Fly - Knowledge

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functional mandibles that may be used for biting. The flies that feed on vertebrate blood have sharp stylets that pierce the skin, with some species having anticoagulant saliva that is regurgitated before absorbing the blood that flows; in this process, certain diseases can be transmitted. The bot flies (Oestridae) have evolved to parasitize mammals. Many species complete their life cycle inside the bodies of their hosts. The larvae of a few fly groups (Agromyzidae, Anthomyiidae, Cecidomyiidae) are capable of inducing plant galls. Some dipteran larvae are leaf-miners. The larvae of many brachyceran families are predaceous. In many dipteran groups, swarming is a feature of adult life, with clouds of insects gathering in certain locations; these insects are mostly males, and the swarm may serve the purpose of making their location more visible to females.

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feeding behaviours. The fruit or detritus is consumed along with the associated micro-organisms, a sieve-like filter in the pharynx being used to concentrate the particles, while flesh-eating larvae have mouth-hooks to help shred their food. The larvae of some groups feed on or in the living tissues of plants and fungi, and some of these are serious pests of agricultural crops. Some aquatic larvae consume the films of algae that form underwater on rocks and plants. Many of the parasitoid larvae grow inside and eventually kill other arthropods, while parasitic larvae may attack vertebrate hosts.

310: 2375:. Especially in the Brachycera, little demarcation is seen between the thorax and abdomen, though the demarcation may be visible in many Nematocera, such as mosquitoes; in the Brachycera, the head of the larva is not clearly distinguishable from the rest of the body, and few, if any, sclerites are present. Informally, such brachyceran larvae are called maggots, but the term is not technical and often applied indifferently to fly larvae or insect larvae in general. The eyes and antennae of brachyceran larvae are reduced or absent, and the abdomen also lacks appendages such as 1112:, distinguished by the differences in antennae. The Nematocera are identified by their elongated bodies and many-segmented, often feathery antennae as represented by mosquitoes and crane flies. The Brachycera have rounder bodies and much shorter antennae. Subsequent studies have identified the Nematocera as being non-monophyletic with modern phylogenies placing the Brachycera within grades of groups formerly placed in the Nematocera. The construction of a phylogenetic tree has been the subject of ongoing research. The following cladogram is based on the FLYTREE project. 2558: 865: 893: 2482:

direction. This forces the male to lie on his back for his genitalia to remain engaged with those of the female, or the torsion of the male genitals allows the male to mate while remaining upright. This leads to flies having more reproduction abilities than most insects, and much quicker. Flies occur in large populations due to their ability to mate effectively and quickly during the mating season. More primitive groups mates in the air during swarming, but most of the more advanced species with a 360° torsion mate on a substrate.

2343: 1694: 678: 2312: 1655: 193: 1231: 578: 1634: 2863: 6513:"Βεελζεβούλ, ὁ indecl. (v.l. Βεελζεβούβ and Βεεζεβούλ W-S. §5, 31, cp. 27 n. 56) Beelzebul, orig. a Philistine deity; the name בַּעַל זְבוּב means Baal (lord) of the flies (4 Km 1:2, 6; Sym. transcribes βεελζεβούβ; Vulgate Beelzebub; TestSol freq. Βεελζεβούλ,-βουέλ).", Arndt, W., Danker, F. W., & Bauer, W. (2000). A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (3rd ed.) (173). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2636: 2218: 1355: 1287: 1483: 1327: 1079: 828: 1376: 1166: 3108: 1606: 748: 1424: 2133: 1537: 11076: 10475: 9626: 1565: 629: 2491: 1452: 1259: 134: 1879: 2410:, where the larvae starting development inside the eggs before they hatch or viviparous, the larvae hatching and maturing in the body of the mother before being externally deposited. These are found especially in groups that have larvae dependent on food sources that are short-lived or are accessible for brief periods. This is widespread in some families such as the Sarcophagidae. In 6531:"For etymological reasons, Baal Zebub must be considered a Semitic god; he is taken over by the Philistine Ekronites and incorporated into their local cult.", Herrmann, "Baal Zebub", in Toorn, K., Becking, B., & Horst, P. W. (1999). Dictionary of deities and demons in the Bible DDD (2nd extensively rev. ed.) (154). Leiden; Boston; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brill; Eerdmans. 1897:

more robust flies with short antennae. Many nematoceran larvae are aquatic. There are estimated to be a total of about 19,000 species of Diptera in Europe, 22,000 in the Nearctic region, 20,000 in the Afrotropical region, 23,000 in the Oriental region and 19,000 in the Australasian region. While most species have restricted distributions, a few like the housefly (

3262:, and fruit fly. In contrast, common names of non-dipteran insects that have "fly" in their names are written as one word, e.g. butterfly, stonefly, dragonfly, scorpionfly, sawfly, caddisfly, whitefly. In practice, however, this is a comparatively new convention; especially in older books, names like "saw fly" and "caddis fly", or hyphenated forms such as 3215:. The digestive activities of the fly larvae soften the cheese and modify the aroma as part of the process of maturation. At one time European Union authorities banned sale of the cheese and it was becoming hard to find, but the ban has been lifted on the grounds that the cheese is a traditional local product made by traditional methods. 1942:. Flies are the second largest group of pollinators after the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and relatives). In wet and colder environments flies are significantly more important as pollinators. Compared to bees, they need less food as they do not need to provision their young. Many flowers that bear low nectar and those that have evolved 401:, and mouthparts designed for piercing and sucking (mosquitoes, black flies and robber flies), or for lapping and sucking in the other groups. Their wing arrangement gives them great maneuverability in flight, and claws and pads on their feet enable them to cling to smooth surfaces. Flies undergo complete 1950:

mines. Some families are mycophagous or fungus feeding. These include the cave dwelling Mycetophilidae (fungus gnats) whose larvae are the only diptera with bioluminescence. The Sciaridae are also fungus feeders. Some plants are pollinated by fungus feeding flies that visit fungus infected male flowers.

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Flies are eaten by other animals at all stages of their development. The eggs and larvae are parasitised by other insects and are eaten by many creatures, some of which specialise in feeding on flies but most of which consume them as part of a mixed diet. Birds, bats, frogs, lizards, dragonflies and

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being below the genitals, or, in the case of 360° torsion, to the sperm duct being wrapped around the gut and the external organs being in their usual position. When flies mate, the male initially flies on top of the female, facing in the same direction, but then turns around to face in the opposite

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take various forms. In some groups, particularly the Nematocera, the pupa is intermediate between the larval and adult form; these pupae are described as "obtect", having the future appendages visible as structures that adhere to the pupal body. The outer surface of the pupa may be leathery and bear

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In many flies, the larval stage is long and adults may have a short life. Most dipteran larvae develop in protected environments; many are aquatic and others are found in moist places such as carrion, fruit, vegetable matter, fungi and, in the case of parasitic species, inside their hosts. They tend

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larvae to remove the dead tissue from wounds, most commonly being amputations. Historically, this has been used for centuries, both intentional and unintentional, on battlefields and in early hospital settings. Removing the dead tissue promotes cell growth and healthy wound healing. The larvae also

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that respond to touch. The third segments of the antennae and the maxillary palps bear the main olfactory receptors, while the gustatory receptors are in the labium, pharynx, feet, wing margins and female genitalia, enabling flies to taste their food by walking on it. The taste receptors in females

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is responsible for detecting horizontal motion across the entire visual field of the fly, allowing the fly to generate and guide stabilizing motor corrections midflight with respect to yaw. The ocelli are concerned in the detection of changes in light intensity, enabling the fly to react swiftly to

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field is analyzed by a set of motion-sensitive neurons. A subset of these neurons is thought to be involved in using the optic flow to estimate the parameters of self-motion, such as yaw, roll, and sideward translation. Other neurons are thought to be involved in analyzing the content of the visual

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and typically involve an angle of 90°, being achieved in 50 milliseconds. They are initiated by visual stimuli as the fly observes an object, nerves then activate steering muscles in the thorax that cause a small change in wing stroke which generate sufficient torque to turn. Detecting this within

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The abdomen shows considerable variability among members of the order. It consists of eleven segments in primitive groups and ten segments in more derived groups, the tenth and eleventh segments having fused. The last two or three segments are adapted for reproduction. Each segment is made up of a

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and the actual species diversity is much greater, with the flies from many parts of the world yet to be studied intensively. The suborder Nematocera include generally small, slender insects with long antennae such as mosquitoes, gnats, midges and crane-flies, while the Brachycera includes broader,

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magazine suggested a trap for these flies. A pipe acting as a chimney was fitted to the toilet which let in some light to attract these flies up to the end of this pipe where a gauze covering prevented escape to the air outside so that they were trapped and died. Toilets are generally dark inside

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In Ancient Egypt, flies appear in amulets and as a military award for bravery and tenacity, due to the fact that they always come back when swatted at. It is thought that flies may have also been associated with the departing spirit of the dead, as they are often found near dead bodies. In modern

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both as consumers and as prey. In some groups the larvae complete their development without feeding, and in others the adults do not feed. The larvae can be herbivores, scavengers, decomposers, predators or parasites, with the consumption of decaying organic matter being one of the most prevalent

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The adult stage is usually short, its function is only to mate and lay eggs. The genitalia of male flies are rotated to a varying degree from the position found in other insects. In some flies, this is a temporary rotation during mating, but in others, it is a permanent torsion of the organs that

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Whereas many dipteran larvae are aquatic or live in enclosed terrestrial locations, the majority of adults live above ground and are capable of flight. Predominantly they feed on nectar or plant or animal exudates, such as honeydew, for which their lapping mouthparts are adapted. Some flies have

6522:"1. According to 2 Kgs 1:2–6 the name of the Philistine god of Ekron was Lord of the Flies (Heb. ba‘al zeaûḇ), from whom Israel’s King Ahaziah requested an oracle.", Balz, H. R., & Schneider, G. (1990–). Vol. 1: Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament (211). Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. 1949:

The greatest diversity of gall forming insects are found among the flies, principally in the family Cecidomyiidae (gall midges). Many flies (most importantly in the family Agromyzidae) lay their eggs in the mesophyll tissue of leaves with larvae feeding between the surfaces forming blisters and

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on the top. The compound eyes may be close together or widely separated, and in some instances are divided into a dorsal region and a ventral region, perhaps to assist in swarming behaviour. The antennae are well-developed but variable, being thread-like, feathery or comb-like in the different

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organs and are rapidly oscillated in time with the wings; they act as a balance and guidance system by providing rapid feedback to the wing-steering muscles, and flies deprived of their halteres are unable to fly. The wings and halteres move in synchrony but the amplitude of each wing beat is

2335:, most dipteran larvae have sclerotised head capsules, which may be reduced to remnant mouth hooks; the Brachycera, however, have soft, gelatinized head capsules from which the sclerites are reduced or missing. Many of these larvae retract their heads into their thorax. The 2286:, many hover flies, bee flies (Bombyliidae) and fruit flies (Tephritidae) maintain territories within which they engage in aerial pursuit to drive away intruding males and other species. While these territories may be held by individual males, some species, such as 3162:. It has been suggested that fly larvae could be used at a large scale as food for farmed chickens, pigs, and fish. However, consumers are opposed to the inclusion of insects in their food, and the use of insects in animal feed remains illegal in areas such as the 1891:

Flies are often abundant and are found in almost all terrestrial habitats in the world apart from Antarctica. They include many familiar insects such as house flies, blow flies, mosquitoes, gnats, black flies, midges and fruit flies. More than 150,000 have been

2430:; a single fertilised egg is retained in the oviduct and the developing larva feeds on glandular secretions. When fully grown, the female finds a spot with soft soil and the larva works its way out of the oviduct, buries itself and pupates. Some flies like 1066:

insects has long been accepted, with the main orders being established as Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, and it is the relationships between these groups which has caused difficulties. Diptera is widely thought to be a member of

2468:, formed from the last larval skin, and the actual pupa is concealed within. When the adult insect is ready to emerge from this tough, desiccation-resistant capsule, it inflates a balloon-like structure on its head, and forces its way out. 2034:

consisting of 11 segments, some of which may be fused, and with the 3 hindmost segments modified for reproduction. Some Dipterans are mimics and can only be distinguished from their models by very careful inspection. An example of this is

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Lakes-Harlan, Reinhard; Jacobs, Kirsten; Allen, Geoff R. (2007). "Comparison of auditory sense organs in parasitoid Tachinidae (Diptera) hosted by Tettigoniidae (Orthoptera) and homologous structures in a non-hearing Phoridae (Diptera)".

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in 1927. This claim, of speeds of 600 to 800 miles per hour, was regularly repeated until it was shown to be physically impossible as well as incorrect by Irving Langmuir. Langmuir suggested an estimated speed of 25 miles per hour.

2806:("painted fly" in Latin) is a depiction of a fly as an inconspicuous element of various paintings. This feature was widespread in 15th and 16th centuries paintings and its presence may be explained by various reasons. 2530:

such as members of the Sarcophagidae. The miltogramminae are known as "satellite flies" for their habit of following wasps and stealing their stung prey or laying their eggs into them. Phorids, milichids and the genus

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with many males aggregating in displays. Some flies maintain an airspace and still others form dense swarms that maintain a stationary location with respect to landmarks. Many flies mate in flight while swarming.

3100:. Thus, the presence or absence of particular species provides evidence for the time since death, and sometimes other details such as the place of death, when species are confined to particular habitats such as 2026:, bears the wings and contains the flight muscles on the second segment, which is greatly enlarged; the first and third segments have been reduced to collar-like structures, and the third segment bears the 7084: 6445:

Nearly every element in the universe may be thus personalized, and even the least of these such as tiny Chipmunk and those little insect helpers and mentors of deity and man in the myths, Big Fly (

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Yeates, David K.; Weigmann, Brian M; Courtney, Greg W.; Meier, Rudolf; Lambkins, Christine; Pape, Thomas (2007). "Phylogeny and systematics of Diptera: Two decades of progress and prospects".

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are exceptional in having lost their wings and become flightless. The only other order of insects bearing a single pair of true, functional wings, in addition to any form of halteres, are the

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fluid in a behaviour termed as "bubbling" which has been thought to help the insects evaporate water and concentrate food or possibly to cool by evaporation. Some adult diptera are known for

5922: 476:. Flies can be annoyances especially in some parts of the world where they can occur in large numbers, buzzing and settling on the skin or eyes to bite or seek fluids. Larger flies such as 2422:(Phoridae) females have incubation pouches, and a full developed third instar larva is deposited by the adult and it almost immediately pupates with no freely feeding larval stage. The 3096:. Maggots of different species of flies visit corpses and carcases at fairly well-defined times after the death of the victim, and so do their predators, such as beetles in the family 6287:

Whitman, D. W.; Orsak, L.; Greene, E. (1988). "Spider mimicry in fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Further experiments on the deterrence of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) by

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Ssymank, Axel; Kearns, C. A.; Pape, Thomas; Thompson, F. Christian (1 April 2008). "Pollinating Flies (Diptera): A major contribution to plant diversity and agricultural production".

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Hendrichs, J.; Cooley, S. S.; Prokopy, R. J. (1992). "Post-feeding bubbling behaviour in fluid-feeding Diptera: concentration of crop contents by oral evaporation of excess water".

3975: 2432: 405:; the eggs are often laid on the larval food-source and the larvae, which lack true limbs, develop in a protected environment, often inside their food source. Other species are 7178:

Gilead, L.; Mumcuoglu, K. Y.; Ingber, A. (16 August 2013). "The use of maggot debridement therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds in hospitalised and ambulatory patients".

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families. The mouthparts are adapted for piercing and sucking, as in the black flies, mosquitoes and robber flies, and for lapping and sucking as in many other groups. Female

413:, dung, decaying material, or open wounds of mammals. The pupa is a tough capsule from which the adult emerges when ready to do so; flies mostly have short lives as adults. 2968:. Other dipterans are a nuisance to humans, especially when present in large numbers; these include houseflies, which contaminate food and spread food-borne illnesses; the 2588:—their young live and grow within the nests of ants. They are protected from the ants by imitating chemical odours given by ant colony members. Bombyliid bee flies such as 2236:

independent, allowing the fly to turn sideways. The wings of the fly are attached to two kinds of muscles, those used to power it and another set used for fine control.

