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affect the child's learning and relationships when born. For instance, they may have behavioral problems and might be antisocial. The stress that the mother experiences affects the fetus and the fetus' growth which can include the fetus' nervous system (Reilly, 2017). Stress can also lead to low birth weight. Even after avoiding other factors like alcohol, drugs, and being healthy, stress can have its impacts whether families know it or not. Many women who deal with maternal stress do not seek treatment. Similar to stress, Reilly stated that in recent studies, researchers have found that pregnant women who show depressive symptoms are not as attached and bonded to their child while it is in the womb (2017).
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fetus. Women under 16 and over 35 have a higher risk of preterm labor (premature baby), and this risk increases for women in poverty, women who take drugs, and women who smoke. Young mothers are more likely to engage in high risk behaviors, such as using alcohol, drugs, or smoking, resulting in negative consequences for the fetus. Premature babies from young mothers are more likely to have neurological defects that will influence their coping capabilities – irritability, trouble sleeping, constant crying for example. There is an increased risk of
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exposed to methamphetamine but no other illicit drugs and one containing children who met diagnosis criteria for ADHD but were not prenatally exposed to any illicit substance. Both groups of children completed intelligence measures to compute an IQ. Study results showed that the prenatally exposed children performed lower on the intelligence measures than their non-exposed peers with ADHD. The study results also suggest that prenatal exposure to methamphetamine may negatively impact processing speed as children develop.
133:
347:
222:
1070:. Nicotine results in less blood flow to the fetus because it constricts the blood vessels. Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen flow to the fetus. The reduction of blood and oxygen flow may result in miscarriage, stillbirth, low birth weight, and premature births. Exposure to secondhand smoke leads to higher risks of low birth weight and childhood cancer.
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effects of cocaine lead to a decrease in placental blood flow to the fetus that results in fetal hypoxia (oxygen deficiency) and decreased fetal nutrition; these vasoconstrictive effects on the placenta have been linked to the number of complications in malformations that are evident in the newborn.
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is already fully formed. Also, most low-frequency sounds (less than 300 Hz) can reach the fetal inner ear in the womb of mammals. Those low-frequency sounds include pitch, rhythm, and phonetic information related to language. Studies have indicated that fetuses react to and recognize differences
1154:. Toxoplasmosis can be acquired through eating infected undercooked meat or contaminated food, and by drinking contaminated water. The risk of fetal infection is lowest during early pregnancy, and highest during the third trimester. However, in early pregnancy the outcome is worse, and can be fatal.
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Cocaine use results in a smaller brain, which results in learning disabilities for the fetus. Cocaine puts the fetus at a higher risk of being stillborn or premature. Cocaine use also results in low birthweight, damage to the central nervous system, and motor dysfunction. The vasoconstriction of the
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once the fetus is born. Marijuana will slow the fetal growth rate and can result in premature delivery. It can also lead to low birth weight, a shortened gestational period and complications in delivery. Cannabis use during pregnancy was unrelated to risk of perinatal death or need for special care,
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Women between the ages of 16 and 35 have a healthier environment for a fetus than women under 16 or over 35. Women between this age gap are more likely to have fewer complications. Women over 35 are more inclined to have a longer labor period, which could potentially result in death of the mother or
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Prenatal methamphetamine exposure has shown to negatively impact brain development and behavioral functioning. A 2019 study further investigated neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal methamphetamine exposure. This study had two groups, one containing children who were prenatally
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An estimated 5 percent of fetuses in the United States are exposed to illicit drug use during pregnancy. Maternal drug use occurs when drugs ingested by the pregnant woman are metabolized in the placenta and then transmitted to the fetus. Recent research displays that there is a correlation between
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lead to higher rates of miscarriage, sterility, and birth defects. Toxins include fetal exposure to lead, mercury, and ethanol or hazardous environments. Prenatal exposure to mercury may lead to physical deformation, difficulty in chewing and swallowing, and poor motoric coordination. Exposure to
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Poverty has been linked to poor prenatal care and has been an influence on prenatal development. Women in poverty are more likely to have children at a younger age, which results in low birth weight. Many of these expecting mothers have little education and are therefore less aware of the risks of
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Adequate nutrition is needed for a healthy fetus. Mothers who gain less than 20 pounds during pregnancy are at increased risk for having a preterm or low birth weight infant. Iron and iodine are especially important during prenatal development. Mothers who are deficient in iron are at risk for
570:
From the 10th week of gestation (8th week of development), the developing embryo is called a fetus. All major structures are formed by this time, but they continue to grow and develop. Because the precursors of the organs are now formed, the fetus is not as sensitive to damage from environmental
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can have an impact the development of the embryo. Reilly (2017) states that stress can come from many forms of life events such as community, family, financial issues, and natural causes. While a woman is pregnant, stress from outside sources can take a toll on the growth in the womb that may
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Maternal alcohol use leads to disruptions of the fetus' brain development, interferes with the fetus' cell development and organization, and affects the maturation of the central nervous system. Even small amounts of alcohol use can cause lower height, weight and head size at birth and higher
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will cause interrupted fetal development, stillbirths, and can lead to numerous birth defects. Heroin can also result in premature delivery, creates a higher risk of miscarriages, result in facial abnormalities and head size, and create gastrointestinal abnormalities in the fetus. There is an
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between sounds. Such ideas are further reinforced by the fact that newborns present a preference for their mother's voice, present behavioral recognition of stories only heard during gestation, and (in monolingual mothers) present preference for their native language. A more recent study with
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Lerma Castaño, Piedad Rocio; Montealegre Suarez, Diana Paola; Mantilla Toloza, Sonia
Carolina; Jaimes Guerrero, Carlos Alberto; Romaña Cabrera, Luisa Fernanda; Lozano Mañosca, Daiana Stefanny (2021). "Prenatal, perinatal and postnatal risk factors associated with fine motor function delay in
1741:
Lecaneut, J. P., and
Granier-Deferre, C. (1993). "Speech stimuli in the fetal environment", in Developmental Neurocognition: Speech and Face Processing in the First Year of Life, eds B. De Boysson-Bardies, S. de Schonen, P. Jusczyk, P. MacNeilage, and J. Morton (Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic
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is a developmental disorder that is a consequence of heavy alcohol intake by the mother during pregnancy. Children with FASD have a variety of distinctive facial features, heart problems, and cognitive problems such as developmental disabilities, attention difficulties, and memory deficits.
