First Party System

2636: 34: 788:

was instructed to compile lists and total up the number of taxpayers, the number of eligible voters, how many were "decided democratic republicans", "decided federalists", or "doubtful", and finally to count the number of supporters who were not currently eligible to vote but who might qualify (by age or taxes) at the next election. The returns eventually went to the state manager, who issued directions to laggard towns to get all the eligibles to town meetings, help the young men qualify to vote, to nominate a full ticket for local elections, and to print and distribute the party ticket. (The

983:

town judges were potential and generally active workers. Every town had several justices of the peace, school directors and, in Federalist towns, all the town officers who were ready to carry on the party's work ... Militia officers, state's attorneys, lawyers, professors and schoolteachers were in the van of this "conscript army". In all, about a thousand or eleven hundred dependent officer-holders were described as the inner ring which could always be depended upon for their own and enough more votes within their control to decide an election. This was the Federalist machine.

1031: 1056:

honest and safe, although not the most wise depositary of the public interests. In every country these two parties exist, and in every one where they are free to think, speak, and write, they will declare themselves. Call them, therefore, liberals and serviles, Jacobins and Ultras, whigs and tories, republicans and federalists, aristocrats and democrats, or by whatever name you please, they are the same parties still and pursue the same object. The last appellation of aristocrats and democrats is the true one expressing the essence of all.

80: 143:

opposed strong executive power, were hostile to a standing army and navy, demanded a strict reading of the Constitutional powers of the federal government, and strongly opposed the Hamilton financial program. Perhaps even more important was foreign policy, where the Federalists favored Britain because of its political stability and its close ties to American trade, while the Republicans admired France and the French Revolution. Jefferson was especially fearful that British aristocratic influences would undermine

962:" passed resolutions that verged on secession; their publication ruined the Federalist party. It had been limping along for years, with strength in New England and scattered eastern states but practically no strength in the West. While Federalists helped invent or develop numerous campaign techniques (such as the first national nominating conventions in 1808), their elitist bias alienated the middle class, thus allowing the Jeffersonians to claim they represented the true spirit of "republicanism". 2580: 1083:

across as naïve, dreamy idealists. At best according to many historians, the Jeffersonians were reactionary utopians who resisted the onrush of capitalist modernity in hopes of turning America into a yeoman farmers' arcadia. At worst, they were proslavery racists who wish to rid the West of Indians, expand the empire of slavery, and keep political power in local hands – all the better to expand the institution of slavery and protect slaveholders' rights to own human property."

6953: 5919: 5073: 337:

aristocratic British and their Federalist allies too much influence. The fierce debates over the Jay Treaty in 1794–96, according to William Nisbet Chambers, nationalized politics and turned a faction in Congress into a nationwide party. To fight the treaty the Jeffersonians "established coordination in activity between leaders at the capital, and leaders, actives and popular followings in the states, counties and towns".

852:(1795) with England. The treaty became highly controversial when the Jeffersonians denounced it as a sell-out to Britain, even as the Federalists said it avoided war, reduced the Indian threat, created good trade relations with the world's foremost economic power, and ended lingering disputes from the Revolutionary War. When Jefferson came to power in 1801 he honored the treaty, but new disputes with Britain led to the 947:

Hamilton had viewed Jefferson's election as the failure of the Federalist experiment. The rhetoric of the day was cataclysmic — election of the opposition meant the enemy would ruin the nation. Jefferson's foreign policy was not exactly pro-Napoleon, but it applied pressure on Britain to stop impressment of American sailors and other hostile acts. By engineering an

237:", who opposed the new Constitution. The Federalists won and the Constitution was ratified. The Anti-Federalists were deeply concerned about the theoretical danger of a strong central government (like that of Britain) that someday could usurp the rights of the states. The Anti-Federalist argument influenced the drafting and eventual passage of the 279:). In response, Jefferson and Madison built a rival network of supporters in Congress and in the states. Madison, who largely authored the Constitution, was a Federalist in 1787–1788, but he opposed the program of the Hamiltonians and their new Federalist Party. The group led by Jefferson and Madison emerged in 1792–93 as the 898:

executive tyranny, social inequality, financial speculation, and personal indolence. Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible, he argued, but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures.

264:, the Secretary of State, who opposed Hamilton's broad vision of a powerful federal government. Jefferson especially objected to Hamilton's flexible view of the Constitution, which stretched to include a national bank. Jefferson was joined by Madison in opposing the Washington administration, leading the " 1050:

of 1796. They thought opposition parties would only weaken the nation. By contrast Jefferson was the main force behind the creation and continuity of an opposition party. He deeply felt the Federalists represented aristocratic forces hostile to true republicanism and the true will of the people, as

817:

It was the good fortune of the Republicans to have within their ranks a number of highly gifted political manipulators and propagandists. Some of them had the ability ... to not only see and analyze the problem at hand but to present it in a succinct fashion; in short, to fabricate the apt phrase, to

787:

in 1806 the state leadership sent town leaders instructions for the forthcoming elections; every town manager was told by state leaders "to appoint a district manager in each district or section of his town, obtaining from each an assurance that he will faithfully do his duty". Then the town manager

370:

Newspaper content focused largely on attacks or defense of the new federal government, as well as on state and local politics. Editors directed much abuse toward opposition politicians—the fatal duel between Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr was incited by their own personal newspaper attacks on each

324:

between England, France, and their European allies. The Jeffersonians favored France and pointed to the 1778 treaty that was still in effect. Washington and his unanimous cabinet (including Jefferson) decided the treaty did not bind the U.S. to enter the war; instead Washington proclaimed neutrality.

982:

It was only necessary to perfect the working methods of the organized body of office-holders who made up the nucleus of the party. There were the state officers, the assistants, and a large majority of the Assembly. In every county there was a sheriff with his deputies. All of the state, county, and

914:

Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution; and therefore

138:

The Federalists were dominant until 1800, while the Republicans were dominant after 1800. Both parties originated in national politics, but soon expanded their efforts to gain supporters and voters in every state. The Federalists appealed to the business community and the Republicans to the planters

1082:

In recent years, Hamilton and his reputation have decidedly gained the initiative among scholars who portray him as the visionary architect of the modern liberal capitalist economy and of a dynamic federal government headed by an energetic executive. Jefferson and his allies, by contrast, have come

867:

undercut their position. Warning that full-scale war with France was imminent, Hamilton and his "High Federalist" allies forced the issue by getting Congressional approval to raise a large new army (which Hamilton controlled), replete with officers' commissions (which he bestowed on his partisans).

142:

The Federalists promoted the financial system of Treasury Secretary Hamilton, which emphasized federal assumption of state debts, a tariff to pay off those debts, a national bank to facilitate financing, and encouragement of banking and manufacturing. The Republicans, based in the plantation South,

1055:

Men by their constitutions are naturally divided into two parties: 1. Those who fear and distrust the people, and wish to draw all powers from them into the hands of the higher classes. 2. Those who identify themselves with the people, have confidence in them, cherish and consider them as the most

362:

Newspapers flourished in the new republic. Already by 1796, both parties sponsored national networks of locally owned papers which attracted partisan subscribers. By 1800, there were 234 being published once or twice a week, and the first dailies appeared. Between 1790 and 1820 over 400 new papers

1016:

Historians have debated the exact ending of the system. Most concluded it petered out by 1820. The little state of Delaware, largely isolated from the larger political forces controlling the nation, saw the First Party System continue well into the 1820s, with the Federalists occasionally winning

799:

in major cities to broadcast their statements and editorialize in their favor. But the Federalists, with a strong base among merchants, controlled more newspapers: in 1796 the Federalist papers outnumbered the Democratic Republicans by 4 to 1. Every year more papers began publishing; in 1800 the

1967:

Looks at the agreement among members of Congress in their roll-call voting records. Multidimensional scaling shows the increased clustering of congressmen into two party blocs from 1789 to 1803, especially after the Jay Treaty debate; shows politics was moving away from sectionalism to organized

1060:

Hofstadter (1970) shows it took many years for the idea to take hold that having two parties is better than having one, or none. That transition was made possible by the successful passing of power in 1801 from one party to the other. Although Jefferson systematically identified Federalist army

970:

Because of the importance of foreign policy (decided by the national government), of the sale of national lands, and the patronage controlled by the President, the factions in each state realigned themselves in parallel with the Federalists and Republicans. Some newspaper editors became powerful

812:

of the French Revolution, blamed the newspapers for electing Jefferson, seeing them as "an overmatch for any Government ... The Jacobins owe their triumph to the unceasing use of this engine; not so much to skill in use of it as by repetition." Historians echo Ames' assessment. As one explains,

946:

As president, Jefferson worked to cleanse the government of Adams's "midnight appointments", withholding the commissions of 25 of 42 appointed judges and removing army officers. The sense that the nation needed two rival parties to balance each other had not been fully accepted by either party;

1042:

Alexander Hamilton felt that only by mobilizing its supporters on a daily basis in every state on many issues could support for the government be sustained through thick and thin. Newspapers were needed to communicate inside the party; patronage helped the party's leaders and made new friends.

897:

His own fears of personal dependency and his small-shopkeeper's sense of integrity, both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier, convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils—corruption, legislative impotence,

892:

focused on the danger that the public debt, unless it was paid off, would be a threat to republican values. They were appalled that Hamilton was increasing the national debt and using it to solidify his Federalist base. Gallatin was the Republican Party's chief expert on fiscal issues and as

336:

with Britain; it was signed in late 1794, and ratified in 1795. It averted a possible war and settled many (but not all) of the outstanding issues between the U.S. and Britain. The Jeffersonians vehemently denounced the treaty, saying it threatened to undermine republicanism by giving the

255:

At first, there were no parties in the nation. The framers of the Constitution did not want or expect political parties to emerge because they considered them divisive. However, during the presidency of George Washington, factions soon formed around dominant personalities such as

363:

were started. Many soon merged or closed. Nationalism was a high priority, and the editors fostered an intellectual nationalism typified by the Federalist effort to stimulate a national literary culture through their clubs and publications in New York and Philadelphia, and by

4326: 1900: 847:

With the world thrown into global warfare after 1793, the small nation on the fringe of the European system could barely remain neutral. The Jeffersonians called for strong measures against Britain, and even for another war. The Federalists tried to avert war by the

487:

Historians have used statistical techniques to estimate the party breakdown in Congress. Many Congressmen were hard to classify in the first few years, but after 1796 there was less uncertainty. The first parties were anti-federalist and federalist.

400:. It was an fierce critic of the Federalists and of Washington himself. Leading Republicans contributed articles, often pseudonymously, including Madison and Jefferson. Washington was often annoyed, grousing to friends about "that Rascal Freneau.". 838:

of Pennsylvania, an ardent partisan, invented new campaign techniques (such as mass distribution of pamphlets and of handwritten ballots) that generated the grass-roots support and unprecedented levels of voter turnout for the Jeffersonians.

4320: 4166: 2288:

Summer 2010, Vol. 30#2 pp 279–292; looks at Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, and John Adams in terms of gender studies, interdisciplinary studies, American identity, and the work of Jürgen Habermas, Gordon Wood and Bernard

275:. This was a somewhat different coalition from the previous Federalist group, consisting of supporters of the Constitution in 1787–1788 as well as entirely new elements, and even a few former opponents of the Constitution (such as 1012:

replaced the high-tension politics of the First Party System about 1816. Personal politics and factional disputes were occasionally still hotly debated, but Americans no longer thought of themselves in terms of political parties.