6418: 370:, which act as high-speed sensors of rotational movement and allow dipterans to perform advanced aerobatics. Diptera is a large order containing an estimated 1,000,000 2167:, and concentration of nerve tissue in the thorax, a feature that is most extreme in the highly derived Muscomorpha infraorder. Some flies such as the ectoparasitic 2117:

at the tip of the abdomen receive information on the suitability of a site for ovipositing. Flies that feed on blood have special sensory structures that can detect

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spines, respiratory features or locomotory paddles. In other groups, described as "coarctate", the appendages are not visible. In these, the outer surface is a

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Becerril-Morales, Felipe; Macías-Ordóñez, Rogelio (2009). "Territorial contests within and between two species of flies (Diptera: Richardiidae) in the wild".

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Flies tend to fly in a straight line then make a rapid change in direction before continuing on a different straight path. The directional changes are called

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Ma, Kevin Y.; Chirarattananon, Pakpong; Fuller, Sawyer B.; Wood, Robert J. (3 May 2013). "Controlled flight of a biologically inspired, insect-scale robot".

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inside the nests of social insects. Some brachycerans are agricultural pests, some bite animals and humans and suck their blood, and some transmit diseases.

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is widespread with many hoverflies resembling bees and wasps, ants and some species of tephritid fruit fly resembling spiders. Some species of hoverfly are

2784:, "Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire", driven mad by the constant pursuit. In 3429: 1075:(twisted-wing flies). Diptera has been grouped with Siphonaptera and Mecoptera in the Antliophora, but this has not been confirmed by molecular studies. 5496:

Dodson, Gary; Yeates, David (1990). "The mating system of a bee fly (Diptera: Bombyliidae). II. Factors affecting male territorial and mating success".

541:. The possession of a single pair of wings distinguishes most true flies from other insects with "fly" in their names. However, some true flies such as 10410: 2412: 2088:

use knife-like mandibles and maxillae to make a cross-shaped incision in the host's skin and then lap up the blood that flows. The gut includes large

11449: 10352: 10332: 10425: 4808: 2179:. In contrast to the flies, the Strepsiptera bear their halteres on the mesothorax and their flight wings on the metathorax. Each of the fly's six 7214: 11295: 2721:

Egypt, a similar belief persists in some areas to not swat at shiny green flies, as they may be carrying the soul of a recently deceased person.

366:"wing". Insects of this order use only a single pair of wings to fly, the hindwings having evolved into advanced mechanosensory organs known as 10440: 9346: 2418: 6252:

Pie, Marcio R.; Del-Claro, Kleber (2002). "Male-male agonistic behavior and ant-mimicry in a Neotropical richardiid (Diptera: Richardiidae)".

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Brachycera are ecologically very diverse, with many being predatory at the larval stage and some being parasitic. Animals parasitised include

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Flies play a variety of symbolic roles in different cultures. These include both positive and negative roles in religion. In the traditional

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Wiegmann, B. M.; Trautwein, M. D.; Winkler, I. S.; Barr, N. B.; Kim, J.-W.; Lambkin, C.; Bertone, M. A.; Cassel, B. K.; et al. (2011).

10520: 2770:: "Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed." 979: 2183:

has a typical insect structure of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus, with the tarsus in most instances being subdivided into five

1071:, along with Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Trichoptera (caddisflies), Siphonaptera (fleas), Mecoptera (scorpionflies) and possibly 10367: 9529: 3246:

Some authors draw a distinction in writing the common names of insects. True flies are in their view best written as two words, such as

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are short-bodied, round, furry, and distinctly bee-like as they visit flowers for nectar, and are likely also Batesian mimics of bees.

7380: 7326:, pp. 717–786. In: The Division of Entomology. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra (spons.), 6884:

Mulla, Mir S.; Chansang, Uruyakorn (2007). "Pestiferous nature, resting sites, aggregation, and host-seeking behavior of the eye fly

3730: 3350:"The evolutionary history of holometabolous insects inferred from transcriptome-based phylogeny and comprehensive morphological data" 1913:), with a length of up to 7 cm (2.8 in), is generally considered to be the largest fly in the world, while the smallest is 7278: 4340:

Stireman, John O. (1 September 2002). "Learning in the Generalist Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista Mella Walker (Diptera: Tachinidae)".

2740:, and was thus turned by the angry goddess into a fly, who now always deprives people of their sleep in memory of her past life. In 11269: 2273:(Chloropidae) are known to be dispersed by winds at altitudes of up to 2000 ft and over long distances. Some hover flies like 3019: 11308: 7387: 3935:"Gene Flow Among Geographically Diverse Housefly Populations (Musca domestica L.): A Worldwide Survey of Mitochondrial Diversity" 3054:. A large number of genetic studies have been undertaken based on this species; these have had a profound impact on the study of 2383:. Nematoceran larvae generally have well-developed eyes and antennae, while those of Brachyceran larvae are reduced or modified. 1202: 4203:"Phylogenetic relationships within the leaf-mining flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae) inferred from sequence data from multiple genes" 3190:

activity found in their secretions as they feed. These medicinal maggots are a safe and effective treatment for chronic wounds.

2701:, the dead corpses floating on the waters are compared to flies. Later, the gods are said to swarm "like flies" around the hero 1027:

which were abundant at the time, and dipteran mouthparts are well-adapted to softening and lapping up the crusted residues. The

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Peters, Ralph S.; Meusemann, Karen; Petersen, Malte; Mayer, Christoph; Wilbrandt, Jeanne; Ziesmann, Tanja; et al. (2014).

6669: 6453:) (Wyman and Bailey 1964:29–30, 51, 137–144), are as necessary for the harmonious balance of the universe as is the great Sun. 7427: 7255: 6738: 6711: 6679: 6652: 6563: 6429: 6366: 6168: 5951: 5790: 5761: 5734: 5709: 5694: 5045: 4792: 4637: 4551: 4519: 4424: 3798: 3678: 3560: 3433: 11313: 3082:, techniques that he applied to morphological characters but now adapted for use with molecular sequences in phylogenetics. 11459: 2999:(Empididae) are predators and parasitoids of other insects, helping to control a variety of pests. Many dipterans such as 6776: 2905: 6382:

Eslin, Patrice; Doury, Géraldine (2006). "The fly Drosophila subobscura: A natural case of innate immunity deficiency".

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Marshall, S.A.; Kirk-Spriggs, A.H. (2017). "Natural history of Diptera". In Kirk-Spriggs, A.H.; Sinclair, B.J. (eds.).

1019:. Based on the attraction of many modern fly groups to shiny droplets, it has been suggested that they may have fed on 5897: 5561:

Alcock, John; Schaefer, John E. (1983). "Hilltop territoriality in a Sonoran desert bot fly (Diptera: Cuterebridae)".

2904:(Oestridae) attack livestock, causing wounds, spreading disease, and creating significant economic harm. See article: 6614: 6476: 11406: 11248: 10513: 7063: 2543:

forage underwater, and have special hydrophobic hairs that trap a bubble of air that lets them breathe underwater.

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emissions, and use them to home in on their hosts, Many blood-sucking flies can detect the raised concentration of

1015:(around 140 million years ago), so the original dipterans must have had a different source of nutrition other than 11339: 11261: 10529: 9522: 3814:

Yeates, D. K.; Wiegmann, B. M. (1999). "Congruence and controversy: toward a higher-level phylogeny of diptera".

2625: 2379:. This lack of features is an adaptation to food such as carrion, decaying detritus, or host tissues surrounding 806: 273: 6580: 2510:

Most adult diptera have their mouthparts modified to sponge up fluid. The adults of many species of flies (e.g.

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Pape, Thomas; Beuk, Paul; Pont, Adrian Charles; Shatalkin, Anatole I.; Ozerov, Andrey L.; et al. (2015).

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Eckert, Hendrik (1980). "Functional properties of the H1-neurone in the third optic Ganglion of the Blowfly,

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Mayhew, Peter J. (2007). "Why are there so many insect species? Perspectives from fossils and phylogenies".

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are thought to have occurred based on the fossil record. Many new species of lower Diptera developed in the

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Flies are capable of great manoeuvrability during flight due to the presence of the halteres. These act as

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Meier, Rudolf; Kotrba, Marion; Ferrar, Paul (August 1999). "Ovoviviparity and viviparity in the Diptera".

4655:"On the neuronal basis of figure-ground discrimination by relative motion in the visual system of the fly" 3576:

Downes, William L. Jr.; Dahlem, Gregory A. (1987). "Keys to the Evolution of Diptera: Role of Homoptera".

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Flies have rapid reflexes that aid their escape from predators but their sustained flight speeds are low.

2199:, connected by an elastic membrane. In some females, the sclerites are rolled into a flexible, telescopic 11454: 11178: 11155: 11052: 10506: 2322:

Diptera go through a complete metamorphosis with four distinct life stages – egg, larva, pupa and adult.

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relatives. Flies may have been among the evolutionarily earliest pollinators responsible for early plant

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Manual of Afrotropical Diptera. Volume 1. Introductory chapters and keys to Diptera families. Suricata 4

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Yuval, B.; Bouskila, A. (1 March 1993). "Temporal dynamics of mating and predation in mosquito swarms".

3731:"Phylogeny of True Flies (Diptera): A 250 Million Year Old Success Story in Terrestrial Diversification" 2067: 1975:

sp., Chironomidae), hot springs, geysers, saline pools, sulphur pools, septic tanks and even crude oil (

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adapted to hold onto a substrate in flowing water, host tissues or prey. The majority of dipterans are

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Although most flies live and fly close to the ground, a few are known to fly at heights and a few like

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respond in less than 5 milliseconds to camera flashes by taking flight. In the past, the deer bot fly,

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four or five wingbeats, the halteres trigger a counter-turn and the fly heads off in a new direction.

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Diaz-Roa, A.; Gaona, M. A.; Segura, N. A.; Suárez, D.; Patarroyo, M.A.; Bello, F. J. (August 2014). "

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Dipterans are an important group of insects and have a considerable impact on the environment. Some

2766:, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman 2187:. At the tip of the limb is a pair of claws, and between these are cushion-like structures known as 1946:

depend on flies. It is thought that some of the earliest pollinators of plants may have been flies.

192: 10997: 10992: 9498: 4242:"Artocarpus (Moraceae)-Gall Midge Pollination Mutualism Mediated by a Male-Flower Parasitic Fungus" 2552: 2518: 3046:

in research because of the ease with which it can be bred and reared in the laboratory, its small

2616:, leading to an inability to defend against parasitic attacks, a form of innate immunodeficiency. 10899: 10876: 10789: 6640: 3491: 3038: 3025: 2427: 2023: 2010:

Flies are adapted for aerial movement and typically have short and streamlined bodies. The first

1961: 24: 6986:"The use of insects in forensic investigations: An overview on the scope of forensic entomology" 6358: 5198:"Faster than a flash: The fastest visual startle reflex response is found in a long-legged fly, 3334: 2794:

to that of a cow chased by a gadfly. More recently, in 1962 the biologist Vincent Dethier wrote

11375: 11095: 10964: 9541: 8677: 6466: 4944: 3881: 1915: 1040: 913: 170: 35: 6931: 6728: 6701: 6221:"Do hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) sound like the Hymenoptera they morphologically resemble?" 5120:

Dickinson, Michael H; Tu, Michael S (1 March 1997). "The function of dipteran flight muscle".

5035: 4509: 4414: 3738: 3399: 11370: 11057: 10949: 10739: 10734: 10585: 6553: 5751: 3788: 2925: 2821: 2599: 2336: 2037: 2005: 326: 149: 11362: 11300: 6644: 6194: 3146:, and as food for carnivorous animals (kept as pets, in zoos, or for research) such as some 2261:, was claimed to be one of the fastest insects on the basis of an estimate made visually by 726: 656: 11217: 11142: 10904: 10698: 10685: 7391: 7036: 6819: 6103: 6023: 5605: 5281: 5074: 4869:

Zhu, Junwei J.; Zhang, Qing-he; Taylor, David B.; Friesen, Kristina A. (1 September 2016).

4048: 3621: 2786: 2737: 2665: 2386:

Dipteran larvae have no jointed, "true legs", but some dipteran larvae, such as species of

1959:(Phoridae) are almost omnivorous and consume such substances as paint and shoe polish. The 1020: 28: 4318: 2022:(the labrum, labium, mandible, and maxilla make up the mouthparts). The second tagma, the 8: 11062: 11007: 10889: 10774: 10759: 10643: 6092:"Superhydrophobic diving flies ( Ephydra hians ) and the hypersaline waters of Mono Lake" 4654: 3324: 3089: 2868: 2771: 2348: 2288: 2248: 1977: 1893: 465: 420:

and human importance. Flies are important pollinators, second only to the bees and their

391: 7483: 7143:(Diptera: Calliphoridae) excretions and secretions have potent antibacterial activity". 6970: 6823: 6107: 6027: 5668: 5609: 5285: 5078: 4399: 4052: 3625: 2125:

that occurs near large animals. Some tachinid flies (Ormiinae) which are parasitoids of

1965:

fly are considered generalists and parasitoids of a variety of hosts. The larvae of the

10580: 10450: 9965: 9170: 7738: 7012: 6985: 6913: 6843: 6351: 6331: 6269: 6134: 6091: 6052: 6011: 5992: 5988: 5957: 5864: 5823: 5819: 5779: 5637: 5578: 5513: 5478: 5439: 5435: 5400: 5328: 5254: 5223: 5178: 5097: 5062: 5011: 4998: 4978: 4926: 4851: 4802: 4762: 4718: 4709: 4693: 4674: 4593: 4584: 4569:"Dendro-dendritic interactions between motion-sensitive large-field neurons in the fly" 4568: 4466: 4441: 4365: 4271: 4150: 4107: 4072: 3910: 3883: 3644: 3607: 3520: 3495: 3472: 3376: 3349: 3328: 2829: 2717:

beads were often worn in ancient Mesopotamia, along with other kinds of fly-jewellery.

2557: 2306: 1969:(Ephydridae) and some Chironomidae survive in extreme environments including glaciers ( 1955: 1197: 1088: 187: 177: 7156: 7037:"Roasted maggots (Dipteran larvae) as a dietary protein source for laboratory animals" 5574: 5133: 3092:. Maggot species can be identified by their anatomical features and by matching their 3074:

and development among other research topics. The studies on dipteran relationships by

2832:, as a fly might see them. Flies have inspired the design of miniature flying robots. 2652: 309: 11357: 11204: 11133: 10784: 10754: 10703: 10693: 10668: 10602: 10400: 8023: 7357: 7195: 7160: 7117: 7017: 6905: 6835: 6734: 6707: 6675: 6648: 6610: 6559: 6482: 6472: 6399: 6362: 6164: 6139: 6121: 6057: 6039: 5947: 5786: 5757: 5730: 5723: 5690: 5629: 5621: 5297: 5170: 5102: 5041: 5016: 4890: 4843: 4788: 4723: 4678: 4633: 4598: 4547: 4515: 4471: 4420: 4357: 4322: 4279: 4222: 4064: 3956: 3915: 3831: 3794: 3674: 3649: 3556: 3525: 3464: 3460: 3381: 3271: 2061: 2019: 2015: 1139: 1032: 473: 322: 7364:(Collection of biological and systematic studies on Diptera of the World). 11 vols. 6917: 6847: 6273: 6010:

Gomes, Guilherme; Köberle, Roland; Von Zuben, Claudio J.; Andrade, Denis V. (2018).

5996: 5961: 5868: 5827: 5641: 5582: 5517: 5482: 5457:

Wellington, W. G.; Fitzpatrick, Sheila M. (2012). "Territoriality in the Drone Fly,

5443: 5227: 4930: 4907: 4855: 4766: 4369: 4154: 4111: 4076: 2426:(as well as other Glossinidae, Hippoboscidae, Nycteribidae and Streblidae) exhibits 2100:

scene itself, such as separating figures from the ground using motion parallax. The

864: 10954: 10836: 10729: 10724: 10590: 10342: 10193: 9879: 9398: 9304: 9287: 9165: 8607: 8210: 7967: 7878: 7229: 7187: 7152: 7007: 6997: 6966: 6897: 6827: 6391: 6300: 6261: 6232: 6129: 6111: 6047: 6031: 5984: 5939: 5854: 5815: 5664: 5613: 5570: 5543: 5505: 5470: 5431: 5392: 5359: 5289: 5213: 5182: 5160: 5129: 5092: 5082: 5006: 4990: 4918: 4882: 4870: 4835: 4754: 4713: 4705: 4666: 4625: 4588: 4580: 4461: 4453: 4395: 4349: 4314: 4263: 4253: 4214: 4181: 4142: 4134: 4099: 4056: 3946: 3905: 3895: 3823: 3769: 3639: 3629: 3585: 3515: 3507: 3476: 3456: 3371: 3361: 3223:

Flies are a health hazard and are attracted to toilets because of their smell. The

2881: 2833: 2791: 2742: 2729: 2581: 2527: 2342: 1943: 1905: 1883: 1321: 788: 156: 10498: 6500: 5379:

Johnson, C.G.; Taylor, L.R.; T.R.E. Southwood (1962). "High altitude migration of

4103: 3827: 2331:

to have thin cuticles and become desiccated if exposed to the air. Apart from the

2277:

have been known to undertake long flights in response to aphid population spurts.

