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1004:") is a forest spirit who has mastery over the woods. His appearance varies across stories, but he is consistently male. Generally the leshy is pictured as human-like, but can also appear in the form of an animal or, in one case, a mushroom. Sometimes he is depicted with wings and a tail, like the devil. Sometimes he is described as looking like someone familiar to the viewer. His size is also variable, a power which has been attributed to his role as reflecting his environment. Depending on the height of the plant life in the forest he inhabits, he would fit in with his surroundings. Some stories about the leshy describe him as having a wife and children, mimicking a typical peasant household. Some accounts attribute multiple leshie to a given forest, and describe them as having a hierarchical society, again similar to local society.
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standing on chicken legs. Baba Yaga may help or hinder those that encounter or seek her out and may play a maternal role and has associations with forest wildlife. According to
Vladimir Propp's folktale morphology, Baba Yaga commonly appears as either a donor, villain, or may be altogether ambiguous. Andrea Johns identifies Baba Yaga as "one of the most memorable and distinctive figures in eastern European folklore," and observes that she is "enigmatic" and often exhibits "striking ambiguity." Johns summarizes Baba Yaga as "a many-faceted figure, in capable of inspiring researchers to see her as a Cloud, Moon, Death, Winter, Snake, Bird, Pelican or Earth Goddess, totemic matriarchal ancestress, female initiator, phallic mother, or archetypal image".
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divination, which were traditionally considered productive magic, were largely reassigned as unclean magic by the
Christian church once it was in power. Most productive magic was "homeopathic", meaning that a symbolic action was performed with the hope of evoking a related response from reality. For example, a springtime ritual of carrying around branches with artificial birds (or cookies representing birds) on them was thought to help bring about the bird flight associated with the coming of spring. Folk magic traditions have been recorded as persisting as late as 1648 in Moscow.
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Soviet (or
Russian) folklore. Without any true connection to the masses, there was no reason noviny should be considered anything other than contemporary literature. Specialists decided that attempts to represent contemporary life through the structure and artistry of the ancient epics could not be considered genuine folklore. Stalin's name has been omitted from the few surviving pseudo-folktales of the period. Instead of considering folklore under Stalin a renaissance of the traditional Russian epic, today it is generally regarded as a period of restraint and falsehoods.
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proletariat. Characters throughout traditional
Russian folktales often found themselves on a journey of self-discovery, a process that led them to value themselves not as individuals, but rather as a necessary part of a common whole. The attitudes of such legendary characters paralleled the mindset that the Soviet government wished to instill in its citizens. He also pointed out the existence of many tales that showed members of the working class outsmarting their cruel masters, again working to prove folklore's value to Soviet ideology and the nation's society at large.
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exemplified the model Soviet citizen. Folklore, with many of its conflicts based on the struggles of a labor oriented lifestyle, was relevant to
Communism as it could not have existed without the direct contribution of the working classes. Also, Gorky explained that folklore characters expressed high levels of optimism, and therefore could encourage readers to maintain a positive mindset, especially as their lives changed with Communism's further development.
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836:"Three paths, a tree stands by the road, under the tree a corpse lies, past the corpse goes St. Anthony and says: "Why do you, corpse, lie here? Do your teeth ache? Do your ribs hurt? Do worms eat you away? Does the blood flow out of you" "Nothing hurts." Grow numb you too, teeth of God's humble servant (name stated), like in a corpse; make him strong, Lord, stronger than a stone."
1204:)- In Russian fairy tales the rooster is associated with the sun, as well as good fortune and fertility. Hens often laid golden eggs and made their owners rich. "Russia a cultural resource guide" Roosters can be found all over many household items and often when there are two roosters with their heads together it was as a wedding gift to wish the bride and groom a good marriage.
1086:, the rusalka is a female spirit, often associated with the water. She is usually thought to look like a young, beautiful woman. Accounts have placed rusalki in forests, in fields, and by rivers. She is typically thought to live underwater, like the vodyanoy, and to walk about on land playing tricks on unsuspecting passersby. In some places rusalki are thought to be the
897:. They are also frequently associated with an "unclean" force, connected to unnatural death and improper burial. Most accounts that we have today of nature spirits were collected after the end of the 19th century and are told as second-hand tales. Run-ins with nature spirits have been reported to have been more frequent in the distant past, and less frequent nowadays.
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associated with ancestor worship, but others believe she is only associated with unclean dead (i.e., those who died not of natural causes and did not receive a proper burial). Additionally, the unclean force is generally associated with corrupting a place to make it dangerous and blighted, but while the rusalka is "unclean" she is also thought to promote plant growth.
648:. The RAPP specifically focused on censoring fairy tales and children's literature, believing that fantasies and "bourgeois nonsense" harmed the development of upstanding Soviet citizens. Faerie tales were removed from bookshelves and children were encouraged to read books focusing on nature and science. RAPP eventually increased its levels of censorship and became the
762:. This system identified 915 main types of folktales (categorized by themes, plots, characters, and other story elements). Of these, about one third (317 types) were found in both Eastern and Western European tales, one third (302) types were found exclusively in Western European tales, and one third (296 types) were found exclusively in Eastern European tales.
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Soviet regime's benefits and progress. It then proceeded to redistribute copies of approved stories throughout the population. Meanwhile, local folklore centers arose in all major cities. Responsible for advocating a sense of Soviet nationalism, these organizations ensured that the media published appropriate versions of
Russian folktales in a systematic fashion.
619:'s golden age of folklore. The struggling new government, which had to focus its efforts on establishing a new administrative system and building up the nation's backwards economy, could not be bothered with attempting to control literature, so studies of folklore thrived. There were two primary trends of folklore study during the decade: the
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therefore particularly essential to the success of
Russian agriculture. Because from early times the Rus' had an agricultural rather than hunting or herding basis for their food production, and were not on good terms with neighboring peoples, the success of Russian society was largely dependent on the success of its agriculture.
