135:, and even their ability to learn new software. The study demonstrates the power of psychological flexibility in the workplace: psychologically flexible workers have better mental health and job performance. Allowing workers more job control could increase work productivity by increasing the workers' psychological flexibility. In leadership studies, flexibility, defined as "the ability to get along with different groups and adapt to the demands of many organizations," is one aspect of
65:. This test found that higher levels of avoidance are linked to higher levels of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, fears, and a lower quality of life. AAQ also measures avoidant coping and self-deceptive positivity. It was later decided that the AAQ actually measured psychological flexibility, not experiential avoidance. It was used until the AAQ-II was created.
131:, which suggests that people have more psychological flexibility when they have more control over their jobs. This is likely due to workers feeling less restricted in what they can do and more empowered to solve problems. A longitudinal study on psychological flexibility and job control showed that these variables predicted workers' mental health,
935:
ensures that we are constantly attempting to make the decision most advantageous to our well-being in terms of how we currently perceive ourselves and the situation. Thus the growth tendency is constantly pushing the organism toward adaptive flexibility and need satisfaction in a specific context. As
103:
predicted low psychological flexibility in children. Parents who over-control their children tend to restrict how well their children cope with stressors. Also, children with more psychological flexibility in 9th grade were more likely to have decreases in authoritarian and increases in authoritative
73:
The AAQ-II was developed in order to improve upon the faults of the AAQ, which included scale brevity, item wording, and item selection procedures that caused insufficient alpha levels to be obtained in measurements. AAQ-II scores predict many outcomes, including mental health and work absence rates.
236:
teaches people to take actions in deliberate furtherance of qualities they choose. An example is somebody who chooses to continue to improve on being a father (chosen quality) by reliving painful childhood memories about how his own father parented him (action). The purpose is not to encourage pain,
1020:
Are there ways in which we can increase the flexibility and diversity of the cognitive and emotional aspects of our spontaneous thought? Practices geared toward changing both the content and process of spontaneous thought are as ancient as their scientific study is newāsuch techniques have existed
207:
teaches people to not take their thoughts as literally true in order to decrease the believability of negative thoughts and increase flexibility to behave as they want. An example of cognitive defusion would be when someone thinks "I am the worst," and then notices the thought for what it isāmere
147:
The ability to cope and be flexible is positively associated with psychological health. Flexibility reduces depression, anxiety, and stress. An experiment analyzed the relationship between difficulty identifying and describing feelings (DIDF) and psychological flexibility in men undergoing cancer
155:
A two-year longitudinal study found that psychological flexibility helps with long-term emotional adjustment. People who are better able to enhance and suppress their expression of emotions are less likely to be stressed over time. People with more psychological flexibility also have greater
110:
seem to be associated with psychological flexibility in children. Authoritative parents tend to be more warm, fair, and encouraging than those with other parenting styles, which may be why children raised by this style have more psychological flexibility. Such children are encouraged to be
77:
Laboratory measures of flexibility are consistent with how flexible people are in their actual lives. The validity of the AAQ has again been brought into question, primarily by inconsistent results. Studies have shown that both versions of the AAQ appear to measure the same thing, which is
984:
We have mentioned empirically based interventions that describe the cultivation of flexibility as a therapeutic aim... However even when psychological interventions do not explicitly discuss flexibility as an aim of treatment (e.g., behavioral activation, cognitive therapy, interpersonal
383:
Hayes, Steven; Strosahl, Kirk; Wilson, Kelly; Bissett, Richard; Pistorello, Jacqueline; Toarmino, Dosheen; Polusny, Melissa; Dykstra, Thane; Batten, Sonja; Bergan, John; Stewart, Sherry; Zvolensky, Michael; Eifert, Georg; Bond, Frank; Forsyth, John; Karekla, Maria; McCurry, Susan (2004).
