863:, and subsequently moved to a bigger office to Savushkina Street, also in Saint Petersburg. The employees have to be present in the office for 12 hours per day every second day. They are involved in various activities including creating of visibility of mass-support of the government in social media (both in Russian and in English), propagating texts between different media, and collectively attacking users with anti-government views, often using multiple identities. The salary is fixed and is only paid if an employee has written a fixed number of comments per day not shorter than a fixed number of letters. The comments must contain key words, a fixed set for every day. Collectively, they are known as "Kremlin trolls" or "
880:
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267:, contains predictions such as "friends' houses are connected by means of magnetic telegraphs that allow people who live far from each other to talk to each other" and household journals "having replaced regular correspondence" with "information about the hosts’ good or bad health, family news, various thoughts and comments, small inventions, as well as invitations."
981:
Until 2011 the backbone network in Russia was based on DWDM technology with a capacity of 10 and 40 Gbit/s. The operator started projects to expand the capacity of the
Transit Europe – Asia transit line at two independent branches. Communication lines are under construction within a second phase
684:
connectivity for its citizens. Mobile broadband connectivity is close to average for advanced economies (60 active subscriptions for every 100 inhabitants), the rates of mobile phone penetration is one of the highest in the world, and Russia is a global leader in the affordability of fixed broadband,
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to determine the feasibility of further implementing Linux-based education in the country's other regions. In subsequent years test results were considered successful, but new organizational problems appeared, including obscurities with distribution of funds assigned by state. No mass usage of Linux
809:
In March 2013 it was announced that
Russian is now the second most used language on the web. According to Daily Telecom estimates, by the third quarter of 2013 there were 26.3 million broadband subscribers. Largest residential Internet service providers by market share at the end of 2013 were:
907:
and later built international fiber optic cable systems — "Zapadny" (Denmark-Russia), "Yuzhny" (Italy-Turkey-Ukraine-Russia) and "Vostochny" (Russia-Japan-Korea) — as well as "Moscow-Khabarovsk" Trans-Russian Fiber Optic Line. The situation favored Russia's entry to the international
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monitoring project found 1,001,806 WWW-addresses within .ru and .su responding in March 2008. The national domain registration service RU-Center announced creation of millionth .ru domain on
September 17, 2007 (about 200 thousand of domains are thought to be 'parked' by
373:
was started by VNIIPAS and an
American team which included Joel Schatz, Michael Kleeman and Chet Watson with initial financial support from Henry Dakin. SFMT provided email service using the PeaceNet platform and multi-language support. It also undertook several
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system which used a computer network which calculated radar data on test missiles through central machine called M-40 and was interchanging information with smaller remote terminals about 100—200 kilometers distant. The scientists used several locations in the
759:, who said in the opening address to the forum that he estimates Runet to be populated by 40 million users, or 28 percent of the population. He also stated that Russian sites do $ 3 billion in annual transactions and have $ 370 million in advertising revenue.
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NE5000E routers to construct backbone nodes for a 40-Gbit/s IP/MPLS network in Russia' s largest cities, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, Huawei says. Meanwhile, Megafon also announced the opening of what it touts as Russia's largest data center in
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network in Moscow for commercial use which is recognized as the largest urban wireless network in the world. The Black Sea coast of Russia has become an important area for the fiber-optic networks, as it served as a backbone of communication during the
790:
By March 2011 the total number of broadband subscribers reached 16.5 million with penetration at almost 30%. These numbers increased within two years by 180% against 9 million in 2009. The highest penetration rate above 70% is in
908:
telecommunication transit market. However, low transmission capacity (560 megabits per second) of all the three systems designed mainly for voice communication became the principal obstacle that hindered international expansion.
838:
Since 2013, the state has employed
Internet users in order to spread propaganda and disinformation advocating activities of the Russian government and discrediting opposition and Western countries according to the
731:(ФОМ) in March 2007 issued a report that found 28 million people of 18 years and older in Russia (25%) had used the Internet within the last six months (monthly users 23.9/21%; daily 10.1/9%). In November 2006
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614:(about 59,000) were connected to the Internet, but later concerns were publicized that there were problems with a contractor to serve them. Also in December 2007, as a follow-up to the noted
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combined. The total number of households with lets FTTx connection was 7.5 million. This means that in 2012 over 40% of the fixed line broadband users were connected by fiber optics.