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about the association between the prenatal environment and the development of chronic conditions later in life. The initial studies found no association between malnourishment and cognitive development, but later studies found associations between malnourishment and increased risk for
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fine motor skills and prenatal risk factors such as the use of psychoactive substances and signs of abortion during pregnancy. As well as perinatal risk factors such as gestation time, duration of delivery, birth weight and postnatal risk factors such as constant falls.
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Niedziocha, Laura. "The
Effects of Drugs And Alcohol on Fetal Development | LIVESTRONG.COM." LIVESTRONG.COM – Lose Weight & Get Fit with Diet, Nutrition & Fitness Tools | LIVESTRONG.COM. N.p., 4 Sept. 2011. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.
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Brinker, Michael J.; Cohen, Jodie G.; Sharrette, Johnathan A.; Hall, Trevor A. (2019). "Neurocognitive and neurodevelopmental impact of prenatal methamphetamine exposure: A comparison study of prenatally exposed children with nonexposed ADHD peers".
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increased risk for SIDS, dysfunction in the central nervous system, and neurological dysfunctions including tremors, sleep problems, and seizures. The fetus is also put at a great risk for low birth weight and respiratory problems.
110:. The next period is that of fetal development where many organs become fully developed. This fetal period is described both topically (by organ) and chronologically (by time) with major occurrences being listed by gestational age.
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demonstrated different brain activation in newborns hearing their native language compared to when they were presented with a different language, further supporting the idea that language learning starts while in gestation.
419:. In most successful pregnancies, the embryo implants 8 to 10 days after ovulation. The embryo, the extra-embryonic membranes, and the placenta are collectively referred to as a conceptus, or the "products of conception".
2968:"Prenatal Development – Prenatal Environmental Influences – Mother, Birth, Fetus, and Pregnancy." Social Issues Reference. Version Child Development Vol. 6. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.
743:(B cells). Both of these populations of lymphocytes have short-lived and long-lived groups. Short-lived T cells usually reside in thymus, bone marrow and spleen; whereas long-lived T cells reside in the blood stream.
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but, the babies of women who used cannabis at least once per week before and throughout pregnancy were 216g lighter than those of non‐users, had significantly shorter birth lengths and smaller head circumferences.
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Initial knowledge of the effects of prenatal experience on later neuropsychological development originates from the Dutch Famine Study, which researched the cognitive development of individuals born after the
2467:
Rückinger, Simon; Beyerlein, Andreas; Jacobsen, Geir; von Kries, Rüdiger; Vik, Torstein (December 2010). "Growth in utero and body mass index at age 5years in children of smoking and non-smoking mothers".
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Brown, A. S., van Os, J., Driessens, C., Hoek, H. W., & Susser, E. S. (2000). Further evidence of relation between prenatal famine and major affective disorder. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 157(2),
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Gerhardt, K. J., Otto, R., Abrams, R. M., Colle, J. J., Burchfield, D. J., and Peters, A. J. M. (1992). Cochlear microphones recorded from fetal and newborn sheep. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 13, 226–233.
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of pregnancy is usually due to major genetic mistakes or abnormalities in the developing embryo. During this critical period the developing embryo is also susceptible to toxic exposures, such as:
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for infants born to those aged over 40 years. Young teenaged mothers (younger than 16) and mothers over 35 are more exposed to the risks of miscarriages, premature births, and birth defects.
707:
Megaloblastic red blood cells are produced early in development, which become normoblastic near term. Life span of prenatal RBCs is 80 days. Rh antigen appears at about 40 days of gestation.
2353:
Mattson, Sarah N.; Roesch, Scott C.; Fagerlund, Åse; Autti-Rämö, Ilona; Jones, Kenneth Lyons; May, Philip A.; Adnams, Colleen M.; Konovalova, Valentina; Riley, Edward P. (21 June 2010).
853:, and is often given as the weight put in relation to what would be expected by the gestational age. A baby born within the normal range of weight for that gestational age is known as
1704:
Neugebauer, R., Hoek, H. W., & Susser, E. (1999). Prenatal exposure to wartime famine and development of antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. Jama, 282(5), 455-462.
984:, there is a greater risk of birth defects, low birth weight, and a higher rate of death in infants or stillbirths. Drug use will influence extreme irritability, crying, and risk for
3065:
Brady, Joanne P., Marc Posner, and
Cynthia Lang. "Risk and Reality: The Implications of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Other Drugs ." ASPE. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. <
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increases an infants risk of long-term growth and cognitive and language deficits. It also results in a shortened gestational period and can lead to prenatal complications.