1073:

Well into the 20th century Jefferson was the hero for scholars, and Hamilton the villain. Jefferson's reputation has declined sharply, primarily because of his role as a major slaveowner. Hamilton has risen; Princeton historian

987:

Religious tensions polarized Connecticut, as the established Congregational Church, in alliance with the Federalists, tried to maintain its grip on power. Dissenting groups moved toward the Jeffersonians. The failure of the

4467: 893:

Treasury Secretary under Jefferson and Madison worked hard to lower taxes and lower the debt, while at the same time paying cash for the Louisiana Purchase and funding the War of 1812. Burrows says of Gallatin:

147:. Britain and France were at war from 1793 to 1815, with only one brief interruption. Official American policy was neutrality, with the Federalists hostile to France, and the Republicans hostile to Britain. The 374:

The most important newspapers of the 1790s-1800s were closely read by other editors and copied from. They would be read aloud and commented upon in coffee houses and taverns. Key party newspapers include:

2042:

online v. 1. 1789–1824 – v. 2. 1824–1844 – v. 3. 1848–1868 – v. 4. 1872–1888 – v. 5. 1892–1908 – v. 6. 1912–1924 – v. 7. 1928–1940 – v. 8. 1944–1956 – v. 9. 1960–1968 – v. 10. 1972–1984 – v. 11. 1988–2001

6387: 939:

galvanized the electorate, sweeping the Federalists out of power, and electing Jefferson and his Democratic-Republican Party. Adams made a few last minute, "midnight appointments", notably Federalist

1103: 5274: 795:

The Jeffersonians invented many campaign techniques that the Federalists later adopted and that became standard American practice. They were especially effective at building a network of

286:

The elections of 1792 were the first contested on anything resembling a partisan basis. In most states, the congressional elections were recognized in some sense, as Jefferson strategist

425:

Editors of the First Party System traded barbs both nasty and humorous. An example is this acrostic from a Republican paper. The clue is looking at the first letters of all the lines:

3869: 2241:

Jackson, Kelsie. "Such a tornado": The life and times of James Thomson Callender, scandalmonger" (PhD dissertation, U of Houston; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2013. 3574468)

792:

did not appear for a century.) This highly coordinated "get-out-the-vote" drive would be familiar to modern political campaigners, but was the first of its kind in world history.

958:

The Federalists vigorously criticized the government, and gained strength in the industrial Northeast. However, they committed a major blunder in 1814. That year the semi-secret "

800:

Federalists still had a 2 to 1 numerical advantage. Most papers, on each side, were weeklies with a circulation of 300 to 1000. Jefferson systematically subsidized the editors.

951:

of trade against Britain, Jefferson and Madison plunged the nation into economic depression, ruined much of the business of Federalist New England, and finally precipitated the

4728: 5999: 5571: 5566: 5561: 6590: 5675: 4733: 4581: 290:

put it, as a "struggle between the Treasury department and the republican interest". In New York, the race for governor was organized along these lines. The candidates were

6519: 6233: 6007: 139:

and farmers. By 1796, politics in every state was nearly monopolized by the two parties, with party newspapers and caucuses becoming effective tools to mobilize voters.

5267: 317:

for the societies, and the Federalists ridiculed Jefferson's friends as "democrats". After Washington denounced the societies as unrepublican, they mostly faded away.

3847: 2258:(2006) how 4 Republican and 4 Federalist papers covered election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton–Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo 5209: 2443:

Rohr, Benjamin. "Portraits of a Political World: The Structure of the First Party System in New York, 1777-1822{" (PhD dissertation, University of Chicago, 2022)

6113: 863:(1798–1800), an undeclared naval war involving the navies and merchant ships of both countries. Democratic-Republicans said France really wanted peace, but the 5556: 3358: 3142: 2850: 4093: 4696: 4621: 3939: 915:

in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes

2244:

Laracey, Mel. "The presidential newspaper as an engine of early American political development: The case of Thomas Jefferson and the election of 1800."

5225: 3768: 1000:

The First Party System was primarily built around foreign policy issues that vanished with the defeat of Napoleon and the compromise settlement of the

6267: 6096: 5406: 5142: 3757: 2568: 4721: 4671: 4611: 2224:

Hale, Matthew Rainbow. "On their tiptoes: Political time and Newspapers during the Advent of the Radicalized French Revolution, circa 1792-1793."

6978: 6180: 6130: 3834: 2041: 1108: 6358: 4641: 4626: 831: 268:"; Hamilton led the informal political faction known as the "Pro-Administration party". Washington was re-elected without opposition in 1792. 6394: 6027: 6015: 4485: 4061: 3799: 3776: 171: 2546: 5988: 5680: 3746: 1113: 250: 935:

Madison worked diligently to form party lines inside the Congress and build coalitions with sympathetic political factions in each state.

6348: 5240: 5189: 3958: 2064:

volume 72, Number 1, February 2007, pp. 42–67(26), says decisions in 1787 convention set up the outlines of the first party system

1078:

in 2010 identified a scholarly trend very much in Hamilton's favor—although Wilentz himself dissented and still admires Jefferson more:

111:

between roughly 1792 and 1824. It featured two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the

5685: 3983: 3882: 3714: 2685: 880:(1798), secretly drafted by Madison and Jefferson, the legislatures of the two states challenged the power of the federal government. 6914: 5219: 4711: 4616: 4596: 4408: 4111: 3853: 3609: 3135: 902:

Andrew Jackson saw the national debt as a "national curse" and he took special pride in paying off the entire national debt in 1835.

215: 6294: 6195: 6190: 6185: 5581: 5576: 4524: 4519: 4514: 3902: 3313: 3300: 3287: 3274: 3261: 3248: 3235: 3222: 2831: 2816: 2801: 2786: 2771: 2756: 2536: 943:

as Chief Justice. Marshall held the post for three decades and used it to federalize the Constitution, much to Jefferson's dismay.

936: 162:(1816–1824), as the Federalists shrank to a few isolated strongholds and the Democratic-Republicans lost unity. In 1824–28, as the 53: 49: 230: 6457: 5977: 5429: 5131: 5110: 4743: 4631: 4240: 3889: 3735: 3491: 2967: 2646: 1047: 348:

made the decision, and it was largely chosen by the state legislatures, many of which were not chosen on a national party basis.

3212: 978:

New England was always the stronghold of the Federalist party. One historian explains how well organized it was in Connecticut:

6374: 5648: 5153: 4345: 3897: 1118: 104: 421:

of Washington D.C. was the leading Republican newspaper in the South. For decades it was a major source of Congressional news.

6840: 6778: 6467: 6450: 6043: 5284: 4686: 4538: 4403: 4332: 4126: 4044: 3963: 2561: 226:

was the most prominent figure in the Constitutional Convention; he is often referred to as "the father of the Constitution".

919:, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are styled republicans, 6228: 5956: 5424: 5307: 4864: 4267: 3128: 2541: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6462: 5991: 5535: 5302: 4676: 4601: 4418: 3749: 3638: 3094: 3066: 2584: 2060:

Slez, Adam, and John Levi Martin. "Political Action and Party Formation in the United States Constitutional Convention,"

4066: 218:

in 1787. It drew up a new constitution that was submitted to state ratification conventions for approval, with the old

6742: 5604: 5466: 4158: 2526: 2396:

The Invention of Party Politics: Federalism, Popular Sovereignty, and Constitutional Development in Jacksonian Illinois

1098: 144: 3930: 2478: 155:, while officially nonpartisan, generally supported the Federalists and that party made Washington their iconic hero. 5641: 5478: 4656: 4455: 4185: 2174: 2162: 2076: 1565: 1424: 877: 5376: 5145: 4994: 4716: 4546: 4133: 3760: 3436: 2906: 2554: 916: 132: 4376: 2635: 6827: 6606: 6493: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 5670: 5609: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 4081: 4076: 4071: 3664: 3627: 3566: 3511: 3269: 3256: 2727: 2444: 345: 302: 295: 6762: 6749: 6430: 6379: 6142: 5980: 5834: 5829: 5134: 4661: 4472: 4413: 4313: 4306: 3950: 3738: 3707: 3595: 3534: 3187: 3074: 3049: 3004: 2939: 2678: 2302:

Pasley, Jeffrey L. "The Two National" Gazettes": Newspapers and the Embodiment of American Political Parties."

1195: 920: 796: 357: 4088: 3864: 2349:

Bohmer, David A. "The Maryland Electorate and the Concept of a Party System in the Early National Period." in

7003: 6834: 6773: 6577: 6154: 5599: 5540: 5257: 5161: 4706: 4386: 4235: 4020: 3919: 3788: 3780: 3646: 3462: 2576: 410: 219: 1985:

Lampi, Philip J. "The Federalist Party Resurgence, 1808–1816: Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database,"

6755: 6680: 6559: 6440: 5721: 5262: 4423: 4393: 4262: 3995: 3427: 2897: 2461:

The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790–1801: A Study in National Stimulus and Local Response

818:

coin the compelling slogan and appeal to the electorate on any given issue in language it could understand.

380: 238: 151:

of 1794 marked the decisive mobilization of the two parties and their supporters in every state. President

2745: 1952:

Goodman, Paul. "The First American Party System" in William Nisbet Chambers and Walter Dean Burnham, eds.

6582: 6019: 5737: 5504: 5499: 5456: 5294: 5204: 5169: 5103: 5018: 4934: 4666: 4636: 4143: 4000: 3803: 3404: 3192: 3151: 2805: 2790: 2779: 2713: 2344:

To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815

972: 280: 210: 120: 5401: 2269: 2046:

Selinger, Jeffrey S. "The French Revolutionary Wars and the Ordeal of America’s First Party System." in

1004:. Furthermore, the fears that Federalists were plotting to reintroduce aristocracy dissipated. Thus an " 479:

of 1793–94, which saw huge numbers of executions of the revolutionary government's political opponents.

6525: 6488: 6472: 6260: 6238: 6213: 6031: 5359: 5329: 4591: 4032: 3973: 3652: 3197: 2003: 1580:

letter to John Wise in Francis N. Thorpe, ed "A Letter from Jefferson on the Political Parties, 1798,"

1061:

officers and officeholders, he was blocked from removing all of them by protests from Republicans. The

823: 321: 179: 6712: 2449:

Taylor, Alan. “’The Art of Hook and Snivey’: Political Culture in Upstate New York during the 1790s.”

6852: 6568: 6509: 6118: 5705: 5530: 5439: 5177: 5076: 4964: 4916: 4886: 4691: 4606: 4566: 4225: 4138: 3875: 3811: 3700: 3658: 3517: 3162: 2671: 265: 2415:

Ridgway, Whitman H. "Community Leadership: Baltimore During the First and Second Party Systems." in

6585: 6205: 5949: 5621: 5525: 5000: 4651: 4116: 2734: 1805:

The First Republicans: Political Philosophy and Public Policy in the Party of Jefferson and Madison

6353: 5199: 1940:

The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy

1148:

The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy

413:. It was one of the most influential papers in New England, and its material was widely reprinted. 6846: 6806: 6667: 6299: 6289: 6272: 6255: 6164: 6063: 5822: 5769: 5695: 5614: 5473: 4976: 4928: 4852: 4819: 4795: 4561: 4428: 4398: 3578: 992:

in 1814 wounded the Federalists, who were finally upended by the Democratic-Republicans in 1817.

