Flood management - Knowledge

617: 975: 503: 249: 1353: 826: 636:, and recreation. Reservoir and dam construction and design is based upon standards, typically set out by the government. In the United States, dam and reservoir design is regulated by the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). Design of a dam and reservoir follows guidelines set by the USACE and covers topics such as design flow rates in consideration to meteorological, topographic, streamflow, and soil data for the watershed above the structure. 591:. It includes making buildings less prone to flooding. It also aims to make specific problems encountered during and after the storm less likely to recur. These include weeks-long fuel shortages even in unaffected areas due to legal and transportation problems, flooded health care facilities, insurance premium increases, damage to electricity and steam generation and distribution networks, and flooding of subway and roadway tunnels. 1240: 669: 350: 838: 38: 913:. Instead of trucking in sandbag material for a flood, stacking it, then trucking it out to a hazmat disposal site, flood control can be accomplished by using the on site water. However, these are not fool proof. A 8 feet (2.4 m) high 2,000 feet (610 m) long water filled rubber flood berm that surrounded portions of the plant was punctured by a 427:(dark blue), the predicted floodplain for a 1 in 1000 year flood (light blue) and low-lying areas in need of flood defence (purple). The most sustainable way of reducing risk is to prevent further development in flood-prone areas and old waterways. It is important for at-risk communities to develop a comprehensive Floodplain Management plan. 992:, and urban topography to reproduce the evolution of a flood in order to identify the different levels of flooding risks associated with each element exposed. The modelling can be carried out using hydraulic models, conceptual models, or geomorphic methods. Nowadays, there is a growing attention also in the production of maps obtained with 808:. Tide gates close during incoming tides to prevent tidal waters from moving upland, and open during outgoing tides to allow waters to drain out via the culvert and into the estuary side of the dike. The opening and closing of the gates is driven by a difference in water level on either side of the gate. 1012:

goals, interactions of land-use planning with the integration of flood risks and required policies. In flood management, stakeholder engagement is seen as an important way to achieve greater cohesion and consensus. Integrating stakeholder engagement into flood management often provides a more complex

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consists of interlocking panels which are waterproof and puncture-resistant, can be bolted down to resist winds, and use the weight of floodwater to hold them in place. Materials include marine-grade batlic laminate, stainless steel, aluminum and reinforced PVC canvas. The panels are reusable and can

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In 1988, a method of using water to control flooding was discovered. This was accomplished by containing 2 parallel tubes within a third outer tube. When filled, this structure formed a non-rolling wall of water that can control 80 percent of its height in external water depth, with dry ground behind

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This relationship examines management methods which includes a wide range of flood management methods including but are not limited to flood mapping and physical implication measures. FRM looks at how to reduce flood risk and how to appropriately manage risks that are associated with flooding. Flood

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Flood mapping is a tool used by governments and policy makers to delineate the borders of potential flooding events, allowing educated decisions to prevent extreme flooding events. Flood maps are useful to create documentation that allows policy makers to make informed decisions about flood hazards.

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Many dams and their associated reservoirs are designed completely or partially to aid in flood protection and control. Many large dams have flood-control reservations in which the level of a reservoir must be kept below a certain elevation before the onset of the rainy/summer melt season to allow a

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Flooding has many impacts. It damages property and endangers the lives of humans and other species. Rapid water runoff causes soil erosion and concomitant sediment deposition elsewhere (such as further downstream or down a coast). The spawning grounds for fish and other wildlife habitats can become

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is a related but separate concept describing a broader set of strategies taken to reduce flood risk and potential impact while improving resilience against flood events. These methods include prevention, prediction (which enables flood warnings and evacuation), proofing (e.g.: zoning regulations),

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The self-closing flood barrier (SCFB) is a flood defense system designed to protect people and property from inland waterway floods caused by heavy rainfall, gales, or rapid melting snow. The SCFB can be built to protect residential properties and whole communities, as well as industrial or other

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to both the public and private sectors with information about flooding hazards. Flood mapping has been criticized in many areas around the world, due to the absence of public accessibility, technical writing and data, and lack of easy-to-understand information. However, revived attention towards

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When more homes, shops and infrastructure are threatened by the effects of flooding, then the benefits of protection are worth the additional cost. Temporary flood defenses can be constructed in certain locations which are prone to floods and provide protection from rising flood waters. Rivers

1123:. As is the case with all north-flowing rivers in the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, snow melt in southern sections may cause river levels to rise before northern sections have had a chance to completely thaw. This can lead to devastating flooding, as occurred in Winnipeg during the 987:

Flood modelling is a tool used to model flood hazard and the effects on humans and the physical environment. Flood modelling takes into consideration how flood hazards, external and internal processes and factors, and the main drivers of floods interact with each other. Flood modelling combines

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by diversion onto land that can absorb the water. This technique can reduce the impact of later droughts by using the ground as a natural reservoir. It is being used in California, where orchards and vineyards can be flooded without damaging crops, or in other places wilderness areas have been

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Buildings and other urban infrastructure can be designed so that even if a flood does happen, the city can recover quickly and costs are minimized. For example, homes can be put on stilts, electrical and HVAC equipment can be put on the roof instead of in the basement, and subway entrances and

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Flood mitigation at the property level may also involve preventative measures focused on the building site, including scour protection for shoreline developments, improving rainwater in filtration through the use of permeable paving materials and grading away from structures, and inclusion of

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strategies. These can involve policy that reduces the amount of urban structures built around floodplains or flood prone areas through land zoning regulations. This helps to reduce the amount of mitigation needed to protect humans and buildings from flooding events. Similarly,

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offered to buy out flood-prone properties in the United States in order to prevent repeated disasters after the 1993 flood across the Midwest. Several communities accepted and the government, in partnership with the state, bought 25,000 properties which they converted into

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The Netherlands has one of the best flood control systems in the world, notably through its construction of dykes. The country faces high flooding risk due to the country's low-lying landscapes. The largest and most elaborate flood defenses are referred to as the

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Many have proposed that loss of vegetation (deforestation) will lead to an increased risk of flooding. With natural forest cover the flood duration should decrease. Reducing the rate of deforestation should improve the incidents and severity of floods.

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One way of reducing the damage caused by flooding is to remove buildings from flood-prone areas, leaving them as parks or returning them to wilderness. Floodplain buyout programs have been operated in places like New Jersey (both before and after

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polluted or completely destroyed. Some prolonged high floods can delay traffic in areas which lack elevated roadways. Floods can interfere with drainage and economical use of lands, such as interfering with farming. Structural damage can occur in

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This has been exacerbated by human activities such as draining wetlands that naturally store large amounts of water and building paved surfaces that do not absorb any water. Water then runs off the land in quantities that cannot be carried within

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Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing. Also a flood has recently hit Pakistan which is said to be more devastating than the Tsunami of 2005".

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methods are used to reduce the effects of flood waters or high water levels during a flooding event. They include evacuation plans and rescue operations. Flood relief is part of the response and recovery phase in a flood management plan.