243:
teaches people to make changes in behavior in deliberate furtherance of qualities they choose. Committed action involves identifying psychological barriers that will interfere with short, medium, and longer-term goals and then working through those barriers in order to reach the
200:
teaches people to embrace their emotions, rather than trying to get rid of them. An example of acceptance would be when people feel angry and then choose to focus on the anger and accept that they are angry, rather than trying to unleash their anger to get rid of
152:. Psychological flexibility allowed participants to have a better understanding of the subtleties of pleasant and unpleasant emotions. This understanding allowed participants to identify and describe their feelings better, thus enhancing their mental health.
991:
Fox, Kieran C.R.; Kang, Yoona; Lifshitz, Michael; Christoff, Kalina (2016). "Increasing cognitive-emotional flexibility with meditation and hypnosis: the cognitive neuroscience of de-automatization". In Raz, Amir; Lifshitz, Michael (eds.).
186:(ACT) is to increase psychological flexibility. It helps people accept unavoidable events, identify actions that will lead to goals, and acknowledge thoughts rather than accepting or disregarding them. When psychological flexibility
30:
with changes in circumstances and think about problems and tasks in novel, creative ways. This trait comes into play when stressors or unexpected events occur, requiring that a person change their stance, outlook, or commitment.
45:, which is the ability to switch between two concepts, and to simultaneously think about multiple concepts. Researchers of cognitive flexibility describe it as the ability to switch one's thinking and attention between tasks.
190:
in one study of ACT, there was a stronger reduction in psychological distress. There are six core processes in ACT interventions: acceptance, cognitive defusion, self as context, being present, values, and committed action.
329:
Miyake, A; Friedman, N.P.; Emerson, M.J.; Witzki, A.H.; Howerter, A.; Wagner, T. (2000). "The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis".
91:
Research shows that parenting psychological flexibility may influence the relationship between parent distress and child distress. When parents are psychologically inflexible they cause more stress in their families.
99:). Psychological flexibility decreased with age: as children grow older they become more set in their thoughts and habits, being less likely to change them due to circumstances. Results also indicated that
588:
Williams, K.E.; Ciarrochi, J.; Heaven, P.C. (2012). "Inflexible
Parents, Inflexible Kids: a 6-year Longitudinal Study of Parenting Style and the Development of Psychological Flexibility in Adolescents".
815:
Bonanno, G.A.; Papa, A.; Lalande, K.; Westphal, M.; Coifman, K. (2004). "The
Importance of Being Flexible: The Ability to Both Enhance and Suppress Emotional Expression Predicts Long-term Adjustment".
1063:
In this paper, we argue that many forms of healing and psychotherapy may work by inducing positive psychological states marked by flexibility or an enhanced ability to shift cognitive sets.
148:
screenings. Results showed that DIDF and psychological flexibility were reliable predictors of mental health. However, psychological flexibility only predicted mental health when DIDF was
858:
Feldner, M.T.; Hekmat, H.; Zvolensky, M.J.; Vowles, K.E.; Secrist, Z.; Leen-Feldner, E.W. (2006). "The Role of
Experiential Avoidance in Acute Pain Tolerance: A Laboratory Test".
780:
Landstra, J.B.; Ciarrochi, J.; Deane, F.P.; Hillman, R.J. (2013). "Identifying and
Describing Feelings and Psychological Flexibility Predict Mental Health in Men with HIV".
1078:
Bach, P.; Hayes, S.C. (2002). "The Use of
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy to Prevent the Rehospitalization of Psychotic Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial".
230:
teaches people to directly experience the world by paying attention to the moment and being aware. An example of being present would be meditation and mindfulness.
518:
Rochefort, Catherine; Baldwin, Austin S.; Chmielewski, Michael (2017). "Experiential
Avoidance: An Examination of the Construct Validity of the AAQ-II and MEAQ".