523:
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Barker, D. J., Winter, P. D., Osmond, C., Margetts, B., & Simmonds, S. J. (1989). Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet, 2(8663), 577-580.
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The growth rate of a fetus is linear up to 37 weeks of gestation, after which it plateaus. The growth rate of an embryo and infant can be reflected as the weight per
668:
Development continues throughout the life of the fetus and through into life after birth. Significant changes occur to many systems in the period after birth as they
813:. The first studies focused on the consequences of the famine to cognitive development, including the prevalence of intellectual disability. Such studies predate
3025:"Effects of gestation and birth weight on the growth and development of very low birthweight small for gestational age infants: a matched group comparison"
2004:
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By
European Regional Office, World Health Organization. Revised March 1999 & January 2001. In turn citing: WHO Geneva, WHA20.19, WHA43.27, Article 23
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having a preterm or low birth weight infant. Iodine deficiencies increase the risk of miscarriage, stillbirth, and fetal brain abnormalities. Adequate
655:
1670:
Brown, A.S.; Susser, E.S.; Hoek, H.W.; Neugebauer, R.; Lin, S.P.; Gorman, J.M. (1996). "Schizophrenia and affective disorders after prenatal famine".
1807:
DeCasper, A. J., and Spence, M. J. (1986). Prenatal maternal speech influences newborns' perception of speech sounds. Infant Behav. Dev. 9, 133–150.
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high levels of lead prenatally is related to prematurity, low birth weight, brain damage, and a variety of physical defects. Exposure to persistent
3366:
1639:
Henrichs, J. (2010). Prenatal determinants of early behavioral and cognitive development: The generation R study. Rotterdam: Erasmus
Universiteit.
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develop as early as 24 weeks' gestational age, but the first evidence of their function does not occur until around 30 weeks, when minimal
2742:
Reilly, Nicole (2017). "Stress, depression and anxiety during pregnancy: How does it impact on children and how can we intervene early?".
3119:
1532:
361:) (8th week fertilization age). The first two weeks from fertilization is also referred to as the germinal stage or preembryonic stage.
3795:
384:. Up to this point there is no growth in the overall size of the embryo, as it is confined within a glycoprotein shell, known as the
2151:
Irner, Tina Birk (November 2012). "Substance exposure in utero and developmental consequences in adolescence: A systematic review".
1221:
may lead to reduced infant head size, low birth weight, increased infant death rates, impaired lung and immune system development.
2973:
1752:
Kisilevsky, Barbara S.; Hains, Sylvia M.J.; Lee, Kang; Xie, Xing; Huang, Hefeng; Ye, Hai Hui; Zhang, Ke; Wang, Zengping (2003).
195:
and at facilities where expert neonatal care is available, it is considered from 22 completed weeks (usually about 154 days) of
3283:
1723:
Eisenberg, R. B. (1976). Auditory
Competence in Early Life: The Roots of Communicate Behavior Baltimore: University Park Press.
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exposure as the embryo was. Instead, toxic exposure often causes physiological abnormalities or minor congenital malformation.
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1303:
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Moon, C., Cooper, R. P., and Fifer, W. P. (1993). Two-day-olds prefer their native language. Infant Behav. Dev. 16, 495–500.
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1960:
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DeCasper, A. J., and Fifer, W. P. (1980). Of human bonding: newborns prefer their mother's voices. Science 208, 1174–1176.
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1651:
Stein, Z., Susser, M., Saenger, G., & Marolla, F. (1972). Nutrition and mental performance. Science, 178(62),708-713.
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426:, which produces the varied cell types (such as blood cells, kidney cells, and nerve cells). A spontaneous abortion, or
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275:. A great many sperm cells are released with the possibility of just one managing to adhere to and enter the thick
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There is evidence that the acquisition of language begins in the prenatal stage. After 26 weeks of gestation, the
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3112:
2410:
Espy, Kimberly
Andrews; Fang, Hua; Johnson, Craig; Stopp, Christian; Wiebe, Sandra A.; Respass, Jennifer (2011).
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1832:"Language and the Newborn Brain: Does Prenatal Language Experience Shape the Neonate Neural Response to Speech?"
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the starting point of this period is considered 28 completed weeks of gestation (or weight more than 1000 g).
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3128:
2764:
Caserta, D (2013). "Heavy metals and placental fetal-maternal barrier: A mini review on the major concerns".
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2667:
Ehrenberg, H (2003). "Low maternal weight, failure to thrive in pregnancy, and adverse pregnancy outcomes".
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2102:"The Endocannabinoid System in the Postimplantation Period: A Role during Decidualization and Placentation"
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of the uterus which can be estimated by abdominal palpation. More exact measurements can be performed with
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is the period of embryogenesis and together with the first three weeks of prenatal development make up the
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cells of the uterus. The trophoblasts will eventually give rise to extra-embryonic structures, such as the
358:
164:"to give birth") Sometimes "antepartum" is however used to denote the period between the 24th/26th week of
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2618:"Prevention and mitigation of congenital toxoplasmosis. Economic costs and benefits in diverse settings"
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Diav-Citrin, O (2011). "Prenatal exposures associated with neurodevelopmental delay and disabilities".
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Following fertilization, the embryonic stage of development continues until the end of the 10th week (
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866:
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Daftary, Shirish; Chakravarti, Sudip (2011). Manual of
Obstetrics, 3rd Edition. Elsevier. pp. 1–16.