869: 6514: 6425: 314: 6790: 6717: 6672: 6279: 6159: 6078: 6053: 5922: 5793: 5096: 4646: 4371: 4284: 4148: 4121: 3914: 3909: 3615: 3474: 3177: 1895:

Dougherty, Keith L. "TRENDS: Creating Parties in Congress: The Emergence of a Social Network."

1883:

Partisanship and the Birth of America's Second Party, 1796–1800: Stop the Wheels of Government.

417: 84:

United States vice presidential election (1792) and presidential election (1796–1816) results.

4321:

Proposals for concerted operation among the powers at war with the Pyratical states of Barbary

2284:

O'Donnell, Catherine. "Literature and Politics in the Early Republic: Views from the Bridge,"

2040:(2011) 3 vol and 11 vol editions; detailed analysis of each election, with primary documents; 1997: 1555: 1414: 6688: 6541: 6435: 6250: 5812: 5653: 5626: 5339: 5234: 4958: 4946: 4827: 4250: 4191: 4010: 3841: 3380: 2869: 2650: 2363:

Dow, Jay K. "Rethinking the First Party Era: Middle Atlantic US House Elections, 1796–1824."

2261:

Marcus, Daniel. "Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy" (2009)

1973:

The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840

1935: 1212:

The Idea of a Party System: The Rise of Legitimate Opposition in the United States, 1780–1840

1046:

Hamilton, and especially Washington, distrusted the idea of an opposition party, as shown in

783:

Given the power of the Federalists, the Democratic Republicans had to work harder to win. In

191: 872:(1798) clamped down on dissenters, including pro-Jefferson editors, and Vermont Congressman 33: 6864: 6635: 6068: 5788: 5763: 5700: 5371: 5317: 4982: 4892: 4844: 4438: 4366: 4167:

Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States

3791: 3368: 3182: 2861: 2625: 2024:

Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic

1005: 475:

The most heated rhetoric came in debates over the French Revolution, especially during the

396:

in Philadelphia. This was the leading Republican newspaper, founded in 1791 and edited by

159: 2473:

Wallace, Michael. "Changing Concepts of Party in the United States: New York, 1815-1828."

2440:(Summer 2013) 33#2 pp 317–35; focus on historiography of turnout in states and localities. 1638:(1965) P. 179; Joseph H., Harrison, Jr., "Oligarchs and Democrats: The Richmond Junto," 1030: 388:. It was a militant mouthpiece for the Federalist party and the Washington administration. 8: 6956: 6813: 6768: 6504: 6314: 5942: 5690: 4754: 4576: 4381: 4015: 3572: 3523: 3335: 2610: 2600: 2209:

Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism

1381:

Infamous Scribblers: The Founding Fathers and the Rowdy Beginnings of American Journalism

989: 959: 948: 310: 163: 92:

shaded states usually voted for the Federalist Party or Federalist affiliated candidates.

59: 6058: 1392:

William E. Ames, "The National Intelligencer: Washington’s Leading Political Newspaper"

384:

in Philadelphia. It was the leading Federalist newspaper, founded in 1789 and edited by

6614: 6320: 6243: 5799: 5759: 5754: 5713: 5636: 5631: 5449: 5434: 5366: 4988: 4922: 4839: 4787: 4551: 4178: 4055: 3978: 3968: 3676: 3554: 3505: 3308: 3295: 2984: 2976: 2620: 2615: 2605: 2410:

New Jersey's Jeffersonian Republicans: The Genesis of an Early Party Machine, 1789–1817

2219: 2148: 1942:(1965), shows that the upper class Federalists learned too late how to appeal to voters 1855: 1798: 1774: 1757: 1035: 910:

In an analysis of the contemporary party system, Jefferson wrote on February 12, 1798:

404: 257: 201: 116: 1188:

The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828

975:, whose "Richmond Junto" controlled Virginia state politics from 1808 into the 1840s. 313:, and generally supported the Jeffersonian cause. The word "democrat" was proposed by 6930: 6819: 6707: 6659: 6651: 6309: 6304: 6284: 6101: 5870: 5745: 5344: 5312: 5250: 5245: 4952: 4811: 4586: 4039: 3988: 3859: 3480: 3410: 3317: 3103: 3021: 2931: 2885: 2839: 2297: 2249: 2170: 2158: 2072: 2017: 1945:

Freeman, Joanne B. "The Election of 1800: A Study in the Logic of Political Change."

1835: 1825: 1808: 1561: 1420: 1191: 306: 233:", who supported the Constitution and were led by Madison and Hamilton, against the " 205: 197: 152: 131:, usually called at the time the Republican Party (which is distinct from the modern 79: 6091: 2216:

With the Hammer of Truth James Thomson Callender and America’s Early National Heroes

1913: 6937: 6888: 6727: 6550: 6532: 6147: 6135: 5903: 5842: 5817: 5806: 5730: 5024: 4940: 4880: 4859: 4701: 4490: 4444: 3723: 3603: 3450: 3444: 3252: 3239: 3226: 2694: 2087: 392: 272: 261: 124: 112: 2128:

The Sacred Fire of Liberty: James Madison and the Founding of the Federal Republic

1457:

The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, 1789–1989

1327:

Joanne B. Freeman, "Dueling as Politics: Reinterpreting the Burr–Hamilton Duel."

271:

Hamilton built a national network of supporters that emerged about 1792–93 as the

6400: 6073: 5888: 5882: 5876: 5864: 5509: 5354: 5349: 4970: 4904: 4898: 4571: 4350: 4338: 4049: 4005: 3621: 3584: 3499: 3374: 3339: 3330: 3321: 3167: 3058: 2923: 2877: 2824: 2764: 2530: 2382: 1918: 889: 835: 827: 809: 476: 287: 234: 20: 6882: 6732: 6622: 6498: 6086: 5858: 5483: 5279: 5012: 4774: 4681: 4556: 4433: 4277: 4203: 4198: 3670: 3548: 3542: 3392: 3348: 3326: 3282: 2820: 2706: 1905: 1539: 1093: 397: 167: 3120: 2091: 1959:

Hoadley, John F. "The Emergence of Political Parties in Congress, 1789–1803."

6972: 6858: 6798: 6722: 6406: 5665: 5660: 5444: 5334: 5214: 5119: 5052: 4910: 4495: 4460: 4450: 4257: 4173: 3456: 3278: 3265: 3202: 3037: 3029: 2992: 2947: 2279: 2029:

Ratcliffe, Donald. "The Right to Vote and the Rise of Democracy, 1787–1828,"

940: 789: 276: 223: 128: 108: 6388:

A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America

2523: 2294:'The Tyranny of Printers': Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic 1688:"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic 1439:

Beatrice F. Hyslop, "The American Press and the French Revolution of 1789."

1290:"The Tyranny of Printers": Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic 6906: 6900: 6876: 6125: 6108: 5910: 4208: 3560: 3468: 3304: 3291: 3082: 2955: 2372:

The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s

2133:

Cunningham, Noble E. Jr., "John Beckley: An Early American Party Manager,"

1075: 1009: 873: 492:

Federalist and Democratic-Republican strength in Congress by election year

364: 2321:

Prints of a New Kind: Political Caricature in The United States, 1789–1828

6894: 6870: 6630: 5324: 5030: 5006: 4779: 4480: 4289: 2405:(1966) deals with the collapse of the First Party System, state by state 2389:

The Democratic-Republicans of Massachusetts: Politics in a Young Republic

1001: 952: 931:, dis-organizers, etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons. 853: 801: 784: 409:

This was a prominent Federalist newspaper published in Boston, edited by

2512:(1978), 3 vol; political reports sent by Congressmen to local newspapers 2307: 2229: 1862:

Jeffersonian Republicans: The Formation of Party Organization: 1789–1801

6445: 6223: 5965: 5063: 5045: 4762: 4346:

Jefferson manuscript collection at the Massachusetts Historical Society

4245: 3416: 3398: 3386: 3344: 3243: 3230: 3013: 2835: 2809: 2794: 2775: 2760: 2654: 1666:

The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era

1623: 1397: 1332: 1303:

Creating an American Culture, 1775–1800: A Brief History with Documents

864: 849: 385: 341: 333: 175: 148: 88:

shaded states usually voted for the Democratic-Republican Party, while

6468:

Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences

1444: 1316:

Men of Letters in the Early Republic: Cultivating Forms of Citizenship

6218: 4214: 2381:(1919) shows the Federalists were too artistocratic to win elections 1832:

Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809

1618:

Samuel E. Morison, "The First National Nominating Convention, 1808,"

928: 860: 2138: 2082:

Theriault, Sean M. "Party Politics during the Louisiana Purchase,"

1980:

Federalists in Dissent: Imagery and ideology in Jeffersonian America

1964: 1346:

Scandal and Civility: Journalism and the Birth of American Democracy

1104:

List of United States House of Representatives elections (1789–1822)

6643: 4803: 4272: 3898:

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 1777 draft and 1786 passage

3692: 2915: 2663: 329: 291: 2454: 2424:

The Old Republicans: Southern Conservatism in the Age of Jefferson

1992:

Libby, O. G. "Political Factions in Washington's Administration,"

1636:

The Old Republicans: southern conservatism in the age of Jefferson

1368:

The press and America: An interpretative history of the mass media

2436:

Robertson, Andrew W. "Reconceptualizing Jeffersonian Democracy,"

2055:

American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis

1923:

A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic.

1869:

The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations 1801–1809

1815:

Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815

1470:

The Jeffersonian Republicans in Power: Party Operations 1801–1809

924: 805: 185: 5088: 2033:(Summer 2013) 33#2 pp. 219–254 | DOI: 10.1353/jer.2013.0033 1989:(Summer 2013) 33#2 pp. 255–281 | DOI: 10.1353/jer.2013.0029 1912:(1995) the standard highly detailed political history of 1790s; 251:

Presidency of George Washington § Rise of political parties

2510:

Circular Letters of Congressmen to Their Constituents 1789–1829

367:'s efforts to Americanize the language inherited from England. 2487:

The Democratic Republicans of New York: The Origins, 1763–1797

2403:

The Second Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era

6591:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

5934: 4734:

Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence

4582:

Thomas Jefferson Center for the Protection of Free Expression

2537:"The First American Party System" lesson plan for grades 9–12 2112:

Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815

1062: 1394:

Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C.

1210:

Richard Hofstadter, "A Constitution against Parties" in his

1954:

The American Party Systems: Stages of Political Development

241:, which the Federalists agreed to add to the Constitution. 1852:

Building a new nation : the Federalist era, 1789-1803

1754:

The Jeffersonian Persuasion: Evolution of a Party Ideology

328:

When war threatened with Britain in 1794, Washington sent

3848:

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

2542:

A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns, 1787–1825

1890:

Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices.

1412: 1034:

Depiction of election-day activities in Philadelphia by

244: 166:

emerged, the Democratic-Republican Party split into the

2100:(2005), broad-scale interpretation of political history 905: 2379:

The decline of aristocracy in the politics of New York

2330:(1968), highly detailed study of Republican newspapers 1190:. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 22–24. 842: 2098:

The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln.