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In 2005 the
Chelyabinsk-Khabarovsk Fiber-Optic Communication Line was laid-down which extends for 10 thousand kilometers. The minimum transmission rate is 120 Gigabits per second.
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Presently, MasterTel, based in Moscow and Saint
Petersburg, is an ISP that provides high speed fiber-optic lines of up to 10 Gbit/s per second to consumers and businesses.
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As of 2020, 122,488,468 Russians (85% of the country's total population) were
Internet users. As of September 2020, Russia ranked 47th among the world's countries by the
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meeting more than 90 percent of
Russian households. Russia's average Internet connection speed of 7.4 Mbit/s is also almost twice the global average of 3.8 Mbit/s.
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In 2012, the
Russian Federation announced an ambitious target of providing 90% of households with "ultrafast" connection speeds of at least 100 megabits per second by 2018.
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function in large cities, but most of the existing country-wide cable lines are held by small number of large operators such as former "monopolist", the state-controlled
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867:". The same organization also hosts a number of websites, including the Kharkov News Agency, which claim to be news agencies operating from Eastern Ukraine or from the
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978:. Due to WDM introduction the fiber-optic communication lines bandwidth increased to 2.5 Gbit/s. Rostelecom invested about 48 million rubles in the project.
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1416:"A Computer Network for Democracy and Development — an August, 1991 report by Larry Press, a computer science professor at California State University"
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in a report called by some sources "first quality Internet audience research in Russia" put a monthly Russian audience at more than 15 million. The
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In June 2009 FOM issued results of its new survey that found the "half-year audience" of people 18 years old and over was 33%, or 37.5 million.
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Alexander Semenov, Alexander Mantzaris, Alexander Nikolaev, Alexander Veremyev, Jari Veijalainen, Eduardo L. Pasiliao, Vladimir Boginski
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1513:"Николай Никифоров: российская революция в ИКТ состоится за счет покрытия услугами ШПД городов и поселков с населением от 500 человек"
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in Russian schools followed, but later in 2nd half of 2010s state-related institutions and corporations began to massively implement
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654:" ("state services") is developing that became an online standard for providing electronic state services for Russian citizens. A
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of the TEA backbone "High Speed Backbone Transit Europe-Asia". The construction of the first branch completed in 2011 (
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587:. The Internet became a popular means of communication for anyone in the world who spoke Russian. National so-called
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existed since 1982, in 1982 and 1983 there were a series of world computer conferences at VNIIPAS initiated by the
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in treating patients exposed in the Chernobyl accident. It later founded a for profit phone and data provider
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120:. As of 2015, Internet access in Russia is available to businesses and home users in various forms, including
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on the European market with the highest number of unique visitors online. In March 2013, a survey found that
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704:. Given Russia's enormous size and diverse levels of development, the digital divide continues to persist.
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connections with their comrades worldwide using data codes. Later, a massive automated data network called
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area and providing local news, but in fact have no staff outside the Saint Petersburg office building.
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Postal envelope and stamp from 1993 commemorating Rostelecom's first underwater optic cable to Denmark
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1281:(in Russian). М.: Информационные технологии и вычислительные системы. 2002-Вып.3. pp. 42–43. 3.
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673:(fiber to building) in Russia increased by 2.2 million people, more than all 27 countries of the
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operating system. In August 1990 they established regular email routing with an Internet node in
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1986:
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561:. Russian FidoNet activity did contribute to the development of Runet, as mass-networking over
19:
998:) was completed in 2013. In addition, the expanded backbones are in the route of Khabarovsk –
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Retrospectively, networking of data in the Russian language can be traced to the spread of
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instead of Microsoft Windows on the grounds that Windows is not secure and may be used in
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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Project "The Internet in Russia/Russia on the Internet". 18th Release. Winter 2006-2007
1121:"Speedtest Global Index – Monthly comparisons of internet speeds from around the world"
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Parts of this article (those related to recent blocks need to be discussed) need to be
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sponsored Internet usage in several educational projects in the USSR (through Sovam).