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Definitions and Indicators in Family Planning. Maternal & Child Health and Reproductive Health.
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3088:, regulatory agency overseeing the use of gametes and embryos in fertility treatment and research
1978:
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1881:
King, Suzanne; St-Hilaire, Annie; Heidkamp, David (2010). "Prenatal Factors in Schizophrenia".
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Zygote is nourished by cellular cytoplasm and secretions in fallopian tubes and uterine cavity.
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Rapid growth occurs and the embryo's main features begin to take form. This process is called
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877:. Low birth weight (below 2000 grams) can slightly increase the likelihood of schizophrenia.
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is accompanied by the formation of a small cavity between the cells. This stage is called a
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68:, in the germinal stage of embryonic development, and continues in fetal development until
8:
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Fonseca, B. M.; Correia-da-Silva, G.; Almada, M.; Costa, M. A.; Teixeira, N. A. (2013).
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beyond that. The total blood volume is about 125 ml/kg of fetal body weight near term.
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The zygote will develop into a male if the egg is fertilized by a sperm that carries a
291:. The term "conception" refers variably to either fertilization or to formation of the
272:
204:
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Mayes, Linda C. (1992). "Prenatal Cocaine Exposure and Young Children's Development".
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and the membranes. The embryo becomes embedded in the endometrium in a process called
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Proietti, E (2013). "Air pollution during pregnancy and neonatal outcome: A review".
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2018:
Wendell, A. D. (2013). "Overview and epidemiology of substance abuse in pregnancy".
1945:
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Lawn JE, Cousens S, Zupan J (2005). "4 million neonatal deaths: when? Where? Why?".
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Risk and Reality: The Implications of Prenatal Exposure to Alcohol and Other Drugs
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1134:. Bacterial or parasitic diseases may also be passed on to the fetus, and include
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The embryo passes through 3 phases of acquisition of nutrition from the mother:
279:(ovum). The first sperm cell to successfully penetrate the egg cell donates its
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1130:(AIDS). Untreated HIV carries a risk of between 10 and 20 per cent of being
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400:
132:
65:
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938: – other factors that influence the growth rate of a fetus.
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1610:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 415–417.
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311:
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2412:"Prenatal tobacco exposure: Developmental outcomes in the neonatal period"
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140:. Embryonic development is marked in green. Weeks and months are numbered
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are derived from B cells and their life in fetal blood is 0.5 to 2 days.
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and maternal blood pools that open up as a result of eroding activity of
427:
408:
404:
256:
2982:"Maternal smoking in pregnancy, fetal development, and childhood asthma"
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After third week of gestation, substances are transported passively via
287:) to combine with the DNA of the egg cell resulting in a new one-celled
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Thompson, Evan; Moscovitch, Morris; Zelazo, Philip David, eds. (2007).
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392:
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121:, but later stages of development, and the length of gestation varies.
57:
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2355:"Toward a Neurobehavioral Profile of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders"
1554:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 245.
1518:
Neuroethics : defining the issues in theory, practice, and policy
403:
from the zona pellucida allowing the blastocyst's outer cell layer of
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865:, while an abnormally large growth rate results in the infant being
27:
Process in which an embryo and later fetus develops during gestation
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do not begin to form until week 17. Neural connections between the
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321:
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is normally 500 g) to 7 completed days after birth. In many of the
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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secretion in the fetus starts around the 12th week of gestation.
770:
762:
463:
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Fergusson, David M.; Horwood, L. John; Northstone, Kate (2002).
1521:(Repr. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 142.
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Ljunger E, Cnattingius S, Lundin C, Annerén G (November 2005).
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260:
252:
156:. A term with the same meaning is the "antepartum" (from Latin
118:
103:
3092:"Child Safety tips: 10 Expert Tips for Keeping Your Kids Safe"
2513:"Influence of infection during pregnancy on fetal development"
2200:
BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
1825:
1445:
Before We Are Born: Essentials of Embryology and Birth Defects
1319:
Singh, Meharban (2010). Care of the Newborn. p. 7. Edition 7.
861:). An abnormally slow growth rate results in the infant being
388:. Instead, each division produces successively smaller cells.
3745:
3312:
3290:
3268:
3259:
3220:
3157:
2870:"Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy"
2250:"The US Opioid Crisis: Addressing Maternal and Infant Health"
1402:"Time of implantation of the conceptus and loss of pregnancy"
1270:
patient.info » PatientPlus » Antepartum Haemorrhage
1099:
1087:
802:
766:
688:
477:
399:
at roughly the fifth day after fertilization. The blastocyst
248:
107:
76:
69:
53:
3029:
Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition
1576:
Cleeremans, Axel; Wilken, Patrick; Bayne, Tim, eds. (2009).
324:
production at a later stage leading to the development of a
221:
3531:
1958:
1551:
The Science of Consciousness: Waking, Sleeping and Dreaming
1218:
325:
2193:
1082:
with a disease, the placenta cannot always filter out the
3085:
2305:
2252:. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. 29 May 2019.
1669:
1066:
during pregnancy exposes the fetus to nicotine, tar, and
316:
284:
3086:
U.K. Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)
2849:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia PA: W.B. Saunders Company.
2766:
European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences
1603:
1044:
aggressiveness and lower intelligence during childhood.