2038:

History of American Presidential Elections, 1789–2008

1797:(1964), stresses intense hostility between partisans 876:, who won re-election while in jail in 1798. In the 298:, who was allied with Jefferson and the Republicans. 2503:

The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809

2433:(1978), covers Maryland, Virginia and North Carolina 2353:(Princeton University Press, 2015) pp. 146–173. 1786:

Brooke, John L. "The Early Republic, 1789–1815." in

5557:

1789 Virginia's 5th congressional district election

3940:

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

2316:(1980); Webster was an important Federalist editor. 2181:

vol 5 (1948–70), the standard multivolume biography

1781:

Perspectives on the History of Congress, 1789–1801.

5226:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 2145:In pursuit of reason: the life of Thomas Jefferson 1930:Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, 1754–1829 462:I mmers'd in mischief, brothels, funds & banks 2468:The Ninth State: New Hampshire's Formative Years. 1949:Volume: 108. Issue: 8. 1999. pp : 1959–1994. 1788:The Oxford Handbook of American Political History 1441:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1253:Elkins and McKitrick, 417–8; Goodman (1964) 71–2. 6970: 2105:The Jeffersonian Tradition in American Democracy 1779:Bowling, Kenneth R. and Donald R. Kennon, eds. 1553: 1459:(1989); the numbers are estimates by historians. 778: 5430:Co-author, George Washington's Farewell Address 5275:Constitution drafting and ratification timeline 3835:A Summary View of the Rights of British America 3150: 2179:Jefferson the President: Second term, 1805–1809 2167:Jefferson the President: First Term 1801 – 1805 2050:(U of Pennsylvania Press, 2016) pp. 54–82. 1109:American election campaigns in the 19th century 1051:he explained in a letter to Henry Lee in 1824: 1025: 2006:Early Political Machinery in the United States 1771:The Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy 351: 229:An intense debate on ratification pitted the " 186:Federalists versus Anti-Federalists in 1787–88 6395:Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams 6181:United States presidential election 1788–1789 5950: 5104: 3708: 3136: 2679: 2562: 2335: 1416:The Opposition Press of the Federalist Period 482: 6441:Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace 5681:James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation 4394:Member, Virginia Committee of Correspondence 2256:Jefferson and the Press: Crucible of Liberty 2079:) survey of political and diplomatic history 1790:(Oxford University Press, USA, 2020). 45–61. 470:N one but fools, their wickedness proclaim. 16:Phase in U.S. electoral politics (1792–1824) 6349:Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson 6131:Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779 2505:(1965), short excerpts from primary sources 2323:(Pennsylvania State University Press, 2023) 1762:Ben-Atar, Doron and Barbara B. Oberg, eds. 1222: 1220: 804:, a leading Federalist, who used the term " 468:O utdid all fools, tainted with royal name; 5957: 5943: 5686:James Madison Freedom of Information Award 5111: 5097: 4486:Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia) 3883:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 3715: 3701: 3143: 3129: 2686: 2672: 2569: 2555: 2351:The History of American Electoral Behavior 2328:The Opposition Press of the Federalist Era 2236:The Press of the Young Republic, 1783–1833 955:with a much larger and more powerful foe. 466:T o mourning whores, and tory-lamentation. 464:L ewd slave to lust,—afforded consolation; 460:M onster of monsters, in pollution skill'd 453:H aunted by whores—he haunted them in turn 434:E mbraced all vice. His arrogance was like 6375:Massachusetts Historical Society holdings 4712:Louisiana Purchase Exposition gold dollar 4672:Washington and Jefferson National Forests 4597:Thomas Jefferson Star for Foreign Service 2200: 1876:The Process of Government Under Jefferson 1277:American Journalism: A History, 1690-1960 1068: 822:Outstanding phrasemakers included editor 442:D ecreed by Monarchs, was to that annext. 436:X erxes, who flogg'd the disobedient sea, 430:A sk—who lies here beneath this monument? 6473:United First Parish Church and gravesite 6295:District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801 4339:The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth 1842:The Origins of the American Party System 1622:Vol. 17, No. 4 (July 1912), pp. 744–763 1538:Edwin G. Burrows. "Gallatin, Albert" in 1217: 1114:History of the United States (1789–1849) 1029: 859:In 1798 disputes with France led to the 158:The First Party System ended during the 4632:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society 2186:Alexander Hamilton: Portrait in Paradox 1925:Oxford University Press. (2003); survey 1719:Thomas Jefferson: Reputation and Legacy 1185: 995: 808:" to link Jefferson's followers to the 309:, which had just seen the execution of 294:, who was a Hamiltonian, and incumbent 6979:Political history of the United States 6971: 6458:Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University 5154:United States House of Representatives 1834:(1963), political science perspective 1119:Political history in the United States 178:faction, which was absorbed by Clay's 5938: 5092: 4592:Jefferson National Expansion Memorial 4429:Jefferson and the Library of Congress 4404:Founding Fathers of the United States 3964:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves 3696: 3124: 2667: 2550: 1871:(1963), highly detailed party history 1864:(1957), highly detailed party history 1642:& Biography; 1970 78(2): 184–198, 1305:(Palgrave Macmillan , 2001) pp. 1–26. 1065:complained he did not go far enough. 438:A dultery his smallest crime; when he 260:, the Secretary of the Treasury, and 245:Washington administration (1789–1797) 6229:United States Department of the Navy 6155:Constitution of Massachusetts (1780) 5200:Co-wrote, 1776 Virginia Constitution 4865:Cultural depictions of Sally Hemings 3722: 2693: 2057:(1993), political narrative of 1790s 2016:(1960), survey of political history 2000:, looks at votes of each Congressman 1653:Connecticut in Transition: 1775–1818 1411:(Boston), 16 October 1797 quoted in 1048:George Washington's Farewell Address 906:Jefferson and the revolution of 1800 834:, and Jefferson himself. Meanwhile, 432:L o—'tis a self created MONSTER, who 6268:Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act 6000:U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom 5992:Vice President of the United States 5178:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention 3812:Delegate, Fifth Virginia Convention 3750:Vice President of the United States 2585:Political eras of the United States 2358:The Southern Federalists: 1800–1816 2155:Jefferson and the Ordeal of Liberty 1161:The Forging of the Union: 1781–1789 843:War threats with Britain and France 450:R enounced virtue, liberty and God. 13: 5642:James Madison Memorial High School 5536:Belle Grove Plantation, birthplace 4192:A Manual of Parliamentary Practice 2494: 2069:The Democratic Republic, 1801–1815 2026:(2004), topical essays by scholars 1766:(1999), topical essays by scholars 1740: 1541:American National Biography Online 1179: 1099:Party systems in the United States 440:N obility affected. This privilege 14: 7015: 6708:"Adams and Liberty" campaign song 6578:Adams House at Harvard University 5479:Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions 5435:Supervised the Louisiana Purchase 5425:Co-founder, American Whig Society 5220:Constitution of the United States 5118: 4186:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 2524:American Political History Online 2517: 2419:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 70–84. 1961:American Political Science Review 1413:Donald Henderson Stewart (1969). 1396:, vol. 66/68, (1966), pp. 71–83. 1020: 878:Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions 344:for the presidency and lost. The 170:faction, which became the modern 6952: 6951: 6329:State of the Union Address (1797 6008:U.S. Minister to the Netherlands 5918: 5917: 5577:U.S. presidential election, 1808 5382:State of the Union Address (1810 5377:Second Bank of the United States 5072: 5071: 4717:Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins 3761:United States Secretary of State 2634: 2578: 2314:The Long Journey of Noah Webster 2276:A History of American Journalism 2022:Pasley, Jeffrey L. et al. eds. 965: 883: 305:were formed. They supported the 78: 32: 5610:James Madison Memorial Building 4722:250th Anniversary silver dollar 4122:Founder, University of Virginia 3665:Benjamin Williams Crowninshield 2728:Presidency of George Washington 1724: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1680: 1671: 1658: 1645: 1628: 1620:The American Historical Review, 1612: 1600: 1587: 1574: 1547: 1532: 1519: 1506: 1497: 1488: 1475: 1462: 1449: 1433: 1402: 1386: 1373: 1366:Michael Emery and Edwin Emery, 1360: 1351: 1338: 1321: 1308: 1295: 1282: 1269: 1256: 1247: 1176:(1970); Wood (2009) pp. 216–17. 444:E nticing and entic'd to ev'ry 303:Democratic-Republican Societies 6750:American Philosophical Society 6463:Presidents House, Philadelphia 6431:Adams National Historical Park 6380:Adams Papers Editorial Project 6359:Federal judiciary appointments 6143:Staten Island Peace Conference 5981:President of the United States 5964: 5830:American Philosophical Society 5407:Federal judiciary appointments 5210:1787 Constitutional Convention 5135:President of the United States 4662:Thomas Jefferson School of Law 4468:Separation of church and state 4377:American Philosophical Society 4314:Notes on the State of Virginia 4307:The Papers of Thomas Jefferson 3739:President of the United States 3188:Presidency of Thomas Jefferson 2508:Cunningham, Noble E. Jr., ed. 2431:Chesapeake Politics, 1781–1800 2286:Journal of the Early Republic, 2119: 2062:American Sociological Review, 1820:Chambers, William Nisbet, ed. 1730:Sean Wilentz, "Book Reviews," 1238: 1229: 1204: 1166: 1153: 1140: 1131: 358:History of American newspapers 1: 6054:Braintree Instructions (1765) 5258:Virginia Ratifying Convention 5162:Congress of the Confederation 4622:University of Virginia statue 4456:Jefferson–Hemings controversy 4094:Federal judicial appointments 3781:Congress of the Confederation 2501:Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. ed. 2438:Journal of the Early Republic 2246:Rhetoric & Public Affairs 2226:Journal of the Early Republic 2218:(U Press of Virginia, 1990). 2195:(1961), full scale biography. 2188:(1959), full scale biography. 2036:Schlesinger, Arthur Jr., ed. 2031:Journal of the Early Republic 2014:The Federalist Era: 1789–1801 1987:Journal of the Early Republic 1844:(1956), reprints articles in 1125: 779:Inventing campaign techniques 455:A ristocratic was this noble 340:In 1796 Jefferson challenged 220:Congress of the Confederation 119:, and the rival Jeffersonian 6756:Gazette of the United States 6114:Treaty of Amity and Commerce 5263:United States Bill of Rights 4327:European journey memorandums 4067:State of the Union Addresses 3996:Dunbar and Hunter Expedition 2137:, 13 (January 1956), 40–52, 1897:Political Research Quarterly 1640:Virginia Magazine of History 1584:v.3#3 (April 1898) pp 488–89 1314:Catherine O'Donnell Kaplan, 1244:Elkins and McKitrick, 405–12 1235:Elkins and McKitrick, p. 288 1026:Legitimacy of a party system 937:In 1800, a critical election 381:Gazette of the United States 222:also approving the process. 