1261:, the Indrik-Beast (Russian: ŠŠ½Š“ŃŠøŠŗ-Š·Š²ŠµŃŃ, transliteration: Indrik zver') is a fabulous beast, the king of all animals, who lives on a mountain known as "The Holy Mountain" where no other foot may tread. When it stirs, the Earth trembles. The word "Indrik" is a distorted version of the Russian word edinorog (
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In order to continue researching and analyzing folklore, intellectuals needed to justify its worth to the
Communist regime. Otherwise, collections of folklore, along with all other literature deemed useless for the purposes of Stalin's Five Year Plan, would be an unacceptable realm of study. In 1934,
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The polevoi seems generally less sinister than other spirits, the worst of his shenanigans being to make people get lost in the field. He is generally seen as a bad omen, though, and might accidentally run someone down on his horse, so people tried to avoid him by staying out of the fields at noon,
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A polevoi is a male field spirit. Like the other nature spirits, the polevoi's appearance generally reflects his environment. Sometimes he is described as having dark skin, like the soil; sometimes with grass for hair; sometimes dressed in white and surrounded by wind. Like the leshy, the polevoi
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A vodyanoy is a male water spirit. He is thought to inhabit a given body of water, sometimes having a dwelling place at the bottom of it. Like the leshy, the vodyanoy's appearance varies from story to story. He is generally pictured as an old, bearded man, sometimes blue, white, or green sometimes
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In general, he is thought to be mischievous or evil, and has been said to make people get lost in the woods, cause people to fall ill, steal women, and even eat people. His traditional weaknesses include fire and the sign of the cross, indicative of later association between leshy and the
Christian
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was an important business as well. For instance, when a woman got married, it was customary for her to leave her family and join that of her husband. When she left her home, it was necessary for her to perform rituals to separate her from her family's house spirits and acquaint her with those of her
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Instead of receiving essential advice from a mythical being, the protagonist would be given advice from omniscient Stalin. If the character followed Stalin's divine advice, he could be assured success in all his endeavors and a complete transformation into the "New Soviet Man." The villains of these
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ideology before they could be expected to impart folktales to the public in a manner that suited the Soviet government. Besides undergoing extensive education, many folk performers traveled throughout the nation in order to gain insight into the lives of the working class, and thus communicate their
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Convinced by Gor'kij and
Sokolov's arguments, the Soviet government and the Union of Soviet Writers began collecting and evaluating folklore from across the country. The Union handpicked and recorded particular stories that, in their eyes, sufficiently promoted the collectivist spirit and showed the
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Iurii Sokolov, the head of the folklore section of the Union of Soviet Writers also promoted the study of folklore by arguing that folklore had originally been the oral tradition of the working people, and consequently could be used to motivate and inspire collective projects amongst the present-day
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rituals. Another such holiday is St. John's day, which was devoted to "seeing off the spring" and performing rituals to encourage springtime to come again soon. The coexistence of pagan and Christian beliefs in Russian culture is called "duality of religion" or "duality of belief", and was salient
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was the goddess of women, children, and animals, and was worshiped for her connection with fertility. Russian soil is generally too thin for robust agriculture, rainfall is infrequent and inopportunely timed in much of the area, and the growing season is relatively short. Fertility and moisture are
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The organization of early Slavic society seems largely to have been based in small towns run by a group of people rather than a single leader, and had a strong emphasis on one's family unit. The area proposed as the homeland of Slavic peoples is roughly around modern-day Eastern European countries.
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from different countries. The tale tells the story of a king or an old peasant woman who desires to see their three sons married. The eldest two princes, however, fail to marry a bride despite their efforts, while the youngest one manages to win the love of a talking frog or toad by promising to be
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a leshy, like saying "Sheep's mug, sheep's wool". Others might be used to imbue an action with magic, so that a ritual will be effective. One common structure for a charm is for it to describe an action and its intended significance, so that the person will then go perform that action and achieve
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Evidence of Russian folktales exists as early as the 12th century, and indicates it had been around for some time earlier. Not much content from early folktales exists today, however, largely due to suppression of non-Christian narratives by the Church. Telling folktales was strictly forbidden at
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stories more effectively. Due to their crucial role in spreading Communist ideals throughout the Soviet Union, eventually some of these performers became highly valued members of Soviet society. A number of them, despite their illiteracy, were even elected as members of the Union of Soviet Writers.
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Sometimes her mischief is as harmless as leading people astray, like the leshy or polevoi; other times she is thought to tickle people to death or drown them. Rusalka's connection with the unclean dead makes her a bearer of the unclean force associated with other nature spirits. Sometimes she is
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Spirits were most frequently seen as the masters of their domains, whether that was forest, water, field, or home. Often they are portrayed as old men, reflecting the age-based familial hierarchy in tribal communities. Originally, nature spirits were thought to protect humans, but over time they
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in ancient and peasant Russian culture: (1) "unclean", or evil magic, and (2) productive, or good magic. The former is associated with the devil, and is generally considered hostile. The latter is protective against evil magic or seeks to produce good for the user. Some magic practices, such as
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Once Stalin died in March 1953, folklorists of the period quickly abandoned the new folktales of the period. Written by individual authors and performers, noviny did not come from the oral traditions of the working class. Consequently, today they are considered pseudo-folklore, rather than genuine
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During this week, villagers commemorated past ancestors and invoked the name of rusalki during springtime rituals like decorating homes with fresh-cut birch branches or leaving fried eggs by designated birch trees. The role of the rusalka in this holiday is somewhat unclear. Some believe she is
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was largely to look after a household and the livestock. One way he did this would be by offering omens of future events, such as good or bad fortune, weddings, or a death in the family. One responsibility of a household was to please its house spirit, whether that was by managing the house well,
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Apart from circulating government-approved faerie tales and byliny that already existed, during Stalin's rule authors parroting appropriate Soviet ideologies wrote Communist folktales and introduced them to the population. These contemporary folktales combined the structures and motifs of the old