1693: 11209: 10486: 10420: 10337: 10327: 10304: 9871: 9015: 9010: 8875: 8774: 8723: 8560: 8241: 8106: 7932: 7924: 7746: 7705: 7431: 7423: 6634: 6606: 6600: 6158: 4629: 4442:"Haltere–mediated equilibrium reflexes of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster" 3668: 3135: 3055: 2969: 2961: 2810: 2775: 2639: 2590: 2563: 2440: 2113: 2053: 2011: 1899: 1349: 1008: 1003:(around 240 million years ago), and they became widespread during the Middle and 1000: 892: 453: 348: 11326: 11147: 10264: 7465: 7362:

Diptera: recueil d'etudes biologiques et systematiques sur les Dipteres du Globe

5293: 4446:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

4298: 4218: 4138: 2983:

Many dipterans serve roles that are useful to humans. Houseflies, blowflies and

11434: 11256: 11243: 11160: 11080: 10971: 10944: 10870: 10744: 10628: 10561: 10479: 10435: 10430: 10415: 10362: 9296: 9222: 9136: 9073: 8989: 8924: 8906: 8891: 8797: 8792: 8641: 8419: 8340: 8296: 8257: 8031: 7950: 7891: 7886: 7754: 7652: 7347: 7312: 7191: 6788: 6035: 4186: 4169: 3773: 3275: 3207: 3202: 3163: 3043: 2984: 2767: 2763: 2585: 2568: 2122: 1654: 1600: 1419: 1253: 1063: 600: 501: 441: 433: 6984:

Joseph, Isaac; Mathew, Deepu G.; Sathyan, Pradeesh; Vargheese, Geetha (2011).

6756: 6395: 6265: 5943: 4922: 4617: 4353: 3951: 3496:"Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics" 1062:

The phylogenetic position of Diptera has been controversial. The monophyly of

11428: 11027: 10572: 10390: 10382: 9608: 9600: 9437: 9429: 9420: 9312: 9246: 9238: 9191: 9157: 8973: 8929: 8834: 8826: 8748: 8738: 8682: 8654: 8544: 8403: 8356: 8325: 8077: 8069: 7980: 7860: 7852: 7780: 7762: 7681: 7308: 6730:

Shakespeare and the Classical Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography, 1961–1991

6219:

Rashed, A.; Khan, M. I.; Dawson, J. W.; Yack, J. E.; Sherratt, T. N. (2008).

6125: 6043: 5625: 5547: 4979:"Adhesion Forces Measured at the Level of a Terminal Plate of the Fly's Seta" 4822:

Stocker, Reinhard F. (2005). "The organization of the chemosensory system in

4361: 3693:

B.B. Rohdendorf. 1964. Trans. Inst. Paleont., Acad. Sci. USSR, Moscow, v. 100

3544: 3426:

Diptera: Keds, flat-flies & bat-flies (Hippoboscidae & Nycteribiidae)

3225: 3187: 3178: 3131: 2980:) which visit the eye in search of fluids can be a nuisance in some seasons. 2965: 2948: 2838: 2802: 2798:, introducing the general reader to the behaviour and physiology of the fly. 2610:, lacks a category of hemocytes that are present in other studied species of 2539: 2499: 2416:(Anthomyiidae) the larva moults to the second instar before hatching, and in 2407: 2395: 2380: 2225: 2212: 2180: 2168: 2126: 2109: 2071:

A head of a fly, showing the two compound eyes and three simple eyes clearly.

1225: 1097: 1036: 1004: 677: 623: 590: 542: 485: 409:, opportunistically depositing hatched or hatching larvae instead of eggs on 406: 402: 355: 84: 7002: 6831: 6318:

Akre, Roger D.; Garnett, William B.; Zack, Richard S. (1990). "Ant hosts of

6304: 6237: 6220: 6116: 6079:. Pretoria: South African National Biodiversity Institute. pp. 135–152. 5087: 4125:

Labandeira, Conrad C. (3 April 1998). "How Old Is the Flower and the Fly?".

3786: 3634: 3366: 11118: 10959: 10924: 10848: 10618: 10322: 10095: 10072: 10064: 10006: 9961: 9793: 9736: 9565: 9468: 9460: 9451: 9393: 9354: 9337: 9212: 9112: 9049: 8957: 8934: 8865: 8810: 8787: 8743: 8733: 8728: 8718: 8697: 8612: 8573: 8536: 8506: 8464: 8443: 8411: 8312: 8262: 8060: 7959: 7870: 7818: 7810: 7713: 7689: 7627: 7569: 7333: 7283: 7199: 7164: 7021: 6909: 6839: 6403: 6143: 6061: 5901: 5633: 5301: 5174: 5165: 5148: 5106: 5020: 4994: 4894: 4727: 4602: 4475: 4457: 4326: 4283: 4226: 4068: 3960: 3919: 3835: 3653: 3529: 3511: 3468: 3385: 3266:

and dragon-fly are widely used. Exceptions to this rule occur, such as the

3139: 3075: 3071: 2988: 2953: 2893: 2714: 2448: 2316: 2311: 2176: 2163:. A further adaptation for flight is the reduction in number of the neural 2089: 2076: 2057: 1848: 1688: 1495: 1370: 1160: 1072: 992: 988: 908: 742: 708: 610: 559: 530: 518: 493: 477: 461: 457: 398: 330: 314: 291: 163: 7494: 7471: 7233: 6555:

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

4847: 3589: 2339:

in the larva and pupa do not have any internal mechanical closing device.

1230: 11282: 11170: 11127: 11022: 10853: 10824: 10749: 10719: 10673: 10623: 10445: 10377: 10309: 10210: 10111: 10041: 9892: 9830: 9706: 9385: 9364: 9095: 9078: 9054: 9041: 8965: 8944: 8857: 8849: 8839: 8782: 8753: 8713: 8687: 8578: 8552: 8497: 8381: 8348: 8291: 8228: 8185: 8039: 7998: 7990: 7972: 7865: 7847: 7660: 7448: 5378: 5218: 5197: 3212: 3183: 3008: 2977: 2943: 2921: 2889: 2885: 2813: 2702: 2437: 2257: 2148: 2085: 2030:, which help to balance the insect during flight. The third tagma is the 1866: 1860: 1842: 1633: 1587: 1577: 1406: 1093: 1068: 1052: 1028: 822: 801: 651: 577: 572: 538: 534: 522: 497: 425: 421: 379: 375: 254: 59: 6335: 5843:"Why grow up? A perspective on insect strategies to avoid metamorphosis" 5474: 5364: 5347: 5332: 5258: 5037:

Arthropod Collection and Identification: Laboratory and Field Techniques

3900: 3575: 2092:, allowing the insect to store small quantities of liquid after a meal. 1919:, which at 0.4 mm (0.016 in) is smaller than a grain of salt. 10799: 10794: 10651: 10566: 10395: 10119: 9929: 9838: 9822: 9806: 9634: 9377: 9320: 9254: 9230: 9204: 9149: 8981: 8952: 8919: 8896: 8818: 8705: 8672: 8659: 8633: 8568: 8456: 8283: 8270: 8215: 8165: 8122: 8114: 7831: 7797: 7789: 7636: 7609: 7601: 7585: 7453: 5617: 5509: 5002: 4839: 4758: 4670: 4275: 4267: 4060: 3251: 3198: 3170: 3119: 3111: 3097: 3079: 3067: 3004: 2992: 2957: 2939: 2862: 2817: 2725: 2698: 2673: 2612: 2606: 2444: 2423: 2387: 2372: 2368: 2332: 2293: 2232: 2200: 2172: 2160: 2152: 2096: 1982: 1966: 1854: 1820: 1649: 1559: 1482: 1477: 1464: 1354: 1300: 1286: 1281: 1109: 1105: 1083: 1012: 984: 721: 672: 481: 469: 429: 417: 383: 300: 287: 104: 69: 5859: 5842: 4977:

Langer, Mattias G.; Ruppersberg, J. Peter; Gorb, Stanislav N. (2004).

4146: 2635: 2217: 1326: 11287: 11230: 11017: 10633: 10357: 10201: 10161: 10136: 9989: 9900: 9859: 9846: 9677: 9664: 9559: 9403: 9359: 9196: 9186: 9120: 9104: 9028: 9020: 9002: 8914: 8901: 8883: 8870: 8649: 8599: 8586: 8523: 8515: 8427: 8330: 8317: 8304: 8249: 8194: 8130: 8090: 7899: 7697: 7557: 7545: 7437: 7256:"A Desperate Search for Casu Marzu, Sardinia's Illegal Maggot Cheese" 5149:"The initiation and control of rapid flight maneuvers in fruit flies" 3263: 3247: 3051: 3000: 2996: 2930: 2917: 2897: 2780: 2751: 2747: 2706: 2669: 2512: 2403: 2391: 2282: 2221: 2184: 2137: 2101: 1993: 1990: 1939: 1931: 1910: 1628: 1605: 1531: 1446: 1375: 1165: 1078: 1056: 1051:, some 180 million years ago. A third radiation took place among the 1047:, about 220 million years ago. Many lower Brachycera appeared in the 1024: 887: 827: 778: 549: 526: 295: 244: 224: 204: 109: 53: 11196: 11089: 7340:. 4 (2) (31):1–337. General introduction with key to World Families 7307:

Blagoderov, V.A., Lukashevich, E.D. & Mostovski, M.B. (2002)). "

5404: 5061:

Deora, Tanvi; Singh, Amit Kumar; Sane, Sanjay P. (3 February 2015).

4886: 4258: 4241: 4202: 3934: 3298: 3107: 2790:, Shakespeare similarly likens Cleopatra's hasty departure from the 1423: 747: 484:

cause significant economic harm to cattle. Blowfly larvae, known as

11274: 11235: 11191: 11112: 10914: 10819: 10661: 10656: 10405: 10314: 10103: 9973: 9765: 9571: 9128: 9036: 8761: 8664: 8620: 8472: 8435: 8220: 8202: 7668: 7563: 7443: 6863:"Jurassic Park ruled out – dinosaur DNA could not survive in amber" 6464: 5655:

Downes, J. A. (1969). "The swarming and mating flight of Diptera".

3267: 3259: 3194: 3115: 3101: 3063: 3030: 2973: 2913: 2901: 2825: 2533: 2498:

As ubiquitous insects, dipterans play an important role at various

2465: 2367:

Some other anatomical distinction exists between the larvae of the

2196: 2188: 2156: 2118: 2027: 1927: 1923: 1048: 1044: 437: 387: 367: 334: 269: 143: 122: 99: 94: 79: 74: 64: 5725:

The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles

4201:

Scheffer, Sonja J.; Winkler, Isaac S.; Wiegmann, Brian M. (2007).

3848: 3050:, and the fact that many of its genes have counterparts in higher 2846:

could be preserved in the stomach contents of a blood-sucking fly

2576:

spiders are among the predators of flies. Many flies have evolved

2132: 1536: 10909: 10865: 10831: 10809: 10764: 9744: 9625: 8394: 7644: 7381:"Sources for the Biosystematic Database of World Diptera (Flies)" 5749: 5418:

Svensson, BO G.; Janzon, Lars-ÅKE (1984). "Why does the hoverfly

5396: 3704: 3255: 3155: 3143: 2935: 2909: 2873: 2688: 2577: 2240: 2164: 2141: 2031: 1986: 1971: 1564: 1508: 521:, insects that undergo radical metamorphosis. They belong to the 445: 410: 371: 114: 89: 19:

This article is about the insect. For the process of flying, see

9507: 6582:

The Symbolism and Significance of the Butterfly in Ancient Egypt

6486: 6074: 5245:

mechanism and the Daylight-Day circuit of the Earth by flight".

4783:

Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).

3543:

Blagoderov, V. A.; Lukashevich, E. D.; Mostovski, M. B. (2002).

2892:(Cecidomyiidae) are pests of agricultural crops; others such as 2129:, have sound receptors to help them locate their singing hosts. 1451: 1258: 628: 10843: 10544: 10533: 10081: 9981: 9908: 9814: 9723: 9715: 9553: 9538: 9178: 8236: 7551: 7539: 6630: 5898:"Crampton, G. The TemporalAbdominal Structures of Male Diptera" 5063:"Biomechanical basis of wing and haltere coordination in flies" 4694:"Performance of fly visual interneurons during object fixation" 3666: 3147: 3085: 3047: 2847: 2733: 2710: 2684: 2661: 2490: 2399: 2376: 2356: 2080: 2042: 1935: 1016: 974: 489: 449: 344: 234: 214: 20: 11075: 10474: 5533: 4507: 4007:"World's Tiniest Fly May Decapitate Ants, Live in Their Heads" 3542: 416:

Diptera is one of the major insect orders and of considerable

133: 11393: 10814: 4956: 4620:. In Stavenga, Doekele Gerben; Hardie, Roger Clayton (eds.). 2851: 2693: 2680: 2353: 11222: 7419:

The Diptera.info portal with galleries and discussion forums

7122:

Proceedings of the Netherlands Entomological Society Meeting

7041:

African Journal of Applied Zoology and Environmental Biology

6983: 6009: 5936:

The World Oestridae (Diptera), Mammals and Continental Drift

3850: 3605: 3347: 2672:

is a demonic fly, the "Lord of the Flies", and a god of the

2619: 2477:

occurs during the pupal stage. This torsion may lead to the

1878: 10858: 10169: 6809: 5923:

Sex with a twist in the tail: The common-or-garden housefly

4546:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 493–499. 3759: 3612: 3159: 3151: 2759: 2755: 2478: 2460: 2360: 2079:

on the sides of the head, and in most species, three small

1104:

Diptera were traditionally broken down into two suborders,

7418: 6671:

Murder among Friends: Violation of Philia in Greek Tragedy

5684: 5122:

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology

4412: 2987:(Mycetophilidae) are scavengers and aid in decomposition. 2854:, though the mechanism has been discounted by scientists. 390:

and others, although only about 125,000 species have been

7138: 6902:

10.3376/1081-1710(2007)32[292:pnrsaa]2.0.co;2

4871:"Visual and olfactory enhancement of stable fly trapping" 4381: 4379: 4089: 3787:

Pape, Thomas; Bickel, Daniel John; Meier, Rudolf (2009).

3703:

Wiegmann, Brian M.; Yeates, David K. (29 November 2007).

3489: 3093: 2843: 318: 6674:. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 47. 4240:

Sakai, Shoko; Kato, Makoto; Nagamasu, Hidetoshi (2000).

2746:, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright 1989:

and the larvae adopt diverse lifestyles including being

317:

species showing characteristic dipteran features: large

6471:. Anthropology Series. University of New Mexico Press. 4618:"Neural Mechanisms of Visual Course Control in Insects" 4200: 10122:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions) 7060:"How insects could feed the food industry of tomorrow" 5974: 5272:

Langmuir, Irving (1938). "The speed of the deer fly".