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Crawford-Flett, Kaley; Blake, Daniel M.; Pascoal, Eduardo; Wilson, Matthew; Wotherspoon, Liam (2022). "A standardised inventory for New Zealand's stopbank (levee) network and its application for natural hazard exposure assessments".

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is a useful tool for flood risk management that allows enhanced public engagement for agreements to be reached on policy discussions. Different management considerations can be taken into account including emergency management and

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as its crowning achievement. These works in the southwestern part of the country were built in response to the North Sea flood of 1953. The Dutch had already built one of the world's largest dams in the north of the country. The

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to deal with increased run-off from rainfall. This includes reducing paved areas or changing to water-permeable pavements, adding water-buffering vegetation, adding underground storage tanks, and subsidizing household

4147: 1199:(2005) in the city proper and in eastern sections of the Metro Area, resulting in the inundation of approximately 50 percent of the metropolitan area, ranging from a few inches to twenty feet in coastal communities. 410:

The most effective way of reducing the risk to people and property is through the production of flood risk maps. Most countries have produced maps which show areas prone to flooding based on flood data. In the

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using a deployable fabric cover system called Flex-Gate, a system that protects the subway entrances against 14 feet (4.3 m) of water. Extreme storm flood protection levels have been revised based on new

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and tries to create understanding and action about the risks posed by flooding. The relationships cover a wide range of topics, from drivers and natural processes, to models and socio-economic consequences.

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can be integrated into flood risk management plans. Flood risk management strategy diversification is needed to ensure that management strategies cover several different scenarios and ensure best practices.

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and other major cities on the lower Mississippi. It is the largest of a system of spillways and floodways along the Mississippi. Completed in 1954, the spillway has been opened twice, in 1973 and in 2011.

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The Leeds flood alleviation scheme uses movable weirs which are lowered during periods of high water to reduce the chances of flooding upstream. Two such weirs, the first in the UK, were installed on the

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hillsides to slow flow downhill, and the construction of floodways (man-made channels to divert floodwater). Other techniques include the construction of levees, lakes, dams, reservoirs,

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risk management includes mitigating and preparing for flooding disasters, analyzing risk, and providing a risk analysis system to mitigate the negative impacts caused by flooding.

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and areas of the community, which causes damage. Defenses (both long-term and short-term) can be constructed to minimize damage, which involves raising the edge of the water with

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Floods are caused by many factors or a combination of any of these generally prolonged heavy rainfall (locally concentrated or throughout a catchment area), highly accelerated

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are all terms that mean "the detention and/or diversion of water during flood events for the purpose of reducing discharge or downstream inundation". Flood control is part of

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are often impaired. Financial losses due to floods are typically millions of dollars each year, with the worst floods in recent U.S. history having cost billions of dollars.

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is a broad term that includes measures to control or mitigate flood waters, such as actions to prevent floods from occuring or to minimise their impacts when they do occur.

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Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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Ajmar, Andrea; Boccardo, Piero; Broglia, Marco; Kucera, Jan; Giulio-Tonolo, Fabio; Wania, Annett (2017-07-07), Molinari, Daniela; Menoni, Scira; Ballio, Francesco (eds.),

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due to climate change. The prevention and mitigation of flooding can be studied on three levels: on individual properties, small communities, and whole towns or cities.

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closing an entire river, are being developed or used around the world. Regular maintenance of hydraulic structures, however, is another crucial part of flood control.

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During times of rain, some of the water is retained in ponds or soil, some is absorbed by grass and vegetation, some evaporates, and the rest travels over the land as

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strategic areas. The barrier system is constantly ready to deploy in a flood situation, it can be installed in any length and uses the rising flood water to deploy.

3858: 3027: 2638: 1478:, while gravel extraction to lower river water levels is also a popular flood control technique. The management of flooding in the country is shifting towards 1446:, Rotterdam started a project to construct a floating housing development of 120 acres (0.49 km) to deal with rising sea levels. Several approaches, from 4326: 2858: 3587:"Multidimensional flood risk management under climate changes: Bibliometric analysis, trends and strategic guidelines for decision-making in urban dynamics" 3162: 2128: 4011: 3257:

Gomes Miguez, Marcelo; Peres Battemarco, Bruna; Martins De Sousa, Matheus; Moura Rezende, Osvaldo; Pires Veról, Aline; Gusmaroli, Giancarlo (2017-06-21).

996:. Flood modelling is helpful for determining building development practices and hazard mitigation methods that reduce the risks associated with flooding. 2114: 1013:

analysis of the situation; this generally adds more demand in determining collective solutions and increases the time it takes to determine solutions.

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New ways to deal with water are constantly being developed and tested, such as the underground storage of water, storing water in reservoirs in large

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Bradshaw, CJ; Sodhi, NS; Peh, SH; Brook, BW (2007). "Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world".

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Hamilton, Lawrence S (1987). "What Are the Impacts of Himalayan Deforestation on the Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands and Delta? Assumptions and Facts".

3495: 2313: 1654: 402:, embankments or walls. The high population and value of infrastructure at risk often justifies the high cost of mitigation in larger urban areas. 1276:

and changing land use on the risk and severity of flooding are subjects of discussion. In assessing the impacts of Himalayan deforestation on the

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certain amount of space in which floodwaters can fill. Other beneficial uses of dam created reservoirs include hydroelectric power generation,

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Wang, Lihong; Cui, Shenghui; Li, Yuanzheng; Huang, Hongjie; Manandhar, Bikram; Nitivattananon, Vilas; Fang, Xuejuan; Huang, Wei (2022-11-25).

1474:), and its control is primarily managed and funded by local councils. Throughout the country there is a network of more than 5284 km of 869:

from flooding the protected area behind the barrier. A surge barrier is almost always part of a larger flood protection system consisting of

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Paoletti, Michele; Pellegrini, Marco; Belli, Alberto; Pierleoni, Paola; Sini, Francesca; Pezzotta, Nicola; Palma, Lorenzo (January 2023).

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which focuses on measures to reduce risk, vulnerability and exposure to flood disasters and providing risk analysis through, for example,

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Some methods of flood control have been practiced since ancient times. These methods include planting vegetation to retain extra water,

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tunnels can have built-in movable water barriers. New York City began a substantial effort to plan and build for flood resilience after

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Kelly, D.; McKerchar, A.; Hicks, M. (2005). "Making concrete: ecological implications of gravel extraction in New Zealand rivers".

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Flood barrier may also refer to barriers placed around or at individual buildings to keep floodwaters from entering the buildings.

485:. Flood resilience technologies support the fast recovery of individuals and communities affected, but their use remains limited. 4925: 4148:"$ 1.5 billion urgently needed to protect New Zealanders from floods – investment support from government falling woefully short" 1223: 906: 3675: 2215: 2926:

Hegger, D.; Driessen, P.; Bakker, M. (2018). "Diversification of Flood Risk Management Strategies – Necessity and Importance".