372:
dividing several times to form a ball of cells called a
2905:"Chromosomal anomalies in first-trimester miscarriages"
2793:
Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
2616:
Bobić, B; Villena, I; Stillwaggon, E (September 2019).
2615:
769:
to develop in the embryo at the 4th week of gestation.
1880:
1582:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 229.
1282:
The Royal Women's Hospital > antepartum haemorrhage
2744:
International Journal of Birth & Parent Education
1751:
1575:
1491:"Fetal development: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
785:
is first detected at the end of week 5 of gestation.
2409:
106:
has acquired its basic form and is referred to as a
30:"Antenatal" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2863:
1985:. 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016
1395:
880:The growth rate can be roughly correlated with the
2948:"The Period of Pregnancy and Prenatal Development"
2842:
1754:"Effects of Experience on Fetal Voice Recognition"
1442:
1368:
1337:
891:
3127:
2952:Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach
2946:Newman, Barbara; Newman, Philip (10 March 2008).
1647:
1645:
1126:, and intellectual disabilities. HIV can lead to
822:, antisocial disorders, and affective disorders.
4018:
2725:"What is prenatal care and why is it important?"
2196:"Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome"
2003:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1915:
332:of the zygote comes entirely from the egg cell.
2979:
2840:
1440:
1110:(HIV) are associated with an increased risk of
574:
271:where fertilization usually takes place in the
2359:Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research
1642:
1346:. United States of America: Worth Publishers.
407:to come into contact with, and adhere to, the
3870:(American 'crib' and 'cradle', British 'cot')
3360:
3113:
2669:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
1204:Environmental toxicants and fetal development
719:at 2 months gestational age, mainly from the
649:
2945:
368:spends the next few days traveling down the
335:
2580:Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews
2577:
1883:Current Directions in Psychological Science
1263:
548:
3374:
3367:
3353:
3120:
3106:
1360:
656:
642:
3082:, U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM)
3048:
3005:
2980:Jaakkola, JJ; Gissler, M (January 2004).
2920:
2885:
2666:
2643:
2633:
2622:Food and Waterborne Parasitology (Online)
2536:
2443:
2386:
2127:
2117:
2062:pre-school children in Neiva, Colombia".
1857:
1847:
1417:
1375:(3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 85.
1329:
691:by the 10th week of gestation and to the
277:protective layer surrounding the egg cell
2790:
2611:
2609:
2095:
2093:
1335:
805:, and the ability to feel pain emerges.
776:
345:
220:
131:
48: 'relating to birth') involves the
3022:
2763:
2510:
2017:
1607:The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness
1535:from the original on 19 September 2015.
1449:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
1366:
1197:
582:This article is part of a series on the
14:
4019:
2741:
2348:
2346:
2106:International Journal of Endocrinology
1826:May, Lillian; Byers-Heinlein, Krista;
1547:
1246:Timeline of human prenatal development
735:(T cells), whereas those derived from
526:, embryonic nutrition is derived from
310:, or a female if the sperm carries an
82:, prenatal development is also called
3348:
3101:
2759:
2757:
2606:
2262:
2150:
2090:
1579:The Oxford Companion to Consciousness
1514:
1157:
873:are the two factors that can cause a
687:. The function is transferred to the
187:"to be born") is "around the time of
148:Different terms are used to describe
3485:Infant respiratory distress syndrome
2020:Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology
1959:Centers for Disease Control (2018).
1468:
1466:
710:
314:. The Y chromosome contains a gene,
2343:
1174:
1128:acquired immune deficiency syndrome
757:Development of the endocrine system
731:derived from the thymus are called
64:. Prenatal development starts with
24:
2823:
2754:
1023:
702:
98:. By the end of the tenth week of
25:
4048:
3073:
2986:American Journal of Public Health
1463:
1236:Prenatal and perinatal psychology
1210:environmental toxins in pregnancy
301:this terminology is controversial
3080:Chart of human fetal development
2922:10.1111/j.0001-6349.2005.00882.x
2482:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2010.08.027
2371:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2010.01250.x
2212:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01020.x
2064:Early Child Development and Care
1167:gives an improved result in the
670:adapt to life outside the uterus
210:
168:age until birth, for example in
3420:Breastfeeding and mental health
2784:
2735:
2717:
2695:
2660:
2571:
2553:
2504:
2460:
2403:
2299:
2256:
2242:
2187:
2144:
2054:
2011:
1971:
1952:
1909:
1874:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1745:
1735:
1726:
1717:
1707:
1698:
1663:
1654:
1633:
1539:
1508:
1483:
1046:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
1039:Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
941:
907:Intrauterine growth restriction
892:Factors influencing development
855:appropriate for gestational age
88:development of the human embryo
2309:Applied Neuropsychology: Child
1434:
1389:
1313:
1294:
1275:
1052:
838:
675:
239:Fertilization marks the first
124:
13:
1:
3415:Breastfeeding and medications
3129:Development of the human body
2681:10.1016/S0002-9378(03)00860-3
2321:10.1080/21622965.2017.1401479
2076:10.1080/03004430.2020.1726903
1930:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)71048-5
1256:
1251:Transplacental carcinogenesis
1073:
913:associated with over half of
3977:Neonatal withdrawal syndrome
3598:Infant cognitive development
3495:Neonatal intensive care unit
2703:"Micronutrient deficiencies"
2635:10.1016/j.fawpar.2019.e00058
2165:10.1080/09297049.2011.628309
2032:10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827feeb9
1684:10.1016/0006-3223(96)84122-9
1108:human immunodeficiency virus
575:Development of organ systems
522:and before establishment of
500:
328:body type. In contrast, the
183:, "about, around" and Latin
7:
3901:Supplemental nursing system
2887:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304
2277:10.1177/0002716292521001002
1983:Centers for Disease Control
1965:Centers for Disease Control
1830:; Werker, Janet F. (2011).
