316: 305: 303:Motto: 302: 293:Coat of arms 241: 204:edit summary 195: 175: 145: 137: 105: 96: 86: 79: 72: 65: 53: 41:Please help 36:verification 33: 4189:Catholicism 4103:Malandragem 4068:Archaeology 3995:Immigration 3901:Stock index 3843:Agriculture 3642:Environment 3333:28 December 3307:28 December 3063:João Pessoa 2933:World War I 2919:coronelismo 2857:World War I 2733:Middle East 2697:Spanish flu 2678:Naval fleet 2667:French Army 2649:: Germany, 2636:World War I 2587:Ruy Barbosa 2549:World War I 2535:(1896–97), 2531:(1893–95), 2457:boss system 2452:coronelismo 2420:fazendeiros 2380:latifúndios 2346:coronelismo 2208:coup d'état 2192:Ruy Barbosa 2151:coronelismo 2081:, when the 1914:Transgender 1894:Nationality 1724:Mato Grosso 1594:Lost Decade 1455:Estado Novo 1400:World War I 1317: [ 1269:Grande Seca 1239:Platine War 1184:Malê Revolt 1092:Dia do Fico 1026: [ 1003:Guaraní War 983:Mascate War 919:Slave trade 909:Sugar cycle 900: [ 890:Captaincies 722:Preceded by 545:Lower house 530:Upper house 517:Legislature 415:(1894–1930) 402:(1889–1894) 4335:Categories 4228:Antiochian 4153:Television 4123:Newspapers 4098:Literature 3970:Corruption 3965:Censorship 3890:(currency) 3760:Government 3058:corruption 3019:, against 2850:positivism 2653:, and the 2618:President 2579:. After a 2517:See also: 2416:cash crops 2366:Latifúndio 2270:Pernambuco 2105:Vargas Era 2089:(known as 2067:coronelism 2009:Portuguese 1754:Pernambuco 1633:Plano Real 1574:Diretas Já 1418:Vargas Era 1355:Coronelism 973:Gold cycle 758:Vargas Era 686:30,635,605 676:17,438,434 666:14,333,915 651:Population 504:Melo Viana 406:Oligarchic 394:Government 387:Portuguese 69:newspapers 4273:Quimbanda 4268:Candomblé 4138:Sculpture 4113:Mythology 4063:Animation 4005:Languages 3985:Education 3926:Transport 3787:Judiciary 3750:Elections 3699:Time Zone 3674:Mountains 3637:Coastline 3603:Geography 3456:FLT 1975 2966:in 1922. 2960:socialism 2956:anarchism 2944:São Paulo 2875:São Paulo 2820:São Paulo 2766:does not 2737:São Paulo 2717:São Paulo 2597:Lusitania 2573:São Paulo 2568:anarchist 2564:communist 2513:Preceding 2486:São Paulo 2465:telegraph 2449:Known as 2368:economies 2358:São Paulo 2313:Argentina 2258:São Paulo 2163:São Paulo 2147:democracy 2064:known as 2050:São Paulo 1939:Conflicts 1909:Socialism 1864:Etymology 1834:Animation 1829:Anarchism 1804:Tocantins 1794:São Paulo 1189:Cabanagem 618:1893–1895 605:1893–1894 422:President 263:1889–1930 222:talk page 174:Consider 4315:Category 4253:Hinduism 4202:Maronite 4181:Buddhism 4163:Religion 4128:Painting 4078:Carnaval 3960:Abortion 3906:Taxation 3878:Industry 3802:Military 3728:Politics 3709:Wildlife 3679:Pantanal 3548:Timeline 3532:articles 3471:site of 3431:22210405 3106:generals 3026:tenentes 2983:tenentes 2663:aviators 2539:(1904), 2477:Amazônia 2242:monarchy 2222:Minister 2131:deposed 2111:Overview 2092:Tenetism 2038:Pedro II 2036:emperor 1934:Timeline 1927:Research 1889:Military 1869:Football 1779:Rondônia 1719:Maranhão 1689:Amazonas 1638:Mensalão 1623:Mercosul 1199:Balaiada 838:Kuhikugu 785:a series 783:Part of 695:Currency 198:provide 4299:Outline 4278:Umbanda 4258:Judaism 4209:Melkite 4093:Cuisine 4055:Culture 4040:Welfare 3948:Society 3916:Tourism 3873:Exports 3831:Economy 3689:Regions 3664:Islands 3659:Geology 3625:Climate 3540:History 3114:Admiral 3094:Itararé 3042:Paraíba 2787:removed 2772:sources 2632:Entente 2425:fazenda 2375:slavery 2216:Marshal 2212:Deodoro 1859:Ethanol 1854:Economy 1799:Sergipe 1784:Roraima 1744:Paraíba 1679:Alagoas 914:Slavery 634:• 611:• 598:• 585:• 572:• 543:• 528:• 492:(first) 444:(first) 409:federal 373:Capital 317:Anthem: 220:to the 202:in the 144:. 83:scholar 4320:Portal 4176:Baháʼí 4148:Sports 4088:Comics 4083:Cinema 4015:People 3990:Health 3883:Mining 3868:Energy 3694:Rivers 3530: 3528:Brazil 3491:Brazil 3445: 3429: 3414: 3397: 3369: 3282: 3202: 3098:Paraná 3067:Recife 2958:, and 2900:coffee 2890:, and 2862:coffee 2727:, and 2721:Paraná 2502:Brazil 2492:, and 2404:cotton 2402:, and 2396:coffee 2309:Europe 2200:French 1899:Postal 1817:Topics 1749:Paraná 812:, 1519 787:on the 536:Senate 507:(last) 474: 459:(last) 426: 319: 85: 78: 71: 64: 56: 4306:Index 4248:Islam 4108:Music 4045:Youth 3975:Crime 3888:Real 3410:2004 3148:Notes 3125:junta 2896:sugar 2888:beans 2884:sugar 2400:sugar 2274:Bahia 1759:Piauí 1714:Goiás 1699:Ceará 1694:Bahia 1684:Amapá 1321:] 1030:] 904:] 833:Luzia 165:DeepL 90:JSTOR 76:books 4073:Arts 3775:LGBT 3443:ISBN 3427:OCLC 3412:ISBN 3395:ISBN 3367:ISBN 3335:2007 3309:2007 3280:ISBN 3200:ISBN 3112:and 3044:and 3004:The 2916:and 2770:any 2768:cite 2682:DNOG 2595:RMS 2575:and 2566:and 2356:and 2300:and 2290:Navy 2281:Army 2272:and 2165:and 2052:and 1999:The 1879:LGBT 1839:Book 1739:Pará 1674:Acre 699:Real 366:Acre 279:Flag 196:must 194:You 158:View 62:news 4236:LDS 3792:Law 3483:of 2898:or 2781:by 2604:War 2475:in 2440:(a 2202:or 167:or 45:by 4337:: 3258:^ 3156:^ 3144:. 3073:. 3040:, 3029:. 2954:, 2886:, 2723:, 2719:, 2707:. 2688:. 2488:, 2398:, 2276:. 2264:, 2260:, 2107:. 2015:, 2011:: 1319:pt 1028:pt 902:pt 808:, 711:BR 3520:e 3513:t 3506:v 3433:. 3375:. 3337:. 3311:. 2843:. 2808:) 2802:( 2797:) 2793:( 2789:. 2775:. 2335:. 2123:. 2007:( 1988:e 1981:t 1974:v 1875:) 1871:( 231:. 224:. 112:) 106:( 101:) 97:( 87:· 80:· 73:· 66:· 39:.

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