173:, the Internet in Russia is "Not Free" as of 2019. In September 2011, Russia overtook
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Russia's MegaFon opens data center, plans IP/MPLS backbone network, October 6, 2010
923:
860:
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796:
701:
669:, in the second half of 2012 the number of new subscribers connected by technology
666:
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347:
312:
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95:
1936:
1275:Московская научная школа академика С.А.Лебедева в развитии вычислительной техники.
974:-based equipment on the backbone network for data transmission in the Republic of
412:) connections "from home" through X.25 in the USSR in as early as 1988. In 1990 a
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1002:– Tokyo and Khabarovsk – Hong Kong, where equipment of 100G WDM is also applied.
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in Soviet cities, primarily in scientific institutions. The first one to connect
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230:
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is required to register. Over 100 million users are registered in 2019 (~70% of
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links between the two countries, including supporting physicians such as UCLA's
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The development of Internet infrastructure in Russia began with development of
428:
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133:
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in reaching rural and remote areas. Fixed broadband penetration is highest in
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was replacing UUCP) appeared in many branches of regular life and commerce in
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2134:
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1039:
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300:
292:
170:
766:, which in April 2009 was expanded with the separately moderated version in
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927:
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635:
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countries to connect to the global TCP/IP network (the "Internet proper").
573:
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359:
304:
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https://www.comnews.ru/content/232523/2024-04-08/2024-w15/1013/set-nachalo
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as the European market with the highest number of unique visitors online.
320:
All Union Scientific Research Institute for Applied Computerized Systems (
4195:
2366:
2173:
2050:
1719:"comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011"
1454:"Interesting People: re: A Ridiculous Failure of Critical Infrastructure"
1259:
1212:
1169:"comScore Releases Overview of European Internet Usage in September 2011"
1120:
767:
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296:
205:
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109:
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for their works, the largest was a massive test range to the West from
246:
1830:"Fake 'Ukrainian' News Websites Run by Russian 'Troll Army' Offshoots"
934:
fiber backbone. Cell phone coverage with the digital services such as
354:. The other participating countries were the UK, USA, Canada, Sweden,
3401:
2040:
1608:
1433:
Russian Telecommunications: Crisis Creation of Infrastructure in 1992
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was for a time more popular than over the Internet in the early 90s.
526:
many former Soviet state-controlled structures were inherited by the
488:
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in Russia, and information transfer by technical means came with the
197:
148:
1888:
1187:, Matthias Gelbmann, Web Technology Surveys, W3Techs, 19 March 2013.
3801:
1732:
1642:, its exported and separately moderated version for LiveJournal is
999:
975:
780:
181:
had become the second-most commonly used language on the web after
113:
1978:
847:. The major organization employing them, "Internet Issledovania" (
522:
were trying to suppress mass media activity on the subject. After
2518:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2400:
1538:"Russia's Ambitious Broadband Goal: Is the Progress Sustainable?"
1320:
1306:Двадцать лет спустя, или как начинался Интернет в Советском Союзе
955:
803:
550:
500:
492:
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where the USSR was represented by a team of scientists from many
335:
319:
226:
174:
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with subscriber costs meeting the affordability criteria of the
495:
being its central node which was connected internationally over
2009:
1474:Школьный Linux будут внедрять все ведущие Linux-компании России
959:
868:
856:
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697:
580:
506:
In 1990–1991 Relcom's network was rapidly expanding, it joined
466:
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409:
401:
166:
125:
117:
1199:
Exploring Social Media Network Landscape of Post-Soviet Space.