1419:10.1056/NEJM199906103402304
1224:
969:
954:
715:The fetus starts producing
342:Human embryonic development
10:
4053:
3653:Prenatal development table
3593:Irritant diaper dermatitis
2511:Waldorf, K. M. A. (2013).
1548:Harley, Trevor A. (2021).
1201:
1056:
1036:
1032:
1012:
1008:
992:
973:
958:
920:
895:
842:
827:peripheral auditory system
754:
552:
524:uteroplacental circulation
339:
214:
29:
3972:Prenatal cocaine exposure
3929:
3760:Infant care and equipment
3759:
3677:Socialization and Culture
3676:
3588:Infant visual development
3540:
3455:Infant and toddler safety
3383:
3321:
3229:
3171:
3135:
3023:Gutbrod, T (1 May 2000).
2909:Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand
2707:World Health Organization
2565:World Health Organization
2561:"World health statistics"
1979:"About Teenage Pregnancy"
1961:"Pregnancy Complications"
1367:Saladin, Kenneth (2011).
1344:Psychology Second Edition
1336:Schacter, Daniel (2009).
1185:
1015:Prenatal cocaine exposure
886:obstetric ultrasonography
869:. A slow growth rate and
867:large for gestational age
863:small for gestational age
815:David Barker's hypothesis
750:
683:first takes place in the
336:Development of the embryo
113:The very early stages of
50:development of the embryo
3982:Parental child abduction
3505:Oral rehydration therapy
2841:Moore, Keith L. (1998).
2831:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
2416:Developmental Psychology
1895:10.1177/0963721410378360
1849:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00222
1441:Moore L. Keith. (2008).
1291:Retrieved on 13 Jan 2009
1272:Last Updated: 5 May 2009
909:is one of the causes of
845:Fetal origins hypothesis
549:Development of the fetus
487:Nutritional deficiencies
263:, along the body of the
154:development before birth
3987:Parental responsibility
3500:Newborn care and safety
2470:Early Human Development
1836:Frontiers in Psychology
1770:10.1111/1467-9280.02435
1306:25 January 2012 at the
1191:Stress during pregnancy
811:Dutch famine of 1944–45
559:The first ten weeks of
320:, which will switch on
3731:Grandparent visitation
2805:10.1089/jamp.2011.0932
2709:. 2002. Archived from
1287:8 January 2010 at the
1132:passed on to the fetus
1124:physical malformations
516:Histoplasmic transfer:
455:fetal alcohol syndrome
354:
350:The initial stages of
267:, and into one of the
236:
145:
3490:Infant sleep training
2998:10.2105/ajph.94.1.136
2864:Wilcox AJ, Baird DD,
2153:Child Neuropsychology
1758:Psychological Science
1742:Publishing), 237–248.
1672:Biological Psychiatry
1515:Illes J, ed. (2008).
1396:Wilcox AJ, Baird DD,
1059:Smoking and pregnancy
976:Cannabis in pregnancy
902:Smoking and pregnancy
898:Alcohol and pregnancy
896:Further information:
843:Further information:
777:Cognitive development
555:Development in humans
553:Further information:
493:which contributes to
349:
251:is released into the
245:embryonic development
224:
170:antepartum hemorrhage
135:
115:embryonic development
84:antenatal development
3648:Prenatal development
3548:Attachment parenting
3522:Shaken baby syndrome
3041:10.1136/fn.82.3.F208
2954:. Cengage Learning.
2845:The Developing Human
1198:Environmental toxins
538:Hematotrophic phase:
205:developing countries
150:prenatal development
117:are the same in all
38:Prenatal development
3962:Infant ear piercing
2713:on 5 December 1998.
2529:10.1530/REP-13-0232
2119:10.1155/2013/510540
1158:Maternal nutrition
609:Reproductive system
352:human embryogenesis
299:in the uterus, and
259:travel through the
217:Human fertilization
193:developed countries
94:, and continues as
3470:Infant food safety
3284:Emerging adulthood
2731:. 31 January 2017.
961:Drugs in pregnancy
629:Circulatory system
542:intervillous space
355:
237:
146:
18:Foetal development
4012:
4011:
3872:
3709:Children's rights
3623:Object permanence
3445:Failure to thrive
3342:
3341:
3206:Adult development
3184:Child development
2961:978-0-495-55341-0
2836:Fetal development
2772:(16): 2198–2206.
2729:www.nichd.nih.gov
2592:10.1002/ddrr.1102
2070:(16): 2600–2606.
1924:(9462): 891–900.
1589:978-0-19-856951-0
1561:978-1-107-12528-5
1528:978-0-19-856721-9
1456:978-1-4160-3705-7
1353:978-1-4292-3719-2
1217:from traffic and
711:White blood cells
666:
665:
624:Human development
510:Absorption phase:
482:radiation therapy
378:cellular division
330:mitochondrial DNA
96:fetal development
58:viviparous animal
16:(Redirected from
4044:
3868:
3553:Baby-led weaning
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3322:Social and legal
3122:
3115:
3108:
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3098:
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2817:
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2788:
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2761:
2752:
2751:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2675:(6): 1726–1730.