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The vodyanoy's main function is drowning people. Other stories about the vodyanoy include him mimicking voices or corrupting someone to change their appearance. Some stories about amicable relations between humans and a vodyanoy describe millers and fishermen who made offerings to a vodyanoy to
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was seen as the benign protector of the household. He was not averse to Christian symbols (such as the sign of the cross), and did not make a place dangerous like other spirits. He was likely a holdover of ancestor worship practices, as one nick-name to refer to him was "grandfather", and he was
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Similar to a witch, Baba Yaga is a supernatural being (or one of a trio of sisters of the same name) who appears as a deformed or ferocious-looking old woman. In Russian fairy tales, Baba Yaga flies around in a mortar, wields a pestle, and dwells deep in the forest in a hut usually described as
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and Novgorod, two cities where Vladimir I had previously put particular attention into establishing a pagan pantheon. Despite the superficial eradication of pagan belief, animism and ancestor worship survived in rituals, stories, charms, and practices in peasant life. Certain pagan deities and
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schools. Formalism focused on the artistic form of ancient byliny and faerie tales, specifically their use of distinctive structures and poetic devices. The Finnish school was concerned with the connections amongst related legends of various Eastern European regions. Finnish scholars collected
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gave a speech to the Union of Soviet Writers arguing that folklore could, in fact, be consciously used to promote Communist values. Apart from expounding on the artistic value of folklore, he stressed that traditional legends and faerie tales showed ideal, community-oriented characters, which
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These new Soviet faerie tales and folk songs primarily focused on the contrasts between a miserable life in old tsarist Russia and an improved one under Stalin's leadership. Their characters represented identities for which Soviet citizens should strive, exemplifying the traits of the
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into motion in 1928, the Soviet government began to criticize and censor folklore studies. Stalin and the Soviet regime repressed Folklore, believing that it supported the old tsarist system and a capitalist economy. They saw it as a remnant of the backward Russian society that the
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of the Russian epic. Folklorists were called upon to teach modern folksingers the conventional style and structure of the traditional byliny. They also explained to the performers the appropriate types of Communist ideology that should be represented in the new stories and songs.
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A poludnitsa is a female field spirit, and is largely spoken of as fictitious. Her appearance varies primarily with regard to age; she has been described as a girl or an elderly woman. She is thought to protect the grain, and also to harm anyone working in the fields at noon.
550:'. Just beforehand, he had pushed for worship of a pagan pantheon not native to the Russian people, but that proved largely unsuccessful. Because Christianity had already existed in the area, it caught on more easily than the foreign pagan tradition. Idols were destroyed at
1219:, means "one who knows where the honey is". It was an ancestor of the Russian people and is friendly. Oftentimes people will be changed into bears as a punishment or will often appear as a wise old man. The Bear symbolizes strength, power, might, warmth, and protection.
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1247:- Portrayed as a woman-headed bird, this creature is similar to a siren and can actually change the weather depending on what mood she is in. It is said that they lay eggs in the water and when in the water the weather is calm but once it hatches there is a storm.
1341:
Vasilisa the Beautiful is a popular Russian fairy tale that tells the story of a young girl named Vasilisa who is mistreated by her stepmother and stepsisters.The story features elements of magic, adventure, and fantasy, with various characters and creatures like
1241:, this creature is said to have three or more heads and like other creatures in Russian fairy tales, they know how to talk. They are usually male and can be found in forests or mountains. It is said that when he flies he is so large that he blocks out the sun.
705:." The heroes of Soviet tales were meant to portray a transformed and improved version of the average citizen, giving the reader a clear goal of the ideal collective-oriented self that the future he or she was meant to become. These new folktales replaced
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objects of worship became inducted into the ranks of Christian saints. Other times, pagan holidays remained in practice but were called by new names, such as Trinity Day, during which peasant girls would honor the nature spirit
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begins: "I will rise, Lord's humble servant (name stated), I will come from the house into the doorway, from the doorway into the gate, ..." It is common as well for a charm to invoke God or saints. A charm against toothaches
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was thought to encourage a plentiful harvest. On the first night after a wedding, sometimes the couple's bed would be set near the livestock, so that they might influence the fertility of their animals. Other
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Additionally, there is thought to have been a notable focus on the feminine element in early Slavic culture, with a subsequent shift to a more patriarchal society as Christianity got a foothold in the area.
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by foxes. According to one source, people were not allowed to eat wolves because it was believed the meat would turn them into a werewolf. Wolves stood for wild untamed nature and were respected and feared.
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covered in slime, sometimes bloated with water. Often he is described as having fish-like elements, such as scales or a fish's tail. Like the leshy, the vodyanoy was sometimes pictured with a wife.
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least as early as the 12th century, and in some cases transgression led to death. It was only by the 16th century that Russian folktales began getting recorded, and only by the 19th century with
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contemporary faerie tales were the Whites and their leader Idolisce, "the most monstrous idol," who was the equivalent of the tsar. Descriptions of the Whites in noviny mirrored those of the
573:. In these instances, rites were reinterpreted as essentially Christian. For instance, the wintertime ritual of spreading hay on the floor became associated with celebrating the birth of
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was initially an opportunity for households to show generosity at the start of the new year, thus ensuring they would have a prosperous year. Similarly, copious feasting and carousing at
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741:'s "Russian Folk Tales" (1838) that a compilation of genuine Russian folktales was published. Study of folklore gained particular popularity in the late 20th century (around the 1960s).
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traditions, like eating eggs, singing bawdy songs, and throwing grain over the newlyweds were originally intended to secure fertility and prosperity for the couple in the years to come.
1226:)- Often portrayed as male and a villain in most Russian fairy tales. These creatures were not very smart and often susceptible to being led into traps and being tricked out of food or
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Some say the leshy cannot speak, but only makes sounds like clapping or wilderness noises (birds, rustling leaves, growls, etc.). Others say he can mimic voices of people you know.
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Sister Alenushka and Brother Ivanushka is a classic Russian fairy tale that tells the story of two siblings who go on a dangerous journey to find firewood for their family.
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fairy tale that tells the story of a hero named Ivan Tsarevitch who sets out to rescue his beloved Marya Morevna from the evil clutches of the immortal sorcerer Koschei.