1063:
List of sovereign states in Europe by number of Internet users
1926:
Similar Broadband & Satellite Russia Newsletter - ComNews
1733:# ixzz2m97PR5wz "Интернет-провайдеры хотят входить без стука"
943:
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339:
334:. An official scientific Soviet digital data connection from
274:. Starting from 1952, work was conducted in the Moscow-based
254:
104:
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72:
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in Russian schools, plans were announced to officially test
432:
Conference "Internet and Science: 15 years of going" in the
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1609:Рунет в марте 2008 года: домены, хостинг, география сайтов
1583:Ежемесячная аудитория Рунета — больше 15 миллионов человек
1351:"New Satellite Channel Opens Computer Link to the Soviets"
469:. They were functioning together with partner programming
222:
1879:
Fiber-Optic Ridge of Russia, RusBusiness News. 20.05.2010
1185:"Russian is now the second most used language on the web"
915:
543:
519:
511:
276:
Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering
1769:"A Powerful Russian Weapon: The Spread of False Stories"
455:
hosts country-wide (including Soviet Republics) was the
102:, which means "Russia-related Internet"), and sometimes
1500:Заявление "Альт Линукс" о внедрении СПО в школах России
1233:"Blogging Predicted by a 19th-century Russian Prince"
196:(used by 75% of 25–35-year-old Russians in 2009) and
1015:
1180:
1178:
762:In October 2008 President Medvedev started his own
461:organization which formed on August 1, 1990 at the
326:was working to implement data connections over the
1679:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
1666:«Интернет в России». Специальный выпуск. Март 2009
1097:"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"
680:Russia has achieved notable progress in achieving
112:of "Russian" and "Internet"), is the part of the
4208:
1235:. Archived from the original on October 13, 2005
1175:
591:of former Soviet Republics began to occur (e.g.
392:in the later 80s. Meanwhile, on April 1, 1984 a
530:, vast telephone networks among them. With the
692:However, Russia still faces challenges in the
514:domain, and was used to spread news about the
3817:
3417:
1994:
1442:—1992 study by Gordon Cook, a telecom analyst
970:In 2011 Rostelecom started implementation of
404:. There are reports of spontaneous Internet (
1957:"Russia eyes 90% broadband coverage in 2018"
606:In October 2007, then-Deputy Prime Minister
487:over a paid voice line. The construction of
1766:
1760:
579:By the mid-1990s, computer networks (where
553:node reportedly started in October 1990 in
311:was launched in 1972 to serve the needs of
3824:
3810:
3424:
3410:
2001:
1987:
418:Association for Progressive Communications
263:, by the 19th-century Russian philosopher
157:, with an average download speed of 75.91
1202:in IEEE Access, vol. 7, pp. 411-426, 2019
557:, and the USSR was included in FidoNet's
330:telephone protocol to form the USSR-wide
1823:
1821:
1621:Russia's New Leader: Fan of the Internet
890:
878:
727:The prominent Public Opinion Foundation
711:
687:UN International Telecommunication Union
603:connections for banks in the early 90s.
503:connections reportedly started in 1990.
427:
221:
71:
2654:Collective Security Treaty Organization
1381:
1348:
938:is almost ubiquitous. In year 2007 the
4209:
3431:
1792:
1271:
1190:
416:non-profit initiative by the US-based
3805:
3405:
2212:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
1982:
1827:
1818:
1640:Medvedev's video blog blog.kremlin.ru
833:
599:and others). Sovam Teleport provided
272:became known in the USSR by the 1950s
3831:
3351:Unified Sports Classification System
1946:, Mastertel. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
1853:
1767:MacFarquhar, Neil (28 August 2016).
303:users all over USSR were conducting
35:
2008:
1699:. AC&M-Consulting. 23 June 2011
1258:— Mosnews.com, 10.10.2005 (copy at
930:, which operates country's biggest
887:on the "Electronic Russia" in 2005.
830:: 4.6%, AKADO: 3.3%, Others: 22.9%
802:In September 2011, Russia overtook
491:was also going on at the time with
463:Kurchatov nuclear physics institute
13:
2649:Commonwealth of Independent States
1697:"Residential Broadband Statistics"
1451:
1384:"SOVIET COMPUTING: AN INSIDE VIEW"
1222:, EJC Media Landscapes, circa 2010
1205:
1053:Internet Exchange Points in Russia
942:company has constructed a massive
165:Internet access speed, with 22.83
14:
4228:
1793:Волчек, Дмитрий (21 March 2015).
1570:— FOM 23.03.2007, Population Poll
954:In October 2010, mobile operator
783:hosts in 2008 and 40.853 million
779:states there were 10.382 million
400:was made in the English-speaking
260:The Year 4338: Petersburg Letters
218:History of the Internet in Russia
4190:
4181:
4180:
1828:Toler, Aric (19 November 2014).