1125:"The Role of Psychological Flexibility in a Self-help Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Intervention for Psychological Distress in a Randomized Controlled Trial"
53:
Due to the different facets of the definition of psychological flexibility, it is difficult to measure. There are multiple questionnaires that attempt to do so.
443:"Preliminary psychometric properties of the acceptance and action questionnaire-ii: A revised measure of psychological inflexibility and experiential avoidance"
95:
A similar study looked at the longitudinal relationship between perceived parenting style and psychological flexibility among students over six years (7thā12th
639:
Bond, F.W.; Flaxman, P.E. (2006). "The
Ability of Psychological Flexibility and Job Control to Predict Learning, Job Performance, and Mental Health".
985:
psychotherapy), flexibility is such an integral part of psychological functioning that it is almost inevitable that it will in some way be impacted.
220:
attempts to have people become aware of their own experiences without being attached to them. This process helps people let go of specific content
678:
1344:
553:
Moyer, D.N.; Sandoz, E.K. (2014). "The role of psychological flexibility in the relationship between parent and adolescent distress".
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442:
38:, as it is sometimes called, is the ability to adapt to situational demands, balance life demands, and commit to behaviors.
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679:"The Influence of Psychological Flexibility on Work Redesign: Mediated Moderation of a Work Reorganization Intervention"
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endurance, higher pain tolerance, and a quicker recovery rate to baseline levels when experiencing physical pain.
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Bond, F.W.; Hayes, S.C.; Baer, R.A.; Carpenter, K.M.; Guenole, N.; Orcutt, H.K.; Waltz, T.; Zettle, R.D. (2011).
745:
Kato, T. (2012). "Development of the Coping
Flexibility Scale: Evidence for the Coping Flexibility Hypothesis".
1329:
483:
Cheng, C. (2001). "Assessing Coping
Flexibility in Real-life and Laboratory Settings: A Multimethod Approach".
385:
427:
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wordsāperhaps by saying to themselves "I am having the thought that I am the worst". This is in contrast to a
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People can improve their psychological flexibility by training, such as by engaging in various forms of
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approach where the person might challenge the thought by thinking of things in which he or she excels.
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independent and are supported, so they are able to adjust to situations that do not go as predicted.
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will be noted later, therapy is a process of helping the client access and strengthen this tendency.
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Hinton, Devon E.; Kirmayer, Laurence J. (March 2017). "The flexibility hypothesis of healing".
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but rather to allow people to deal with pain for a valued choice, such as being a good father.
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Fledderus, M.; Bohlmeijer, E.T.; Fox, J.; Schreurs, K.M.G.; Spinhoven, P. (2013).
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Hypnosis and meditation: towards an integrative science of conscious planes
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139:, or the ability to acquire skills and move from one company to the next.
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386:"Measuring Experiential Avoidance: A Preliminary Test of a Working Model"
74:
AAQ-II also was more psychometrically consistent than the original AAQ.
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1963:
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for millennia and continue to be developed in modern clinical contexts.
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The
Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ) was designed to measure
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Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, & Recovery
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neuroticism/negative affect rather than experiential avoidance.
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944:"Psychological flexibility as a fundamental aspect of health"
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257: ā Adjusting to and understanding change in a workplace
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1748:
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Facilitating emotional change: the moment-by-moment process
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1222:
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68:
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942:
Kashdan, Todd B.; Rottenberg, Jonathan (November 2010).
428:"Acceptance & Action Questionnaire (AAQ) and AAQ-II"
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Once we attend to our emotional feedback, our survival/
860:
Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry
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265:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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56:
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721:"The Portable Leader Is the New "Organization Man""
301:Thurston, Becky J.; Runco, Mark A. (August 1999),
941:
309:, vol. 1, Academic Press, pp. 729ā732,
41:Flexible personality should not be confused with
2325:
676:
430:. Association for Contextual Behavioral Science.
26:that describes the extent to which a person can
1198:. In Fisher, Gary L.; Roget, Nancy A. (eds.).