7: 6583:Mount Adams (New Hampshire, 6515:Jefferson Memorial pediment 6092:Declaration of Independence 6020:Second Continental Congress 5505:The Papers of James Madison 5500:Pacificus-Helvidius Debates 5457:Democratic-Republican Party 5170:Virginia House of Delegates 4935:Cornelia Jefferson Randolph 4667:Thomas Jefferson University 4637:Thomas Jefferson Foundation 4144:Democratic-Republican Party 4062:West Point Military Academy 3854:Declaration of Independence 3804:Second Continental Congress 3193:Presidency of James Madison 3152:Democratic-Republican Party 2451:Journal of American History 1994:NDQ: North Dakota Quarterly 1795:The Republic in Peril: 1812 1732:Journal of American History 1543:(2000) Accessed Dec 03 2013 1419:. SUNY Press. p. 541. 1279:(3rd ed. 1962), pp.113–116 1087: 352:Newspapers as party weapons 281:Democratic-Republican Party 121:Democratic-Republican Party 10: 7020: 6999:1820s in the United States 6994:1810s in the United States 6989:1800s in the United States 6984:1790s in the United States 6261:Naturalization Act of 1798 6239:United States Marine Corps 6032:First Continental Congress 3974:Lewis and Clark Expedition 3198:Presidency of James Monroe 2475:American Historical Review 2365:American Political Thought 2336:State and regional studies 2135:William and Mary Quarterly 1996:(1913) vol 3#3 pp 293–318 1846:William and Mary Quarterly 1830:Chambers, William Nisbet. 1745: 1582:American Historical Review 1560:. Macmillan. p. 180. 1329:William and Mary Quarterly 1174:To the Hartford Convention 483:Party strength in Congress 355: 248: 189: 18: 6925: 6789: 6700: 6647:(1997 documentary series) 6599: 6481: 6416: 6367: 6204: 6173: 6087:Lee Resolution (seconded) 6042: 5972: 5898: 5851: 5781: 5590: 5549: 5531:James Madison and slavery 5518: 5492: 5440:Anti-Administration party 5415: 5355:Seven Buildings residence 5293: 5205:1786 Annapolis Convention 5188: 5126: 5040: 4965:Frederick Madison Roberts 4887:Martha Jefferson Randolph 4873: 4807:(1997 documentary series) 4742: 4567:Thomas Jefferson Building 4535: 4504: 4359: 4298: 4224: 4139:Anti-Administration party 4102: 3949: 3929: 3876:All men are created equal 3822: 3730: 3637: 3594: 3533: 3490: 3435: 3426: 3357: 3211: 3163:Anti-Administration Party 3158: 3093: 3048: 3003: 2966: 2905: 2896: 2849: 2744: 2701: 2643: 2632: 2591: 2304:Early American Literature 2103:Wiltse, Charles Maurice. 2092:10.1215/01455532-30-2-293 1874:Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. 1867:Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. 1860:Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. 1734:Sept, 2010 v. 97# 2 p 476 1554:Robert V. Remini (2008). 1468:Noble E. Cunningham, Jr. 1370:(6th ed. 1988), pp.69–88. 266:Anti-Administration party 216:Constitutional Convention 76: 70: 41: 31: 6426:Early life and education 5622:James Madison University 4860:Wine bottles controversy 4652:Jefferson City, Missouri 4117:Franco-American alliance 2735:Presidency of John Adams 1764:Federalists Reconsidered 19:Not to be confused with 6713:Adams' personal library 6676:(2006 documentary film) 6300:Navy Department Library 6290:Slave Trade Act of 1800 6273:Marine Hospital Service 6256:Alien and Sedition Acts 6251:Mississippi Organic Act 6234:Commerce Protection Act 6064:Continental Association 6059:Boston Massacre defense 5823:Cognitive Madisonianism 5696:James Madison Institute 5146:U.S. Secretary of State 5033:(2nd great-grandfather) 4977:Jane Randolph Jefferson 4929:Ellen Randolph Coolidge 4511:Presidential elections 4414:Jefferson and education 4399:Committee of the States 3890:Consent of the governed 3769:U.S. Minister to France 2417:Politics and Government 2266:Jefferson and the press 2193:Aaron Burr: A Biography 1963:(1980) 74(3): 757–779. 1146:David Hackett Fischer, 870:Alien and Sedition Acts 6718:American Enlightenment 6674:John and Abigail Adams 6655:(2002 animated series) 6280:Bankruptcy Act of 1800 6080:Thoughts on Government 5923:Category:James Madison 5794:American Enlightenment 5172:(1776–1779, 1784–1786) 4815:(2002 animated series) 4647:Monticello Association 4372:American Enlightenment 4333:Indian removal letters 4290:White House Colonnades 4285:Virginia State Capitol 4263:University of Virginia 4149:Jeffersonian democracy 4045:Native American policy 3915:Land Ordinance of 1785 3910:Land Ordinance of 1784 3616:Caesar Augustus Rodney 3178:Jeffersonian democracy 2533:guide to WWW resources 2477:74.2 (1968): 453-491. 2401:McCormick, Richard P. 2228:29.2 (2009): 191–218. 2211:(PublicAffairs, 2006). 2201:Newspapers and authors 2084:Social Science History 1936:Fischer, David Hackett 1899:73.4 (2020): 759–773. 1850:Collier, Christopher. 1822:The First Party System 1664:Richard P. McCormick, 1494:Cunningham, 1957 p 167 1186:Cornell, Saul (1999). 1085: 1069:Jefferson and Hamilton 1058: 1039: 985: 933: 900: 820: 742:Democratic-Republican 707:Democratic-Republican 602:Democratic-Republican 567:Democratic-Republican 473: 418:National Intelligencer 196:Leading nationalists, 174:in the 1830s, and the 105:political party system 6841:Thomas Boylston Adams 6510:John Adams Courthouse 6436:John Adams Birthplace 6219:Quasi War with France 6160:Treaty of Paris, 1783 5654:Madison Square Garden 5627:James Madison College 5526:Early life and career 5340:Burning of Washington 5235:The Federalist Papers 4959:T. Jefferson Coolidge 4955:(great-granddaughter) 4947:John Wayles Jefferson 4692:Jefferson–Jackson Day 4627:David d'Angers statue 4424:Jefferson and slavery 4409:Historical reputation 4112:Early life and career 3844:(initial draft; 1775) 3842:Olive Branch Petition 3381:Joseph Bradley Varnum 2870:Jonathan Trumbull Jr. 2651:Political realignment 2479:online; also in JSTOR 2466:Turner, Lynn Warren; 2453:1993. 79:1371–1396. 2367:11.4 (2022): 525–549. 2143:Cunningham, Noble E. 2004:Luetscher, George D. 1971:Hofstadter, Richard. 1928:Finkelman, Paul, ed. 1914:online free to borrow 1910:The Age of Federalism 1803:Brown, Stuart Gerry. 1717:Francis D. Cogliano, 1443:104.1 (1960): 54-85. 1409:Independent Chronicle 1331:53.2 (1996): 289-318 1080: 1053: 1033: 980: 971:politicians, such as 912: 895: 815: 427: 356:Further information: 249:Further information: 192:The Federalist Papers 190:Further information: 115:, created largely by 7004:Era of Good Feelings 6637:The Adams Chronicles 6069:Petition to the King 5789:Age of Enlightenment 5739:A More Perfect Union 5701:James Madison Museum 5372:Era of Good Feelings 5318:Battle of Tippecanoe 4983:Lucy Jefferson Lewis 4893:Mary Jefferson Eppes 4367:Age of Enlightenment 4001:Red River Expedition 3792:Governor of Virginia 3369:Frederick Muhlenberg 3183:Era of Good Feelings 2862:Frederick Muhlenberg 2626:Seventh Party System 2356:Broussard, James H. 2306:35.1 (2000): 51-86. 2274:Mott, Frank Luther. 2264:Mott, Frank Luther. 2248:11.1 (2008): 7-46. 2234:Humphrey, Carol Sue 2086:2006 30(2):293–324; 2053:Sharp, James Roger. 1908:and Eric McKitrick. 1807:(Syracuse UP, 1954) 1651:Richard J. Purcell, 1121:, for historiography 1006:Era of Good Feelings 996:Era of Good Feelings 211:Annapolis Convention 160:Era of Good Feelings 6931:← George Washington 6814:Abigail Adams Smith 6769:American Revolution 6763:The American Museum 6608:Profiles in Courage 6520:U.S. Postage stamps 6505:John Adams Building 6315:Midnight Judges Act 6285:Indiana Organic Act 5836:The American Museum 5691:James Madison Award 5676:U.S. postage stamps 5474:Library of Congress 5308:Second inauguration 5027:(great-grandfather) 4729:U.S. postage stamps 4697:Currency depictions 4677:Peaks and mountains 4607:Karl Bitter statues 4577:Jefferson Territory 4474:The American Museum 4382:American Revolution 4033:Non-Intercourse Act 4016:Embargo Act of 1807 3920:Northwest Ordinance 3903:Freedom of religion 3573:William H. Crawford 3567:Alexander J. Dallas 3524:William H. Crawford 3512:Alexander J. Dallas 2611:Fourth Party System 2601:Second Party System 2429:Risjord; Norman K. 2422:Risjord, Norman K. 2370:Formisano, Ronald. 2326:Stewart, Donald H. 2292:Pasley, Jeffrey L. 2280:online 1950 edition 2191:Schachner, Nathan. 2067:Smelser, Marshall. 1881:Dawson, Matthew Q. 1686:Jeffrey L. Pasley. 1677:Skeen (1993), p. 77 1634:Norman K. Risjord, 1608:Democratic Republic 1455:Kenneth C. Martis, 1288:Jeffrey L. Pasley, 1275:Frank Luther Mott, 990:Hartford Convention 960:Hartford Convention 493: 301:In 1793, the first 164:Second Party System 28: 6945:Thomas Jefferson → 6938:Thomas Jefferson → 6738:First Party System 6616:American Primitive 6321:Marbury v. Madison 6244:Convention of 1800 6119:Treaty of Alliance 5904:← Thomas Jefferson 5800:Marbury v. Madison 5637:James Madison Park 5632:Madison, Wisconsin 5462:First Party System 5450:Compromise of 1790 5367:Second Barbary War 5303:First inauguration 5241:written by Madison 4989:Randolph Jefferson 4923:George W. Randolph 4917:Thomas J. Randolph 4828:Jefferson's Garden 4788:Jefferson in Paris 4552:Jefferson Memorial 4179:Compromise of 1790 4154:First Party System 4056:Marbury v. Madison 3979:Corps of Discovery 3969:Louisiana Purchase 3677:Samuel L. Southard 3555:John Armstrong Jr. 3506:George W. Campbell 3173:First Party System 2985:Oliver Wolcott Jr. 2977:Alexander Hamilton 2721:First Party System 2621:Sixth Party System 2616:Fifth Party System 2606:Third Party System 2596:First Party System 2529:2015-08-01 at the 2459:Tinkcom, Harry M. 2319:Stagg, Allison M. 2312:Rollins, Richard. 2278:(1962) pp 113–214 2268:(LSU Press, 1943) 2254:Knudson, Jerry W. 1888:Dinkin, Robert J. 1856:for middle schools 1769:Beard, Charles A. 1708:Image of Jefferson 1040: 1036:John Lewis Krimmel 491: 405:Columbian Centinel 258:Alexander Hamilton 202:Alexander Hamilton 117:Alexander Hamilton 101:First Party System 27:First Party System 26: 6966: 6965: 6853:Charles Adams Sr. 6820:John Quincy Adams 6692:(2024 miniseries) 6684:(2015 miniseries) 6639:(1976 miniseries) 6494:List of memorials 6310:Treaty of Tripoli 6305:Treaty of Tellico 6102:Committee of Five 5932: 5931: 5871:James Madison Sr. 5773:(2020 miniseries) 5345:The Octagon House 5086: 5085: 4953:Sarah N. Randolph 4856:(2020 miniseries) 4823:(2008 miniseries) 4657:Jefferson College 4617:Louisville statue 4587:Jefferson Lecture 4040:First Barbary War 3989:Empire of Liberty 3931:French Revolution 3860:Committee of Five 3827:the United States 3690: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3610:John Breckinridge 3481:John Quincy Adams 3411:Philip P. Barbour 3118: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3104:Benjamin Stoddert 3022:Timothy Pickering 2932:Timothy Pickering 2886:Theodore Sedgwick 2661: 2660: 2485:Young, Alfred F. 2394:Leonard, Gerald. 2377:Fox, Dixon Ryan. 2342:Banner, James M. 2048:Embracing Dissent 1978:Kerber, Linda K. 1947:Yale Law Journal. 1885:Greenwood, (2000) 1840:Charles, Joseph. 1699:Wood (2009) ch. 4 1357:Mott, pp.113–142. 