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were working to surpass. To keep folklore studies in check and prevent inappropriate ideas from spreading amongst the masses, the government created the RAPP ā the
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edited and translated by Sibelan Forrester (Wayne State University Press; 2012) 387 pages; lectures delivered at Leningrad State University in the 1960s.
581:. When the Church condemned a practice, it typically did not dismiss it as made-up, but instead acknowledged its power and attributed it to the devil.
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1193:) - Portrayed as witty females, foxes in Russian fairy tales would often trick their counterparts. This can be adult humans, wolves, roosters and
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has variable size based on his surroundings, and might be tall as the uncut grass in the summer and tiny as the field stubble after the harvest.
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associated directly with the devil. Like other nature spirits, she is thought to be weakened by the sign of the cross and certain magic words.
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The Frog Princess is a popular fairy tale found in multiple versions and various origins. It falls under type 402, "The animal bride", in the
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comparable tales from multiple locales and analyzed their similarities and differences, hoping to trace these epic stories' migration paths.
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Husband, William B. (2006). "'Correcting Nature's Mistakes': Transforming the Environment and Soviet Children's Literature, 1828ā1941".
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in byliny. In these new tales, the Whites were incompetent, backwards capitalists, while the Soviet citizens became invincible heroes.
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Unlike the leshy, the vodyanoy is seen as unequivocally evil. In many cases, he is thought of as equivalent to the devil.
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Farrer, Grimes (1973). "The Soviet Folktale as an Ideological Strategy for Survival in International Business Relations".
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2172:. Translated by Cross, Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Mediaeval Academy of America.
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characters, as well as alongside other animals. Some of the most common animals found throughout many folktales and
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where rusalki are thought to wander farther from their watery homes. The name for the festival might come from the
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is a spirit of the house, and is somewhat different in character from the nature spirits. While mischievous, the
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One early Russian object of worship was the "Moist Mother Earth", and a later, possibly related deity was called
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As the performers of the day were often poorly educated, they needed to obtain a thorough understanding of
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byliny with contemporary life in the Soviet Union. Called noviny, these new tales were considered the
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was another central aspect of tribal life, and served as a link between past and future generations.
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There have been several attempts to classify European folklore, and one notable system was begun by
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was perceived not by sight, but by sound. He might cause walls to creak or bang pots or sing. A
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Pipes, Richard E.; Conquest, Robert; Dewdney, John C.; McCauley, Martin (November 15, 2018).
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when he was most likely to be about. The polevoi was thought to have a family and children.
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was usually thought to live alone, but some accounts mention him having a wife and children.
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Charms are magic words used to accomplish a variety of tasks. Some charms might be used to
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Practices associated with many holidays have their origin as magic rituals. Yuletide and
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Oinas, Felix J. (1975). "The Political Uses and Themes of Folklore in the Soviet Union".
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In the late 19th-century Russian fairy tales began being translated into English, with
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However, most of the time he is seen as a hunched over, hairy old man. Typically the
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1950:. Translated by Smith, Catherine R. Detroit: Folklore Associates. pp. 26ā404.
1793:
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978:
husband's family. When a family moved houses, they would specifically invite their
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following social customs, or even selecting livestock in the preferred colour of a
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2592:. Translated by Freeborn, Richard. London; New York: Penguin. pp. 99ā120.
1690:. Illustration from "The Russian Story Book" by Richard Wilson, illustrated by
1605:. Illustration from "The Russian Story Book" by Richard Wilson, illustrated by
1286:
1234:
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came to be seen as neutral or malevolent forces, sometimes associated with the
702:
551:
547:
440:
390:
367:
248:
2301:
1784:
Andreyev, Nikolay (March 1962). "Pagan and Christian Elements in Old Russia".
1174:. These animals are sometimes given human qualities, including the ability to
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4458:
4063:
3968:
3477:
3216:
2807:
1805:
1669:
Illustration from "The Russian Story Book" by Richard Wilson, illustrated by
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Illustration from "The Russian Story Book" by Richard Wilson, illustrated by
1637:
Illustration from "The Russian Story Book" by Richard Wilson, illustrated by
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Illustration from "The Russian Story Book" by Richard Wilson, illustrated by
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Illustration from "The Russian Story Book" by Richard Wilson, illustrated by
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often said to appear in the form of a current or past head of the household.
792:
766:
632:
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417:
281:
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3844:
2829:
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2360:
Miller, Frank J. (1980). "The Image of Stalin in Soviet Russian Folklore".
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616:
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Certain pagan rituals and beliefs were tolerated and even supported by the
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412:
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Gorynych - Its name means "Snake of the Mountains". The Slavic version of
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2723:
808:
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both with other animals as well as human characters. They have the same
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of still-born or unbaptized children, or of those who died by drowning.
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The collection of works of folklore of Russia in the Russian language
4479:
2713:
2550:. Armonk, New York and London, England: M. E. Sharpe. pp. 64ā82.
2426:. Translated by Forrester, Sibelan. Detroit: Wayne State. p. 11.
1343:
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in 987 CE, and subsequently mandated it as the state religion of the
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1797:
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as human characters as well. They are given human qualities such as
840:
One of the oldest recorded references to Russian charms lies in the
455:
447:, also created fully original fairy tale poems of great popularity.
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was considered essential to the proper functioning of a household.
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371:
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and an enormous horn in its snout, making it vaguely similar to a
3191:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
3073:
2648:. Translated by Smith, Catherine R. Detroit: Folklore Associates.
1542:
1262:
1163:
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was a homeland to Slavic tribes from which Russian culture grew.
363:
982:
to come with them to ensure it would remain with the household.
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1564:
1335:
1281:. The Russian folklore creature gives its name to a synonym of
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347:
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films, or for feature movies by prominent directors such as
2400:
Schlauch, Margaret (1944). "Folklore in the Soviet Union".
1270:
1266:
1227:
1194:
1159:
1087:
492:. Nature played an essential role in early Slavic culture.
396:
Many Russian fairy tales and bylinas have been adapted for
355:
1369:
is a popular and classic Russian fairy tale collected by
1183:
542:(or "Vladimir the Great", "Saint Vladimir") converted to
499:, whose name means "moist" and may have Finnish origins.