4376: 3494:; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). 496:, as food for carnivorous animals, and in medicine in 7177: 5456: 4976: 4868: 4031:

Strijbosch, H. (1980). "Mortality in a population of

2140:, showing the hind wings reduced to drumstick-shaped 488:, and other dipteran larvae, known more generally as 6629: 6218: 2809:

Flies appear in popular culture in concepts such as

10528: 6706:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 205–208. 5841:Mcmahon, Dino P.; Hayward, Alexander (April 2016). 4542:Hoell, H. V.; Doyen, J. T.; Purcell, A. H. (1998). 3430:

Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects

2872:mosquito drinking human blood. The species carries 2664:religion, Big Fly is an important spirit being. In 2537:are known to steal food carried by ants. Adults of 472:, commensal with humans all over the world, spread 7390:, Systematic Entomology Laboratory. Archived from 7115: 6755: 6350: 6286: 6089: 5778: 5722: 3729:Yeates, David K.; Meier, Rudolf; Wiegmann, Brian. 7923: 7737: 6957:Ashlock, P. D. (1974). "The Uses of Cladistics". 6547: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6090:van Breug, Floris; Dickinson, Michael H. (2017). 5805: 5714: 5687:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 3rd Edition 4541: 4239: 3737:. Illinois Natural History Survey. Archived from 512: 11426: 8022: 7279:"Illegal food: step away from the cheese, ma'am" 6353:Parasitoids: Behavioral and Evolutionary Ecology 6322:(Diptera: Syrphidae) in the Pacific Northwest". 6187:The evolution of imperfect mimicry in hoverflies 6012:"Droplet bubbling evaporatively cools a blowfly" 4782: 4691: 3547:. In Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Quicke, D. L. J. (eds.). 2736:by attempting to seduce her lover, the sleeping 2679:Flies have appeared in literature since ancient 545:(louse flies) have become secondarily wingless. 8438:(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies) 6317: 6096:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5067:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3976:"World's Biggest Fly Faces Two New Challengers" 3790:Diptera Diversity: Status, Challenges and Tools 3728: 3601: 3599: 397:Flies have a mobile head, with a pair of large 7975:(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges) 7034: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6534: 6465:Leland Clifton Wyman; Flora L. Bailey (1964). 6293:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 5840: 5560: 5417: 5060: 4615: 4433: 3933:Marquez, J. G.; Krafsur, E. S. (1 July 2002). 3932: 3813: 3702: 3118:sheep milk cheese that contains larvae of the 2683:. In a Sumerian poem, a fly helps the goddess 2406:and lay batches of eggs, but some species are 2075:Flies have a mobile head with a pair of large 10514: 9959: 9523: 9428: 9295: 7949: 7510: 7116:Stegman, Sylvia; Steenvoorde, Pascal (2011). 7090:. All About Feed. August 2014. Archived from 7085:"Why are insects not allowed in animal feed?" 6883: 6598: 5595: 5529: 5527: 5321:Journal of the New York Entomological Society 5247:Journal of the New York Entomological Society 4386:Foote, B A (1995). "Biology of Shore Flies". 4170:"Adaptive radiation of gall-inducing insects" 3849:Wiegmann, Brian M.; Yeates, David K. (2007). 3842: 3608:"Episodic radiations in the fly tree of life" 2924:(Psychodidae) impact human health, acting as 2300: 9459: 7779: 7600: 6558:. The British Museum Press. pp. 84–85. 6254:Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment 6251: 5750:Lancaster, Jill; Downes, Barbara J. (2013). 5495: 4807:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4734: 4560: 4544:Introduction to Insect Biology and Diversity 3596: 3317: 2976:(Muscidae). In tropical regions, eye flies ( 2697:demons. In the Mesopotamian versions of the 2546: 999:The first true dipterans known are from the 975:Relationships between subgroups and families 34:"Flies" redirects here. For other uses, see 9791: 9599: 8059: 7626: 7524: 7322:Colless, D.H. & McAlpine, D.K. (1991). 6720: 6688: 6503:. Native Languages of the Americas website. 6342: 6324:Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 5689:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 499–505. 5119: 5034:Gibb, Timothy J.; Oseto, Christian (2010). 3673:. Columbia University Press. pp. 4–6. 3545:"Order Diptera Linné, 1758. The true flies" 2728:, a very chatty and talkative maiden named 10521: 10507: 9705: 9530: 9516: 8184: 7517: 7503: 6551: 6384:Developmental & Comparative Immunology 6381: 5524: 4778: 4776: 4692:Kimmerle, Bernd; Egelhaaf, Martin (2000). 4124: 4030: 3667:Wiegmann, Brian; Yeates, David K. (2012). 3440: 3138:) are bred commercially; they are sold as 3029:fruit fly larvae being bred in tubes in a 2014:of the fly, the head, bears the eyes, the 132: 7253: 7212: 7011: 7001: 6236: 6133: 6115: 6051: 5886:(3 ed.). Springer. pp. 614–615. 5858: 5785:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5743: 5680: 5678: 5363: 5345: 5315:Townsend, Charles H.T. (1939). "Speed of 5217: 5164: 5146: 5096: 5086: 5054: 5033: 5010: 4717: 4592: 4566: 4508:Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (2009). 4465: 4439: 4406: 4257: 4185: 3950: 3909: 3899: 3643: 3633: 3519: 3375: 3365: 2928:of major tropical diseases. Among these, 2732:(meaning "fly") enraged the moon-goddess 2620:Human interaction and cultural depictions 1999: 507: 11450:Extant Middle Triassic first appearances 10251:Four most speciose orders are marked in 9841:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts) 6959:Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6667: 5933: 5314: 5271: 5240: 5195: 4652: 4616:Hausen, Klaus; Egelhaaf, Martin (1989). 4567:Haag, Juergen; Borst, Alexander (2002). 4339: 3780: 3323: 3106: 3018: 2861: 2634: 2556: 2489: 2341: 2310: 2216: 2131: 2066: 2047: 1877: 1077: 978: 308: 9160:(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles) 8163: 7583: 7388:United States Department of Agriculture 7057: 7035:Ogunleye, R. F.; Edward, J. B. (2005). 6956: 6753: 6699: 6348: 6183: 6156: 6150: 5881: 5776: 5756:. Oxford University Press. p. 16. 5241:Townsend, Charles H.T. (1927). "On the 4821: 4773: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3042:, a fruit fly, has long been used as a 552:represents the current consensus view. 11427: 10805:List of crop plants pollinated by bees 8393: 7276: 6726: 6552:Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). 6357:. Princeton University Press. p. 5675: 5654: 4787:. Cengage Learning. pp. 735–736. 4740: 4419:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 320. 4296: 3884:"Fauna Europaea: Diptera – Brachycera" 3500:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 3446: 3423: 2857: 11094: 11093: 10502: 10289: 9584: 9511: 8162: 7582: 7498: 6888:(Diptera: Chloropidae) in Thailand". 6733:. Taylor & Francis. p. 363. 6416: 5781:The Insects; Structure & Function 5720: 5685:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2005). 4416:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 4413:Gullan, P.J.; Cranston, P.S. (2009). 4385: 4319:10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093415 4299:"Natural History of the Scuttle Fly, 4207:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 4167: 4004: 3434:Royal Entomological Society of London 1985:(Syrphidae) are well known for their 11399:95010EA3-1EA4-2194-6DC6-C6B7FD9EB759 11350:0441df7d-4b0f-4271-b0b9-75c7789ee555 11262:27be1201-53d6-4518-8656-a0ed1af676e8 10114:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) 7440:– The Society for the study of flies 7414:The Systema Dipterorum Database site 6860: 6766: 5027: 4528: 4514:. Academic Press. pp. 284–297. 4482: 3973: 3868: 3230:particularly if the door is closed. 2888:(Tephritidae and Drosophilidae) and 1837:Abbreviations used in the cladogram: 1163:(mosquitoes, blackflies and midges) 1142:(phantom and primitive crane-flies) 7449:The World Catalog of Fossil Diptera 6990:Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences 6971:10.1146/annurev.es.05.110174.000501 6861:Gray, Richard (12 September 2013). 6449:) and Ripener (Corn Beetle) Girl (' 5669:10.1146/annurev.en.14.010169.001415 5153:Integrative and Comparative Biology 4400:10.1146/annurev.en.40.010195.002221 3696: 3483: 3173:tool for wound care and treatment. 2906:Parasitic flies of domestic animals 2828:name suggests that events are seen 2447:have larvae that can produce eggs ( 13: 8623:(cactus flies, banana stalk flies) 7366:Part of Encyclopedie Entomologique 7301: 7254:Colangelo, Matt (9 October 2015). 6599:Forbes Irving, Paul M. C. (1990). 6578: 6426:Handbook of North American Indians 5989:10.1111/j.1365-3032.1992.tb01193.x 5820:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00186.x 5436:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1984.tb00856.x 4983:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4710:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-16-06256.2000 4585:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-08-03227.2002 3066:. Other studies have investigated 2762:pursues and torments his mistress 2095:For visual course control, flies' 354:, the name being derived from the 14: 11486: 11470:Triassic animals of South America 11465:Triassic animals of North America 9537: 7402: 7157:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.04.018 6700:Stagman, Myron (11 August 2010). 4785:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition 4747:Journal of Comparative Physiology 3670:The Evolutionary Biology of Flies 2112:that detect smell and taste, and 141:Diptera from different families: 11074: 10473: 9624: 7270: 7247: 7206: 7171: 7132: 7109: 7077: 7064:British Broadcasting Corporation 7051: 7028: 6977: 6950: 6924: 6877: 6854: 6803: 6781: 6747: 6703:Shakespeare's Greek Drama Secret 3974:Owen, James (10 December 2015). 3461:10.1111/j.1469-185X.2007.00018.x 3130:Some species of maggots such as 2912:in humans. Still others such as 2522:) that feed on liquid food will 2159:, or reduced hind wings, on the 1887:is the largest fly in the world. 1692: 1653: 1632: 1604: 1563: 1535: 1481: 1450: 1422: 1374: 1373:(horse flies, snipe flies, etc) 1353: 1325: 1285: 1257: 1229: 1201: 1164: 1143: 912: 891: 863: 826: 805: 746: 725: 676: 655: 627: 576: 436:in research, but less benignly, 333:, hindwings reduced to clublike 191: 57: 6668:Belfiore, Elizabeth S. (2000). 6661: 6623: 6592: 6572: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6501:"Native American Fly Mythology" 6493: 6458: 6410: 6375: 6311: 6280: 6245: 6212: 6177: 6083: 6068: 6003: 5968: 5927: 5916: 5890: 5875: 5834: 5799: 5770: 5703: 5648: 5589: 5554: 5489: 5450: 5411: 5372: 5339: 5308: 5265: 5234: 5189: 5140: 5113: 5040:. Academic Press. p. 189. 4970: 4937: 4901: 4862: 4815: 4685: 4646: 4609: 4333: 4290: 4233: 4194: 4161: 4118: 4083: 4024: 4005:Welsh, Jennifer (2 July 2012). 3998: 3967: 3926: 3807: 3753: 3722: 3687: 3660: 3569: 3400:"Taxon: Superorder Antliophora" 3333:. Comstock Publishing. p. 3270:, which is a true fly, and the 3088:found on corpses are useful to 2713:, the god of death. Fly-shaped 2626:Human interactions with insects 2108:Like other insects, flies have 1652:(blow flies, flesh flies, etc) 1631:(house flies, dung flies, etc) 1449:(robber flies, bee flies, etc) 1256:(drain flies, sand flies, etc) 10920:Home-stored product entomology 7490:Systema Dipterorum Nomenclator 7277:Brones, Anna (15 April 2013). 6932:"Why use the fly in research?" 6417:Wyman, Leland Clifton (1983). 5147:Dickinson, Michael H. (2005). 4440:Dickinson, Michael H. (1999). 3536: 3417: 3392: 3341: 3291: 3240: 2997:dagger flies and balloon flies 2604:a species of fly in the genus 2147:Diptera have one pair of fore 2041:, which is a fly but mimics a 575:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) 513:Relationships to other insects 1: 11003:Decline in insect populations 10596:List of insect-inspired songs 10044:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) 8307:(dagger flies, balloon flies) 7330:. Melbourne University Press. 6468:Navaho Indian Ethnoentomology 6428:. p. 539. Archived from 5575:10.1016/S0003-3472(83)80074-8 5134:10.1016/S0300-9629(96)00162-4 4104:10.1080/14888386.2008.9712892 3828:10.1146/annurev.ento.44.1.397 3330:An Introduction to Entomology 3285: 3201:is exposed to flies known as 3078:helped in the development of 2774:, inspired by Aeschylus, has 2705:'s offering. Flies appear on 2433:Lundstroemia parthenogenetica 2280:Males of fly species such as 1086:in Dominican amber. Sandfly, 9992:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs) 7424:FLYTREE – dipteran phylogeny 7352:The Natural History of Flies 7118:"Maggot debridement therapy" 7058:Fleming, Nic (4 June 2014). 6762:. San Francisco: Holden-Day. 6754:Dethier, Vincent G. (1962). 6602:Metamorphosis in Greek Myths 5383:L. (Diptera: Chloropidae)". 4630:10.1007/978-3-642-74082-4_18 3169:Fly larvae can be used as a 2630: 2436:(Chironomidae) reproduce by 1873: 7: 11460:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 10290: 9499:List of families of Diptera 9131:(house flies, stable flies) 6727:Walker, John Lewis (2002). 6160:What eats flies for dinner? 5657:Annual Review of Entomology 5294:10.1126/science.87.2254.233 4698:The Journal of Neuroscience 4573:The Journal of Neuroscience 4388:Annual Review of Entomology 4307:Annual Review of Entomology 4219:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.12.018 4139:10.1126/science.280.5360.57 3816:Annual Review of Entomology 2974:houseflies and stable flies 2970:biting midges and sandflies 2580:that aid their protection. 2105:the approach of an object. 1031:in the Diptera include the 331:single pair of flying wings 10: 11491: 11033:Pesticide toxicity to bees 11013:List of endangered insects 10182:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies) 10075:(twisted-winged parasites) 9747:(dragonflies, damselflies) 9585: 7902:(dark-winged fungus gnats) 7894:(long-winged fungus gnats) 7881:(long-beaked fungus gnats) 7336:. "Diptera (Zweifluger)". 7192:10.12968/jowc.2012.21.2.78 7141:Sarconesiopsis magellanica 6636:Lucian: Selected Dialogues 6419:"Navajo Ceremonial System" 6349:Godfray, H. C. J. (1994). 6036:10.1038/s41598-018-23670-2 5710:Manual of Nearctic Diptera 5498:Journal of Insect Behavior 4342:Journal of Insect Behavior 4246:American Journal of Botany 4187:10.1016/j.baae.2005.07.002 3774:10.11646/zootaxa.1668.1.27 3553:Kluwer Academic Publishers 3218: 3175:Maggot debridement therapy 3060:gene regulatory mechanisms 2972:(Ceratopogonidae) and the 2623: 2550: 2485: 2304: 2301:Life cycle and development 2210: 2003: 181:(Asilidae) (bottom right) 174:(Syrphidae) (bottom left) 33: 18: 11445:Anisian first appearances 11440:Diptera by classification 11102: 11071: 11043: 10985: 10937: 10888: 10773: 10712: 10684: 10642: 10611: 10554: 10540: 10467: 10300: 10296: 10285: 10247: 10192: 10150: 10135: 10094: 10063: 10054: 10036: 10005: 9955: 9928: 9891: 9858: 9802: 9787: 9764: 9735: 9714: 9701: 9676: 9660: 9633: 9622: 9595: 9591: 9580: 9548: 9496: 9450: 9419: 9376: 9345: 9336: 9286: 9282: 9221: 9148: 9103: 9094: 9066: 9001: 8976:(vinegar and fruit flies) 8943: 8886:(lekking, or druid flies) 8848: 8809: 8773: 8696: 8632: 8598: 8535: 8514: 8505: 8496: 8492: 8455: 8402: 8389: 8380: 8339: 8282: 8193: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8158: 8109:(long-bodied crane flies) 8089: 8068: 8055: 8018: 7989: 7958: 7945: 7919: 7830: 7809: 7788: 7775: 7733: 7680: 7635: 7622: 7596: 7592: 7578: 7534: 6890:Journal of Vector Ecology 6633:; C. D. N. Costa (2005). 6396:10.1016/j.dci.2006.02.007 6266:10.1076/snfe.37.1.19.2114 6184:Gilbert, Francis (2004). 5944:10.1007/978-94-010-1306-2 5463:The Canadian Entomologist 5385:Journal of Animal Ecology 5196:Sourakov, Andrei (2011). 4923:10.1007/s00435-007-0043-3 4653:Egelhaaf, Martin (1985). 4174:Basic and Applied Ecology 3888:Biodiversity Data Journal 2547:Anti-predator adaptations 2346:Life cycle of stable fly 2206: 1816: 1686: 1647: 1626: 1619: 1598: 1591: 1581: 1557: 1550: 1534:(flat-footed flies, etc) 1529: 1522: 1506: 1499: 1475: 1468: 1444: 1437: 1417: 1410: 1368: 1347: 1340: 1319: 1312: 1305: 1279: 1272: 1251: 1244: 1223: 1216: 1200:(net-winged midges, etc) 1195: 1188: 1158: 1137: 1130: 1123: 1100:, c. 20 million years ago 1011:did not appear until the 995:, c. 50 million years ago 906: 885: 878: 858: 851: 820: 799: 792: 782: 745:(twisted-wing parasites) 740: 719: 712: 670: 649: 642: 621: 614: 604: 594: 570: 563: 285: 280: 188:Scientific classification 186: 164:Ochlerotatus notoscriptus 140: 131: 45: 10998:Colony collapse disorder 10993:Bees and toxic chemicals 9833:(stick and leaf insects) 7873:(predatory fungus gnats) 7454:The Tree of Life Project 7379:Thompson, F. Christian. 