440:
212:(EFSA) refers to the collective set of information as Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intake (PRI) instead of RDA, and Average Requirement instead of EAR. AI and UL are defined the same as in the United States. For women ages 18 and older, the AI is set at 2.9 mg/day (includes pregnancy and lactation). For men, the value is 3.4 mg/day. For children ages 1–17 years, the AIs increase with age from 0.6 to 3.2 mg/day. These AIs are comparable to the U.S. AIs. The EFSA reviewed safety evidence and set an adult UL at 7.0 mg/day (lower for children).
29:
127:. Symptoms such as fractured hips in the elderly or brittle and weak bones may be caused by fluorine deficiency in the body. Fluoride stimulates bone formation and increases bone density; however, bone with excess fluoride content has an abnormal structure resulting in increased fragility. Thus, fluoride therapy results in large increases in bone mineral density but the effect on fracture rates, while positive, is small.
197:(AI) was used instead. AIs are typically matched to actual average consumption, with the assumption that there appears to be a need, and that need is met by what people consume. The current AI for women 19 years and older is 3.0 mg/day (includes pregnancy and lactation). The AI for men is 4.0 mg/day. The AI for children ages 1–18 increases from 0.7 to 3.0 mg/day. As for safety, the IOM sets
111:. Fluoride incorporates into the teeth to form and harden teeth enamels. This makes the teeth more acid resistant, as well as more resistant to cavity-forming bacteria. Caries-inhibiting effects of fluoride were first noticed 1902, when fluoride in high concentrations was found to stain teeth and prevent
130:
Disputes over the essential nature of fluorine date back to the 19th century, when fluorine was first observed in teeth and bones. In 1973, a trial claimed to have found reduced reproduction in mice fed on fluorine-deficient diets; however, a subsequent investigation found that this was likely due to
157:
Fluoride occurs naturally within water supplies. As an example, in
Australia, at a concentration of approximately 0.1 mg/L. However, this number varies amongst different populations, as specific fluoridated communities exceed this amount, ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 mg/L of fluoride present.
139:
Fluoride increases resistance to the "demineralization of tooth enamel during attack by acidic bacteria". While essential for all individuals, fluoride's effects are most significant in children, as the fluoride is incorporated into their developing enamel.This in turn causes their teeth to become
148:
Fluorine is the 13th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The ionic form of fluorine is called fluoride. Fluoride is most commonly found as inorganic or organic fluorides such as naturally occurring calcium fluoride, or synthetic sodium fluoride. There are a number of sources of fluoride.
183:
Fluoride supplements were first recognized and suggested by health professionals, in areas where the practice of fluoridating water was not accepted. This practice is recommended for individuals, primarily children (who are at a greater risk of caries) in low-fluoride areas.
106:
is well-recognized, despite the effect is predominantly topical. Prior to 1981, the effect of fluorides was thought to be largely systemic and preeruptive, requiring ingestion. Fluoride is considered essential in the development and maintenance of teeth by the
192:
The U.S. Institute of
Medicine (IOM) updated Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for some minerals in 1997. Where there was not sufficient information to establish EARs and RDAs, an estimate designated
1105:
821:
Mamelle, N; Meunier, PJ; Dusan, R; Guillaume, M; Martin, JL; Gaucher, A; Prost, A; Zeigler, G; Netter, P (13 August 1988). "Risk-benefit ratio of sodium fluoride treatment in primary vertebral osteoporosis".
201:(ULs) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient. In the case of fluoride, the UL is 10 mg/day. Collectively the EARs, RDAs, AIs and ULs are referred to as
482:
Gazzano, E.; Bergandi, L.; Riganti, C.; Aldieri, E.; Doublier, S.; Costamagna, C.; Bosia, A.; Ghigo, D. (2010). "Fluoride
Effects: The Two Faces of Janus".
140:
less prone to decay. Therefore, a relationship can be formulated, in that the more fluoride entering the body, the overall decline in the rate of decay.
977:
359:
807:
597:
518:
738:
639:
226:
1051:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
643:
108:
90:
in diet. Common dietary sources of fluoride include tea, grape juice, wine, raisins, some seafood, coffee, and tap water that has been
553:
Pizzo G, Piscopo MR, Pizzo I, Giuliana G (September 2007). "Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review".
