280:
188:
present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever" from "any ... foreign State" unless
Congress consents. U.S. Const, art. I, § 9, cl. 8 (emphasis added). ... The decision whether to permit exceptions that qualify the Clause's absolute prohibition or that temper any harshness it may cause is textually committed to Congress, which may give consent to the acceptance of offices or emoluments otherwise barred by the Clause.
417:, this requires advance approval from the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the relevant branch of the Armed Services. Retired military officers have voiced concerns through the Retired Officers Association that applying the clause to them but not to retired civil service members is not an equal application of the clause, and therefore unconstitutional.
552:
Liberties," an attempt to imitate the titles of the
British monarch: "By the Grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, Prince-Elector of Hannover, Duke of Brunswick" and the French monarch: "By the Grace of God, Most Christian King of France and Navarre." Some senators favored "His Elective Majesty" or "His
210:
because such a setup would allow the entity to "in effect be a conduit for that government", and so the government official would be exposed to possible "undue influence and corruption by foreign government." The
Department of Defense has expressly held that "this same rationale applies to distributions from limited liability corporations."
314:'s administration. Tillman also wrote that "In order to ensure against ethical conflicts, both real and perceived, Trump should place his interests in those holdings beyond his personal control, i.e., into an independently managed blind trust. Such a move would be wise and consistent with America's best political traditions and practices."
447:
Congress has also consented in advance to the receipt from foreign governments by officials of the United States government (including military personnel) of a variety of gifts, subject to a variety of conditions, in the
Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act and section 108A of the Mutual Educational and
187:
he language of the
Emoluments Clause is both sweeping and unqualified. See 49 Comp. Gen. 819, 821 (1970) (the "drafters intended the prohibition to have the broadest possible scope and applicability"). It prohibits those holding offices of profit or trust under the United States from accepting "any
109:
stated, "One of the weak sides of republics, among their numerous advantages, is that they afford too easy an inlet to foreign corruption." Therefore, to counter this "foreign corruption" the delegates at the
Constitutional Convention worded the clause in such a way as to act as a catch-all for any
504:
Dignities and high sounding names have different effects on different beholders. The lustre of the Star and the title of My Lord, over-awe the superstitious vulgar, and forbid them to inquire into the character of the possessor: Nay more, they are, as it were, bewitched to admire in the great, the
155:
According to Lee, the true purpose of the clause was merely to protect popular tradition: "The fact appears to be, that the people in forming the confederation, and the convention ... acted naturally; they did not leave the point to be settled by general principles and logical inferences; but
629:
for ratification. On two occasions between 1812 and 1816 it was within two states of the number needed to become a valid part of the
Constitution. As Congress did not set a time limit for its ratification, the amendment is still technically pending before the states. Currently, ratification by an
551:
called the senators' attention to this pressing procedural matter. Most senators were averse to calling the president anything that resembled the titles of
European monarchs, yet John Adams proceeded to recommend the title: "His Highness, the President of the United States, and Protector of their
612:
introduced a
Constitutional amendment expanding upon this clause's ban on titles of nobility. Under the terms of this amendment any United States citizen who accepted, claimed, received or retained any title of nobility from a foreign government would be stripped of their U.S. citizenship. After
192:
The word "emolument" has a broad meaning. At the time of the
Founding, it meant "profit", "benefit", or "advantage" of any kind. Because of the "sweeping and unqualified" nature of the constitutional prohibition, and in light of the more sophisticated understanding of conflicts of interest that
564:, declared that the European titles were ill-suited for the "genius of the people" and "the nature of our Government". Washington became completely embarrassed with the topic and so the senators dropped it. From then on the president would simply be called the President of the United States or
529:
groundless and absurd, but often hurtful to that Posterity, since it is apt to make them proud, disdaining to be employ'd in useful Arts, and thence falling into Poverty, and all the Meannesses, Servility, and Wretchedness attending it; which is the present case with much of what is called the
209:
has advised, the Constitution is violated when the holder of an "Office of Profit or Trust", like the President, receives money from a partnership or similar entity in which he has a stake, and the amount he receives is "a function of the amount paid to the by the foreign government." This is
113:
The Foreign Emoluments Clause is constitutionally unique in other respects. First, it is a "negative" clause—a restriction prohibiting the passage of legislation for a particular purpose. Such restrictions are unusual in that the Constitution has been historically interpreted to reflect
172:
rule to prevent influence by a foreign power. At the Virginia Ratifying Convention, Edmund Randolph, a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, identified the Clause as a key "provision against the danger ... of the president receiving emoluments from foreign powers."
151:. But this clause was in the confederation, and is said to be introduced into the constitution from very great caution. Even a cautionary provision implies a doubt, at least, that it is necessary; and if so in this case, clearly it is also alike necessary in all similar ones.
90:
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign
484:"received money from the Russian government during a trip he took to Moscow in 2015" while he was a government official. According to the officials, there was no record that Flynn has "filed the required paperwork for the trip", as required by the Emoluments Clause.
727:
The post-ratification "correct Copy" of the Constitution included by Childs and Swaine, "Printers to the United States," in their 1789 session laws volume omits the comma after "title," but the three most important pre-ratification versions all contain it.