1264:Political Parties 776: 775: 346:Electoral College 332:to negotiate the 307:French Revolution 206:Benjamin Franklin 198:George Washington 153:George Washington 97: 96: 72: 66: 65: 7011: 6955: 6954: 6889:Susanna Boylston 6879:(great-grandson) 6873:(great-grandson) 6867:(great-grandson) 6779:Founding Fathers 6728:Federalist Party 6668:2008 miniseries) 6148:Conference House 6136:Continental Navy 6035: 6023: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5984: 5959: 5952: 5945: 5936: 5935: 5921: 5920: 5843:Virginia dynasty 5818:Madisonian model 5807:National Gazette 5731:Magnificent Doll 5285:Founding Fathers 5181: 5173: 5165: 5157: 5149: 5138: 5113: 5106: 5099: 5090: 5089: 5075: 5074: 5025:William Randolph 4967:(great-grandson) 4961:(great-grandson) 4881:Martha Jefferson 4796:Thomas Jefferson 4702:Jefferson nickel 4687:Other placenames 4612:Hempstead statue 4491:Virginia dynasty 4445:National Gazette 4134:Ratification Day 3870:physical history 3815: 3807: 3795: 3784: 3772: 3764: 3753: 3742: 3724:Thomas Jefferson 3717: 3710: 3703: 3694: 3693: 3604:Levi Lincoln Sr. 3596:Attorney General 3451:Levi Lincoln Sr. 3445:Thomas Jefferson 3433: 3432: 3145: 3138: 3131: 3122: 3121: 3107: 3086: 3078: 3070: 3067:William Bradford 3062: 3050:Attorney General 3041: 3033: 3025: 3017: 2996: 2988: 2980: 2959: 2951: 2943: 2935: 2927: 2919: 2903: 2902: 2889: 2881: 2873: 2865: 2842: 2827: 2812: 2797: 2782: 2767: 2737: 2730: 2723: 2716: 2709: 2695:Federalist Party 2688: 2681: 2674: 2665: 2664: 2638: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2548: 2547: 2408:Prince, Carl E. 2214:Durey, Michael. 2184:Miller, John C. 2130:(1995), to 1795; 2126:Banning, Lance. 2110:Wood, Gordon S. 2012:Miller, John C. 1998:full text online 1932:(2005), 1600 pp. 1892:(Greenwood 1989) 1793:Brown, Roger H. 1752:Banning, Lance. 1735: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1706: 1700: 1697: 1691: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1643: 1632: 1626: 1616: 1610: 1604: 1598: 1591: 1585: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1551: 1545: 1536: 1530: 1523: 1517: 1510: 1504: 1501: 1495: 1492: 1486: 1483:Opposition Press 1479: 1473: 1466: 1460: 1453: 1447: 1437: 1431: 1430: 1406: 1400: 1390: 1384: 1377: 1371: 1364: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1342: 1336: 1325: 1319: 1312: 1306: 1299: 1293: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1267: 1260: 1254: 1251: 1245: 1242: 1236: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1215: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1183: 1177: 1170: 1164: 1157: 1151: 1144: 1138: 1135: 826:, party leaders 494: 490: 411:Benjamin Russell 393:National Gazette 273:Federalist Party 262:Thomas Jefferson 235:Anti-Federalists 172:Democratic Party 133:Republican Party 125:Thomas Jefferson 113:Federalist Party 91: 87: 82: 71: 43: 42: 36: 29: 25: 21:One-party system 7019: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7012: 7010: 7009: 7008: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6921: 6911:daughter-in-law 6903:(second cousin) 6847:George W. Adams 6785: 6696: 6682:Sons of Liberty 6600:Popular culture 6595: 6562:President Adams 6529:(1783 painting) 6526:Treaty of Paris 6477: 6418: 6412: 6401:Founders Online 6363: 6200: 6169: 6097:May 15 preamble 6074:United Colonies 6045: 6044:Founding of the 6038: 6026: 6014: 6006: 5998: 5987: 5976: 5968: 5963: 5933: 5928: 5894: 5889:Ambrose Madison 5883:William Madison 5877:Eleanor Madison 5865:John Payne Todd 5847: 5777: 5593:popular culture 5592: 5586: 5545: 5514: 5510:Founders Online 5488: 5417: 5411: 5350:Treaty of Ghent 5289: 5191: 5190:"Father of the 5184: 5176: 5168: 5160: 5152: 5141: 5130: 5122: 5117: 5087: 5082: 5053:James Madison → 5036: 4971:Peter Jefferson 4937:(granddaughter) 4931:(granddaughter) 4905:Madison Hemings 4899:Harriet Hemings 4869: 4745: 4738: 4707:Two-dollar bill 4572:Jefferson River 4537: 4531: 4500: 4439:Pet mockingbird 4419:Religious views 4355: 4351:Founders Online 4294: 4227: 4220: 4105:accomplishments 4104: 4098: 4050:Burr conspiracy 4011:Cumberland Road 4006:Pike Expedition 3945: 3925: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3810: 3798: 3787: 3775: 3767: 3756: 3745: 3734: 3726: 3721: 3691: 3682: 3633: 3622:William Pinkney 3590: 3585:John C. Calhoun 3529: 3500:Albert Gallatin 3486: 3422: 3375:Nathaniel Macon 3360: 3353: 3214: 3207: 3168:Anti-Federalism 3154: 3149: 3119: 3110: 3102: 3089: 3081: 3073: 3065: 3059:Edmund Randolph 3057: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3012: 2999: 2991: 2983: 2975: 2962: 2954: 2946: 2938: 2930: 2924:Edmund Randolph 2922: 2914: 2892: 2884: 2878:Jonathan Dayton 2876: 2868: 2860: 2852: 2845: 2830: 2815: 2800: 2785: 2770: 2755: 2747: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2719: 2714:American School 2712: 2705: 2697: 2692: 2662: 2657: 2647:Cyclical theory 2639: 2630: 2587: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2531:Wayback Machine 2520: 2515: 2497: 2495:Primary sources 2492: 2387:Goodman, Paul. 2338: 2333: 2203: 2198: 2153:Malone, Dumas. 2122: 2117: 2096:Wilentz, Sean. 1906:Elkins, Stanley 1813:Buel, Richard. 1748: 1743: 1741:Further reading 1738: 1729: 1725: 1721:(2006) pp 4-14. 1716: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1663: 1659: 1650: 1646: 1633: 1629: 1617: 1613: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1552: 1548: 1537: 1533: 1524: 1520: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1489: 1480: 1476: 1467: 1463: 1454: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1427: 1407: 1403: 1391: 1387: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1344:Marcus Daniel, 1343: 1339: 1326: 1322: 1313: 1309: 1300: 1296: 1287: 1283: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1184: 1180: 1171: 1167: 1158: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1090: 1071: 1028: 1023: 998: 968: 908: 890:Albert Gallatin 886: 845: 836:John J. Beckley 828:Albert Gallatin 781: 485: 477:Reign of Terror 472: 469: 467: 465: 463: 461: 459: 454: 452: 451: 449: 443: 441: 439: 437: 435: 433: 431: 360: 354: 253: 247: 194: 188: 93: 89: 85: 77: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7017: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6941: 6934: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6918: 6917: 6912: 6904: 6898: 6892: 6886: 6883:John Adams Sr. 6880: 6874: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6830: 6825: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6809: 6804: 6795: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6766: 6759: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6733:Federalist Era 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6704: 6702: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6694: 6686: 6678: 6670: 6665: 6657: 6653:Liberty's Kids 6649: 6641: 6633: 6628: 6620: 6612: 6603: 6601: 6597: 6596: 6594: 6593: 6588: 6580: 6575: 6566: 6557: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6499:Adams Memorial 6496: 6491: 6485: 6483: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6403: 6398: 6391: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6371: 6369: 6368:Other writings 6365: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6341: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6277: 6276: 6275: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6231: 6226: 6216: 6210: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6177: 6175: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6151: 6150: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6128: 6123: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6089: 6084: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6024: 6012: 6004: 5996: 5985: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5962: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5939: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5914: 5911:James Monroe → 5907: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5859:Dolley Madison 5855: 5853: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5840: 5832: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5815: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5767: 5751: 5747:Liberty's Kids 5743: 5735: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5671:Madison Street 5668: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5649:Madison Square 5646: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5617: 5607: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5522: 5520: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5494: 5493:Other writings 5490: 5489: 5487: 5486: 5484:Report of 1800 5481: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5418:accomplisments 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5313:Tecumseh's War 5310: 5305: 5299: 5297: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5280:Tariff of 1789 5277: 5272: 5271: 5270: 5268:27th amendment 5260: 5255: 5254: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5231: 5230: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5207: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5182: 5174: 5166: 5158: 5150: 5139: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5116: 5115: 5108: 5101: 5093: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5049: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5019:Isham Randolph 5016: 5015:(grand-nephew) 5013:Dabney S. Carr 5010: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4884: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4832: 4824: 4816: 4812:Liberty's Kids 4808: 4800: 4792: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4767: 4759: 4750: 4748: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4694: 4689: 4684: 4682:Jefferson Rock 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4557:Mount Rushmore 4554: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4448: 4441: 4436: 4434:Jefferson Pier 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4310: 4302: 4300: 4299:Other writings 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4278:Jefferson Hall 4275: 4270: 4260: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4243: 4238: 4232: 4230: 4222: 4221: 4219: 4218: 4211: 4206: 4204:Jefferson disk 4201: 4199:American Creed 4196: 4188: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4171: 4163: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4130: 4129: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4085: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3955: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3944: 3943: 3935: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3923: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3851: 3845: 3839: 3830: 3828: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3796: 3785: 3773: 3765: 3754: 3743: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3705: 3697: 3688: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3680: 3674: 3671:Smith Thompson 3668: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3549:William Eustis 3546: 3543:Henry Dearborn 3539: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3528: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3485: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3441: 3439: 3430: 3424: 3423: 3421: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3405:John W. Taylor 3402: 3396: 3393:Langdon Cheves 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3324: 3311: 3298: 3285: 3272: 3259: 3246: 3233: 3219: 3217: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3133: 3125: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3109: 3108: 3099: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3042: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3009: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2981: 2972: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2960: 2952: 2944: 2936: 2928: 2920: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2890: 2882: 2874: 2866: 2857: 2855: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2828: 2813: 2798: 2783: 2768: 2752: 2750: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2738: 2731: 2724: 2717: 2710: 2707:Federalist Era 2702: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2690: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2659: 2658: 2644: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2592: 2589: 2588: 2574: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2519: 2518:External links 2516: 2514: 2513: 2506: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2383:online edition 2375: 2368: 2361: 2354: 2347: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2324: 2317: 2310: 2300: 2290: 2282: 2272: 2262: 2259: 2252: 2242: 2239: 2232: 2222: 2212: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2151: 2141: 2131: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2094: 2080: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2034: 2027: 2020: 2010: 2001: 1990: 1983: 1976: 1969: 1957: 1956:(1967), 56–89. 