1067:
1026:
377:
866:
158:
The process of incorporating more fluoride into water systems is an affordable mechanism that has many long-term benefits
1050:
938:
Tao S, Suttie JW (August 1976). "Evidence for a lack of an effect of dietary fluoride level on reproduction in mice".
766:
Riggs, BL; Hodgson, SF; O'Fallon, WM; Chao, EY; Wahner, HW; Muhs, JM; Cedel, SL; Melton LJ, 3rd (22 March 1990).
209:
1136:
625:
198:
865:
Kleerekoper, M; Peterson, EL; Nelson, DA; Phillips, E; Schork, MA; Tilley, BC; Parfitt, AM (June 1991).
397:
Ilich, J. Z.; Kerstetter, J. E. (2000). "Nutrition in Bone Health
Revisited: A Story Beyond Calcium".
529:
525:
703:
Wood, A. J. J.; Riggs, B. L.; Melton, L. J. (1992). "The
Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis".
689:
468:
202:
742:
647:
102:
is not considered to be an essential nutrient, but the importance of fluorides for preventing
1002:
801:
768:"Effect of fluoride treatment on the fracture rate in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis"
676:
455:
353:
8:
1109:
172:
167:
907:
847:
578:
422:
271:
221:
175:
started being produced in the 1890s, and has since become available in most countries.
95:
91:
1114:
867:"A randomized trial of sodium fluoride as a treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis"
835:
302:
259:
1032:
1022:
955:
899:
839:
789:
720:
617:
570:
499:
414:
341:
306:
275:
263:
40:
1011:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride
911:
851:
582:
426:
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1014:
947:
889:
881:
831:
779:
712:
609:
562:
491:
410:
406:
333:
298:
255:
669:"Effect of Inorganic Fluoride on Living Organisms of Different Phylogenetic Level"
289:
Kleerekoper, M. (1998). "The Role of
Fluoride in the Prevention of Osteoporosis".
194:
120:
784:
767:
716:
613:
495:
566:
337:
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925:
112:
103:
79:
61:
951:
1036:
1006:
978:"Health effects of water fluoridation: A review of the scientific evidence"
621:
574:
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418:
345:
267:
124:
83:
903:
843:
793:
724:
324:'Vilela';'Nunes', 'Pedro'; 'Teresa' (2011). "Osteoporosis International".
310:
94:. The extent to which the condition truly exists, and its relationship to
28:
959:
894:
56:
1097:
885:
668:
99:
87:
70:
36:
1018:
1013:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. pp. 288–313.
864:
323:
481:
820:
765:
552:
1069:
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For
Vitamins And Minerals
1001:
926:
Fluoride
Research in the 19th and early 20th century
291:
Endocrinology and
Metabolism Clinics of North America
1087:
123:(NaF), are used in the treatment and prevention of
1128:
702:
519:"Essential nutrients in drinking-water (Draft)"
396:
51:Lack of fluoride in the diet, poor oral hygiene
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761:
759:
595:
516:
399:Journal of the American College of Nutrition
358:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
227:Public relations campaigns of Edward Bernays
806:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
739:"Health Supplements and Nutritional Guides"
288:
246:Selwitz, Robert H (2007). "Dental Caries".
756:
640:"Nutritional Factors in Tooth Development"
187:
27:
937:
893:
783:
598:"Dental fluorosis: chemistry and biology"
1060:
971:
969:
78:is a disorder which may cause increased
995:
245:
178:
109:American Dental Hygienists' Association
1129:
1075:, European Food Safety Authority, 2006
143:
966:
98:has given rise to some controversy.
772:The New England Journal of Medicine
134:
13:
14:
1148:
1083:
976:Gluckman, P.; Skegg, D. (2014).
1043:
931:
918:
858:
814:
731:
705:New England Journal of Medicine
696:
661:
632:
589:
983:. Royal Society of New Zealand
546:
510:
475:
433:
411:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718070
390:
366:
317:
282:
239:
210:European Food Safety Authority
1:
836:10.1016/s0140-6736(88)92834-6
303:10.1016/S0889-8529(05)70015-3
260:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60031-2
232:
199:Tolerable upper intake levels
161:
119:Fluoride salts, particularly
596:Aoba T, Fejerskov O (2002).