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284: ā Ability to mentally cope with a crisis
16:Extent to which a person can cope with changes
2304:
2288:
1238:
1080:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
899:; Rice, Laura North; Elliott, Robert (1993).
677:Bond, F.W.; Flaxman, P.E.; Bunce, D. (2008).
641:Journal of Organizational Behavior Management
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485:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
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1345:Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
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719:Petriglieri, Gianpiero (August 10, 2017).
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1392:Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
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69:Acceptance and Action Questionnaire II
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782:British Journal of Health Psychology
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376:
1377:Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
1196:"Acceptance and Commitment Therapy"
555:Journal of Child and Family Studies
119:Psychological flexibility improves
114:
57:Acceptance and Action Questionnaire
13:
1202:. Vol. 1. Thousand Oaks, CA:
81:
14:
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184:acceptance and commitment therapy
178:Acceptance and commitment therapy
172:Acceptance and commitment therapy
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1030:Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry
829:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00705.x
747:Journal of Counseling Psychology
591:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
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1330:Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
1132:Behaviour Research and Therapy
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108:Authoritative parenting styles
101:authoritarian parenting styles
1:
686:Journal of Applied Psychology
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272: ā Research psychometric
263: ā Concept in psychology
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872:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.03.002
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1144:10.1016/j.brat.2012.11.007
949:Clinical Psychology Review
698:10.1037/0021-9010.93.3.645
532:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.008
497:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.814
462:10.1016/j.beth.2011.03.007
307:Encyclopedia of creativity
175:
127:. A mediating variable is
104:parenting style later on.
87:Parentāchild relationships
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2005:
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1405:
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962:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.001
603:10.1007/s10964-012-9744-0
567:10.1007/s10826-014-9947-y
278: ā Personality trait
222:and experience themselves
142:
36:psychological flexibility
2339:Psychological adjustment
1186:Boulanger, Jennifer L.;
390:The Psychological Record
282:Psychological resilience
998:Oxford University Press
725:Harvard Business Review
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2289:
2241:
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2200:
354:10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
276:Openness to experience
270:Integrative complexity
63:experiential avoidance
1794:Righteous indignation
817:Psychological Science
653:10.1300/J075v26n01_05
43:cognitive flexibility
1312:BodhipakkhiyÄ dhammÄ
1000:. pp. 191ā220.
996:. Oxford; New York:
897:Greenberg, Leslie S.
332:Cognitive Psychology
261:Emotional regulation
255:Adaptive performance
49:Measures/assessments
1382:Theological virtues
1285:Positive psychology
1814:Self-transcendence
1406:Individual virtues
1350:Nine Noble Virtues
1279:Nicomachean Ethics
794:10.1111/bjhp.12026
402:10.1007/BF03395492
204:Cognitive defusion
2321:
2320:
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1468:Conscientiousness
1335:Epistemic virtues
1204:SAGE Publications
210:cognitive therapy
182:The main goal of
24:personality trait
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1325:Cardinal virtues
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1206:. pp. 4ā7.
1188:Hayes, Steven C.
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1273:Moral character
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1799:Righteousness
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242:
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227:Being present
226:
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197:
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125:absence rates
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121:mental health
112:
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2054:
2047:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2012:
1994:
1987:
1962:
1955:
1939:
1921:
1905:
1898:
1854:Tranquillity
1804:Self-control
1774:Renunciation
1732:Philanthropy
1727:Perspicacity
1687:Magnificence
1640:Intelligence
1620:Impartiality
1540:Faithfulness
1428:Authenticity
1354:
1340:Five virtues
1317:
1310:
1290:Trait theory
1277:
1199:
1135:
1131:
1118:
1083:
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900:
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513:
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188:was targeted
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2334:Personality
1874:Workmanship
1764:Punctuality
1682:Magnanimity
1605:Hospitality
1555:Forgiveness
1500:Discernment
1458:Cleanliness
1037:(1): 3ā34.