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In 2023 it was found that over 4,000 flood defence schemes in England were ‘almost useless’ with many of them in areas hit by

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includes land-use planning, advanced warning systems and flood insurance. Further examples are: "zoning ordinances and codes,

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are important for reducing risks. Following the occurrence of flooding events, other measures such as rebuilding plans and

3869: 3054:"Flood-Risk Management, Mapping, and Planning: The Institutional Politics of Decision Support in England | EndNote Click" 1181: 1096: 1068: 2625:

US Army Corps of Engineers. (1997). Hydrologic engineering requirements for reservoirs. EM 1110-2-1420. Retrieved from

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are used in conjunction with dykes and culverts. They can be placed at the mouth of streams or small rivers, where an

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around Saint Petersburg. Eleven dams extend for 25.4 kilometres (15.8 mi) and stand 8 metres (26 ft) above

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flood mapping has renewed the interest in enhancing current flood mapping for use as a flood risk management method.

312:. About 30 percent of all precipitation becomes runoff and that amount might be increased by water from melting snow. 1035:. Flood risk management analyzes the relationships between physical systems and socio-economic environments through 5551: 2772: 2179: 1171:(MTA) initiated multiple flood barrier projects to protect the transit assets in Manhattan. In one case, the MTA's 431: 17: 3496:"Partnership Funding in flood risk management: multi-level stakeholder engagement – a question of roles and power" 5082: 4082:

http://water.dhv.com/EN/Water_management/Documents/2008%20Leaflet%20Innovative%20water%20storage%20techniques.pdf

3455:. Participatory and Collaborative Governance for Sustainable Flood Risk Management: An emerging research agenda. 3449:"Multi-level stakeholder engagement in flood risk management—A question of roles and power: Lessons from England" 2719: 1812: 1172: 2136: 2003:

Barendrecht, M. H.; Sairam, N.; Cumiskey, L.; Metin, A. D.; Holz, F.; Priest, S. J.; Kreibich, H. (2020-12-01).

5546: 2524:"Uncertainty in the Himalayan energy–water nexus: estimating regional exposure to glacial lake outburst floods" 2434:

Menéndez, Pelayo; Losada, Iñigo J.; Torres-Ortega, Saul; Narayan, Siddharth; Beck, Michael W. (10 March 2020).

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the edges of the building. Private precautionary measures are increasingly important in flood risk management.

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Raadgever, G. T. (Tom); Booister, Nikéh; Steenstra, Martijn K. (2018), Raadgever, Tom; Hegger, Dries (eds.),

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Raadgever, G. T. (Tom); Booister, Nikéh; Steenstra, Martijn K. (2018), Raadgever, Tom; Hegger, Dries (eds.),

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be stored flat between uses. The technology was designed as an alternative to building seawalls or placing

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type. Structural methods hold back floodwaters physically, while non-structural methods do not. Building

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In many countries, rivers are prone to floods and are often carefully managed. Defenses such as levees,

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Schwanghart, Wolfgang; Worni, Raphael; Huggel, Christian; Stoffel, Markus; Korup, Oliver (2016-07-01).

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Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-10-15).

3163:"Modeling urban floods at submeter resolution: challenges or opportunities for flood risk management?" 3107: 3106:

Abebe, Yared Abayneh; Ghorbani, Amineh; Nikolic, Igor; Vojinovic, Zoran; Sanchez, Arlex (2019-01-01).

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and physical structures like dams and flood walls) and insurance (e.g.: flood insurance policies).

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running through large urban developments are often controlled and channeled. Water rising above a

155:(i.e: flood control) is the reduction of the effects of a flood using physical solutions, such as 5531: 5223: 4988: 4093: 4034: 3338: 2107:"For Communities Plagued by Repeated Flooding, Property Acquisition May Be the Answer - FEMA.gov" 1861: 1500: 1375: 1009: 587:

New York City produced a comprehensive report for its Rebuilding and Resiliency initiative after

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areas are rural areas that are deliberately flooded in emergencies in order to protect cities.

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There are several related terms that are closely connected or encompassed by flood management.

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da Silva, Lucas Borges Leal; Alencar, Marcelo Hazin; de Almeida, Adiel Teixeira (2020-11-01).

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Grimaldi, Salvatore; Petroselli, Andrea; Arcangeletti, Ettore; Nardi, Fernando (2013-04-22).

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refers to a dam that serves purely for flood control without any conservation storage (e.g.

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replaced with concrete dams to provide protection. This may also provide hydroelectric power

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Property owners may fit their homes to stop water entering by blocking doors and air vents,

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Yevjevich, Vujica (1994), Rossi, Giuseppe; Harmancioğlu, Nilgun; Yevjevich, Vujica (eds.),

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The costs of flood protection rise as more people and property are to be protected. The US

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has produced maps which show areas at risk. The map to the right shows a flood map for the

3381:"Flood risk management in Sint Maarten – A coupled agent-based and flood modelling method" 337:, bank lines, sewer lines, and other structures within floodways. Waterway navigation and 264: 8: 5437: 5432: 5233: 5077: 4699: 4552: 4473: 4380: 4107: 3256: 2700: 1904:"A review of risk perceptions and other factors that influence flood mitigation behavior" 1427: 1027:

Flood risk management (FRM) aims to reduce the human and socio-economic losses caused by

830: 768: 338: 253: 88: 76: 4182: 3951: 3907: 3749: 3602: 3555: 3464: 3396: 3123: 2992: 2548: 2539: 2523: 2451: 2020: 1603: 518:. Sea level rise can make coastal flooding worse. In some areas there are also risks of 5463: 5376: 5341: 5193: 4709: 4614: 4518: 4410: 4343: 4194: 3963: 3919: 3839: 3680: 3622: 3426: 3237: 3190: 3143: 3067: 2977:"Flood mapping in ungauged basins using fully continuous hydrologic–hydraulic modeling" 2957: 2561: 2476: 2435: 2393: 2265: 2040: 1723: 1688: 1667: 1630: 1587: 1526: 1128: 805: 633: 578: 416: 123: 115: 110:

has led to increased flood risk an intensity, flood management is an important part of

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Aotearoa New Zealand's first emissions reduction plan: Chapter 4: Working with Nature

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Flood maps of American cities indicating areas susceptible to flooding in the future.