1032:
1018:
518:worldwide while coupers through
40:
1949:
1930:
1919:
1910:
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1882:
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1847:
1786:
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1689:
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1530:
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1490:
1464:
1445:
1426:
1408:
1375:
1342:
1326:
1296:
1285:
883:Government officials report to
665:According to statistics of the
367:San Francisco Moscow Teleport (
4148:British Indian Ocean Territory
1265:
1225:
1161:
1137:
1113:
1089:
855:), initially had an office in
618:, which dealt with the use of
476:, named after the Soviet-made
396:hoax about "Kremlin computer"
236:
1:
2559:Political abuse of psychiatry
1721:. comScore. 14 November 2011.
1171:. comScore. 14 November 2011.
1083:
1073:List of Russian IT developers
1058:Internet censorship in Russia
707:
549:Meanwhile, the first Russian
532:transformation of the economy
423:
188:Russians are strong users of
3204:Traditions and superstitions
1854:Chen, Adrian (3 June 2015).
1735:. ComNews. 30 November 2011.
1382:Markoff, John (1989-03-25).
1349:Markoff, John (1989-02-19).
1145:"The Crisis of Social Media"
1048:Telecommunications in Russia
949:Winter Olympic Games in 2014
540:telecommunication industries
229:signboard filmed in 1988 by
204:has also been long popular.
7:
2870:Water supply and sanitation
1916:Broadband Russia Newslatter
1860:The New York Times Magazine
1796:Безумие кремлевских троллей
1011:
914:Plenty of local commercial
874:
656:Russian Federation passport
570:National Science Foundation
516:Soviet coup attempt of 1991
10:
4233:
1898:— Golden Telecom reference
1596:report summary, 24.11.2006
215:
211:
24:
17:
4176:
4135:
4095:
3837:
3783:
3735:
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2715:
2706:
2459:
2450:
2258:
2249:
2184:
2026:
2017:
1272:Бурцев, Всеволод (2002).
1252:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
905:post-Soviet telecom basis
852:
650:Since 2009, the website "
318:From the early 1980s the
99:
27:Russian-language Internet
3897:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
2644:Prime Minister of Russia
1795:
1274:
25:Not to be confused with
4158:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3082:Social entrepreneurship
2971:Forced public apologies
2906:Anti-American sentiment
1937:"Leasing of Dark Fiber"
1502:— ALT Linux, 15/06/2009
499:since the early 1980s.
257:. An 1837 sci-fi novel
3482:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2830:Social security system
2813:Science and technology
2479:Classified information
2305:Central Russian Upland
1611:— Rukv.ru, March, 2008
1125:Speedtest Global Index
990:). The second branch (
896:
888:
885:Russian Internet Forum
747:On April 3, 2008, the
724:
610:announced that all of
542:grew quickly, various
437:
233:
200:are the most popular.
84:
20:Runet (disambiguation)
3291:Russian tsars regalia
2624:Intelligence agencies
2347:Great Russian Regions
2091:Expansion (1500-1800)
1333:"Slow Scan to Moscow"
894:
882:
853:Интернет исследования
715:
645:anti-Russia sanctions
431:
350:headed by biochemist
225:
75:
4072:United Arab Emirates
3358:World Heritage sites
2735:Droughts and famines
2288:Environmental issues
2036:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1961:www.telecompaper.com
1889:What is Golden WiFi?
1834:Global Voices Online
1211:Natalya Krasnoboka,
751:-2008 was opened by
524:the fall of the USSR
436:on November 10, 2005
18:For other uses, see
4099:limited recognition
3698:States with limited
3209:Forms of addressing
2818:Academy of Sciences
2775:Financial districts
2639:President of Russia
2564:Political divisions
2524:Freedom of assembly
2406:West Siberian Plain
2152:Great Patriotic War
2113:February Revolution
1335:, Adam Hochschild,
1323:magazine №45, 2001.
903:was created on the
899:Back in the 1990s,
787:in 2010 in Russia.