815:(Also, "incantations", "precautions", or "whisperings"
16:
Folklore of Russians and other ethnic groups of Russia
2625:
Russian Folklore: An Anthology in English Translation
2146:
Russian Folklore: An Anthology in English Translation
1363:
her husband and to bring her to his father's palace.
709:
with technology and supernatural forces with Stalin.
524:
Folk tradition in Christian Rus' (987 - 1917/1922 CE)
33:
A request that this article title be changed to
2634:
Armonk, New York and London, England: M. E. Sharpe.
966:was easily pleased. Having the assistance of one's
456:Folk Tradition of Pre-Christian Rus' (Pre-987 CE)
4875:
2075:Soil and Soul: The Symbolic World of Russianness
1358:index, which includes other tales with similar
1334:The Death of Koschei the Immortal is a popular
615:Folklorists today consider the 1920s to be the
2170:The Russian Primary Chronicle: Laurentian Text
2040:
1367:Tsarevich Ivan, the Firebird and the Grey Wolf
1329:Tsarevich Ivan, the Firebird and the Gray Wolf
4495:
4090:
2667:
2072:
301:
520:played a central role in daily tribal life.
476:emerged around the Volga-Dnieper basin. The
50:this article until the discussion is closed.
2395:
2393:
2391:
2196:"Folklore and Politics in the Soviet Union"
2189:
2187:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2179:
887:
561:, commemorate past ancestors, and practice
387:Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar
4502:
4488:
4097:
4083:
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2283:
2281:
1025:The creatures are also known as "vodianoi"
646:Russian Association of Proletarian Writers
308:
294:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2313:
2311:
2211:
2143:
2103:"Soviet Union: Historical State, Eurasia"
2009:. Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1ā24.
1289:, the biggest land mammal ever to live.
1265:). The Indrik is described as a gigantic
1048:
827:the described result. For instance, one
516:was also a common belief, and nature and
2587:
2399:
2388:
2176:
2077:. Aldershot: Ashgate. pp. 111ā135.
2045:. Indiana University. pp. 116ā155.
1970:
1783:
671:
603:
334:Russian folklore takes its roots in the
3327:Collective Security Treaty Organization
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1373:in his volume of Russian Fairy Tales.
1320:Sister Alenushka and Brother Ivanushka
1097:There is a springtime festival called
4483:
4078:
2885:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
2655:
2575:
2573:
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1545:Peeping at the Sleeping Merchant Wife
1042:secure good fortune from his waters.
4104:
4024:Unified Sports Classification System
2228:
2148:. Belmont, Massachusetts: Nordland.
2120:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
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1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1716:Russian traditions and superstitions
851:
566:in much of Russian peasant culture.
18:
2681:
2627:. Belmont, Massachusetts: Nordland.
2430:
2043:Village Life in Late Tsarist Russia
13:
3322:Commonwealth of Independent States
2644:Sokolov, Yuriy M. (1971, Ā© 1950).
2630:Ivanits, Linda J. (1992, Ā© 1989).
2617:
2554:
2412:
2091:
1828:
1749:"Vladimir I: Grand Prince of Kiev"
1303:. Some prominent examples, are --
962:. This was easy to do because the
780:
76:
14:
4895:
4862:
2252:Journal of the Folklore Institute
2059:
1991:
1766:
1732:
1312:The Death of Koschei the Immortal
1213:Russia: A Cultural Resource Guide
4463:
4454:
4453:
2041:Tian-Shanskaia, Olga S. (1993).
1678:
1662:
1646:
1630:
1614:
1593:
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1513:
1492:
1471:
1446:
1425:
1404:
1383:
855:
772:There were two primary types of
275:
23:
2162:
1977:. University of Toronto Press.
1974:Ukraine: A History, 4th Edition
4421:British Indian Ocean Territory
2590:Sketches from a Hunter's Album
2034:
2013:
1971:Subtelny, Orest (2009-11-10).
1964:
844:, dating to the 10th century.
484:culture grew in Balkan region
435:Some Russian poets, including
350:are also an important part of
342:and now is represented in the
1:
3232:Political abuse of psychiatry
2637:Propp, Vladimir Yakovlevich.
2073:Hellberg-Hirn, Elena (1998).
1726:
765:
608:Russia has a long and varied
3877:Traditions and superstitions
2623:Alexander, Alex E. (1975).
900:
729:
488:grew most likely in eastern
7:
3543:Water supply and sanitation
2546:Ivanits, Linda J. (1992) .
2144:Alexander, Alex E. (1975).
2007:Russia under the Old Regime
1946:Sokolov, Yuriy M. (1971) .
1699:
1014:
847:
358:cycle were recorded in the
10:
4900:
2005:Pipes, Richard E. (1974).
1376:
1346:playing a prominent role.
1133:
1075:
1071:
1052:
1018:
989:
919:
915:
904:
635:came to power and put his
450:
4811:
4773:
4515:
4449:
4408:
4368:
4110:
4043:
3800:
3564:
3555:
3388:
3379:
3132:
3123:
2931:
2922:
2857:
2699:
2690:
2320:Studies in Soviet Thought
1299:There are more than 600+
1082:Akin to a water fairy or
807:
754:, and later developed by
4170:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3317:Prime Minister of Russia
2588:Turgenev, Ivan (1990) .
2422:Propp, Vladimir (2012).
2194:Oinas, Felix J. (1973).
2107:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1753:Encyclopaedia Britannica
1138:Animals occur alongside
985:
888:Nature and house spirits
724:
354:. The oldest bylinas of
4431:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3755:Social entrepreneurship
3644:Forced public apologies
3579:Anti-American sentiment
2302:10.1093/envhis/11.2.300
1308:The Tale of Tsar Saltan
650:Union of Soviet Writers
329:ethnic groups of Russia
4558:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3503:Social security system
3486:Science and technology
3152:Classified information
2978:Central Russian Upland
1687:Nightingale the Robber
1459:Nightingale the Robber
1316:Vasilisa the Beautiful
1049:Polevoi and Poludnitsa
838:
680:
612:
429:Vasilisa the Beautiful
374:was recorded as well.