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There are several methods of non-structural flood management that form part of flood

914: 846: 787: 625: 543: 170: 3967: 3923: 3194: 3147: 2578: 2269: 1588:"Discharge Monitoring in Open-Channels: An Operational Rating Curve Management Tool" 5356: 5258: 5163: 4912: 4762: 4757: 4734: 4674: 4503: 4375: 4186: 4046: 3955: 3911: 3831: 3606: 3559: 3507: 3468: 3400: 3346: 3311: 3270: 3174: 3127: 3057: 2996: 2939: 2931: 2893: 2580: 2543: 2471: 2455: 2249: 2024: 1915: 1869: 1820: 1779: 1718: 1700: 1625: 1607: 1398: 967: 935:, are polypropylene exteriors with wood pulp within, though they are one-time use. 644: 515: 378: 189: 119: 3512: 3405: 3380: 3131: 3000: 2082: 1819:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 2897–2930, 1705: 1352: 877:(also known as dikes), and other constructions and natural geographical features. 581:, so that overflows in peak periods do not contaminate rivers. One example is the 5361: 5321: 5316: 4920: 4807: 4802: 4586: 4523: 4493: 4458: 4453: 4420: 4385: 4356: 3472: 2745: 2320: 1873: 1439: 1176: 1160: 1048: 1032: 953: 944: 752: 706: 588: 482: 450: 443: 334: 61: 3771:"Floods, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Wildfires, Earthquakes... Why We Don't Prepare." 3728: 3610: 2935: 2897: 2028: 1783: 735:, reservoirs, and weirs are used to prevent rivers from bursting their banks. A 573:

More frequent drenching rains may make it necessary to increase the capacity of

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waters. Flooding can be caused by a mix of both natural processes, such as

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Eijgenraam, Carel; Brekelmans, Ruud; Hertog, Dick den; Roos, Kees (2017).

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Paris Under Water: How the City of Light Survived the Great Flood of 1910

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As Waters Rise, Miami Beach Builds Higher Streets And Political Willpower

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Installing devices to prevent seawater from backflowing into storm drains

83:, is effective at managing flooding. However, it is best practice within 468:

that identify areas of future risk, enabling local governments to apply

5508: 5188: 5072: 5012: 4970: 4842: 4679: 4547: 4488: 4478: 4395: 4190: 3843: 3298:

Manfreda, Salvatore; Di Leo, Margherita; Sole, Aurelia (October 2011).

3178: 2943: 2657:"Where Levees Fail In California, Nature Can Step In To Nurture Rivers" 2639:"As Rains Soak California, Farmers Test How To Store Water Underground" 2501:"Many hydroelectric plants in Himalayas are at risk from glacial lakes" 2253: 2198:"To Flood-Proof Subways, N.Y. Looks At Everything From Plugs To Sheets" 1908:

Risk Analysis: An Official Publication of the Society for Risk Analysis

1531: 1515: 1487: 760: 740: 574: 219: 100: 80: 56:

describes methods used to reduce or prevent the detrimental effects of

2309: 2307: 2051: 1612: 901:, inflatable impermeable sacks, or other temporary barriers are used. 5478: 5427: 5397: 5366: 5296: 5208: 4965: 4852: 4837: 4777: 4724: 4719: 4619: 4542: 4532: 4430: 3275: 3258: 2741:"Tampa General builds 'AquaFence' as area hospitals brace for Helene" 2701:"Nebraska Nuclear Plant's Vital Equipment Remains Dry, Officials Say" 2330: 2328: 1447: 989: 932: 920: 870: 858: 327: 309: 215: 156: 3835: 2233:

White, I.; Connelly, A.; Garvin, S.; Lawson, N.; O'Hare, P. (2018).

405: 271: 5148: 5115: 4792: 4634: 4601: 3345:, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 211–228, 3062: 3053: 2974: 2777: 2410:"New Jersey homeowners to get buyout offers after Superstorm Sandy" 2304: 1902:

Bubeck, P.; Botzen, W. J. W.; Aerts, J. C. J. H. (September 2012).

1471: 1228: 1139:

which devastated many communities upriver from Winnipeg, including

1112: 1100: 783: 693:), or dry channels that run below the street levels of some larger 534: 458: 395: 374: 279: 2433: 2380: 2325: 2083:"Floodplain Management: Sound Techniques to Improve Your Recovery" 1562:"Strengthening climate resilience through better flood management" 1239: 804:

begins or where tributary streams, or drainage ditches connect to

701:

occurs the excess water can drain out along these channels into a

5458: 5407: 4935: 4930: 4892: 4797: 4669: 4606: 2347: 1406: 925: 898: 837: 801: 732: 640: 566: 362: 283: 4167: 1585: 905:

it. Eight foot tall water filled barriers were used to surround

5253: 5125: 4950: 4945: 4897: 4887: 4857: 4782: 4537: 4468: 4440: 4339: 4237: 3300:"Detection of Flood-Prone Areas Using Digital Elevation Models" 3161:

Almeida, Gustavo De; Bates, Paul; Ozdemir, Hasan (2016-11-07).

2720:"AquaFence technology can withstand storm surges up to 15 feet" 1363: 694: 668: 469: 399: 391: 287: 4032: 3868:. London: James & James Science Publishers. Archived from 2180:"Federal Insurance & Mitigation Administration - FEMA.gov" 2002: 1184:

guidelines for 100-year and 500-year design flood elevations.

1095:

An elaborate system of flood way defenses can be found in the

148:

Flood management methods can be structural or non-structural:

37: 5351: 5336: 5291: 5035: 5008: 4955: 4822: 4817: 4787: 4772: 4581: 4351: 4335: 3378: 3105: 2579:

NYC Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Resiliency (2013).

2521: 1862:"Classification and description of flood mitigation measures" 1475: 1451: 1341: 1308:(1976) have controlled various amounts of flooding along the 1297: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1244: 1028: 874: 857:, surge barrier or storm surge barrier is a specific type of 702: 690: 160: 96: 57: 4256: 2892:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–100, 1778:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 93–100, 1747:"UNTERM, search term: non-structural flood control measures" 1329:, the French government built a series of reservoirs called 739:, also known as a lowhead dam, is most often used to create 713: 565:

Glacial lakes in danger of outburst flooding can have their

349: 5381: 5346: 4902: 4862: 4827: 2773:"AquaFence Protects Buildings From Flooding - CBS New York" 1541: 1309: 1047:

Flooding and flood risk are especially important with more

736: 420: 370: 127: 42: 3703:"Anti-flood system rolled out in a lower Manhattan subway" 3633: 3336: 2883: 1769: 833:

contains 62 steel doors, each 42 metres (138 ft) wide

5301: 4742: 3859:"The Hydrology of Disastrous floods in Asia: An Overview" 3584: 2724: 2232: 1405:. It also has a main traffic function, as it completes a 897:

When permanent defenses fail, emergency measures such as

434:

must agree to regulate development in flood-prone areas.

64:

upstream, and human changes to waterbodies and runoff.

4126:

Meeting the Challenges of Future Flooding in New Zealand

4108:"In Europe, High-Tech Flood Control, With Nature's Help" 222:

to prevent floodwaters from reaching a particular area.

27:

Methods for reducing detrimental effects of flood waters

2847:"Rosyth residents' fears over 'useless' flood measures" 2286:"All Climate Is Local: How Mayors Fight Global Warming" 2075: 1344:

during floods, especially the regular winter flooding.

506:

Flood protection for town of Ybbs along the river Donau

2803:"Luxury Properties Fence Themselves Off From Flooding" 1340:(or Great Lakes) which helps remove pressure from the 763:

in October 2017 at Crown Point, Leeds city centre and

751:

to prevent a recurrence of the flood damage caused by

344: 3936: 3893: 1868:, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 573–584, 917:

and it collapsed flooding a portion of the facility.