568:In March 1991, the
485:Helsinki University
434:Kurchatov Institute
116:that is related to
100:российский Интернет
31:Runet (terminology)
4217:Internet in Russia
3433:Internet in Europe
3259:Russian given name
2845:Telecommunications
2795:Petroleum industry
2659:State of emergency
2504:Far-right politics
2469:Capital punishment
2315:Meshchera Lowlands
2169:Russian Federation
2125:October Revolution
1942:2018-09-19 at the
1894:2017-11-04 at the
1773:The New York Times
1649:2009-05-03 at the
1625:The New York Times
1588:2007-09-30 at the
1566:2007-09-30 at the
1479:2009-02-27 at the
1438:2007-09-28 at the
1388:The New York Times
1355:The New York Times
1315:2013-09-25 at the
1218:2018-03-20 at the
897:
889:
865:Trolls from Olgino
834:Debate in the West
777:CIA World Factbook
725:
700:and lowest in the
660:Russian population
626:in the schools of
585:Post-Soviet states
528:Russian Federation
438:
387:(Soviet-American)
365:Also, in 1983 the
299:. In the meantime
270:Computing systems
234:
88:Internet in Russia
85:
4204:
4203:
4141:other territories
3799:
3798:
3399:
3398:
3366:
3365:
2946:Domestic violence
2878:
2877:
2800:Russian oligarchs
2725:Aircraft industry
2702:
2701:
2679:Mass surveillance
2669:Search and rescue
2634:Political parties
2514:Foreign relations
2446:
2445:
2245:
2244:
2237:Historical cities
2096:Tsardom of Russia
1668:— FOM, 22.06.2009
1068:Russian Knowledge
612:schools in Russia
446:computer networks
265:Vladimir Odoevsky
79:logo at the 2009
70:
69:
4224:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4153:Christmas Island
3839:Sovereign states
3832:Internet in Asia
3826:
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3803:
3802:
3736:Dependencies and
3440:Sovereign states
3426:
3419:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3379:
3326:Russian language
3269:National symbols
2889:
2888:
2808:
2765:Fishing industry
2755:Economic regions
2750:Defence industry
2713:
2712:
2457:
2456:
2411:Russian Far East
2310:Northwest Russia
2268:Cities and towns
2256:
2255:
2118:Russian Republic
2024:
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2003:
1996:
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1980:
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1627:, April 14, 2008
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861:Saint Petersburg
854:
797:Saint-Petersburg
733:TNS Gallup Media
702:Chechen republic
667:European Council
620:illegal software
348:Soviet Republics
313:Russian Railways
194:Odnoklassniki.ru
101:
92:Russian Internet
65:
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56:
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3717:Northern Cyprus
3699:
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3614:North Macedonia
3435:
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3321:Public holidays
3316:Political jokes
3301:Personification
3254:Names of Russia
3123:
3042:Life expectancy
2874:
2806:
2698:
2549:Law enforcement
2442:
2428:Protected areas
2325:Smolensk Upland
2320:Oka–Don Lowland
2300:European Russia
2241:
2180:
2066:Mongol invasion
2013:
2007:
1976:
1974:
1965:
1963:
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1944:Wayback Machine
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1517:broadcasting.ru
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1487:.Ru, 03/12/2007
1481:Wayback Machine
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1026:Internet portal
1024:
1017:
1014:
877:
836:
757:Dmitry Medvedev
753:president-elect
717:Dmitry Medvedev
710:
608:Dmitry Medvedev
572:began to allow
426:
352:Anatoly Klyosov
284:missile defense
282:) on automated
239:
231:Anatole Klyosov
220:
214:
208:is widespread.
190:social networks
169:. According to
152:Internet access
149:fixed broadband
66:
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3791:European Union
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3784:Other entities
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3738:other entities
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3689:United Kingdom
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2835:Space industry
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2674:Urban planning
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2418:North Caucasus
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2352:Highest points
2349:
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2295:Extreme points
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2108:Russian Empire
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2015:
2014:
2012: articles
2006:
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1991:
1983:
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1948:
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1918:
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1803:(in Russian).
1785:
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1724:
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1688:
1685:. 16 May 2023.