7373:La Biologie des Dipteres 7328:The Insects of Australia 6791:. British Film Institute 6157:Collins, Robert (2004). 5977:Physiological Entomology 5882:Gillott, Cedric (2005). 5548:10.1163/156853909X410766 4953:Insects and their Allies 4828:Cell and Tissue Research 4168:Price, Peter W. (2005). 3855:Tree of Life Web Project 3578:Environmental Entomology 3354:BMC Evolutionary Biology 3233: 3211:, members of the family 3132:blowfly larvae (gentles) 2842:relied on the idea that 2644:Portrait of a Carthusian 2553:Anti-predator adaptation 2519:Steganopsis melanogaster 2494:A calliphorid "bubbling" 2471: 2325: 2191:which provide adhesion. 1059:, 66 million years ago. 654:(alderflies and allies) 167:(Culicidae) (mid right) 157:Ctenophora pectinicornis 153:(Tabanidae) (top right) 10900:Insect bites and stings 10877:Drosophila melanogaster 10790:Biological pest control 10260:are paraphyletic groups 9903:(cockroaches, termites) 9667:(silverfish, firebrats) 8764:(black scavenger flies) 8125:(hairy-eyed craneflies) 8042:(primitive crane flies) 7800:(march flies, lovebugs) 7213:Berenbaum, May (2007). 7003:10.4103/0975-1475.92154 6832:10.1126/science.1231806 6773:Encyclopedia of Insects 6641:Oxford University Press 6117:10.1073/pnas.1714874114 5777:Chapman, R. F. (1998). 5461:(Diptera: Syrphidae)". 5088:10.1073/pnas.1412279112 4875:Pest Management Science 4824:Drosophila melanogaster 4511:Encyclopedia of Insects 4354:10.1023/A:1020752024329 4297:Disney, R.H.L. (2007). 4035:resulting from the fly 3952:10.1093/jhered/93.4.254 3635:10.1073/pnas.1012675108 3367:10.1186/1471-2148-14-52 3305:. Iowa State University 3134:and bluebottle larvae ( 3039:Drosophila melanogaster 3026:Drosophila melanogaster 3014: 2908:. A few can even cause 2454: 2428:adenotrophic viviparity 1962:Exorista mella (Walker) 1009:Modern flowering plants 675:(Lacewings and allies) 160:(Tipulidae) (mid left) 10965:Rats, Lice and History 9611:(jumping bristletails) 9406:(horse and deer flies) 8678:Strongylophthalmyiidae 8589:(picture-winged flies) 8117:(limoniid crane flies) 7371:Séguy, Eugène (1950). 7368:, Serie B II: Diptera. 7317:The History of Insects 6193:. CABI. Archived from 5721:Brown, Lesley (1993). 5346:Berenbaum, M. (1999). 4995:10.1098/rspb.2004.2850 4659:Biological Cybernetics 4458:10.1098/rstb.1999.0442 3512:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 3424:Hutson, A. M. (1984). 3299:"Order Diptera: Flies" 3127: 3090:forensic entomologists 3072:microbial pathogenesis 3034: 2877: 2657: 2572: 2495: 2364: 2319: 2228: 2144: 2072: 2064: 2000:Anatomy and morphology 1916:Euryplatea nanaknihali 1888: 1101: 1041:evolutionary radiation 996: 508:Taxonomy and phylogeny 337: 171:Milesia crabroniformis 146:(Muscidae) (top left) 36:Flies (disambiguation) 27:. For other uses, see 11371:Paleobiology Database 10950:Alfred Russel Wallace 10735:Entomological warfare 10586:Insects in literature 8992:(frightful hairy fly) 8821:(beetle-backed flies) 8359:(tangle-veined flies) 8244:(hilarimorphid flies) 8205:(flower-loving flies) 8034:(phantom crane flies) 7472:Drawing Wing venation 7466:Fly: Anatomical Atlas 7430:13 April 2020 at the 7397:on 18 September 2015. 7319:, Kluwer pp.–227–240. 7222:American Entomologist 7215:"A mite unappetizing" 7180:Journal of Wound Care 6886:Siphunculina funicola 6305:10.1093/aesa/81.3.532 6238:10.1093/beheco/arn148 5934:Papavero, N. (1977). 5847:Ecological Entomology 5424:Ecological Entomology 5352:American Entomologist 5348:"Getting Up to Speed" 5202:sp. (Dolichopodidae)" 3851:"Diptera: True flies" 3793:. BRILL. p. 13. 3432:. Vol. 10 pt 7. 3110: 3023:Diptera in research: 3022: 2865: 2822:television production 2638: 2624:Further information: 2600:Drosophila subobscura 2560: 2551:Further information: 2493: 2345: 2314: 2220: 2211:Further information: 2195:dorsal and a ventral 2135: 2070: 2051: 2038:Spilomyia longicornis 2006:Morphology of Diptera 1881: 1324:(soldier flies, etc) 1081: 982: 825:(butterflies, moths) 312: 150:Haematopota pluvialis 11257:Fauna Europaea (new) 10905:Insect sting allergy 10699:Cicadas in mythology 10213:(moths, butterflies) 9323:(wood soldier flies) 9173:(New Zealand batfly) 9123:(little house flies) 8615:(stilt-legged flies) 8526:(thick-headed flies) 8422:(spear-winged flies) 8351:(small-headed flies) 8080:(winter crane flies) 7655:(frog-biting midges) 7484:Authors of fly names 7438:The Dipterists Forum 7243:on 16 December 2010. 6639:. Oxford, New York: 6289:Zonosemata vittigera 6163:. Shortland Mimosa. 5420:Metasyrphus corollae 5219:10.1653/024.094.0240 5206:Florida Entomologist 5166:10.1093/icb/45.2.274 4624:. pp. 391–424. 3705:"Diptera True Flies" 3325:Comstock, John Henry 3177:(MDT) is the use of 2934:mosquitoes transmit 2787:Antony and Cleopatra 2709:seals as symbols of 2666:Christian demonology 2578:mimetic resemblances 2275:Metasyrphus corollae 1903:) are cosmopolitan. 1055:at the start of the 1039:. Three episodes of 29:Fly (disambiguation) 11008:Habitat destruction 10760:Insects in religion 9388:(water snipe flies) 8909:(upside-down flies) 8446:(flat-footed flies) 8430:(flat-footed flies) 8299:(long-legged flies) 8133:(large crane flies) 7749:(net-winged midges) 7716:(non-biting midges) 7315:and Quicke, D.L.J. 7234:10.1093/ae/53.3.132 6824:2013Sci...340..603M 6200:on 17 November 2017 6108:2017PNAS..11413483V 6102:(51): 13483–13488. 6028:2018NatSR...8.5464G 5610:1993Oecol..95...65Y 5475:10.4039/Ent113695-8 5286:1938Sci....87..233L 5079:2015PNAS..112.1481D 4989:(1554): 2209–2215. 4053:1980Oecol..45..285S 3986:on 13 December 2015 3980:National Geographic 3939:Journal of Heredity 3901:10.3897/BDJ.3.e4187 3741:on 28 December 2015 3626:2011PNAS..108.5690W 3590:10.1093/ee/16.4.847 3186:properties such as 2964:; sand flies carry 2960:; blackflies carry 2869:Anopheles stephensi 2858:Economic importance 2772:William Shakespeare 2691:is being chased by 2650:(painted fly) on a 2561:The large bee-fly, 2349:Stomoxys calcitrans 2251:flies in the genus 2060:and stout piercing 1978:Helaeomyia petrolei 1691:(marsh flies, etc) 1603:(louse flies, etc) 1480:(dance flies, etc) 1352:(stink flies, etc) 474:foodborne illnesses 466:infectious diseases 11455:Insects in culture 11081:Insects portal 11053:Insects and humans 10581:Arthropods in film 10530:Human interactions 10480:Insects portal 10451:Triadophlebioptera 9057:(freeloader flies) 8860:(leaf miner flies) 8800:(small dung flies) 8644:(stalk-eyed flies) 8467:(big-headed flies) 7925:Perissommatomorpha 7755:Deuterophlebiidae 7739:Blephariceromorpha 6451:Anilt'ánii 'At'ééd 6225:Behavioral Ecology 6016:Scientific Reports 5808:Biological Reviews 5753:Aquatic Entomology 5618:10.1007/BF00649508 5510:10.1007/BF01052332 4840:10.1007/BF00305372 4759:10.1007/BF00660179 4671:10.1007/BF00339948 4301:Megaselia scalaris 4061:10.1007/BF00346472 4037:Lucilia bufonivora 3549:History of Insects 3449:Biological Reviews 3128: 3035: 3003:(Bombyliidae) and 2878: 2792:Actium battlefield 2724:In a little-known 2658: 2573: 2496: 2365: 2352:, showing eggs, 3 2320: 2307:Biology of Diptera 2229: 2145: 2073: 2065: 1956:Megaselia scalaris 1894:formally described 1889: 1198:Blephariceromorpha 1102: 1089:Lutzomyia adiketis 1035:and the enigmatic 997: 362:"two", and πτερόν 338: 327:sucking mouthparts 178:Holcocephala fusca 11422: 11421: 11358:Open Tree of Life 11096:Taxon identifiers 11087: 11086: 10976:Insect Literature 10933: 10932: 10832:Carmine/Cochineal 10785:Beneficial insect 10755:Insects in ethics 10704:Scarab (artifact) 10694:Bees in mythology 10603:Insects on stamps 10496: 10495: 10463: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10401:Palaeodictyoptera 10386: 10318: 10281: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10227: 10226: 10223: 10222: 10214: 10205: 10183: 10173: 10165: 10143: 10131: 10130: 10123: 10115: 10107: 10085: 10076: 10045: 10001: 10000: 9993: 9985: 9977: 9924: 9923: 9920: 9919: 9912: 9904: 9883: 9880:Mantophasmatodea 9875: 9864: 9850: 9842: 9834: 9826: 9818: 9810: 9760: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9748: 9727: 9716:Ephemeropteroidea 9668: 9620: 9619: 9612: 9505: 9504: 9492: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9472: 9446: 9445: 9415: 9414: 9407: 9389: 9368: 9332: 9331: 9324: 9316: 9308: 9305:Pantophthalmidae 9278: 9277: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9266: 9265: 9258: 9250: 9242: 9234: 9208: 9200: 9182: 9174: 9161: 9140: 9132: 9124: 9116: 9090: 9089: 9082: 9058: 9045: 9032: 9024: 9011:Acartophthalmidae 8993: 8985: 8977: 8969: 8961: 8960:(quasimodo flies) 8910: 8887: 8879: 8861: 8830: 8822: 8801: 8765: 8757: 8709: 8668: 8645: 8624: 8616: 8590: 8582: 8564: 8556: 8548: 8527: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8476: 8468: 8447: 8439: 8431: 8423: 8415: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8368: 8367: 8360: 8352: 8321: 8308: 8300: 8274: 8266: 8253: 8245: 8232: 8224: 8206: 8154: 8153: 8150: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8134: 8126: 8118: 8110: 8100: 8081: 8051: 8050: 8043: 8035: 8024:Ptychopteromorpha 8014: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8002: 7976: 7941: 7940: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7910: 7903: 7895: 7882: 7879:Lygistorrhinidae 7874: 7856: 7841: 7822: 7801: 7771: 7770: 7758: 7757:(mountain midges) 7750: 7729: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7717: 7709: 7701: 7693: 7692:(solitary midges) 7672: 7664: 7656: 7648: 7647:(meniscus midges) 7618: 7617: 7338:Handb. Zool. Berl 7097:on 11 August 2016 6865:. Daily Telegraph 6818:(6132): 603–607. 6789:"Fly on the Wall" 6740:978-0-8240-6697-0 6713:978-1-4438-2466-8 6681:978-0-19-513149-9 6654:978-0-19-925867-3 6565:978-0-7141-1705-8 6368:978-0-691-00047-3 6170:978-0-7327-3471-8 5953:978-94-010-1308-6 5860:10.1111/een.12313 5792:978-0-521-57890-5 5763:978-0-19-957321-9 5736:978-0-19-861271-1 5696:978-1-4051-4457-5 5365:10.1093/ae/45.1.4 5280:(2254): 233–234. 5047:978-0-08-091925-6 4794:978-81-315-0104-7 4639:978-3-642-74084-8 4553:978-0-19-510033-4 4521:978-0-08-092090-0 4452:(1385): 903–916. 4426:978-1-4051-4457-5 3800:978-90-04-14897-0 3680:978-0-231-50170-5 3620:(14): 5690–5695. 3562:978-1-4020-0026-3 3114:is a traditional 2995:(Tachinidae) and 2952:mosquitoes carry 2920:(Simuliidae) and 2687:when her husband 2642:'s 1446 painting 1833: 1832: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1803: 1795: 1794: 1786: 1785: 1777: 1776: 1768: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1750: 1749: 1741: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1705: 1704: 1675: 1674: 1666: 1665: 1396: 1395: 1387: 1386: 1177: 1176: 1140:Ptychopteromorpha 1033:Deuterophlebiidae 971: 970: 962: 961: 953: 952: 943: 942: 934: 933: 925: 924: 890:(scorpionflies) 839: 838: 768: 767: 759: 758: 698: 697: 689: 688: 307: 306: 276: 126: 11482: 11475:Triassic insects 11415: 11414: 11402: 11401: 11389: 11388: 11379: 11378: 11366: 11365: 11353: 11352: 11343: 11342: 11330: 11329: 11327:NHMSYS0000841073 11317: 11316: 11304: 11303: 11291: 11290: 11278: 11277: 11265: 11264: 11252: 11251: 11239: 11238: 11226: 11225: 11213: 11212: 11200: 11199: 11187: 11186: 11174: 11173: 11164: 11163: 11151: 11150: 11138: 11137: 11136: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11091: 11090: 11079: 11078: 10955:Jean-Henri Fabre 10730:Cricket fighting 10725:Cockroach racing 10591:Insects in music 10552: 10551: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10500: 10499: 10478: 10477: 10411:Permoplectoptera 10384: 10343:Diaphanopterodea 10316: 10298: 10297: 10287: 10286: 10212: 10203: 10194:Amphiesmenoptera 10181: 10175: 10171: 10163: 10153: 10148: 10147: 10142: 10139: 10121: 10113: 10105: 10083: 10074: 10061: 10060: 10057: 10043: 10034: 10033: 9991: 9983: 9976:(barklice, lice) 9975: 9967: 9957: 9956: 9953: 9952: 9910: 9902: 9881: 9873: 9872:Grylloblattodea 9862: 9848: 9840: 9832: 9824: 9816: 9808: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9789: 9788: 9785: 9784: 9746: 9725: 9712: 9711: 9703: 9702: 9699: 9698: 9666: 9658: 9657: 9628: 9610: 9597: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9582: 9581: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9509: 9508: 9470: 9457: 9456: 9426: 9425: 9421:Vermileonomorpha 9405: 9399:Pelecorhynchidae 9387: 9366: 9343: 9342: 9322: 9314: 9306: 9293: 9292: 9288:Stratiomyomorpha 9284: 9283: 9256: 9248: 9240: 9232: 9206: 9198: 9180: 9172: 9171:Mystacinobiidae 9166:Mesembrinellidae 9159: 9138: 9130: 9122: 9114: 9101: 9100: 9080: 9056: 9043: 9030: 9022: 8991: 8983: 8975: 8967: 8959: 8908: 8885: 8877: 8876:Aulacigastridae 8859: 8828: 8820: 8799: 8763: 8755: 8707: 8683:Syringogastridae 8666: 8643: 8622: 8614: 8608:Cypselosomatidae 8588: 8580: 8562: 8561:Platystomatidae 8554: 8546: 8525: 8512: 8511: 8503: 8502: 8494: 8493: 8474: 8466: 8445: 8437: 8429: 8421: 8413: 8400: 8399: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8386: 8358: 8350: 8319: 8306: 8298: 8273:(stiletto flies) 8272: 8264: 8251: 8243: 8242:Hilarimorphidae 8230: 8222: 8211:Apsilocephalidae 8204: 8191: 8190: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8177: 8174: 8173: 8160: 8159: 8132: 8124: 8116: 8108: 8107:Cylindrotomidae 8099: 8098: 8094: 8079: 8066: 8065: 8057: 8056: 8041: 8033: 8020: 8019: 8000: 7974: 7968:Canthyloscelidae 7956: 7955: 7947: 7946: 7921: 7920: 7901: 7893: 7880: 7872: 7854: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7820: 7799: 7786: 7785: 7777: 7776: 7756: 7748: 7747:Blephariceridae 7735: 7734: 7715: 7707: 7706:Ceratopogonidae 7699: 7691: 7670: 7663:(phantom midges) 7662: 7654: 7646: 7633: 7632: 7624: 7623: 7598: 7597: 7594: 7593: 7580: 7579: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7398: 7396: 7385: 7343: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7274: 7268: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7251: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7236:. Archived from 7219: 7210: 7204: 7203: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7136: 7130: 7129: 7113: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7032: 7026: 7025: 7015: 7005: 6981: 6975: 6974: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6881: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6870: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6785: 6779: 6770: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6751: 6745: 6744: 6724: 6718: 6717: 6697: 6686: 6685: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6627: 6621: 6620: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6549: 6532: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6462: 6456: 6455: 6442: 6440: 6434: 6423: 6414: 6408: 6407: 6379: 6373: 6372: 6356: 6346: 6340: 6339: 6315: 6309: 6308: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6240: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6181: 6175: 6174: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6137: 6119: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6055: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5972: 5966: 5965: 5931: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909: 5900:. Archived from 5894: 5888: 5887: 5879: 5873: 5872: 5862: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5784: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5728: 5718: 5712: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5682: 5673: 5672: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5563:Animal Behaviour 5558: 5552: 5551: 5531: 5522: 5521: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5454: 5448: 5447: 5415: 5409: 5408: 5376: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5312: 5306: 5305: 5269: 5263: 5262: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5221: 5193: 5187: 5186: 5168: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5100: 5090: 5073:(5): 1481–1486. 5058: 5052: 5051: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5014: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4941: 4935: 4934: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4881:(9): 1765–1771. 4866: 4860: 4859: 4819: 4813: 4812: 4806: 4798: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4721: 4689: 4683: 4682: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4622:Facets of Vision 4613: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4539: 4526: 4525: 4505: 4480: 4479: 4469: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4383: 4374: 4373: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4294: 4288: 4287: 4261: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3982:. Archived from 3971: 3965: 3964: 3954: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3903: 3879: 3866: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3846: 3840: 3839: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3685: 3684: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3647: 3637: 3603: 3594: 3593: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3523: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3412: 3410: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3295: 3279: 3244: 3011:of crop plants. 