2664:
2658:
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2613:
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2575:
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2447:
2428:10.1037/a0020724
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2390:
2365:(9): 1640–1650.
2350:
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2254:
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1975:
1969:
1968:
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1339:"11-Development"
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1279:
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1267:
1180:Low birth weight
1175:Low birth weight
1116:low birth weight
911:low birth weight
875:low birth weight
658:
651:
644:
619:Endocrine system
604:Digestive system
579:
578:
489:such as lack of
281:genetic material
177:perinatal period
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4051:
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4045:
4043:
4042:
4041:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4002:Paternity fraud
3952:Closed adoption
3925:
3881:Infant clothing
3856:Haberman Feeder
3826:Car seat safety
3755:
3736:Infant swimming
3714:UN Child rights
3672:
3583:Gestational age
3536:
3379:
3373:
3343:
3338:
3334:Age of majority
3317:
3250:Early childhood
3225:
3172:Birth and after
3167:
3163:Gestational age
3131:
3126:
3076:
3035:(3): 208F–214.
2962:
2874:N. Engl. J. Med
2857:
2826:
2824:Further reading
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2607:
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2509:
2505:
2476:(12): 773–777.
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2012:
1996:
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1957:
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1495:medlineplus.gov
1489:
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1406:N. Engl. J. Med
1394:
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1314:
1308:Wayback Machine
1299:
1295:
1289:Wayback Machine
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1231:Prenatal memory
1227:
1206:
1200:
1188:
1177:
1160:
1150:, and commonly
1078:If a mother is
1076:
1068:carbon monoxide
1064:Tobacco smoking
1061:
1055:
1041:
1035:
1026:
1024:Methamphetamine
1017:
1011:
995:
978:
972:
963:
957:
944:
923:
915:neonatal deaths
904:
894:
851:gestational age
847:
841:
779:
759:
753:
713:
705:
703:Red blood cells
678:
662:
633:
587:Development of
577:
565:first trimester
561:gestational age
557:
551:
503:
468:cytomegalovirus
432:first trimester
424:differentiation
359:gestational age
344:
338:
269:fallopian tubes
219:
213:
199:(the time when
127:
100:gestational age
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4029:
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4006:
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3994:
3992:Parenting plan
3989:
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3979:
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3913:
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3883:
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3876:Infant carrier
3873:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Baby transport
3813:
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3480:Infant massage
3477:
3475:Infant formula
3472:
3467:
3465:Infant feeding
3462:
3460:Infant bathing
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3425:Bottle feeding
3422:
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3378:and their care
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3274:Preadolescence
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3181:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
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3074:External links
3072:
3071:
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3063:
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2915:(11): 1103–7.
2900:
2880:(23): 1796–9.
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2783:
2753:
2734:
2716:
2694:
2659:
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2523:(5): 151–162.
2503:
2459:
2422:(1): 153–169.
2402:
2342:
2315:(2): 132–139.
2298:
2255:
2241:
2186:
2159:(6): 521–549.
2143:
2089:
2053:
2010:
1970:
1951:
1908:
1889:(4): 209–213.
1873:
1828:Gervain, Judit
1818:
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1791:
1764:(3): 220–224.
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1412:(23): 1796–9.
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1202:Main article:
1199:
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994:
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974:Main article:
971:
968:
959:Main article:
956:
953:
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940:
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893:
890:
840:
837:
791:sensory cortex
783:brain activity
778:
775:
755:Main article:
752:
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677:
674:
664:
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614:Urinary system
611:
606:
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599:Nervous system
595:
592:
591:
584:
583:
576:
573:
567:of pregnancy.
550:
547:
546:
545:
535:
528:decidual cells
513:
502:
499:
498:
497:
484:
471:
457:
386:zona pellucida
370:fallopian tube
340:Main article:
337:
334:
241:germinal stage
215:Main article:
212:
209:
136:Stages during
129:In the human:
126:
123:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4049:
4038:
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4033:
4030:
4028:
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3993:
3990:
3988:
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3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Open adoption
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:Child neglect
3945:
3943:
3940:
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3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Hidden camera
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
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3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3715:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3704:Child custody
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3618:Nursery rhyme
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3608:Kangaroo care
3606:
3604:
3603:Infant crying
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Preterm birth
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3410:Breastfeeding
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3390:
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3377:
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3327:
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3307:
3304:
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3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3103:
3100:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2992:(1): 136–40.
2991:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2868:(June 1999).