1670:
1655:
1629:
1623:— The Lede at
1613:
1598:
1572:
1553:
1529:
1504:
1489:
1463:
1452:Farber, Dave.
1444:
1425:
1407:
1374:
1341:
1339:, 1 June 1986.
1325:
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1043:
1029:
1013:
1010:
940:Golden Telecom
876:
873:
845:New York Times
835:
832:
785:Internet users
709:
706:
694:digital divide
675:European Union
616:Ponosov's Case
425:
422:
376:slowscan video
280:Sergei Lebedev
238:
235:
216:Main article:
213:
210:
163:mobile network
161:, and 88th by
68:
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9:
6:
4:
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2:
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4122:South Ossetia
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
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4100:
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301:amateur radio
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293:Lake Balkhash
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4137:Dependencies
4067:Turkmenistan
4032:Saudi Arabia
4026:
3727:Transnistria
3638:
3279:Coat of arms
3239:Martial arts
3223:
3147:Army culture
3137:Architecture
3107:Witch trials
3062:Prostitution
3008:Human rights
2941:Demographics
2855:Trade unions
2825:Shipbuilding
2785:Homelessness
2745:Central Bank
2740:Car industry
2579:Conservatism
2489:Constitution
2484:Conscription
2157:Eastern Bloc
2147:Soviet Union
2140:Russian SFSR
2070:Feudal Rus'
1975:
1964:. Retrieved
1960:
1951:
1932:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1884:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1856:"The Agency"
1849:
1837:. Retrieved
1808:. Retrieved
1800:
1788:
1776:. Retrieved
1772:
1762:
1727:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1691:
1682:
1673:
1663:(in Russian)
1658:
1637:(in Russian)
1632:
1616:
1606:(in Russian)
1601:
1580:(in Russian)
1575:
1556:
1545:. Retrieved
1541:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1516:
1507:
1497:(in Russian)
1492:
1471:(in Russian)
1466:
1458:seclists.org
1457:
1447:
1428:
1419:
1410:
1399:. Retrieved
1387:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1354:
1344:
1337:Mother Jones
1336:
1328:
1303:(in Russian)
1298:
1287:
1267:
1237:. Retrieved
1227:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1163:
1152:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1128:. Retrieved
1124:
1115:
1104:. Retrieved
1100:
1091:
1007:
1004:
980:
969:
953:
928:Transtelecom
926:-affiliated
913:
910:
898:
837:
828:TransTelekom
808:
801:
789:
775:
772:
761:
746:
736:
732:
728:
726:
719:opening the
691:
679:
664:
649:
636:Tomsk Oblast
605:
596:
592:
588:
578:
574:Eastern Bloc
567:
558:
548:
505:
473:
456:
442:analog modem
439:
413:
388:
384:
366:
364:
321:
317:
308:
269:
258:
240:
187:
146:
103:
91:
87:
86:
58:
50:
15:
4196:Asia portal
4097:States with
4017:Philippines
3957:South Korea
3952:North Korea
3847:Afghanistan
3765:Isle of Man
3700:recognition
3674:Switzerland
3609:Netherlands
3331:tea culture
3184:Fairy tales
3047:Open access
3020:Immigration
2981:Gun control
2720:Agriculture
2689:Term limits
2599:Martial law
2594:Nationalism
2589:Irredentism
2584:Imperialism
2367:Caspian Sea
2283:Environment
2278:Earthquakes
2174:Union State
2162:Dissolution
2061:Kievan Rus'
2051:Early Slavs
1683:www.cia.gov
1522:16 November
1485:LinuxCenter
1420:ibiblio.org
1308:— expanded
1260:Archive.org
1101:www.cia.gov
768:LiveJournal
641:Astra Linux
555:Novosibirsk
471:cooperative
297:Sary Shagan
278:(headed by
237:Early years
202:LiveJournal
192:, of which
110:portmanteau
81:Runet Prize
4077:Uzbekistan
4052:Tajikistan
3967:Kyrgyzstan
3947:Kazakhstan
3867:Bangladesh
3857:Azerbaijan
3644:San Marino
3604:Montenegro
3584:Luxembourg
3564:Kazakhstan
3467:Azerbaijan
3336:Television
3311:Philosophy
3244:Mass media
3234:Literature
3229:Inventions
2991:Healthcare
2926:Corruption
2916:Censorship
2807:(currency)
2684:Separatism
2629:Opposition
2614:Neo-Nazism
2604:Monarchism
2574:Liberalism
2569:Propaganda
2529:Government
2396:North Asia
2197:Journalism
2056:East Slavs
2046:Sarmatians
1966:2017-10-03
1750:|url=
1547:2017-10-02
1542:World Bank
1401:2024-05-16
1368:2024-05-16
1239:2007-09-18
1154:2020-09-19
1130:2020-09-19
1106:2018-01-03
1084:References
992:Khabarovsk
984:Khabarovsk
920:Rostelecom
901:Rostelecom
816:ER-Telecom
812:Rostelecom
764:video blog
755:of Russia
708:Population
546:appeared.