81:
3964:Russian tsars regalia
3297:Intelligence agencies
3020:Great Russian Regions
2764:Expansion (1500-1800)
2290:Environmental History
1124:rosalia, dies rosarum
834:
675:
607:
80:
4345:United Arab Emirates
4031:World Heritage sites
3408:Droughts and famines
2961:Environmental issues
2709:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2639:The Russian Folktale
2632:Russian Folk Belief.
2424:The Russian Folktale
1215:, its Russian name,
953:The function of the
637:first five-year plan
585:Russian Folklore in
366:, where most of the
264:World Heritage Sites
4774:States with limited
4372:limited recognition
3882:Forms of addressing
3491:Academy of Sciences
3448:Financial districts
3312:President of Russia
3237:Political divisions
3197:Freedom of assembly
3079:West Siberian Plain
2825:Great Patriotic War
2786:February Revolution
2548:Russian Folk Belief
2402:Science and Society
1570:Konstantin Gorbatov
1371:Alexander Afanasyev
1301:Russian fairy tales
1294:Russian fairy tales
1144:Russian fairy tales
1113:festival of roses,
344:Russian fairy tales
338:beliefs of ancient
4884:Folklore of Russia
4510:Folklore of Europe
3932:Russian given name
3518:Telecommunications
3468:Petroleum industry
3332:State of emergency
3177:Far-right politics
3142:Capital punishment
2988:Meshchera Lowlands
2842:Russian Federation
2798:October Revolution
2332:10.1007/BF01044328
1711:Russian folk dance
1706:Finnic mythologies
1506:Henryk Siemiradzki
973:The transfer of a
867:. You can help by
681:
613:
589:(1917/1922 - 1991)
486:West Slavic people
379:Russian Folk Tales
321:Folklore of Russia
82:
4859:
4858:
4477:
4476:
4414:other territories
4072:
4071:
4039:
4038:
3619:Domestic violence
3551:
3550:
3473:Russian oligarchs
3398:Aircraft industry
3375:
3374:
3352:Mass surveillance
3342:Search and rescue
3307:Political parties
3187:Foreign relations
3119:
3118:
2918:
2917:
2910:Historical cities
2769:Tsardom of Russia
2599:978-0-14-044522-0
2084:978-1-85521-871-0
2052:978-0-253-20784-5
1984:978-1-4426-9728-7
1957:978-0-8103-5020-5
1324:The Frog Princess
1200:Roosters (ŠæŠµŃŃŃ
,
885:
884:
842:Russian Chronicle
445:Alexander Pushkin
402:Aleksandr Ptushko
318:
317:
282:Russia portal
70:Culture of Russia
55:
54:
4891:
4812:Dependencies and
4516:Sovereign states
4504:
4497:
4490:
4481:
4480:
4467:
4457:
4456:
4426:Christmas Island
4112:Sovereign states
4105:Folklore of Asia
4099:
4092:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4052:
3999:Russian language
3942:National symbols
3562:
3561:
3481:
3438:Fishing industry
3428:Economic regions
3423:Defence industry
3386:
3385:
3130:
3129:
3084:Russian Far East
2983:Northwest Russia
2941:Cities and towns
2929:
2928:
2791:Russian Republic
2697:
2696:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2646:Russian Folklore
2612:
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2258:(2/3): 157ā175.
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2088:
2070:
2057:
2056:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2002:
1989:
1988:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1948:Russian Folklore
1943:
1826:
1825:
1781:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1745:
1721:Turkic mythology
1682:
1666:
1650:
1634:
1618:
1597:
1581:
1560:
1538:
1527:Viktor Vasnetsov
1517:
1496:
1475:
1450:
1429:
1408:
1387:
1273:, the head of a
1259:Russian folklore
1211:)- According to
1207:Bears (Š¼ŠµŠ“Š²ŠµŠ“Ń,
1031:, "water-sprite"
880:
877:
859:
852:
739:Bogdan Bronitsyn
601:
600:
596:
536:
535:
531:
510:Ancestor worship
468:
467:
463:
362:, especially in
310:
303:
296:
280:
279:
278:
79:
57:
56:
43:under discussion
39:
37:Russian folklore
27:
26:
19:
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4889:
4888:
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4793:Northern Cyprus
4775:
4769:
4690:North Macedonia
4511:
4508:
4478:
4473:
4445:
4413:
4404:
4385:Northern Cyprus
4371:
4364:
4106:
4103:
4073:
4068:
4055:
4048:
4035:
3994:Public holidays
3989:Political jokes
3974:Personification
3927:Names of Russia
3796:
3715:Life expectancy
3547:
3479:
3371:
3222:Law enforcement
3115:
3101:Protected areas
2998:Smolensk Upland
2993:OkaāDon Lowland
2973:European Russia
2914:
2853:
2739:Mongol invasion
2686:
2680:
2620:
2618:Further reading
2615:
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2264:10.2307/3813923
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2213:10.2307/2494072
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1944:
1829:
1798:10.2307/3000540
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1549:Boris Kustodiev
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1501:Ivan Kupala Day
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1388:
1379:
1295:
1283:Paraceratherium
1269:with legs of a
1136:
1103:Rusal'naia Week
1080:
1074:
1057:
1051:
1028:, "water devil"
1023:
1017:
996:A leshy (also,
994:
988:
924:
918:
909:
903:
890:
881:
875:
872:
865:needs expansion
850:
812:
786:
770:
734:
727:
610:musical history
602:
598:
594:
592:
591:
537:
533:
529:
527:
526:
469:
465:
461:
459:
458:
453:
383:William Ralston
352:Slavic paganism
346:. Epic Russian
323:is folklore of
314:
276:
274:
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3182:Federal budget
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3091:North Caucasus
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3025:Highest points
3022:
3017:
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3007:
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2968:Extreme points
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2362:Russian Review
2345:
2326:(1ā2): 55ā75.
2307:
2296:(2): 300ā318.