3007:(Syrphidae) are 2882:leaf-miner flies 2834:Steven Spielberg 2743:Prometheus Bound 2582:Batesian mimicry 2528:kleptoparasitism 2413:Hylemya strigosa 2317:anthomyiid flies 2263:Charles Townsend 2114:mechanoreceptors 1944:trap pollination 1906:Gauromydas heros 1884:Gauromydas heros 1696: 1657: 1636: 1622: 1621: 1608: 1594: 1593: 1584: 1583: 1567: 1553: 1552: 1539: 1525: 1524: 1502: 1501: 1485: 1471: 1470: 1454: 1440: 1439: 1426: 1413: 1412: 1378: 1357: 1343: 1342: 1329: 1322:Stratiomyomorpha 1315: 1314: 1308: 1307: 1289: 1275: 1274: 1261: 1247: 1246: 1233: 1219: 1218: 1205: 1191: 1190: 1168: 1147: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1116: 1115: 1025:sap-sucking bugs 916: 895: 881: 880: 867: 854: 853: 830: 809: 795: 794: 789:Amphiesmenoptera 785: 784: 750: 729: 715: 714: 680: 659: 645: 644: 631: 617: 616: 607: 606: 597: 596: 580: 566: 565: 556: 555: 525:, alongside the 268: 196: 195: 136: 120: 119: 56: 49:Temporal range: 43: 42: 16:Order of insects 11490: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11480: 11479: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11418: 11410: 11405: 11397: 11392: 11384: 11382: 11374: 11369: 11361: 11356: 11348: 11346: 11338: 11333: 11325: 11320: 11312: 11307: 11299: 11294: 11286: 11281: 11273: 11268: 11260: 11255: 11247: 11242: 11234: 11229: 11221: 11216: 11208: 11203: 11195: 11190: 11182: 11177: 11169: 11167: 11159: 11154: 11146: 11141: 11132: 11131: 11126: 11117: 11116: 11111: 11098: 11088: 11083: 11073: 11067: 11045: 11039: 10981: 10929: 10891: 10884: 10776: 10769: 10708: 10680: 10638: 10607: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10527: 10497: 10492: 10472: 10455: 10421:Protelytroptera 10353:Eudiaphanoptera 10338:Coxoplectoptera 10333:Carbotriplurida 10328:Campylopteridae 10305:Aethiocarenodea 10292: 10273: 10219: 10188: 10164:(scorpionflies) 10151: 10140: 10138: 10127: 10090: 10055: 10050: 10028: 10026: 10024: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10016: 10014: 10012: 10010: 10008: 9997: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9941: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9933: 9931: 9916: 9887: 9861: 9854: 9849:(angel insects) 9792: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9773: 9771: 9769: 9767: 9752: 9731: 9693: 9691: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9672: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9636: 9629: 9616: 9587: 9576: 9544: 9536: 9506: 9501: 9476: 9452:Xylophagomorpha 9442: 9411: 9372: 9328: 9315:(soldier flies) 9262: 9217: 9207:(tachina flies) 9144: 9137:Scathophagidae 9115:(cabbage flies) 9086: 9062: 9016:Australimyzidae 8997: 8990:Mormotomyiidae 8939: 8907:Neurochaetidae 8844: 8805: 8798:Sphaeroceridae 8775:Sphaeroceroidea 8769: 8729:Heterocheilidae 8724:Helosciomyzidae 8692: 8628: 8594: 8581:(peacock flies) 8547:(flutter flies) 8531: 8480: 8451: 8420:Lonchopteridae 8364: 8335: 8313:Homalocnemiidae 8297:Dolichopodidae 8278: 8168: 8138: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8085: 8047: 8032:Ptychopteridae 8006: 7985: 7937: 7933:Perissommatidae 7907: 7892:Rangomaramidae 7837: 7836: 7834: 7826: 7805: 7767: 7721: 7708:(biting midges) 7676: 7653:Corethrellidae 7614: 7588: 7574: 7530: 7523: 7432:Wayback Machine 7405: 7394: 7383: 7378: 7354:. W. W. Norton. 7348:Oldroyd, Harold 7341: 7324:Diptera (flies) 7313:Rasnitsyn, A.P. 7304: 7302:Further reading 7299: 7289: 7287: 7275: 7271: 7261: 7259: 7258:. Food and Wine 7252: 7248: 7240: 7217: 7211: 7207: 7176: 7172: 7137: 7133: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7083: 7082: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7056: 7052: 7033: 7029: 6982: 6978: 6955: 6951: 6941: 6939: 6930: 6929: 6925: 6882: 6878: 6868: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6771: 6767: 6752: 6748: 6741: 6725: 6721: 6714: 6698: 6689: 6682: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6628: 6624: 6617: 6609:. p. 315. 6607:Clarendon Press 6597: 6593: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6566: 6550: 6535: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6479: 6463: 6459: 6438: 6436: 6435:on 5 March 2016 6432: 6421: 6415: 6411: 6390:(11): 977–983. 6380: 6376: 6369: 6347: 6343: 6316: 6312: 6291:(Coquillett)". 6285: 6281: 6250: 6246: 6217: 6213: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6171: 6155: 6151: 6088: 6084: 6073: 6069: 6008: 6004: 5973: 5969: 5954: 5932: 5928: 5921: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5896: 5895: 5891: 5880: 5876: 5839: 5835: 5804: 5800: 5793: 5775: 5771: 5764: 5748: 5744: 5737: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5704: 5697: 5683: 5676: 5653: 5649: 5594: 5590: 5559: 5555: 5532: 5525: 5494: 5490: 5459:Eristalis tenax 5455: 5451: 5416: 5412: 5377: 5373: 5344: 5340: 5313: 5309: 5270: 5266: 5239: 5235: 5194: 5190: 5145: 5141: 5118: 5114: 5059: 5055: 5048: 5032: 5028: 4975: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4945:"Strepsiptera: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4906: 4902: 4887:10.1002/ps.4207 4867: 4863: 4820: 4816: 4800: 4799: 4795: 4781: 4774: 4739: 4735: 4704:(16): 6256–66. 4690: 4686: 4651: 4647: 4640: 4614: 4610: 4565: 4561: 4554: 4540: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4483: 4438: 4434: 4427: 4411: 4407: 4384: 4377: 4338: 4334: 4295: 4291: 4259:10.2307/2656640 4238: 4234: 4199: 4195: 4166: 4162: 4133:(5360): 57–59. 4123: 4119: 4088: 4084: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4003: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3972: 3968: 3931: 3927: 3880: 3869: 3859: 3857: 3847: 3843: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3785: 3781: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3665: 3661: 3604: 3597: 3574: 3570: 3563: 3541: 3537: 3490:Kjer, Karl M.; 3488: 3484: 3445: 3441: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3406: 3404:The Taxonomicon 3398: 3397: 3393: 3346: 3342: 3322: 3318: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3282: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3221: 3203:cheese skippers 3056:gene expression 3017: 2962:river blindness 2884:(Agromyzidae), 2860: 2811:fly-on-the-wall 2640:Petrus Christus 2633: 2628: 2622: 2591:Bombylius major 2564:Bombylius major 2555: 2549: 2488: 2474: 2457: 2441:parthenogenesis 2328: 2309: 2303: 2215: 2209: 2008: 2002: 1900:Musca domestica 1876: 1871: 1834: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1676: 1667: 1397: 1388: 1350:Xylophagomorpha 1178: 1001:Middle Triassic 977: 972: 963: 954: 944: 935: 926: 840: 769: 760: 699: 690: 515: 510: 502:to clean wounds 454:West Nile fever 434:model organisms 299: 267: 190: 175: 168: 161: 154: 147: 127: 118: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 51: 50: 47: 39: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11488: 11478: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11416: 11403: 11390: 11380: 11367: 11354: 11344: 11331: 11318: 11305: 11292: 11279: 11266: 11253: 11244:Fauna Europaea 11240: 11227: 11214: 11201: 11188: 11175: 11165: 11152: 11139: 11124: 11108: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11085: 11084: 11072: 11069: 11068: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11049: 11047: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11037: 11036: 11035: 11030: 11025: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10982: 10980: 10979: 10972:Lafcadio Hearn 10969: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10945:Jan Swammerdam 10941: 10939: 10935: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10871:Model organism 10868: 10863: 10862: 10861: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10829: 10828: 10827: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10792: 10787: 10781: 10779: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10745:Insect farming 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10716: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10707: 10706: 10701: 10696: 10690: 10688: 10682: 10681: 10679: 10678: 10677: 10676: 10666: 10665: 10664: 10659: 10648: 10646: 10640: 10639: 10637: 10636: 10631: 10629:Artificial fly 10626: 10621: 10615: 10613: 10609: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10577: 10576: 10569: 10562:Insects in art 10558: 10556: 10549: 10538: 10537: 10526: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10503: 10494: 10493: 10491: 10490: 10483: 10468: 10465: 10464: 10461: 10460: 10457: 10456: 10454: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10436:Protozygoptera 10433: 10431:Protorthoptera 10428: 10426:Protephemerida 10423: 10418: 10416:Protanisoptera 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10385:(griffinflies) 10383:Meganisoptera 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10363:Glosselytrodea 10360: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10320: 10312: 10307: 10301: 10294: 10293: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10278: 10275: 10274: 10272: 10271: 10261: 10255: 10248: 10245: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10233: 10232: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10224: 10221: 10220: 10218: 10217: 10207: 10198: 10196: 10190: 10189: 10187: 10186: 10176: 10156: 10154: 10145: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10117: 10109: 10104:Raphidioptera 10100: 10098: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10078: 10069: 10067: 10058: 10056:Neuropteroidea 10052: 10051: 10049: 10048: 10037: 10031: 10003: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9995: 9987: 9979: 9970: 9968: 9950: 9926: 9925: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9914: 9906: 9897: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9886: 9885: 9877: 9874:(ice-crawlers) 9868: 9866: 9856: 9855: 9853: 9852: 9844: 9836: 9828: 9820: 9812: 9803: 9797: 9782: 9762: 9761: 9758: 9757: 9754: 9753: 9751: 9750: 9741: 9739: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9729: 9724:Ephemeroptera 9720: 9718: 9709: 9696: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9661: 9655: 9631: 9630: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9614: 9609:Archaeognatha 9605: 9603: 9589: 9588: 9578: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9568: 9562: 9556: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9535: 9534: 9527: 9520: 9512: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9478: 9477: 9475: 9474: 9465: 9463: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9440: 9434: 9432: 9430:Vermileonoidea 9423: 9417: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9409: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9382: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9371: 9370: 9362: 9357: 9355:Austroleptidae 9351: 9349: 9340: 9334: 9333: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9318: 9313:Stratiomyidae 9310: 9307:(timber flies) 9301: 9299: 9297:Stratiomyoidea 9290: 9280: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9272: 9271: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9252: 9247:Nycteribiidae 9244: 9239:Hippoboscidae 9236: 9233:(tsetse flies) 9227: 9225: 9223:Hippoboscoidea 9219: 9218: 9216: 9215: 9210: 9202: 9197:Sarcophagidae 9194: 9189: 9184: 9176: 9168: 9163: 9158:Calliphoridae 9154: 9152: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9142: 9134: 9126: 9118: 9109: 9107: 9098: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9084: 9076: 9074:Cryptochetidae 9070: 9068: 9064: 9063: 9061: 9060: 9052: 9047: 9039: 9034: 9026: 9018: 9013: 9007: 9005: 8999: 8998: 8996: 8995: 8987: 8979: 8974:Drosophilidae 8971: 8963: 8955: 8949: 8947: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8925:Periscelididae 8922: 8917: 8912: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8892:Fergusoninidae 8889: 8881: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8854: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827:Chamaemyiidae 8824: 8815: 8813: 8807: 8806: 8804: 8803: 8795: 8793:Nannodastiidae 8790: 8785: 8779: 8777: 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8759: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8702: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8680: 8675: 8670: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8638: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8627: 8626: 8618: 8610: 8604: 8602: 8596: 8595: 8593: 8592: 8584: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8563:(signal flies) 8558: 8555:(cheese flies) 8550: 8545:Pallopteridae 8541: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8520: 8518: 8509: 8500: 8490: 8489: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8478: 8470: 8461: 8459: 8453: 8452: 8450: 8449: 8441: 8433: 8425: 8417: 8414:(ironic flies) 8408: 8406: 8397: 8384: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8370: 8369: 8366: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8357:Nemestrinidae 8354: 8345: 8343: 8341:Nemestrinoidea 8337: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8315: 8310: 8302: 8294: 8288: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8277: 8276: 8268: 8265:(window flies) 8260: 8258:Mythicomyiidae 8255: 8247: 8239: 8234: 8226: 8223:(robber flies) 8218: 8213: 8208: 8199: 8197: 8188: 8170: 8169: 8156: 8155: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8144: 8143: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8136: 8128: 8120: 8112: 8103: 8101: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8083: 8078:Trichoceridae 8074: 8072: 8070:Trichoceroidea 8063: 8053: 8052: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8037: 8028: 8026: 8016: 8015: 8012: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8004: 7995: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7970: 7964: 7962: 7953: 7951:Psychodomorpha 7943: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7917: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7897: 7889: 7887:Mycetophilidae 7884: 7876: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853:Cecidomyiidae 7850: 7848:Bolitophilidae 7844: 7842: 7838:(fungus gnats) 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7815: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7794: 7792: 7783: 7773: 7772: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7760: 7752: 7743: 7741: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7723: 7722: 7720: 7719: 7711: 7703: 7695: 7686: 7684: 7678: 7677: 7675: 7674: 7666: 7658: 7650: 7641: 7639: 7630: 7620: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7590: 7589: 7576: 7575: 7573: 7572: 7566: 7560: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7535: 7532: 7531: 7522: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7475: 7474: 7469: 7457: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7421: 7416: 7404: 7403:External links 7401: 7400: 7399: 7376: 7369: 7355: 7345: 7331: 7320: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7297: 7269: 7246: 7228:(3): 132–133. 7205: 7170: 7131: 7108: 7076: 7050: 7027: 6976: 6949: 6938:. 19 June 2015 6923: 6896:(2): 292–301. 6876: 6853: 6802: 6780: 6765: 6746: 6739: 6719: 6712: 6687: 6680: 6660: 6653: 6622: 6615: 6591: 6579:Haynes, Dawn. 6571: 6564: 6533: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6492: 6477: 6457: 6409: 6374: 6367: 6341: 6330:(1): 175–178. 6310: 6299:(3): 532–536. 6279: 6244: 6231:(2): 396–402. 6211: 6176: 6169: 6149: 6082: 6067: 6002: 5983:(2): 153–161. 5967: 5952: 5926: 5915: 5904:on 23 May 2018 5889: 5874: 5853:(5): 505–515. 5833: 5814:(3): 199–258. 5798: 5791: 5769: 5762: 5742: 5735: 5713: 5702: 5695: 5674: 5647: 5588: 5553: 5542:(2): 245–262. 5523: 5504:(5): 619–636. 5488: 5469:(8): 695–704. 5449: 5430:(3): 329–335. 5410: 5391:(2): 373–383. 5381:Oscinella frit 5371: 5338: 5307: 5264: 5253:(3): 245–252. 5233: 5212:(2): 367–369. 5188: 5159:(2): 274–281. 5139: 5128:(3): 223–238. 5112: 5053: 5046: 5026: 4969: 4936: 4917:(4): 229–243. 4900: 4861: 4814: 4793: 4772: 4733: 4684: 4665:(3): 195–209. 4645: 4638: 4608: 4579:(8): 3227–33. 4559: 4552: 4527: 4520: 4481: 4432: 4425: 4405: 4375: 4348:(5): 689–706. 4332: 4289: 4252:(3): 440–445. 4232: 4193: 4180:(5): 413–421. 4160: 4117: 4098:(1–2): 86–89. 4082: 4047:(2): 285–286. 