424:Mass usage
394:Fool's Day
247:journalism
136:, mobile,
61:April 2022
4163:Hong Kong
4117:Palestine
4042:Sri Lanka
4037:Singapore
3917:Indonesia
3755:Gibraltar
3579:Lithuania
3194:Festivals
3087:Sociology
3037:Languages
2956:Education
2860:Transport
2694:Terrorism
2539:Judiciary
2533:Apparatus
2499:Elections
2464:Anarchism
2438:Far North
2389:Volcanoes
2374:Mountains
2251:Geography
2130:Civil war
2041:Scythians
1778:29 August
1396:0362-4331
1363:0362-4331
1078:Academset
996:Frankfurt
988:Stockholm
822:: 10.1%,
820:VimpelCom
818:: 11.1%,
814:: 38.6%,
742:squatters
682:broadband
652:Gosuslugi
632:Tatarstan
628:Perm Krai
559:Region 50
489:Academset
481:Unix-like
332:Academset
295:known as
251:telegraph
198:VKontakte
142:satellite
4211:Category
4186:Category
4107:Abkhazia
4057:Thailand
4012:Pakistan
3992:Mongolia
3987:Maldives
3982:Malaysia
3882:Cambodia
3775:Svalbard
3760:Guernsey
3707:Abkhazia
3659:Slovenia
3654:Slovakia
3629:Portugal
3487:Bulgaria
3386:Category
3264:Nobility
3224:Internet
3219:Heraldry
3214:Graffiti
3199:Folklore
3142:Armorial
3072:Religion
3057:Polygamy
2996:HIV/AIDS
2976:Funerals
2966:Feminism
2936:Deafness
2921:Citizens
2911:Cannabis
2896:Abortion
2840:Taxation
2780:Gambling
2770:Forestry
2619:Military
2452:Politics
2433:Wildlife
2379:Caucasus
2342:Glaciers
2222:Military
2207:Internet
2185:By topic
2079:Vladimir
2074:Novgorod
2028:Timeline
1940:Archived
1892:Archived
1810:21 March
1741:cite web
1647:Archived
1586:Archived
1564:Archived
1477:Archived
1436:Archived
1313:Archived
1279:(журнал)
1248:cite web
1216:Archived
1012:See also
1000:Nakhodka
976:Dagestan
924:railways
922:and the
875:Backbone
826:: 9.4%,
781:Internet
389:Teleport
380:Bob Gale
138:wireless
114:Internet
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3997:Myanmar
3977:Lebanon
3907:Georgia
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3852:Armenia
3684:Ukraine
3634:Romania
3594:Moldova
3552:Ireland
3547:Iceland
3542:Hungary
3532:Germany
3527:Georgia
3517:Finland
3512:Estonia
3507:Denmark
3492:Croatia
3477:Belgium
3472:Belarus
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3452:Andorra
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3377:Outline
3189:Fashion
3179:Fashion
3167:Cuisine
3129:Culture
3117:in army
3102:Wedding
3097:Suicide
3092:Smoking
3077:Slavery
3052:Orphans
3025:Illegal
2901:Alcohol
2884:Society
2850:Tourism
2730:Banking
2708:Economy
2553:Prisons
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2273:Climate
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2192:Economy
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