3830:(3). Bern: International Mountain Society: 256–263. 2925: 1656:

Flood management: A guide for USAID project managers

689:

can flow through but is not retained (except during

472:

regulations to prevent or minimize property damage.

394:

full capacity may cause flooding to spread to other

308:

or retained in natural ponds, lakes, and human-made

3160: 3028:"Flood Risk Management in Canada | Research report" 2436:"The Global Flood Protection Benefits of Mangroves" 1325:Following the misery and destruction caused by the 3447:Thaler, Thomas; Levin-Keitel, Meike (2016-01-01). 3446: 3297: 2284: 675:is an example of a concrete flood control channel. 4065:"In pictures: Rotterdam strengthens sea defences" 3807:"China blows up seventh dike to divert flooding." 1901: 406:Protection of wider areas such as towns or cities 321: 5564: 3591:International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 525:There are many adaptation options for flooding: 126:practices have to handle natural processes like 49:to prevent a recurrence of a catastrophic flood. 4334: 2928:Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance 2890:Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance 2356:"A City Prepares for a Warm Long-Term Forecast" 1776:Flood Risk Management Strategies and Governance 892: 430:In the US, communities that participate in the 282:, severe winds over water, unusual high tides, 4094:"Dutch Architects Plan for a Floating Future." 2829:"New weapon in the fight against flood damage" 2498: 1948: 1686: 1598:(4). MDPI (published 10 February 2023): 2035. 1222:In an act of successful flood prevention, the 1206:provides a method of diverting water from the 1059:as more areas will be effected by flood risk. 608:to hold extra water during times of flooding. 67:Flood management methods can be either of the 4320: 4145: 3660:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC. 2216:"Sustainable Communities - Climate Resiience" 1967: 1955:International Strategy for Disaster Reduction 1949:United Nations (2002). Pilon, Paul J. (ed.). 883: 3705:. Reuters. November 19, 2015. Archived from 2407: 1135:). The system kept Winnipeg safe during the 782:is addressed with coastal defenses, such as 767:. The Knostrop weir was operated during the 553:Raising pumps at wastewater treatment plants 488: 384: 3676:"New York Today: In Hurricane Sandy's Wake" 3673: 3493: 2675:"Leeds Flood Alleviation Scheme: Phase One" 1466:Flooding is the greatest natural hazard in 4327: 4313: 4133:Ministry for the Environment (New Zealand) 3643:. Pennsylvania Emergency Management Agency 3242:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2389:"Cities Embrace the Adaptation Imperative" 556:Buying out homeowners in flood-prone areas 4211: 4035:"Optimal Strategies for Flood Prevention" 3674:Schlossberg, Tatiana (October 29, 2015). 3511: 3404: 3274: 3211:Flood modeling, prediction and mitigation 3061: 2547: 2475: 1859: 1722: 1704: 1629: 1611: 999: 938: 714:Floodplains and groundwater replenishment 529:Installing better flood defences such as 510:Flooding can occur in cities or towns as 3993: 3866:Hydrology and Water Resources Department 3821: 2800: 2738: 1351: 1238: 1159:is the lead flood control agency. After 1016: 973: 836: 824: 667: 615: 577:systems. This separates stormwater from 559:Raising street level to prevent flooding 501: 348: 247: 36: 4926:International scale of river difficulty 2770: 2718:Rosales, Isabella (26 September 2024). 2717: 2353: 1976: 1370:, a huge mechanical barrier across the 907:Fort Calhoun Nuclear Generating Station 514:. It can also take place by the sea as 103:, for handling the increase in water. 14: 5565: 4218:Te Ara the Encyclopedia of New Zealand 4106:Broad, William J. (6 September 2005). 4096:National Public Radio, Washington, DC. 3112:Environmental Modelling & Software 3022: 3020: 3018: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2627:http://www.publications.usace.army.mil 2386: 2282: 1998: 1996: 1951:"Guidelines for Reducing Flood Losses" 1074: 423:, including the floodplain for a 1 in 4308: 4257:Ministry for the Environment (2022). 4105: 3984:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010). 3537: 3533: 3531: 3494:Thale, Thomas; Priest, Sally (2016). 3442: 3440: 2796: 2794: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2581:"A Stronger, More Resilient New York" 1652: 1169:Metropolitan Transportation Authority 723:re-engineered to act as floodplains. 595: 243: 71:type (i.e. flood control) and of the 3856: 3763: 3051: 2698: 2613: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2334: 2158:"Missouri Buyout Program - FEMA.gov" 1837:"UNTERM, search term: flood control" 1086:Lists of floods in the United States 496:Climate change adaptation § Flooding 464:In the United States, FEMA produces 437: 118:. For example, to prevent or manage 4285:. Forest and Bird. 2022. p. 3. 4057: 3385:Journal of Environmental Management 3207: 3015: 2872: 2739:Sullivan, Dan (26 September 2024). 2732: 2711: 1993: 1763: 1182:Federal Emergency Management Agency 1031:and is part of the larger field of 774: 654: 345:Protection of individual properties 24: 3994:Halliday, Josh (30 October 2023). 3528: 3453:Environmental Science & Policy 3437: 3316:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0000367 2919: 2886:"Flood Risk Management Strategies" 2791: 2759: 2699:Wald, Matthew L. (June 27, 2011). 2064:. BC Housing Management Commission 1805: 1772:"Flood Risk Management Strategies" 1416: 1175:(NYCT) sealed subway entrances in 982: 747:in Toronto, a weir was built near 25: 5594: 4292: 3824:Mountain Research and Development 3540:"Flood risk and flood management" 3304:Journal of Hydrologic Engineering 2597: 2387:Revkin, Andrew C. (23 May 2011). 1579: 1397:was completed in 2008 to protect 1347: 726: 4171:Journal of Flood Risk Management 3960:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x 3916:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x 3167:Journal of Flood Risk Management 2242:Journal of Flood Risk Management 1920:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01783.x 1456:movable semi-circular structures 1150: 1079: 960: 845:closes the main entrance to the 817:This section is an excerpt from 811: 660:This section is an excerpt from 494:This section is an excerpt from 432:National Flood Insurance Program 270:This section is an excerpt from 5083:Flooded grasslands and savannas 4265: 4250: 4231: 4205: 4161: 4139: 4118: 4099: 4086: 4075: 4026: 3987: 3974: 3930: 3887: 3850: 3815: 3800: 3778: 3742: 3721: 3695: 3667: 3654: 3578: 3487: 3372: 3330: 3291: 3250: 3201: 3154: 3099: 3045: 2968: 2839: 2821: 2771:Murdock, Vanessa (2014-07-31). 2692: 2667: 2649: 2631: 2619: 2572: 2492: 2427: 2401: 2276: 2226: 2208: 2190: 2172: 2150: 2121: 2099: 1961: 1942: 1895: 1195:, with numerous breaks, during 1173:New York City Transit Authority 167:Non-structural flood management 4146:Ko Tatou LGNZ (6 April 2022). 3546:. Advances in Flood Research. 3538:Plate, Erich J. (2002-10-01). 2528:Environmental Research Letters 2354:Kaufman, Leslie (2011-05-23). 2337:"Cities combat climate change" 2335:Koch, Wendy (15 August 2011). 1853: 1829: 1739: 1680: 1646: 1554: 1482:, such as the widening of the 1366:is protected from flooding by 1111:, passing through the city of 562:Using and protecting mangroves 537:and increased pumping capacity 322:Reducing the impacts of floods 265:Coastal flooding § Causes 137: 32:Flood control (communications) 13: 1: 4261:. The New Zealand Government. 4212:McSaveney, E (12 June 2006). 3769:Ripley, Amanda (2006-08-28). 3564:10.1016/S0022-1694(02)00135-X 3406:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109317 3132:10.1016/j.envsoft.2018.10.015 3001:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2013.02.023 2801:Thompson, Issy (2014-08-05). 