4023: 3997: 3966: 3945:(4): 254–259. 3925: 3867: 3841: 3806: 3799: 3779: 3752: 3721: 3695: 3686: 3679: 3659: 3595: 3584:(4): 847–854. 3568: 3561: 3535: 3482: 3455:(3): 425–454. 3439: 3416: 3391: 3340: 3316: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3276:blister beetle 3238: 3237: 3235: 3232: 3220: 3217: 3208:Piophila casei 3164:European Union 3124:Piophila casei 3044:model organism 3016: 3013: 2859: 2856: 2707:Old Babylonian 2632: 2629: 2621: 2618: 2586:myrmecophilous 2569:Batesian mimic 2548: 2545: 2500:trophic levels 2487: 2484: 2473: 2470: 2456: 2453: 2327: 2324: 2302: 2299: 2208: 2205: 2155:and a pair of 2123:carbon dioxide 2110:chemoreceptors 2056:showing large 2001: 1998: 1953:The larvae of 1875: 1872: 1870: 1869: 1863: 1857: 1851: 1845: 1835: 1831: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1712: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1685: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1646: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1601:Hippoboscoidea 1597: 1592: 1590: 1582: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1556: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1528: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1513: 1505: 1500: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1474: 1469: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1456: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1429: 1428: 1420:Nemestrinoidea 1416: 1411: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1318: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1284:(crane flies) 1278: 1273: 1271: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1254:Psychodomorpha 1250: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1183: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1124: 1122: 1114: 1064:holometabolous 976: 973: 969: 968: 965: 964: 960: 959: 956: 955: 951: 950: 949:(Mecopterida) 946: 945: 941: 940: 937: 936: 932: 931: 928: 927: 923: 922: 919: 918: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 884: 879: 877: 874: 873: 870: 869: 857: 852: 850: 846: 845: 842: 841: 837: 836: 833: 832: 819: 816: 815: 812: 811: 804:(caddisflies) 798: 793: 791: 783: 781: 775: 774: 771: 770: 766: 765: 762: 761: 757: 756: 753: 752: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 718: 713: 711: 705: 704: 701: 700: 696: 695: 692: 691: 687: 686: 683: 682: 669: 666: 665: 662: 661: 648: 643: 641: 638: 637: 634: 633: 620: 615: 613: 605: 603: 601:Neuropteroidea 595: 593: 587: 586: 583: 582: 569: 564: 562: 554: 519:holometabolans 517:Dipterans are 514: 511: 509: 506: 492:, are used as 305: 304: 283: 282: 278: 277: 262: 258: 257: 252: 248: 247: 242: 238: 237: 232: 228: 227: 222: 218: 217: 212: 208: 207: 202: 198: 197: 184: 183: 138: 137: 129: 128: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 48: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11487: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11430: 11413: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11387: 11381: 11377: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11345: 11341: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11323: 11319: 11315: 11310: 11306: 11302: 11297: 11293: 11289: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11245: 11241: 11237: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11206: 11202: 11198: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11180: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11157: 11153: 11149: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11129: 11125: 11120: 11114: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11092: 11082: 11077: 11070: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11048: 11042: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11028:Neonicotinoid 11026: 11024: 11021: 11020: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10977: 10973: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10936: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10893: 10887: 10879: 10878: 10874: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10826: 10823: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10782: 10780: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10715: 10713:Other aspects 10711: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10683: 10675: 10672: 10671: 10670: 10667: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10653: 10650: 10649: 10647: 10645: 10641: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10616: 10614: 10610: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10574: 10573:Musca depicta 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10557: 10553: 10550: 10546: 10539: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10519: 10517: 10512: 10510: 10505: 10504: 10501: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10482: 10481: 10476: 10470: 10469: 10466: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10391:Megasecoptera 10389: 10387: 10381: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10371: 10369: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10299: 10295: 10288: 10284: 10270: 10268: 10262: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10250: 10249: 10246: 10216: 10215: 10208: 10206: 10204:(caddisflies) 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10184: 10177: 10174: 10170:Siphonaptera 10167: 10166: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10141:(Mecopterida) 10134: 10124: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10108: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10097: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10079: 10077: 10073:Strepsiptera 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10046: 10039: 10038: 10035: 10032: 10030: 10004: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9982:Thysanoptera 9980: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9964: 9963: 9958: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9927: 9913: 9907: 9905: 9899: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9890: 9884: 9878: 9876: 9870: 9869: 9867: 9865: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9843: 9837: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9825:(webspinners) 9821: 9819: 9813: 9811: 9805: 9804: 9801: 9798: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9763: 9749: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9719: 9717: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9632: 9627: 9613: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9598: 9594: 9590: 9583: 9579: 9573: 9569: 9567: 9563: 9561: 9557: 9555: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9543: 9540: 9533: 9528: 9526: 9521: 9519: 9514: 9513: 9510: 9500: 9495: 9473: 9469:Xylophagidae 9467: 9466: 9464: 9462: 9461:Xylophagoidea 9458: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9439: 9438:Vermileonidae 9436: 9435: 9433: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9418: 9408: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9392: 9390: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9367:(snipe flies) 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9325: 9319: 9317: 9311: 9309: 9303: 9302: 9300: 9298: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9285: 9281: 9259: 9253: 9251: 9245: 9243: 9241:(louse flies) 9237: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9220: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9203: 9201: 9199:(flesh flies) 9195: 9193: 9192:Rhinophoridae 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9177: 9175: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9141: 9135: 9133: 9127: 9125: 9119: 9117: 9113:Anthomyiidae 9111: 9110: 9108: 9106: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9081:(lance flies) 9077: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9059: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9031:(beach flies) 9027: 9025: 9019: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9008: 9006: 9004: 9000: 8994: 8988: 8986: 8984:(shore flies) 8980: 8978: 8972: 8970: 8964: 8962: 8958:Curtonotidae 8956: 8954: 8951: 8950: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8930:Teratomyzidae 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8882: 8880: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8856: 8855: 8853: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8835:Cremifaniidae 8833: 8831: 8829:(aphid flies) 8825: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8812: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8778: 8776: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8758: 8756:(marsh flies) 8752: 8750: 8749:Ropalomeridae 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8739:Natalimyzidae 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8655:Megamerinidae 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8631: 8625: 8619: 8617: 8613:Micropezidae 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8601: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8583: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8551: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8491: 8477: 8471: 8469: 8465:Pipunculidae 8463: 8462: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8448: 8444:Platypezidae 8442: 8440: 8434: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8416: 8412:Ironomyiidae 8410: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8404:Platypezoidea 8401: 8398: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8361: 8355: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8326:Oreogetonidae 8324: 8322: 8320:(dance flies) 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8267: 8263:Scenopinidae 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8252:(mydas flies) 8248: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8227: 8225: 8219: 8217: 8216:Apystomyiidae 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8161: 8157: 8135: 8129: 8127: 8121: 8119: 8113: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8097:(crane flies) 8092: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8075: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8003: 7997: 7996: 7994: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7981:Valeseguyidae 7979: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7965: 7963: 7961: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7948: 7944: 7934: 7931: 7930: 7928: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7904: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7877: 7875: 7871:Keroplatidae 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7861:Diadocidiidae 7859: 7857: 7855:(gall midges) 7851: 7849: 7846: 7845: 7843: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7819:Anisopodidae 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7811:Anisopodoidea 7808: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7793: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7781:Bibionomorpha 7778: 7774: 7764: 7763:Nymphomyiidae 7761: 7759: 7753: 7751: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7718: 7714:Chironomidae 7712: 7710: 7704: 7702: 7700:(black flies) 7696: 7694: 7690:Thaumaleidae 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7682:Chironomoidea 7679: 7673: 7667: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7651: 7649: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7638: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7602:Axymyiomorpha 7599: 7595: 7591: 7587: 7581: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7559: 7555: 7553: 7549: 7547: 7543: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7528: 7520: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7506: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7491: 7488: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7480: 7479: 7473: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7409: 7393: 7389: 7382: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7363: 7360:(1924–1953). 7359: 7358:Séguy, Eugène 7356: 7353: 7349: 7346: 7339: 7335: 7334:Hennig, Willi 7332: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7309:Order Diptera 7306: 7305: 7286: 7285: 7280: 7273: 7257: 7250: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7216: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7093: 7086: 7080: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7014: 7009: 7004: 6999: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6980: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6937: 6933: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6880: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6760: 6759: 6758:To Know a Fly 6750: 6742: 6736: 6732: 6731: 6723: 6715: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6696: 6694: 6692: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6664: 6656: 6650: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6618: 6616:0-19-814730-9 6612: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6595: 6584: 6583: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6557: 6556: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6540: 6538: 6528: 6519: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6478:9780826301109 6474: 6470: 6469: 6461: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6360: 6355: 6354: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6283: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6239: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6196: 6189: 6188: 6180: 6172: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6086: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5949: 5945: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5924: 5919: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5885: 5878: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5788: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5765: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5746: 5738: 5732: 5729:. Clarendon. 5727: 5726: 5717: 5711: 5706: 5698: 5692: 5688: 5681: 5679: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5530: 5528: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5453: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5375: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5342: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5237: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5201: 5200:Condylostylus 5192: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5057: 5049: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4973: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4948: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4911:Zoomorphology 4904: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4833: 4829: 4826:: a review". 4825: 4818: 4810: 4804: 4796: 4790: 4786: 4779: 4777: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4523: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4418: 4417: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4382: 4380: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4302: 4293: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4236: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4213:(3): 756–75. 4212: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4121: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3856: 3852: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3699: 3690: 3682: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3655: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3614: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3486: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3436:. p. 84. 