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1462:(19th century
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1378:
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1356:Aarne-Thompson
1332:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1310:
1293:
1287:Indricotherium
1222:Wolves (Š²Š¾Š»Šŗ,
1135:
1132:
1076:Main article:
1073:
1070:
1053:Main article:
1050:
1047:
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
990:Main article:
987:
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920:Main article:
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905:Main article:
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886:
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849:
846:
811:
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779:
769:
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760:N. P. Andreyev
733:
728:
726:
723:
703:New Soviet Man
590:
583:
525:
522:
457:
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441:Leonid Filatov
391:Edith Hodgetts
370:national epic
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4798:South Ossetia
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4395:South Ossetia
4393:
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4047:
4046:
4042:
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4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:Seven Wonders
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3979:Playing cards
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3679:
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3674:Mental health
3672:
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3662:
3661:
3660:
3657:
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3634:Ethnic groups
3632:
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3378:
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3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
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3340:
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3337:Civil defense
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Media freedom
3280:
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3275:
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3268:
3265:
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3260:
3258:
3255:
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3250:
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3195:
3192:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3167:Criminal code
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:Civil Service
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
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3128:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3109:
3107:
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3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
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2991:
2989:
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2828:
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2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2808:Russian state
2806:
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2801:
2799:
2796:
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633:Joseph Stalin
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587:Soviet Russia
582:
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579:Christmastime
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437:Pyotr Yershov
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419:
418:Aleksandr Rou
415:
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409:
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407:Ilya Muromets
403:
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100:Ethnic groups
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59:
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47:
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30:
21:
20:
4803:Transnistria
4714:
4410:Dependencies
4340:Turkmenistan
4305:Saudi Arabia
4299:
3952:Coat of arms
3912:Martial arts
3871:
3820:Army culture
3810:Architecture
3780:Witch trials
3735:Prostitution
3681:Human rights
3614:Demographics
3528:Trade unions
3498:Shipbuilding
3458:Homelessness
3418:Central Bank
3413:Car industry
3252:Conservatism
3162:Constitution
3157:Conscription
2830:Eastern Bloc
2820:Soviet Union
2813:Russian SFSR
2743:Feudal Rus'
2645:
2638:
2631:
2624:
2589:
2547:
2423:
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2368:(1): 50ā67.
2365:
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2112:December 19,
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2106:
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2015:
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1973:
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1792:(1): 16ā23.
1789:
1785:
1758:December 19,
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1685:
1600:
1563:
1541:
1520:
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1485:Ivan Bilibin
1478:
1453:
1434:The Mermaids
1432:
1411:
1397:Ivan Bilibin
1390:
1365:
1353:
1348:
1340:
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1107:Trinity Week
1102:
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869:adding to it
864:
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835:
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813:
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771:
743:
735:
719:
711:
699:
691:
682:
667:
663:
654:
630:
617:Soviet Union
614:
568:
556:
544:Christianity
538:
506:
494:
482:South Slavic
470:
434:
427:
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411:
405:
395:
386:
378:
376:
333:
320:
319:
254:Coat of arms
233:Video gaming
156:Architecture
104:
34:
32:
4841:Isle of Man
4776:recognition
4750:Switzerland
4685:Netherlands
4469:Asia portal
4370:States with
4290:Philippines
4230:South Korea
4225:North Korea
4120:Afghanistan
4004:tea culture
3857:Fairy tales
3720:Open access
3693:Immigration
3654:Gun control
3393:Agriculture
3362:Term limits
3272:Martial law
3267:Nationalism
3262:Irredentism
3257:Imperialism
3040:Caspian Sea
2956:Environment
2951:Earthquakes
2847:Union State
2835:Dissolution
2734:Kievan Rus'
2724:Early Slavs
686:renaissance
658:Maxim Gorky
115:Immigration
48:do not move
4720:San Marino
4680:Montenegro
4660:Luxembourg
4640:Kazakhstan
4543:Azerbaijan
4350:Uzbekistan
4325:Tajikistan
4240:Kyrgyzstan
4220:Kazakhstan
4140:Bangladesh
4130:Azerbaijan
4009:Television
3984:Philosophy
3917:Mass media
3907:Literature
3902:Inventions
3664:Healthcare
3599:Corruption
3589:Censorship
3480:(currency)
3357:Separatism
3302:Opposition
3287:Neo-Nazism
3277:Monarchism
3247:Liberalism
3242:Propaganda
3202:Government
3069:North Asia
2870:Journalism
2729:East Slavs
2719:Sarmatians
1727:References
1418:Ilya Repin
1279:rhinoceros
1055:Poludnitsa
829:love charm
797:Shrovetide
790:New Year's
767:Folk magic
758:professor
752:Antti Arne
749:folklorist
642:Bolsheviks
563:divination
548:Kievan Rus
540:Vladimir I
474:East Slavs
389:(1890) by
381:(1873) by
327:and other
206:Television
191:Newspapers
181:Literature
135:Traditions
4831:Gibraltar
4655:Lithuania
4436:Hong Kong
4390:Palestine
4315:Sri Lanka
4310:Singapore
4190:Indonesia
3867:Festivals
3760:Sociology
3710:Languages
3629:Education
3533:Transport
3367:Terrorism
3212:Judiciary
3206:Apparatus
3172:Elections
3137:Anarchism
3111:Far North
3062:Volcanoes
3047:Mountains
2924:Geography
2803:Civil war
2714:Scythians
2340:143692581
1822:163384871
1806:0037-6779
1360:plotlines
1344:Baba Yaga
1255:Dove Book
1253:- In the
907:Baba Yaga
901:Baba Yaga
876:June 2015
756:Leningrad
731:Folktales
677:Baba Yaga
652:in 1932.