1950: 1943: 1933: 1926: 1916: 1903: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1848: 1838: 1828: 1818: 1811: 1801: 1791: 1784: 1777: 1767: 1760: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1723: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1679: 1670: 1657: 1644: 1627: 1611: 1599: 1595:Federalist Era 1586: 1573: 1566: 1557:Andrew Jackson 1546: 1531: 1527:Federalist Era 1518: 1514:Federalist Era 1505: 1496: 1487: 1474: 1461: 1448: 1432: 1425: 1401: 1385: 1383:(2007) p. 281. 1372: 1359: 1350: 1337: 1320: 1307: 1301:Eve Kornfeld, 1294: 1281: 1268: 1255: 1246: 1237: 1228: 1216: 1203: 1196: 1178: 1165: 1152: 1139: 1137:Chambers, 1972 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1094:Federalist Era 1089: 1086: 1070: 1067: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1021:Historiography 1019: 1017:some offices. 997: 994: 973:Thomas Ritchie 967: 964: 907: 904: 888:Jefferson and 885: 882: 844: 841: 780: 777: 774: 773: 770: 767: 764: 761: 758: 755: 752: 749: 746: 743: 739: 738: 735: 732: 729: 726: 723: 720: 717: 714: 711: 708: 704: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 669: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 650: 647: 644: 641: 638: 634: 633: 630: 627: 624: 621: 618: 615: 612: 609: 606: 603: 599: 598: 595: 592: 589: 586: 583: 580: 577: 574: 571: 568: 564: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 529: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 484: 481: 428: 423: 422: 414: 401: 398:Philip Freneau 389: 353: 350: 311:King Louis XVI 296:George Clinton 246: 243: 239:Bill of Rights 214:), called the 187: 184: 95: 94: 83: 74: 73: 68: 67: 64: 63: 57: 46: 39: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7016: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6976: 6974: 6959: 6958: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6940: 6939: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6927: 6924: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6865:John Q. Adams 6863: 6860: 6859:John Adams II 6857: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6835:Charles Adams 6833: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6808: 6807:Quincy family 6805: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6799:Abigail Adams 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6788: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6757: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6743:republicanism 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6723:Congress Hall 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6626:(1969 musical 6625: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6611: 6610:(1964 series) 6609: 6605: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6451:Stone Library 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6415: 6409: 6408: 6407:Gray v. Pitts 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6323: 6322: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6281: 6278: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6046:United States 6041: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5993: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5948: 5946: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5925: 5924: 5915: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5897: 5891:(grandfather) 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5813:Paul Jennings 5811: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5750: 5749:(2002 series) 5748: 5744: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5728: 5726: 5725: 5724:James Madison 5720: 5718: 5717: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5708:James Madison 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5666:Mount Madison 5664: 5662: 5661:Madison River 5659: 5655: 5652: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5589: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5523: 5521: 5517: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5491: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5467:republicanism 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5446: 5445:Residence Act 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5335:Henry letters 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5292: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5215:Virginia Plan 5213: 5212: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5192:Constitution" 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5133: 5129: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5120:James Madison 5114: 5109: 5107: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5079: 5078: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5048: 5047: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5032: 5029: 5026: 5023: 5021:(grandfather) 5020: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4941:Francis Eppes 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4912: 4911:Eston Hemings 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4837: 4836: 4833: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4771: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4760: 4757: 4756: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4695: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4642:Jefferson Lab 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4534: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4496:Ward republic 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4461:Betty Hemings 4459: 4457: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4451:Sally Hemings 4449: 4447: 4446: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4315: 4311: 4309: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4258:Poplar Forest 4256: 4252: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4236:Barboursville 4234: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4175: 4174:Residence Act 4172: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4159:republicanism 4157: 4155: 4152: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4018: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3899: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3831: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3706: 3704: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3659:William Jones 3657: 3654: 3653:Paul Hamilton 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3629: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3593: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3579:George Graham 3577: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3518:William Jones 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3489: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3457:James Madison 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3350: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3210: 3204: 3203:Tertium quids 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3123: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3038:Samuel Dexter 3035: 3031: 3030:James McHenry 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2993:Samuel Dexter 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2948:John Marshall 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2848: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2700: 2696: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2669: 2666: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2642: 2637: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2572: 2567: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2511: 2507: 2504: 2500: 2499: 2488: 2484: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2428: 2425: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2373: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2329: 2325: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2260: 2257: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2175:0-316-54480-9 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:0-316-54469-8 2160: 2156: 2152: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2113: 2109: 2106: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2078: 2077:0-06-131406-4 2074: 2070: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2008:(1903) online 2007: 2002: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1981: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919:Ferling, John 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1674: 1667: 1661: 1655:1963. p. 190. 1654: 1648: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1625: 1621: 1615: 1609: 1603: 1596: 1590: 1583: 1577: 1569: 1567:9780230614703 1563: 1559: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1535: 1528: 1522: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1491: 1484: 1478: 1471: 1465: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1442: 1436: 1428: 1426:9780873950428 1422: 1418: 1417: 1410: 1405: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1369: 1363: 1354: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1317: 1311: 1304: 1298: 1291: 1285: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1259: 1250: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1221: 1213: 1207: 1199: 1193: 1189: 1182: 1175: 1169: 1162: 1156: 1149: 1143: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1079: 1077: 1066: 1064: 1057: 1052: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1032: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 993: 991: 984: 979: 976: 974: 966:State parties 963: 961: 956: 954: 950: 944: 942: 941:John Marshall 938: 932: 930: 926: 922: 918: 911: 903: 899: 894: 891: 884:National debt 881: 879: 875: 871: 866: 862: 857: 855: 851: 840: 837: 833: 832:Thomas Cooper 829: 825: 824:William Duane 819: 814: 811: 807: 803: 798: 793: 791: 790:secret ballot 786: 771: 768: 765: 762: 759: 756: 753: 750: 747: 744: 741: 740: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 715: 712: 709: 706: 705: 701: 698: 695: 692: 689: 686: 683: 680: 677: 674: 671: 670: 666: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 635: 631: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 610: 607: 604: 601: 600: 596: 593: 590: 587: 584: 581: 578: 575: 572: 569: 566: 565: 561: 558: 555: 