3435: 3431: 3427: 3420: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3344: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3320: 3304: 3300: 3294: 3290: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3226:New Scientist 3216: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3189: 3188:antibacterial 3185: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2966:leishmaniasis 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2949:Aedes aegypti 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2916:(Culicidae), 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2840: 2839:Jurassic Park 2836:'s 1993 film 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2803:Musca depicta 2799: 2797: 2796:To Know a Fly 2793: 2789: 2788: 2783: 2782: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2648:musca depicta 2645: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2614: 2609: 2608: 2603: 2601: 2597:In contrast, 2595: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2541: 2540:Ephydra hians 2536: 2535: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2501: 2492: 2483: 2480: 2469: 2467: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408:ovoviviparous 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Vermileonidae 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2381:endoparasites 2378: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2298: 2295: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2254: 2253:Condylostylus 2250: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2234: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2213:Insect flight 2204: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:Nycteribiidae 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2130: 2128: 2127:bush crickets 2124: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2106: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2082: 2078: 2077:compound eyes 2069: 2063: 2059: 2058:compound eyes 2055: 2050: 2046: 2044: 2040: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2007: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979: 1974: 1973: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1907: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1839: 1838: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1809: 1808: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1790: 1782: 1781: 1773: 1772: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1754: 1746: 1745: 1737: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1719: 1718: 1710: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1562:(hoverflies) 1561: 1555: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1459: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1435: 1434: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1391: 1383: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1345: 1344: 1338: 1337: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1277: 1276: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1226:Bibionomorpha 1221: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1186: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1099: 1098:Early Miocene 1095: 1091: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1076: 1074: 1070: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037:Nymphomyiidae 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:Late Triassic 1002: 994: 990: 986: 981: 967: 966: 958: 957: 948: 947: 939: 938: 930: 929: 921: 920: 917: 915: 910: 904: 903: 900: 899: 896: 894: 889: 883: 882: 876: 875: 872: 871: 868: 866: 862: 856: 855: 848: 847: 844: 843: 835: 834: 831: 829: 824: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 808: 803: 797: 796: 790: 787: 786: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 764: 763: 755: 754: 751: 749: 744: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 728: 723: 717: 716: 710: 707: 706: 703: 702: 694: 693: 685: 684: 681: 679: 674: 668: 667: 664: 663: 660: 658: 653: 647: 646: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 630: 626:(snakeflies) 625: 624:Raphidioptera 619: 618: 612: 609: 608: 602: 599: 598: 592: 591:Aparaglossata 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 579: 574: 568: 567: 561: 558: 557: 553: 551: 546: 544: 543:Hippoboscidae 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 407:ovoviviparous 404: 403:metamorphosis 400: 399:compound eyes 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 350: 346: 342: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 303: 302: 297: 293: 289: 284: 279: 275: 271: 266: 263: 260: 259: 256: 253: 250: 249: 246: 243: 240: 239: 236: 233: 230: 229: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 213: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 185: 182: 180: 179: 173: 172: 166: 165: 159: 158: 152: 151: 145: 139: 135: 130: 124: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 44: 41: 37: 30: 26: 22: 11103: 11058:Insecticides 10975: 10963: 10960:Hans Zinsser 10925:Clothes moth 10875: 10686:In mythology 10619:Fishing bait 10571: 10485: 10471: 10441:Syntonoptera 10323:Caloneurodea 10315:Blattoptera 10266: 10257: 10252: 10211:Lepidoptera 10209: 10202:Trichoptera 10179: 10178: 10160: 10112:Megaloptera 10106:(snakeflies) 10096:Neuropterida 10080: 10065:Coleopterida 10042:Hymenoptera 10040: 9962:Paraneoptera 9960: 9882:(gladiators) 9831:Phasmatodea 9809:(stoneflies) 9794:Polyneoptera 9737:Odonatoptera 9601:Monocondylia 9566:Pancrustacea 9564:(unranked): 9394:Oreoleptidae 9386:Athericidae 9365:Rhagionidae 9360:Bolbomyiidae 9347:Rhagionoidea 9338:Tabanomorpha 9231:Glossinidae 9213:Ulurumyiidae 9139:(dung flies) 9079:Lonchaeidae 9067:Lonchaeoidea 9055:Milichiidae 9050:Inbiomyiidae 9044:(frit flies) 9042:Chloropidae 8966:Diastatidae 8935:Xenasteiidae 8866:Anthomyzidae 8858:Agromyzidae 8811:Lauxanioidea 8788:Heleomyzidae 8754:Sciomyzidae 8744:Phaeomyiidae 8734:Huttoninidae 8719:Helcomyzidae 8708:(kelp flies) 8698:Sciomyzoidea 8667:(rust flies) 8579:Tephritidae 8574:Richardiidae 8553:Piophilidae 8537:Tephritoidea 8507:Acalyptratae 8475:(hoverflies) 8349:Acroceridae 8229:Bombyliidae 8203:Apioceridae 8061:Tipulomorpha 8040:Tanyderidae 8001:(moth flies) 7999:Psychodidae 7991:Psychodoidea 7973:Scatopsidae 7960:Scatopsoidea 7821:(wood gnats) 7671:(mosquitoes) 7661:Chaoboridae 7628:Culicomorpha 7570:Holometabola 7568:Superorder: 7562:Infraclass: 7526: 7477: 7476: 7459: 7458: 7407: 7406: 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Retrieved 3302: 3293: 3274:, a type of 3242: 3224: 3222: 3206: 3192: 3168: 3129: 3123: 3084: 3076:Willi Hennig 3037: 3036: 3024: 2991:(Asilidae), 2989:Robber flies 2985:fungus gnats 2982: 2954:dengue fever 2947: 2929: 2894:tsetse flies 2879: 2867: 2837: 2808: 2801: 2800: 2795: 2785: 2779: 2776:Tom o'Bedlam 2741: 2723: 2719: 2715:lapis lazuli 2692: 2678: 2659: 2653:trompe-l'œil 2651: 2647: 2643: 2611: 2605: 2598: 2596: 2589: 2574: 2562: 2538: 2532: 2517: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2475: 2458: 2449:paedogenesis 2431: 2419:Termitoxenia 2417: 2411: 2385: 2366: 2347: 2329: 2321: 2289:A. freeborni 2287: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2256: 2252: 2249:Dolichopodid 2246: 2238: 2230: 2193: 2177:Strepsiptera 2146: 2107: 2094: 2090:diverticulae 2074: 2036: 2009: 1976: 1970: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1921: 1914: 1904: 1898: 1890: 1882: 1849:Cyclorrhapha 1836: 1689:Acalyptratae 1687: 1648: 1627: 1599: 1558: 1530: 1507: 1476: 1445: 1418: 1371:Tabanomorpha 1369: 1348: 1320: 1299: 1280: 1252: 1224: 1196: 1161:Culicomorpha 1159: 1138: 1119: 1103: 1087: 1073:Strepsiptera 1061: 1029:basal clades 1023:produced by 998: 993:Lower Eocene 989:Baltic amber 909:Siphonaptera 907: 886: 860: 859: 849:Antliophora 821: 800: 743:Strepsiptera 741: 720: 709:Coleopterida 671: 650: 622: 611:Neuropterida 571: 560:Holometabola 547: 531:Siphonaptera 516: 494:fishing bait 478:tsetse flies 464:, and other 462:encephalitis 458:yellow fever 432:are used as 422:Hymenopteran 415: 396: 363: 359: 351: 340: 339: 315:Anthomyiidae 292:paraphyletic 286: 264: 251:(unranked): 241:Superorder: 176: 169: 162: 155: 148: 142: 40: 11283:iNaturalist 11128:Wikispecies 11044:Categories, 11023:Insecticide 10854:Sericulture 10825:Royal jelly 10750:Flea circus 10740:Entomophagy 10674:Cantharidin 10669:Spanish fly 10644:In medicine 10624:Fly fishing 10555:In the arts 10487:Wikispecies 10446:Titanoptera 10378:Lapeyriidae 10373:Hypoperlida 10348:Eoblattodea 10317:(roachoids) 10310:Archodonata 10152:Antliophora 10120:Neuroptera 10082:Coleoptera 9893:Dictyoptera 9863:(Xenonomia) 9839:Orthoptera 9823:Embioptera 9815:Dermaptera 9807:Plecoptera 9707:Palaeoptera 9570:Subphylum: 9471:(awl flies) 9321:Xylomyidae 9257:(bat flies) 9255:Streblidae 9249:(bat flies) 9205:Tachinidae 9096:Calyptratae 8982:Ephydridae 8968:(bog flies) 8945:Ephydroidea 8878:(sap flies) 8850:Opomyzoidea 8840:Lauxaniidae 8819:Celyphidae 8783:Chyromyidae 8714:Dryomyzidae 8706:Coelopidae 8688:Tanypezidae 8498:Schizophora 8382:Muscomorpha 8292:Atelestidae 8271:Therevidae 8231:(bee flies) 8186:Asilomorpha 8123:Pediciidae 8115:Limoniidae 7866:Ditomyiidae 7798:Bibionidae 7790:Bibionoidea 7698:Simuliidae 7342:(in German) 6022:(1): 5464. 5663:: 271–298. 5422:migrate?". 5317:Cephenemyia 5243:Cephenemyia 4834:(1): 3–26. 4394:: 417–442. 4268:10088/12159 4011:Livescience 3822:: 397–428. 3768:: 565–590. 3272:Spanish fly 3213:Piophilidae 3184:biochemical 3009:pollinators 2978:Chloropidae 2944:arboviruses 2922:drain flies 2890:gall midges 2886:fruit flies 2816:-making in 2814:documentary 2703:Utnapishtim 2674:Philistines 2524:regurgitate 2445:gall midges 2443:, and some 2438:thelytokous 2363:, and adult 2258:Cephenemyia 2086:horse-flies 2054:a horse-fly 1967:shore flies 1934:, insects, 1867:Schizophora 1861:Muscomorpha 1843:Calyptratae 1094:Psychodidae 1084:nematoceran 1069:Mecopterida 1053:Schizophora 985:brachyceran 823:Lepidoptera 802:Trichoptera 652:Megaloptera 573:Hymenoptera 539:Trichoptera 535:Lepidoptera 523:Mecopterida 498:debridement 430:Fruit flies 426:pollination 380:crane flies 376:horse-flies 255:Antliophora 52:245–0 11429:Categories 11063:Pesticides 10800:Bee pollen 10795:Beekeeping 10777:entomology 10720:Biomimicry 10652:Apitherapy 10612:In fishing 10567:Beetlewing 10548:in culture 10396:Miomoptera 10162:Mecoptera 9990:Hemiptera 9911:(mantises) 9901:Blattodea 9847:Zoraptera 9726:(mayflies) 9665:Zygentoma 9560:Arthropoda 9404:Tabanidae 9378:Tabanoidea 9181:(botflies) 9179:Oestridae 9150:Oestroidea 9121:Fanniidae 9029:Canacidae 9023:(bee lice) 9021:Braulidae 8953:Camillidae 8920:Opomyzidae 8897:Marginidae 8884:Clusiidae 8673:Somatiidae 8660:Nothybidae 8642:Diopsidae 8634:Diopsoidea 8587:Ulidiidae 8569:Pyrgotidae 8524:Conopidae 8516:Conopoidea 8473:Syrphidae 8457:Syrphoidea 8428:Opetiidae 8318:Hybotidae 8305:Empididae 8284:Empidoidea 8166:Brachycera 8131:Tipulidae 8091:Tipuloidea 7900:Sciaridae 7832:Sciaroidea 7669:Culicidae 7637:Culicoidea 7610:Axymyiidae 7586:Nematocera 7556:Subclass: 7546:Arthropoda 7478:Describers 7047:: 140–143. 6936:YourGenome 6643:. p. 6605:. Oxford: 5884:Entomology 5569:(2): 518. 4147:10088/5966 3286:References 3252:robber fly 3199:casu marzu 3171:biomedical 3120:cheese fly 3112:Casu marzu 3098:Histeridae 3080:cladistics 3068:physiology 3052:eukaryotes 3033:laboratory 3005:hoverflies 2958:Zika virus 2940:filariasis 2918:blackflies 2914:mosquitoes 2848:fossilised 2826:metaphoric 2726:Greek myth 2699:flood myth 2613:Drosophila 2607:Drosophila 2424:tsetse fly 2388:Simuliidae 2373:Brachycera 2369:Nematocera 2333:Brachycera 2305:See also: 2233:gyroscopic 2201:ovipositor 2185:tarsomeres 2173:Streblidae 2161:metathorax 2153:mesothorax 2097:optic flow 2062:mouthparts 2020:mouthparts 2018:, and the 2004:See also: 1994:scavengers 1983:hoverflies 1940:amphibians 1932:millipedes 1855:Eremoneura 1821:Nematocera 1650:Oestroidea 1560:Syrphoidea 1511:(in part) 1478:Empidoidea 1301:Brachycera 1282:Tipuloidea 1110:Brachycera 1106:Nematocera 1013:Cretaceous 724:(beetles) 722:Coleoptera 673:Neuroptera 482:screwworms 470:houseflies 438:mosquitoes 418:ecological 388:mosquitoes 384:hoverflies 374:including 301:Brachycera 288:Nematocera 281:Suborders 225:Arthropoda 11046:templates 11018:Pesticide 10634:Fly tying 10368:Heraridea 10358:Geroptera 10263:Based on 10137:Panorpida 10084:(beetles) 9974:Psocodea 9909:Mantodea 9860:Notoptera 9817:(earwigs) 9552:Kingdom: 9187:Rhiniidae 9129:Muscidae 9105:Muscoidea 9003:Carnoidea 8915:Odiniidae 8902:Neminidae 8871:Asteiidae 8762:Sepsidae 8665:Psilidae 8650:Gobryidae 8621:Neriidae 8600:Nerioidea 8436:Phoridae 8331:Ragadidae 8237:Evocoidae 8221:Asilidae 8195:Asiloidea 8164:Suborder 7584:Suborder 7558:Pterygota 7538:Kingdom: 7151:: 37–43. 6260:: 19–22. 6126:0027-8424 6044:2045-2322 5626:1432-1939 5598:Oecologia 5536:Behaviour 4803:cite book 4743:Phaenicia 4679:227306897 4362:1572-8889 4313:: 39–60. 4041:Oecologia 4033:Bufo bufo 3409:21 August 3360:(1): 52. 3264:house-fly 3248:crane fly 3195:Sardinian 3116:Sardinian 3001:bee flies 2993:tachinids 2931:Anopheles 2898:screwworm 2781:King Lear 2748:Aeschylus 2670:Beelzebub 2631:Symbolism 2513:Anthomyia 2404:oviparous 2392:Tabanidae 2337:spiracles 2283:Cuterebra 2271:Oscinella 2138:crane fly 2102:H1 neuron 1991:inquiline 1981:). Adult 1911:Asiloidea 1874:Diversity 1629:Muscoidea 1532:Phoroidea 1447:Asiloidea 1057:Paleogene 888:Mecoptera 779:Panorpida 550:cladogram 527:Mecoptera 392:described 296:Eudiptera 245:Panorpida 211:Kingdom: 205:Eukaryota 11192:BugGuide 11168:BioLib: 11113:Wikidata 10986:Concerns 10938:Pioneers 10915:Woodworm 10820:Propolis 10775:Economic 10662:Melittin 10657:Apitoxin 10406:Paoliida 10180:Diptera 9984:(thrips) 9745:Odonata 9572:Hexapoda 9558:Phylum: 9554:Animalia 9037:Carnidae 8250:Mydidae 7645:Dixidae 7564:Neoptera 7544:Phylum: 7540:Animalia 7529:families 7468:at CSIRO 7444:BugGuide 7428:Archived 7350:(1965). 7200:22584527 7165:24754920 7128:: 61–66. 7022:22408328 6918:28636403 6910:18260520 6848:21912409 6840:23641114 6487:64024356 6404:16620975 6336:25085158 6320:Microdon 6274:84201196 6144:29158381 6062:29674725 5997:86705683 5962:43307061 5869:86908583 5828:86129322 5642:22921039 5634:28313313 5583:53180240 5518:25061334 5483:86181761 5444:83629356 5333:25004791 5302:17770404 5259:25004207 5228:86502767 5175:21676771 5107:25605915 5021:15539345 4931:46359462 4895:26662853 4856:23210046 4767:26541123 4728:10934276 4603:11943823 4476:10382224 4370:36686371 4327:17622197 4284:10719005 4227:17291785 4155:19305979 4112:39619017 4077:32817424 4069:28309542 3961:12407211 3920:25733962 3836:15012378 3654:21402926 3530:27558853 3469:17624962 3386:24646345 3327:(1949). 3303:BugGuide 3268:hoverfly 3260:moth fly 3205:such as 3179:blow fly 3156:reptiles 3102:woodland 3064:mutation 3031:genetics 2956:and the 2902:botflies 2830:candidly 2758:'s wife 2754:sent by 2738:Endymion 2571:of bees. 2534:Bengalia 2466:puparium 2371:and the 2241:saccades 2197:sclerite 2189:pulvilli 2157:halteres 2142:halteres 2119:infrared 2052:Head of 2028:halteres 2016:antennae 1928:woodlice 1924:molluscs 1228:(gnats) 1049:Jurassic 1045:Triassic 1021:honeydew 911:(fleas) 368:halteres 335:halteres 323:antennae 321:, small 270:Linnaeus 221:Phylum: 215:Animalia 201:Domain: 144:Housefly 125:– Recent 123:Triassic 11386:diptera 11161:Diptera 11148:Diptera 11134:Diptera 11104:Diptera 10910:Bed bug 10892:insects 10890:Harmful 10866:Shellac 10810:Beeswax 10765:Jingzhe 10545:insects 10541:Aspects 10534:insects 10291:Extinct 10265:Sasaki 10172:(fleas) 9966: * 8395:Aschiza 7552:Insecta 7550:Class: 7527:Diptera 7525:Extant 7460:Anatomy 7408:General 7311:". In: 7013:3296382 6869:21 July 6820:Bibcode 6812:Science 6795:21 July 6439:30 July 6204:27 July 6135:5754803 6104:Bibcode 6053:5908842 6024:Bibcode 5606:Bibcode 5358:: 4–5. 5282:Bibcode 5274:Science 5183:7306151 5098:4321282 5075:Bibcode 5012:1691860 5003:4142949 4947:Stylops 4848:8118845 4719:6772600 4594:6757520 4467:1692594 4276:2656640 4127:Science 4049:Bibcode 4016:21 July 3990:21 July 3911:4339814 3762:Zootaxa 3735:Flytree 3645:3078341 3622:Bibcode 3521:5014063 3477:9356614 3377:4000048 3256:bee fly 3219:Hazards 3197:cheese 3148:mammals 3144:angling 3136:casters 3086:Maggots 2936:malaria 2926:vectors 2910:myiasis 2874:malaria 2689:Dumuzid 2567:, is a 2486:Ecology 2400:prolegs 2398:, have 2357:instars 2315:Mating 2292:, form 2224:fly in 2222:Tabanid 2165:ganglia 2151:on the 2032:abdomen 1987:mimicry 1972:Diamesa 1936:mammals 1509:Aschiza 1120:Diptera 1082:Fossil 983:Fossil 861:Diptera 490:maggots 486:gentles 446:malaria 442:vectors 411:carrion 372:species 352:Diptera 347:of the 345:insects 294:) (inc 265:Diptera 261:Order: 235:Insecta 231:Class: 121:Middle 11412:118088 11363:661378 11347:NZOR: 11314:118831 11236:1DIPTO 11119:Q25312 10849:Kermes 10844:Chitin 10837:Polish 10269:(2013) 10267:et al. 10258:Italic 9586:Extant 9542:orders 9539:Insect 7290:26 May 7262:24 May 7198: 7163: 7101:24 May 7069:24 May 7020: 7010: 6942:27 May 6916: 6908: 6846: 6838: 6777:p. 242 6737: 6710: 6678: 6651: 6631:Lucian 6613: 6562: 6485: 6475: 6447:Dǫ'soh 6402: 6365: 6334: 6272: 6167: 6142: 6132: 6124: 6060: 6050: 6042: 5995: 5960: 5950: 5908:22 May 5867: 5826: 5789: 5760: 5733: 5693: 5640: 5632: 5624: 5581: 5516: 5481: 5442: 5403: 5331: 5300: 5257: 5226: 5181: 5173: 5105: 5095: 5044: 5019: 5009: 5001: 4962:25 May 4929: 4893: 4854: 4846: 4791: 4765: 4726: 4716: 4677: 4636: 4601: 4591: 4550: 4518: 4474: 4464: 4423: 4368: 4360: 4325: 4282: 4274: 4225: 4153: 4110: 4075: 4067: 3959: 3918: 3908: 3860:27 May 3834: 3797: 3745:24 May 3714:25 May 3677: 3652: 3642: 3559: 3528: 3518: 3475: 3467: 3384: 3374: 3309:26 May 3158:, and 3152:fishes 3048:genome 2942:, and 2824:. 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