2549:10.1088/1748-9326/11/7/074005 1706:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11763 1672:: CS1 maint: date and year ( 1548: 1210:when a river flood threatens 1189:New Orleans Metropolitan Area 849:, the largest port in Europe. 718:Excess water can be used for 475: 190:natural hazards and disasters 180:Flood management can include 79:to prevent flooding, such as 5249:Universal Soil Loss Equation 5199:Hydrological transport model 5093:Storm Water Management Model 3641:"What is Hazard Mitigation?" 3473:10.1016/j.envsci.2015.04.007 3343:Geophysical Monograph Series 2857:. 2013-06-12. Archived from 2133:City of Charlotte Government 1874:10.1007/978-94-011-1098-3_34 1157:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 966:Flood mapping also provides 928:in the path of floodwaters. 911:2011 Missouri River Flooding 893:Temporary perimeter barriers 520:glacial lake outburst floods 30:For the protocol issue, see 7: 3611:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101865 3513:10.1051/e3sconf/20160720009 3052:Demeritt, J. Porter and D. 2936:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_2 2898:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_8 2408:Hillary Russ (2013-07-03). 2088:. Disaster Management Today 2029:10.1016/j.wasec.2020.100080 1784:10.1007/978-3-319-67699-9_8 1493: 1450:sensors detecting imminent 1278:Ganges-Brahmaputra Lowlands 316: 153:Structural flood management 10: 5599: 4753:Antecedent drainage stream 3788:. Kyoto City Council. 2004 3351:10.1002/9781119217930.ch14 2460:10.1038/s41598-020-61136-6 1461: 1435:closing occurred in 1932. 1155:In the United States, the 1083: 1020: 884:Self-closing flood barrier 816: 659: 493: 441: 325: 269: 262: 163:, dredging and diversions. 29: 5517: 5489:River valley civilization 5451: 5390: 5372:Riparian-zone restoration 5272: 5134: 5106: 5007: 4979: 4911: 4733: 4600: 4517: 4439: 4350: 4214:"'Floods'- Flood control" 4092:Palca, Joe (2008-01-28). 3857:Semi, Naginder S (1989). 3750:"How to Read a Flood Map" 2293:. No. September 2011 1825:10.1017/9781009325844.029 1521:Flood Control Act of 1936 1388: 1327:1910 Great Flood of Paris 1320: 1315: 1291: 1107:flows northward from the 1090: 988:factors such as terrain, 931:Other solutions, such as 720:groundwater replenishment 489:Climate change adaptation 466:flood insurance rate maps 385:Protection of communities 212:environmental engineering 112:climate change adaptation 5552:Countries without rivers 5527:Rivers by discharge rate 5239:Runoff model (reservoir) 5204:Infiltration (hydrology) 3980:See Jeffrey H. Jackson, 2505:environmentalresearchweb 1331:Les Grands Lacs de Seine 1062: 861:, designed to prevent a 5224:River Continuum Concept 4989:Agricultural wastewater 2499:Kate Ravilious (2016). 2319:8 December 2016 at the 1653:USAID (November 2015). 1501:Disaster risk reduction 1376:North Sea flood of 1953 1234: 1010:disaster risk reduction 611: 353:Emergency flood barrier 5547:River name etymologies 5474:Hydraulic civilization 5332:Floodplain restoration 5108:Point source pollution 4883:Sedimentary structures 4279:Making Room for Rivers 4274:Tukua Ngā Awa Kei Rere 4240:Water & Atmosphere 4051:10.1287/mnsc.2015.2395 3500:E3S Web of Conferences 3087:Cite journal requires 1968:Basic Biology (2016). 1480:nature based solutions 1360: 1251: 1005:Stakeholder engagement 1000:Stakeholder engagement 979: 939:Non-structural methods 850: 834: 679:Flood control channels 676: 628: 507: 457:, North Carolina, and 354: 286:, or failure of dams, 260: 231:nature-based solutions 182:flood risk management, 50: 47:Humber River (Ontario) 5159:Discharge (hydrology) 5121:Industrial wastewater 4602:Sedimentary processes 3940:Global Change Biology 3896:Global Change Biology 3214:. Cham, Switzerland. 2283:Rosenzweig, Cynthia. 1506:Flood risk assessment 1356:Flood barrier on the 1355: 1242: 1037:flood risk assessment 1023:Flood risk assessment 1017:Flood risk assessment 977: 950:flood warning systems 840: 828: 671: 662:Flood control channel 620:Flood Discharging at 619: 505: 352: 263:Further information: 252:Relationship between 251: 186:flood risk assessment 85:landscape engineering 40: 5264:Volumetric flow rate 4848:Riffle-pool sequence 3664:Accessed 2014-01-24. 3544:Journal of Hydrology 2981:Journal of Hydrology 1395:Saint Petersburg Dam 1272:The consequences of 1115:(where it meets the 681:are large and empty 361:important areas and 328:Flood § Effects 188:. In the context of 5438:Whitewater kayaking 5433:Whitewater canoeing 5234:Runoff curve number 5078:Flood pulse concept 4183:2022JFRM...15E2777C 4071:. 27 November 2009. 3952:2007GCBio..13.2379B 3908:2007GCBio..13.2379B 3709:on December 8, 2015 3603:2020IJDRR..5001865D 3556:2002JHyd..267....2P 3465:2016ESPol..55..292T 3397:2019JEnvM.24809317A 3208:Şen, Zekâi (2018). 3124:2019EnvMS.111..483A 2993:2013JHyd..487...39G 2612:, 2008 (see below: 2540:2016ERL....11g4005S 2452:2020NatSR..10.4404M 2291:Scientific American 2021:2020WatSe..1100080B 1986:, 2008 (see below: 1604:2023Senso..23.2035P 1428:Oosterscheldekering 1143:, North Dakota and 1075:Examples by country 831:Oosterscheldekering 769:2019 England floods 339:hydroelectric power 254:impervious surfaces 89:soft infrastructure 77:hard infrastructure 5464:Aquatic toxicology 5377:Stream restoration 5342:Infiltration basin 5194:Hydrological model 4710:Sediment transport 4533:Estavelle/Inversac 4411:Subterranean river 4191:10.1111/jfr3.12777 4135:. 2008. p. v. 4112:The New York Times 4039:Management Science 4014:on 30 October 2023 3786:"History of Kyoto" 3681:The New York Times 3179:10.1111/jfr3.12276 3032:Geneva Association 2930:. pp. 25–33. 2705:The New York Times 2440:Scientific Reports 2394:The New York Times 2360:The New York Times 2254:10.1111/jfr3.12239 1866:Coping with Floods 1813:Annex II: Glossary 1527:Coastal management 1361: 1252: 1224:federal government 1129:Red River Floodway 980: 851: 835: 677: 634:water conservation 629: 596:Structural methods 508: 417:Environment Agency 381:in the landscape. 355: 261: 244:Causes of flooding 229:physical control ( 124:coastal management 116:climate resilience 51: 5560: 5559: 5537:Whitewater rivers 5443:Whitewater slalom 5274:River engineering 5174:Groundwater model 5135:River measurement 5063:Flood forecasting 4878:Sedimentary basin 4735:Fluvial landforms 4640:Bed material load 4416:River bifurcation 3946:(11): 2379–2395. 3902:(11): 2379–2395. 3360:978-1-119-21793-0 3221:978-3-319-52356-9 2953:978-3-319-67698-2 2907:978-3-319-67699-9 2851:Dunfermline Press 2808:New York Observer 2608:"Flood Control", 1982:"Flood Control", 1883:978-94-011-1098-3 1793:978-3-319-67699-9 1613:10.3390/s23042035 1208:Mississippi River 1204:Morganza Spillway 1197:Hurricane Katrina 1133:Portage Diversion 1117:Assiniboine River 1097:Canadian province 1057:by climate change 968:conceptual models 915:skid-steer loader 847:Port of Rotterdam 788:beach nourishment 755:in October 1954. 626:2020 China floods 585:in Kuala Lumpur. 544:Rainwater storage 438:Strategic retreat 208:flood alleviation 171:flood forecasting 45:was built on the 16:(Redirected from 5590: 5583:Water management 5522:Rivers by length 5357:River morphology 5259:Wetted perimeter 5164:Drainage density 4675:Headward erosion 4504:Perennial stream 4376:Blackwater river 4329: 4322: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4130: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4103: 4097: 4090: 4084: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4045:(5): 1644–1656. 