552: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 530: 526: 523: 520: 517: 514: 511: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 495: 489: 480: 478: 471: 458: 447: 426: 420: 419: 415: 412: 408: 406: 402: 399: 395: 394: 390: 387: 383: 382: 378: 377: 376: 372: 368: 366: 359: 349: 347: 343: 338: 335: 331: 326: 323: 322:war broke out 318: 316: 315:Citizen Genêt 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 289: 284: 282: 278: 277:Patrick Henry 274: 269: 267: 263: 259: 252: 242: 240: 236: 232: 227: 225: 224:James Madison 221: 217: 213: 212: 207: 203: 199: 193: 183: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 156: 154: 150: 146: 145:republicanism 140: 136: 134: 130: 129:James Madison 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 109:United States 106: 102: 81: 75: 69: 62: → 61: 58: 56: 55: 51: 47: 45: 44: 40: 35: 30: 22: 6950: 6936: 6929: 6907:Louisa Adams 6901:Samuel Adams 6877:Brooks Adams 6791:Adams family 6761: 6754: 6737: 6689: 6681: 6673: 6660: 6652: 6644: 6636: 6623: 6615: 6607: 6570: 6561: 6552: 6543: 6534: 6524: 6489:Bibliography 6405: 6393: 6386: 6319: 6214:Inauguration 6126:Board of War 6109:Model Treaty 6079: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5835: 5805: 5798: 5770: 5753: 5746: 5738: 5729: 5723: 5715: 5707: 5600:Bibliography 5461: 5233: 5224: 5070: 5064:Aaron Burr → 5060:← John Adams 5051: 5046:← John Adams 5044: 4851: 4840:2015 musical 4834: 4826: 4818: 4810: 4802: 4794: 4786: 4775:1969 musical 4769: 4766:(1953 short) 4761: 4755:The Patriots 4753: 4547:Bibliography 4473: 4443: 4337: 4312: 4305: 4228:architecture 4226:Jeffersonian 4213: 4209:Swivel chair 4190: 4165: 4153: 4054: 4025: 4021: 3833: 3825:documents of 3647:Robert Smith 3628:William Wirt 3561:James Monroe 3469:James Monroe 3463:Robert Smith 3428:U.S. Cabinet 3213:Presidential 3172: 3083:Richard Rush 2956:Richard Rush 2898:U.S. Cabinet 2746:Presidential 2720: 2595: 2509: 2502: 2486: 2474: 2467: 2460: 2450: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2357: 2350: 2343: 2327: 2320: 2313: 2303: 2293: 2285: 2275: 2265: 2255: 2245: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2208: 2207:Bums, Eric. 2192: 2185: 2178: 2166: 2154: 2144: 2134: 2127: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2083: 2068: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2037: 2030: 2023: 2013: 2005: 1993: 1986: 1979: 1972: 1960: 1953: 1946: 1939: 1929: 1922: 1909: 1896: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1851: 1845: 1841: 1831: 1821: 1814: 1804: 1794: 1787: 1780: 1770: 1763: 1753: 1731: 1726: 1718: 1713: 1704: 1695: 1687: 1682: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1652: 1647: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1597:, pp. 251–77 1594: 1589: 1581: 1576: 1556: 1549: 1540: 1534: 1526: 1521: 1513: 1508: 1499: 1490: 1482: 1477: 1472:(1963) p 129 1469: 1464: 1456: 1451: 1440: 1435: 1415: 1408: 1404: 1393: 1388: 1380: 1379:Eric Burns, 1375: 1367: 1362: 1353: 1345: 1340: 1328: 1323: 1315: 1310: 1302: 1297: 1289: 1284: 1276: 1271: 1263: 1258: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1211: 1206: 1187: 1181: 1173: 1168: 1160: 1155: 1150:(1965) p 116 1147: 1142: 1133: 1081: 1076:Sean Wilentz 1072: 1059: 1054: 1045: 1041: 1015: 1010:James Monroe 999: 986: 981: 977: 969: 957: 945: 934: 913: 909: 901: 896: 887: 874:Matthew Lyon 858: 846: 821: 816: 794: 782: 486: 474: 456: 445: 429: 424: 416: 403: 391: 379: 373: 369: 365:Noah Webster 361: 339: 327: 319: 300: 288:John Beckley 285: 270: 254: 228: 209: 195: 157: 141: 137: 123:, formed by 100: 98: 48: 6895:Elihu Adams 6871:Henry Adams 6618:(1969 play) 6586:Washington) 6022:(1775–1778) 6010:(1782–1788) 6002:(1785–1788) 5994:(1789–1797) 5983:(1797–1801) 5741:(1989 film) 5734:(1946 film) 5416:Other noted 5325:War of 1812 5164:(1781–1783) 5156:(1789–1797) 5148:(1801–1809) 5137:(1809–1817) 5031:Henry Soane 5007:Dabney Carr 5001:Samuel Carr 4831:(2015 play) 4799:(1997 film) 4791:(1995 film) 4758:(1946 play) 4481:Tufton Farm 4268:The Rotunda 4103:Other noted 3938:Co-author, 3806:(1775–1776) 3794:(1779–1781) 3783:(1783–1784) 3771:(1785–1789) 3763:(1790–1793) 3752:(1797–1801) 3741:(1801–1809) 3679:(1823–1825) 3673:(1819–1823) 3667:(1815–1818) 3661:(1813–1814) 3655:(1809–1813) 3649:(1801–1809) 3630:(1817–1825) 3624:(1811–1814) 3618:(1807–1811) 3612:(1805–1806) 3606:(1801–1805) 3587:(1817–1825) 3581:(1816–1817) 3575:(1815–1816) 3563:(1814–1815) 3557:(1813–1814) 3551:(1809–1813) 3545:(1801–1809) 3526:(1816–1825) 3514:(1814–1816) 3502:(1801–1814) 3483:(1817–1825) 3475:John Graham 3471:(1811–1817) 3465:(1809–1811) 3459:(1801–1809) 3447:(1790–1794) 3419:(1823–1825) 3413:(1821–1823) 3407:(1820–1821) 3401:(1815–1820) 3395:(1814–1815) 3389:(1811–1814) 3383:(1807–1811) 3377:(1801–1807) 3371:(1793–1795) 3106:(1798–1801) 3085:(1814–1817) 3077:(1795–1801) 3075:Charles Lee 3069:(1794–1795) 3061:(1789–1794) 3040:(1800–1801) 3032:(1796–1800) 3016:(1789–1795) 2987:(1795–1801) 2979:(1789–1795) 2950:(1800–1801) 2940:Charles Lee 2934:(1795–1800) 2926:(1794–1795) 2918:(1789–1790) 2888:(1799–1801) 2880:(1795–1799) 2872:(1791–1793) 2864:(1789–1791) 2806:C. Pinckney 2791:C. Pinckney 2780:C. Pinckney 2765:T. Pinckney 2120:Biographies 1668:(1966) ch 1 1503:Tinkcom 271 1226:Wood (2009) 1214:(1970) ch 2 1002:War of 1812 953:War of 1812 854:War of 1812 802:Fisher Ames 785:Connecticut 672:Federalist 532:Federalist 231:Federalists 6973:Categories 6915:first lady 6861:(grandson) 6855:(grandson) 6849:(grandson) 6828:presidency 6816:(daughter) 6663:(2001 book 6661:John Adams 6631:1972 film) 6571:John Adams 6544:John Adams 6501:(proposed) 6446:Peacefield 6224:XYZ Affair 6206:Presidency 5966:John Adams 5771:Washington 5591:Legacy and 5541:Montpelier 5295:Presidency 4995:Peter Carr 4949:(grandson) 4943:(grandson) 4925:(grandson) 4919:(grandson) 4901:(daughter) 4895:(daughter) 4889:(daughter) 4853:Washington 4820:John Adams 4763:Ben and Me 4746:depictions 4536:Legacy and 4246:Monticello 4241:Farmington 4022:Chesapeake 3959:Transition 3951:Presidency 3417:Henry Clay 3399:Henry Clay 3387:Henry Clay 3359:U.S. House 3014:Henry Knox 2851:U.S. House 2655:Psephology 2645:See also: 1262:Chambers, 1197:0807847860 1163:pp 267–97. 1126:References 929:anarchists 865:XYZ Affair 850:Jay Treaty 810:terrorists 797:newspapers 386:John Fenno 342:John Adams 334:Jay Treaty 180:Whig Party 176:Henry Clay 168:Jacksonian 149:Jay Treaty 6897:(brother) 6174:Elections 6165:Diplomacy 5885:(brother) 5867:(stepson) 5605:Memorials 5550:Elections 4991:(brother) 4845:2020 film 4780:1972 film 4539:memorials 4505:Elections 4342:(c. 1819) 4215:Megalonyx 3253:Jefferson 3240:Jefferson 3227:Jefferson 2825:Ingersoll 1606:Smelser, 1529:pp 210–43 1516:pp 165–78 1481:Stewart, 861:Quasi-War 320:In 1793, 6957:Category 6891:(mother) 6885:(father) 6774:patriots 6690:Franklin 6645:Liberty! 6417:Life and 6028:Delegate 6016:Delegate 5879:(mother) 5873:(father) 5838:magazine 5755:Hamilton 5077:Category 5009:(nephew) 5003:(nephew) 4997:(nephew) 4985:(sister) 4979:(mother) 4973:(father) 4835:Hamilton 4804:Liberty! 4744:Cultural 4562:Birthday 4476:magazine 4387:patriots 4273:The Lawn 3984:timeline 3865:authored 3823:Founding 3800:Delegate 3777:Delegate 3492:Treasury 3361:speakers 3336:Crawford 3309:Tompkins 3296:Tompkins 2968:Treasury 2916:John Jay 2853:speakers 2527:Archived 2139:in JSTOR 2071:(1968) ( 1968:parties. 1965:in JSTOR 1624:in JSTOR 1593:Miller, 1525:Miller, 1512:Miller, 1485:, p. 622 1172:Banner, 1088:See also 1008:" under 925:jacobins 330:John Jay 292:John Jay 103:was the 6701:Related 6354:Cabinet 6030:to the 6018:to the 5782:Related 5760:musical 5716:Madison 5402:Cabinet 5360:results 5330:origins 4602:Statues 4360:Related 4251:gardens 4127:history 4089:Cabinet 4026:Leopard 3856:(1776) 3802:to the 3779:to the 3349:Sanford 3331:Calhoun 3327:Jackson 3322:Calhoun 3279:Madison 3270:Clinton 3266:Madison 3257:Clinton 3215:tickets 2821:Clinton 2748:tickets 2470:(1983). 2346:(1970). 2296:(2003) 2289:Bailyn. 2250:excerpt 2169:vol 4 ( 2147:(1987) 1854:(1999) 1824:(1972) 1773:(1915) 1756:(1978) 1746:General 1159:Morris 949:embargo 806:Jacobin 637:Senate 371:other. 107:in the 6574:(1963) 6565:(1941) 6556:(1874) 6547:(1799) 6538:(1799) 6482:Legacy 6082:(1776) 6034:(1774) 5861:(wife) 5852:Family 5615:statue 5251:No. 51 5246:No. 10 5180:(1776) 4883:(wife) 4874:Family 4329:(1787) 4323:(1786) 4317:(1785) 4195:(1801) 4170:(1790) 4028:affair 3942:(1789) 3922:(1787) 3850:(1775) 3838:(1774) 3814:(1776) 3569:(1815) 3520:(1816) 3508:(1814) 3477:(1817) 3453:(1801) 3305:Monroe 3292:Monroe 3024:(1795) 2995:(1801) 2958:(1817) 2942:(1800) 2840:Howard 2489:(1967) 2463:(1950) 2455:online 2445:online 2426:(1965) 2412:(1967) 2398:(2002) 2391:(1964) 2374:(1983) 2360:(1978) 2308:online 2298:online 2270:online 2238:(1996) 2230:online 2220:online 2173: 2161: 2149:online 2114:(2009) 2107:(1935) 2075: 2018:online 1982:(1970) 1975:(1970) 1901:online 1878:(1978) 1836:online 1826:online 1817:(1972) 1809:online 1799:online 1783:(2000) 1775:online 1758:online 1690:(2003) 1564: 1445:online 1423: 1398:online 1348:(2009) 1333:online 1292:(2003) 1194: 1038:, 1815 917:Tories 497:House 90:orange 60:Second 6843:(son) 6837:(son) 6553:Adams 6535:Adams 6419:homes 6344:1800) 5706:USRC 5397:1816) 4913:(son) 4907:(son) 3437:State 3340:Macon 3318:Adams 3283:Gerry 2907:State 2776:Adams 2761:Adams 2165:); 1318:2008) 1266:p. 80 1063:Quids 921:Whigs 667:1806 664:1804 661:1802 658:1800 655:1798 652:1796 649:1794 646:1792 643:1790 640:1788 527:1806 524:1804 521:1802 518:1800 515:1798 512:1796 509:1794 506:1792 503:1790 500:1788 446:fraud 208:(see 86:Green 6803:wife 6624:1776 6569:USS 6560:USS 6551:USS 6542:USS 6533:USS 6339:1799 6334:1798 6196:1800 6191:1796 6186:1792 5764:film 5722:USS 5714:USS 5582:1812 5572:1794 5567:1792 5562:1790 5519:Life 5392:1815 5387:1814 4770:1776 4525:1804 4520:1800 4515:1796 4082:1805 4077:1802 4072:1801 3639:Navy 3345:Clay 3314:1824 3301:1820 3288:1816 3275:1812 3262:1808 3249:1804 3244:Burr 3236:1800 3231:Burr 3223:1796 3095:Navy 2836:King 2832:1816 2817:1812 2810:King 2802:1808 2795:King 2787:1804 2772:1800 2757:1796 2171:ISBN 2159:ISBN 2157:v 3( 2073:ISBN 1562:ISBN 1421:ISBN 1192:ISBN 868:The 830:and 772:82% 769:79% 766:74% 763:53% 760:31% 757:31% 754:34% 751:47% 748:45% 745:31% 632:83% 629:82% 626:73% 623:63% 620:43% 617:46% 614:56% 611:51% 608:43% 605:43% 597:118 594:116 591:103 457:Goat 204:and 127:and 99:The 54:1824 50:1792 6824:son 5989:1st 5978:2nd 5143:5th 5132:4th 3789:2nd 3758:1st 3747:2nd 3736:3rd 3535:War 3005:War 2177:); 2088:doi 737:28 734:27 731:25 728:17 725:10 722:10 719:11 716:14 713:13 693:15 690:22 687:22 684:21 681:16 678:16 675:18 588:65 585:46 582:49 579:59 576:54 573:30 570:28 562:24 559:25 556:39 553:38 550:60 547:57 544:47 541:51 538:39 535:37 135:). 6975:: 5762:, 3316:: 3303:: 3290:: 3277:: 3264:: 3251:: 3238:: 3225:: 2834:: 2819:: 2804:: 2789:: 2774:: 2759:: 2653:· 2649:· 1938:. 1921:; 1219:^ 927:, 923:, 856:. 710:8 702:6 699:7 696:9 283:. 200:, 182:. 5958:e 5951:t 5944:v 5766:) 5758:( 5112:e 5105:t 5098:v 4024:– 3892:" 3888:" 3885:" 3881:" 3878:" 3874:" 3716:e 3709:t 3702:v 3347:/ 3338:/ 3329:/ 3320:/ 3307:/ 3294:/ 3281:/ 3268:/ 3255:/ 3242:/ 3229:/ 3144:e 3137:t 3130:v 2838:/ 2823:/ 2808:/ 2793:/ 2778:/ 2763:/ 2687:e 2680:t 2673:v 2570:e 2563:t 2556:v 2090:: 1570:. 1429:. 1335:. 1200:. 448:, 407:. 52:– 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

First Party System

Index