137:portability
129:job control
20:Flexibility
2328:Categories
2187:Auctoritas
2035:Aparigraha
2014:Adhiį¹į¹hÄna
1996:Sophrosyne
1964:Eutrapelia
1849:Temperance
1829:Solidarity
1819:Simplicity
1779:Resilience
1754:Politeness
1722:Patriotism
1702:Moderation
1575:Good faith
1565:Generosity
1525:Equanimity
1505:Discipline
1463:Compassion
907:. p.
730:August 19,
289:References
196:Acceptance
2235:Humanitas
1981:Phronesis
1972:Philotimo
1824:Sincerity
1789:Reverence
1657:Judgement
1645:Emotional
1635:Integrity
1625:Innocence
1580:Gratitude
1560:Frugality
1550:Foresight
1530:Etiquette
1520:Endurance
1495:Diligence
1418:Alertness
1367:Scout Law
1268:Endowment
1088:CiteSeerX
1059:254793002
1016:948262934
661:145803470
619:254739471
575:254603939
340:CiteSeerX
2228:Gravitas
2211:Dignitas
1957:Ataraxia
1839:Sympathy
1769:Religion
1759:Prudence
1717:Patience
1692:Meekness
1667:Kindness
1615:Humility
1610:Humanity
1545:Fidelity
1490:Courtesy
1453:Chivalry
1448:Chastity
1438:Charisma
1433:Calmness
1423:Altruism
1194:(2009).
1152:23337183
1110:12362963
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927:27897484
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470:22035996
410:53326452
370:10096387
362:10945922
249:See also
150:involved
2283:Sadaqah
2269:Ganbaru
2202:Decorum
2194:Caritas
2149:ÅraddhÄ
2135:Shaucha
2100:Kshanti
2028:Akrodha
1883:Chinese
1784:Respect
1707:Modesty
1677:Loyalty
1662:Justice
1630:Insight
1590:Honesty
1585:Heroism
1515:Empathy
1473:Courage
1443:Charity
1356:PÄramÄ«s
1254:Virtues
971:2998793
2251:Virtus
2243:Pietas
2162:Upekį¹£Ä
2155:SaddhÄ
2121:PrajƱÄ
2114:MuditÄ
2093:Kshama
2086:Karuį¹Ä
2049:Asteya
2042:Ärjava
2021:Ahimsa
2006:Indian
1989:Sophia
1864:Wisdom
1742:Filial
1650:Social
1595:Honour
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360:
342:
313:
244:goals.
233:Values
143:Health
2307:VirtĆ¹
2261:Other
2220:Fides
2179:Latin
2169:VÄ«rya
2128:Satya
2107:MettÄ
2070:Dhį¹ti
1949:Arete
1941:Agape
1933:Greek
1859:Trust
1844:Taste
1737:Piety
1697:Mercy
1570:Glory
1535:Faith
1483:Moral
1478:Civil
1397:Yamas
1128:(PDF)
1055:S2CID
841:S2CID
682:(PDF)
657:S2CID
615:S2CID
571:S2CID
446:(PDF)
406:S2CID
366:S2CID
97:grade
22:is a
2299:Sisu
2291:Seny
2276:Giri
2142:SevÄ
2063:DÄna
1900:Jing
1749:Pity
1672:Love
1600:Hope
1510:Duty
1208:ISBN
1148:PMID
1106:PMID
1047:PMID
1012:OCLC
1002:ISBN
976:PMID
923:OCLC
913:ISBN
876:PMID
833:PMID
798:PMID
763:PMID
732:2017
702:PMID
607:PMID
536:PMID
501:PMID
466:PMID
358:PMID
311:ISBN
123:and
28:cope
2078:Hrī
1915:Ren
1869:Wit
1140:doi
1098:doi
1039:doi
966:PMC
958:doi
868:doi
825:doi
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