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4010:. Archived from 3991: 3985: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3891: 3885: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3874: 3863: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3795: 3793: 3782: 3776: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3671: 3665: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3582: 3576: 3575: 3535: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3444: 3435: 3434: 3408: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3368: 3367: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3278: 3276:10.3390/w9060445 3254: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3233: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3158: 3152: 3151: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3065: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3039: 3024: 3013: 3012: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2923: 2917: 2916: 2915: 2914: 2881: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2835:. July 31, 2014. 2825: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2815: 2798: 2789: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2768: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2696: 2690: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2679:www.leeds.gov.uk 2671: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2606: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2591: 2576: 2570: 2569: 2551: 2520: 2518: 2516: 2507:. Archived from 2496: 2490: 2489: 2479: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2421: 2405: 2399: 2398: 2384: 2378: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2332: 2323: 2311: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2298: 2288: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2239: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2194: 2188: 2187: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2168:on July 6, 2016. 2164:. Archived from 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2144: 2135:. Archived from 2125: 2119: 2118: 2117:on June 2, 2014. 2113:. Archived from 2103: 2097: 2096: 2094: 2093: 2087: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2000: 1991: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1914:(9): 1481–1495. 1899: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1890: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1848: 1847: 1833: 1827: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1758: 1757: 1743: 1737: 1736: 1726: 1708: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1633: 1615: 1583: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1573: 1558: 1399:Saint Petersburg 1339: 1193:catastrophically 780:Coastal flooding 775:Coastal defenses 655:Diversion canals 645:Mount Morris Dam 622:Xin'an River Dam 516:coastal flooding 335:bridge abutments 226:Flood mitigation 200:flood protection 143:Flood management 120:coastal flooding 87:to rely more on 21: 18:Flood mitigation 5598: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5532:Drainage basins 5513: 5447: 5386: 5362:Retention basin 5322:Erosion control 5317:Detention basin 5268: 5184:Hjulström curve 5136: 5130: 5102: 5046:Non-water flood 5003: 4975: 4921:Helicoidal flow 4907: 4808:Fluvial terrace 4803:Floating island 4729: 4604: 4596: 4587:Rhythmic spring 4521: 4513: 4494:Stream gradient 4435: 4421:River ecosystem 4386:Channel pattern 4354: 4346: 4333: 4295: 4290: 4282: 4271: 4270: 4266: 4255: 4251: 4236: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4210: 4206: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4104: 4100: 4091: 4087: 4080: 4076: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 3992: 3988: 3979: 3975: 3935: 3931: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3875:on 24 July 2011 3872: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3836:10.2307/3673202 3820: 3816: 3805: 3801: 3791: 3789: 3784: 3783: 3779: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3672: 3668: 3659: 3655: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3583: 3579: 3536: 3529: 3492: 3488: 3445: 3438: 3377: 3373: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3335: 3331: 3310:(10): 781–790. 3296: 3292: 3255: 3251: 3235: 3234: 3222: 3206: 3202: 3159: 3155: 3104: 3100: 3088: 3086: 3077: 3076: 3050: 3046: 3037: 3035: 3026: 3025: 3016: 2973: 2969: 2954: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2882: 2873: 2864: 2862: 2845: 2844: 2840: 2827: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2811: 2799: 2792: 2783: 2781: 2769: 2760: 2751: 2749: 2746:Tampa Bay Times 2737: 2733: 2716: 2712: 2697: 2693: 2683: 2681: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2624: 2620: 2614:Further reading 2607: 2598: 2589: 2587: 2577: 2573: 2514: 2512: 2511:on 7 March 2018 2497: 2493: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2417: 2406: 2402: 2385: 2381: 2372: 2370: 2352: 2348: 2333: 2326: 2321:Wayback Machine 2312: 2305: 2296: 2294: 2281: 2277: 2237: 2231: 2227: 2214: 2213: 2209: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2142: 2140: 2127: 2126: 2122: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2076: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2001: 1994: 1988:Further reading 1981: 1977: 1966: 1962: 1947: 1943: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1858: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1835: 1834: 1830: 1810: 1806: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1768: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1685: 1681: 1665: 1664: 1659: 1651: 1647: 1584: 1580: 1571: 1569: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1496: 1464: 1440:parking garages 1419: 1417:The Netherlands 1391: 1350: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1304:(1902) and the 1294: 1237: 1177:lower Manhattan 1161:Hurricane Sandy 1153: 1093: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1065: 1049:extreme weather 1033:risk management 1025: 1019: 1002: 985: 983:Flood modelling 963: 945:risk management 941: 895: 886: 881: 880: 822: 814: 792:barrier islands 777: 753:Hurricane Hazel 729: 716: 711: 710: 707:bodies of water 697:, so that if a 665: 657: 614: 606:retention ponds 598: 593: 592: 589:Hurricane Sandy 499: 491: 483:Hurricane Sandy 478: 451:Hurricane Sandy 446: 444:Managed retreat 440: 408: 387: 347: 330: 324: 319: 314: 313: 306:stream channels 292:retention ponds 275: 267: 246: 140: 93:natural systems 62:extreme weather 54:Flood managment 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5596: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5455: 5453: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5423:Stone skipping 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5307:Drop structure 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5287:Balancing lake 5284: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5267: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5214:Playfair's law 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5169:Exner equation 5166: 5161: 5156: 5154:Bradshaw model 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5112: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5041:Urban flooding 5033: 5028: 5026:Crevasse splay 5023: 5021:100-year flood 5017: 5015: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4985: 4983: 4981:Surface runoff 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4961:Stream capture 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4923: 4917: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4873:Rock-cut basin 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4737: 4731: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4715:Suspended load 4712: 4707: 4705:Secondary flow 4702: 4697: 4695:Retrogradation 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4660:Dissolved load 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4594: 4592:Spring horizon 4589: 4584: 4579: 4577:Mineral spring 4574: 4573: 4572: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4558:list in the US 4555: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4484:Stream channel 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4434: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4406:Drainage basin 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4366:Alluvial river 4362: 4360: 4348: 4347: 4332: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4299:Flood articles 4294: 4293:External links 4291: 4289: 4288: 4264: 4249: 4230: 4204: 4160: 4138: 4117: 4098: 4085: 4074: 4056: 4025: 3986: 3973: 3929: 3886: 3849: 3814: 3799: 3777: 3762: 3741: 3720: 3694: 3666: 3662:"Civil Works." 