621:formalist
478:Oka river
398:animation
176:Festivals
120:Languages
46:. Please
4878:Category
4851:Svalbard
4836:Guernsey
4783:Abkhazia
4735:Slovenia
4730:Slovakia
4705:Portugal
4563:Bulgaria
4459:Category
4380:Abkhazia
4330:Thailand
4285:Pakistan
4265:Mongolia
4260:Maldives
4255:Malaysia
4155:Cambodia
4059:Category
3937:Nobility
3897:Internet
3892:Heraldry
3887:Graffiti
3872:Folklore
3815:Armorial
3745:Religion
3730:Polygamy
3669:HIV/AIDS
3649:Funerals
3639:Feminism
3609:Deafness
3594:Citizens
3584:Cannabis
3569:Abortion
3513:Taxation
3453:Gambling
3443:Forestry
3292:Military
3125:Politics
3106:Wildlife
3052:Caucasus
3015:Glaciers
2895:Military
2880:Internet
2858:By topic
2752:Vladimir
2747:Novgorod
2701:Timeline
2608:22736825
1700:See also
1602:Sea Tsar
1392:Firebird
1245:Alkonost
1180:emotions
1164:roosters
1021:Vodyanoy
1015:Vodyanoy
1000:, "wood
848:Contents
793:caroling
781:Holiday
372:Kalevala
325:Russians
218:Painting
196:Internet
130:Religion
125:Holidays
105:Folklore
95:Russians
62:a series
60:Part of
4760:Ukraine
4710:Romania
4670:Moldova
4628:Ireland
4623:Iceland
4618:Hungary
4608:Germany
4603:Georgia
4593:Finland
4588:Estonia
4583:Denmark
4568:Croatia
4553:Belgium
4548:Belarus
4538:Austria
4533:Armenia
4528:Andorra
4523:Albania
4355:Vietnam
4270:Myanmar
4250:Lebanon
4180:Georgia
4135:Bahrain
4125:Armenia
4050:Outline
3862:Fashion
3852:Fashion
3840:Cuisine
3802:Culture
3790:in army
3775:Wedding
3770:Suicide
3765:Smoking
3750:Slavery
3725:Orphans
3698:Illegal
3574:Alcohol
3557:Society
3523:Tourism
3403:Banking
3381:Economy
3226:Prisons
3074:Siberia
3030:Islands
3010:Geology
2946:Climate
2936:Borders
2900:Outline
2875:Judaism
2865:Economy
2692:History
2272:3813923
2222:2494072
1814:3000540
1543:Domovoi
1377:Gallery
1336:Russian
1263:unicorn
1217:med'ved
1209:med'ved
1150:), are
1134:Animals
1116:Rusalii
1099:Rusalia
1078:Rusalka
1072:Rusalka
1011:devil.
980:domovoy
975:domovoy
968:domovoy
964:domovoy
960:domovoy
955:domovoy
948:domovoy
944:domovoy
936:domovoy
932:domovoi
928:domovoy
922:Domovoy
916:Domovoy
802:wedding
783:rituals
746:Finnish
715:Tartars
694:Marxist
625:Finnish
593:)": -->
558:rusalka
528:)": -->
514:Animism
460:)": -->
451:History
423:Morozko
368:Finnish
364:Karelia
348:bylinas
241:Symbols
228:Theatre
166:Cuisine
110:History
87:Society
4846:Jersey
4788:Kosovo
4755:Turkey
4745:Sweden
4725:Serbia
4715:Russia
4700:Poland
4695:Norway
4675:Monaco
4645:Latvia
4613:Greece
4598:France
4573:Cyprus
4400:Taiwan
4335:Turkey
4300:Russia
4235:Kuwait
4215:Jordan
4205:Israel
4165:Cyprus
4150:Brunei
4145:Bhutan
4064:Portal
4019:Sports
3947:Anthem
3835:Cinema
3830:Ballet
3740:Racism
3703:Labour
3659:Health
3624:Doping
3478:Ruble
3463:Mining
3433:Energy
3096:Rivers
3005:Fjords
2905:Postal
2757:Moscow
2683:Russia
2606:
2596:
2382:128551
2380:
2338:
2270:
2220:
2152:
2081:
2049:
1981:
1954:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1694:, 1916
1673:, 1916
1657:, 1916
1641:, 1916
1625:, 1916
1609:, 1916
1588:, 1916
1565:Kitezh
1251:Indrik
1239:dragon
1202:petukh
1172:wolves
1148:Skazki
1084:undine
998:leshii
832:reads:
824:banish
809:Charms
571:Church
501:Mokosh
497:Mokosh
490:Poland
416:) and
385:, and
356:Kievan
259:Anthem
223:Sports
161:Cinema
143:Topics
64:on the
4821:Ć
land
4740:Spain
4665:Malta
4635:Italy
4441:Macau
4360:Yemen
4320:Syria
4295:Qatar
4275:Nepal
4210:Japan
4185:India
4175:Egypt
4160:China
3969:Opera
3922:Music
3785:Women
3686:LGBTQ
3604:Crime
3538:Waste
3057:Urals
3035:Lakes
2378:JSTOR
2336:S2CID
2268:JSTOR
2218:JSTOR
1818:S2CID
1810:JSTOR
1480:Buyan
1464:lubok
1413:Sadko
1275:horse
1195:bears
1176:speak
1168:bears
1160:goats
1156:sheep
1152:foxes
1140:human
1111:Roman
1105:, or
1088:souls
1002:demon
992:Leshy
986:Leshy
895:devil
774:magic
725:Types
707:magic
631:Once
575:Jesus
413:Sadko
340:Slavs
336:pagan
213:Music
201:Radio
186:Media
171:Dance
4280:Oman
4245:Laos
4200:Iraq
4195:Iran
3957:Flag
3845:Wine
3825:Arts
2890:LGBT
2774:Army
2604:OCLC
2594:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2114:2018
2079:ISBN
2047:ISBN
2028:2018
1979:ISBN
1952:ISBN
1802:ISSN
1760:2018
1457:and
1271:deer
1267:bull
1257:and
1235:Zmey
1228:prey
1191:lisa
1170:and
926:The
623:and
595:edit
552:Kiev
530:edit
462:edit
439:and
249:Flag
4412:and
3217:Law
2370:doi
2328:doi
2298:doi
2260:doi
2208:doi
1794:doi
1568:by
1547:by
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