7:
785:10.1056/nejm199003223221203
717:10.1056/NEJM199208273270908
517:Olivares M, Uauy R (2004).
484:Current Medicinal Chemistry
215:
10:
1153:
874:Osteoporosis International
614:10.1177/154411130201300206
496:10.2174/092986710791698503
165:
1091:
602:Crit. Rev. Oral Biol. Med
567:10.1007/s00784-007-0111-6
441:"Fluoride in the UK diet"
338:10.1007/s00234-011-0925-4
203:Dietary Reference Intakes
55:
47:
35:
26:
21:
152:
131:an iron-deficient diet.
188:Dietary recommendations
684:Cite journal requires
463:Cite journal requires
43:for cavity prevention.
1003:Institute of Medicine
952:10.1093/jn/106.8.1115
928:. Retrieved 2009-1-4.
1137:Mineral deficiencies
179:Fluoride supplements
173:Fluoride toothpaste
168:Fluoride toothpaste
144:Sources of fluoride
86:, due to a lack of
76:fluorine deficiency
22:Fluorine deficiency
886:10.1007/BF01625446
555:Clin Oral Investig
222:Water fluoridation
96:fluoride poisoning
1124:
1123:
1028:978-0-309-06403-3
490:(22): 2431–2441.
67:
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16:Medical condition
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741:. Archived from
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729:
728:
700:
694:
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682:
680:
672:
665:
659:
658:
656:
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646:. Archived from
636:
630:
629:
624:. Archived from
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587:
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550:
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543:
541:
540:
534:
528:. Archived from
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514:
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135:Role of fluoride
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19:
18:
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1080:
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1053:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1029:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
974:
967:
936:
932:
923:
919:
869:
863:
859:
830:(8607): 361–5.
819:
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799:
798:
764:
757:
748:
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737:
736:
732:
701:
697:
685:
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532:
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480:
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380:
372:
371:
367:
351:
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322:
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283:
244:
240:
235:
218:
195:Adequate Intake
190:
181:
170:
164:
155:
146:
137:
121:sodium fluoride
118:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1150:
1140:
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1117:
1101:
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1092:Classification
1085:
1084:External links
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1027:
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946:(8): 1115–22.
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326:Neuroradiology
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745:on 2016-08-07
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561:(3): 189–93.
560:
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535:on 2012-10-19
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125:osteoporosis
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57:Risk factors
332:: 185–189.
113:tooth decay
104:tooth decay
92:fluoridated
39:is sold in
1007:"Fluoride"
924:Meiers P.
749:2015-04-15
654:2008-12-30
539:2008-12-30
447:2015-04-16
383:2009-01-04
374:"Fluorine"
248:The Lancet
233:References
166:See also:
162:Toothpaste
276:204616785
1131:Category
1037:23115811
1005:(1997).
987:15 April
912:15552937
852:43513696
622:12097358
583:13189520
575:17333303
504:20491635
427:18598975
419:11194525
346:21863428
268:17208642
216:See also
205:(DRIs).
100:Fluorine
88:fluoride
71:Fluoride
37:Fluoride
1056:. 2017.
940:J. Nutr
904:1790403
844:2899773
794:2407957
725:1640955
671:. 2010.
311:9669148
41:tablets
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48:Causes
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1073:(PDF)
1054:(PDF)
981:(PDF)
908:S2CID
870:(PDF)
848:S2CID
579:S2CID
533:(PDF)
522:(PDF)
423:S2CID
378:Merck
272:S2CID
153:Water
1110:9-CM
1033:PMID
1023:ISBN
989:2015
956:PMID
900:PMID
840:PMID
808:link
790:PMID
721:PMID
690:help
644:ADHA
618:PMID
571:PMID
500:PMID
469:help
415:PMID
360:link
342:PMID
307:PMID
264:PMID
208:The
1106:ICD
1015:doi
948:doi
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882:doi
832:doi
780:doi
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