3653: 3632: 3577: 3527: 3486: 3436: 3371: 3359: 3329: 3290: 3249: 3220: 3200: 3153: 3098: 3089:|journal= 3063:10.1068/a44660 3044: 3014: 2967: 2952: 2918: 2906: 2871: 2838: 2820: 2790: 2758: 2731: 2710: 2691: 2666: 2648: 2630: 2618: 2596: 2585:nyc Government 2571: 2491: 2426: 2400: 2379: 2346: 2324: 2303: 2275: 2225: 2207: 2189: 2171: 2149: 2120: 2098: 2074: 2059:"Flood Events" 2050: 2009:Water Security 1992: 1975: 1960: 1941: 1894: 1882: 1852: 1828: 1804: 1792: 1762: 1738: 1699:(11): e11763. 1679: 1662:. p. 1.2. 1645: 1578: 1568:. 30 July 2021 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1463: 1460: 1418: 1415: 1390: 1387: 1368:Thames Barrier 1349: 1348:United Kingdom 1346: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1306:Aswan High Dam 1293: 1290: 1243:Floodgates in 1236: 1233: 1152: 1149: 1125:spring of 1950 1092: 1089: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1053:sea level rise 1021:Main article: 1018: 1015: 1001: 998: 994:remote sensing 984: 981: 962: 959: 940: 937: 894: 891: 885: 882: 843:Maeslantkering 823: 815: 813: 810: 776: 773: 728: 727:River defenses 725: 715: 712: 666: 658: 656: 653: 649:Seven Oaks Dam 613: 610: 597: 594: 571: 570: 563: 560: 557: 554: 551: 541: 538: 531:flood barriers 512:urban flooding 500: 492: 490: 487: 477: 474: 442:Main article: 439: 436: 425:100-year flood 407: 404: 386: 383: 346: 343: 326:Main article: 323: 320: 318: 315: 299:surface runoff 276: 272:Flood § Causes 268: 258:surface runoff 245: 242: 175: 174: 164: 139: 136: 132:sea level rise 108:climate change 73:non-structural 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5595: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5573:Flood control 5571: 5570: 5568: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5504:Surface water 5502: 5500: 5499:Sacred waters 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5484:Riparian zone 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Body of water 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5454: 5450: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418:Riverboarding 5416: 5414: 5413:River surfing 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137:and modelling 5133: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5105: 5099: 5098:Return period 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5058:Flood control 5056: 5054: 5053:Flood barrier 5051: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4982: 4978: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4685:Palaeochannel 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4645:Granular flow 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4516: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4391:Channel types 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4371:Braided river 4369: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4260: 4253: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4219: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4177:(2): e12777. 4176: 4172: 4164: 4149: 4142: 4134: 4127: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4089: 4083: 4078: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3890: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3808: 3803: 3787: 3781: 3775: 3772: 3766: 3751: 3745: 3730: 3724: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3642: 3636: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3217: 3213: 3212: 3204: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3173:: S855–S865. 3172: 3168: 3164: 3157: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3094: 3081: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2922: 2909: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2861:on 2014-07-14 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2824: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2747: 2742: 2735: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2695: 2680: 2676: 2670: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2586: 2582: 2575: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2534:(7): 074005. 2533: 2529: 2525: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2430: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2396: 2395: 2390: 2383: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2329: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2310: 2308: 2292: 2287: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2248:: S468–S478. 2247: 2243: 2236: 2229: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2153: 2139:on 2017-04-16 2138: 2134: 2130: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2102: 2084: 2078: 2060: 2054: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1971: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1945: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1856: 1842: 1841:unterm.un.org 1838: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1808: 1795: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1766: 1752: 1751:unterm.un.org 1748: 1742: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1675: 1669: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1641: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1567: 1563: 1557: 1553: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1537:Tidal barrage 1535: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Flood barrier 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1491: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1332: 1328: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:Aswan Low Dam 1299: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1282:reforestation 1279: 1275: 1274:deforestation 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1165:New York City 1162: 1158: 1151:United States 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:Lake Winnipeg 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:United States 1106: 1102: 1098: 1087: 1080:North America 1072: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1024: 1014: 1011: 1006: 997: 995: 991: 976: 972: 969: 961:Flood mapping 958: 955: 951: 946: 936: 934: 929: 927: 922: 918: 916: 912: 908: 902: 900: 890: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 855:flood barrier 848: 844: 839: 832: 827: 820: 819:Flood barrier 812:Flood barrier 809: 807: 803: 799: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 772: 770: 766: 762: 756: 754: 750: 749:Raymore Drive 746: 743:, but on the 742: 738: 734: 724: 721: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 687:surface water 684: 680: 674: 670: 663: 652: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 627: 623: 618: 609: 607: 603: 590: 586: 584: 580: 576: 568: 564: 561: 558: 555: 552: 550: 545: 542: 539: 536: 532: 528: 527: 526: 523: 521: 517: 513: 504: 497: 486: 484: 473: 471: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 445: 435: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 403: 401: 397: 393: 382: 380: 376: 372: 366: 364: 360: 359:waterproofing 351: 342: 340: 336: 329: 311: 307: 302: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 273: 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