2867:
2862:
2858:
2856:9780721669748
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2135:
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2107:
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2096:
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2077:
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2029:
2025:
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2014:
2006:
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1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
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1912:
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1877:
1869:
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1860:
1855:
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1833:
1829:
1822:
1813:
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1795:
1787:
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1779:
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1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1738:
1729:
1720:
1710:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1646:
1636:
1619:
1617:9781139464062
1613:
1609:
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1591:
1585:
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1574:
1563:
1557:
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1552:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1479:
1478:9788131225561
1475:
1469:
1467:
1458:
1452:
1447:
1446:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1382:9780071222075
1378:
1373:
1372:
1371:Human anatomy
1363:
1355:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1332:
1326:
1325:9788170820536
1322:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1215:air pollution
1211:
1205:
1195:
1192:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:prenatal care
1155:
1153:
1152:toxoplasmosis
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1050:
1047:
1040:
1030:
1021:
1016:
1006:
1003:
999:
990:
987:
983:
977:
967:
962:
952:
950:
949:Down syndrome
939:
937:
933:
929:
918:
916:
912:
908:
903:
899:
889:
887:
883:
882:fundal height
878:
876:
872:
871:preterm birth
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
846:
836:
833:
828:
823:
821:
820:schizophrenia
816:
812:
806:
804:
800:
799:consciousness
796:
792:
788:
784:
774:
772:
768:
765:is the first
764:
758:
748:
746:
742:
741:B lymphocytes
738:
734:
733:T lymphocytes
730:
726:
722:
718:
708:
700:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
681:Hematopoiesis
673:
671:
659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
639:
637:
636:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
594:
593:
590:
589:organ systems
586:
585:
581:
580:
572:
568:
566:
562:
556:
543:
539:
536:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:
511:
508:
507:
506:
496:
492:
488:
485:
483:
479:
475:
472:
469:
465:
461:
458:
456:
452:
451:birth defects
448:
444:
440:
437:
436:
435:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
353:
348:
343:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:
231:
228:
223:
218:
211:Fertilization
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
160:"before" and
159:
155:
151:
143:
139:
134:
130:
122:
120:
116:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
92:fertilization
89:
85:
81:
78:
73:
71:
67:
66:fertilization
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4014:
3930:Other topics
3869:
3836:Cradle board
3831:Cloth diaper
3791:Baby shampoo
3777:Baby monitor
3767:Baby bouncer
3721:Circumcision
3647:
3568:Birth defect
3450:Immunization
3400:Birth weight
3301:Middle adult
3236:Early years
3142:
3136:Before birth
3032:
3028:
2989:
2985:
2974:How To Adult
2951:
2912:
2908:
2877:
2873:
2844:
2829:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2769:
2765:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2711:the original
2706:
2697:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2625:
2621:
2586:(2): 71–84.
2583:
2579:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2520:
2517:Reproduction
2516:
2506:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2362:
2358:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2268:
2264:
2258:
2244:
2206:(1): 21–27.
2203:
2199:
2189:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2109:
2105:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2026:(1): 91–96.
2023:
2019:
2013:
1987:. Retrieved
1982:
1973:
1964:
1954:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1839:
1835:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1761:
1757:
1747:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1709:
1700:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1656:
1635:
1621:. Retrieved
1606:
1593:. Retrieved
1578:
1565:. Retrieved
1550:
1541:
1517:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:
1485:
1444:
1436:
1409:
1405:
1391:
1370:
1362:
1343:
1331:
1315:
1296:
1277:
1265:
1208:Exposure to
1207:
1189:
1178:
1161:
1144:tuberculosis
1077:
1062:
1042:
1027:
1018:
996:
979:
964:
945:
942:Mother's age
924:
905:
879:
858:
854:
848:
824:
807:
780:
760:
745:Plasma cells
714:
706:
679:
667:
569:
558:
537:
532:trophoblasts
515:
509:
504:
495:spina bifida
445:, and other
421:
417:implantation
405:trophoblasts
395:reaches the
390:
363:
356:
315:
312:X chromosome
308:Y chromosome
305:
297:implantation
238:
201:birth weight
184:
180:
179:(from Greek
176:
174:
161:
157:
153:
149:
147:
142:by gestation
128:
112:
83:
74:
45:
37:
36:
32:Antinatalism
3942:Babywearing
3937:Baby shower
3911:Swim diaper
3801:Baby walker
3786:Baby powder
3726:Foster care
3694:Child abuse
3689:Babysitting
3541:Development
3527:Soy formula
3405:Breast pump
3306:Elder adult
3296:Young adult
3279:Adolescence
3143:Development
2866:Weinberg CR
2799:(1): 9–23.
1398:Weinberg CR
1120:prematurity
1112:miscarriage
1096:chicken pox
1053:Tobacco use
980:When using
930:, drinking
839:Growth rate
781:Electrical
739:are called
737:bone marrow
729:Lymphocytes
697:bone marrow
676:Fetal blood
449:that cause
428:miscarriage
409:endometrial
257:spermatozoa
230:fertilizing
166:gestational
125:Terminology
52:and of the
4027:Embryology
4021:Categories
3921:Travel cot
3866:Infant bed
3861:High chair
3851:Baby wipes
3846:Diaper bag
3811:Baby swing
3699:Child care
3684:Attachment
3573:Childbirth
3435:Cradle cap
3386:Pediatrics
3216:Senescence
2750:(1): 9–12.
2628:: e00058.
2112:: 510540.
1918:The Lancet
1678:(7): 551.
1257:References
1074:Infections
1000:including
717:leukocytes
453:, such as
441:, certain
393:blastocyst
382:blastocyst
376:. Further
295:after its
227:sperm cell
152:, meaning
40:(from
4037:Midwifery
4032:Fertility
3997:Paternity
3906:Swaddling
3772:Baby gate
3751:Wet nurse
3741:Milk bank
3633:Parenting
3558:Baby talk
3510:Pedialyte
3440:Esotropia
3395:Baby food
3291:Adulthood
3255:Childhood
2490:0378-3782
2436:1939-0599
2379:0145-6008
2271:: 11–27.
2220:1471-0528
2084:216219379
1989:28 August
1903:145368617
1241:Fetal pig
1136:chlamydia
1084:pathogens
501:Nutrition
474:Radiation
462:(such as
460:Infection
430:, in the
293:conceptus
197:gestation
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3796:Baby toy
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