413:(but which have never been tested in court) retired military personnel are forbidden from receiving employment, consulting fees, gifts, travel expenses, honoraria, or salary from foreign governments without prior consent from Congress. Per section 908 of
148:
or imply, that were it omitted, congress would have the power in question, either upon the principle that some general words in the constitution may be so construed as to give it, or on the principle that congress possesses the powers not expressly
243:
that he had received as a gift from a French diplomat who had been his aide during the American war of independence. However, nothing is known about Washington's motivations, or whether he considered the emoluments clause to apply to either gift.
1528:
505:
vices they would honestly condemn in themselves. This sacrifice of common sense is the certain badge which distinguishes slavery from freedom; for when men yield up the privilege of thinking, the last shadow of liberty quits the horizon.
521:, that is, it is achieved through hard work during a person's lifetime, it is good because it encourages the title holder's posterity to aspire to achieve the same or greater title; however, Franklin commented, that if a title is
100:
The Framers' intentions for this clause were twofold: to prevent a society of nobility from being established in the United States, and to protect the republican forms of government from being influenced by other governments. In
69:, it was designed to shield the federal officeholders of the United States against so-called "corrupting foreign influences". The clause is reinforced by the corresponding prohibition on state titles of nobility in
317:
After China provisionally granted 38 "Trump" trademarks in March 2017, Democratic senators protested Trump's acceptance of the trademarks without congressional approval. In December 2018, there were reports of
1129:
1479:
1354:
2700:
893:
247:
Post-Washington Presidents have traditionally sought permission from Congress to keep gifts. Absent permission, the President will deposit the object with the Department of State. For example,
2390:
1480:"Dwight David Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States | Presidents of the United States | Arms of Famous Americans | Heraldry in the USA | American Heraldry Society"
2208:
2715:
2145:
78:
2665:
375:
vacating lower court decisions that went against Trump, because he was no longer in office. The court's decision effectively ended all litigation against Trump on the emoluments issue.
352:
2246:
2513:
251:
sought permission from Congress to keep a gold medal presented by Simon Bolivar; Congress refused to grant consent, and so Jackson deposited the medal with the Department of State.
30:
126:. However, neither an express nor implied positive grant of authority exists as a balance against the restrictions imposed by the clause. For this reason, the clause was cited by
2615:
1407:
2385:
981:
3332:
1349:
379:
1157:
3347:
2685:
2218:
2102:
1902:
1834:
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2088:
1231:
2866:
2073:
2063:
2705:
2083:
2078:
2068:
2058:
1013:
2038:
1340:
2048:
2043:
2012:
2007:
452:. Under these rules numerous foreign decorations have been awarded to American military and civilian personnel, such as for diplomatic service or during the
2053:
2033:
2017:
386:
report detailing over $ 7.8 million in payments from foreign governments to Trump-owned businesses. After Republicans took control of the House in the
2610:
1984:
330:
2861:
1989:
1953:
496:
and the Framers of the Constitution. Some felt that titles of nobility had no place in an equal and just society because they clouded people's judgment.
302:, especially with respect to government agencies in other countries, may fall within the clause's scope, but Irish law lecturer Seth Barrett Tillman, of
3368:
3265:
2695:
2590:
1958:
1938:
1928:
279:
2400:
1968:
1963:
1948:
1943:
1933:
1923:
790:
1115:
Message From The President Of The United States To The Two Houses Of Congress At The Commencement Of The First Session Of The Twenty-Third Congress
2791:
1892:
1872:
1827:
1096:
3276:
1882:
1877:
341:, filed a lawsuit against Trump alleging violations of the clause, including the acceptance of the Chinese trademarks. One of these lawsuits,
2645:
1887:
1867:
1862:
26:
1259:
3083:
2135:
1742:
1553:
2796:
2595:
1789:
146:
Why then by a negative clause, restrain congress from doing what it would have no power to do? This clause, then, must have no meaning,
2331:
1857:
1820:
1422:
982:"Applicability of the Emoluments Clause and the Foreign Gifts and Decorations Act To The President's Receipt of the Nobel Peace Prize"
2570:
2540:
2326:
2291:
2271:
2575:
988:
403:
2786:
38:
1313:
859:"Empire and Nation: Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson). Letters from the Federal Farmer (Richard Henry Lee)"
837:"Empire and Nation: Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania (John Dickinson). Letters from the Federal Farmer (Richard Henry Lee)"
2876:
2545:
2423:
1070:
618:
561:
2560:
1281:
3098:
2188:
2183:
2110:
1191:
310:, has written that the restriction may not apply to the president, based upon his reading of possible exceptions made during
420:
In 1942, Congress authorized members of the armed forces to accept any "decorations, orders, medals and emblems" offered by
3311:
2831:
2625:
1737:
1380:
3207:
2826:
2418:
177:
1020:
2463:
1511:
513:. Many Americans connected titles with the corruption that they had experienced from Great Britain, while others, like
414:
372:
156:
they settle the point in a few words, and all who read them at once understand them." It was argued, therefore, that a
2806:
2168:
1843:
1625:
1496:
772:
713:
626:
576:
3306:
2650:
2655:
2640:
1459:
955:
683:
509:
He felt that titles blinded people from seeing the true character of a person by providing titled individuals a
235:, as "a tribute Which I owe as A Son to My Adoptive father." After leaving office, Washington also took home to
3062:
1761:
449:
287:
detailing over $ 7.8 million in payments made by foreign governments to Donald Trump during his presidency
118:
capacities. Moreover, it is a negative clause without a positive converse. A common example of this is how the
655:
2836:
2776:
2365:
556:" (the latter of which would become the standard form of address for elected presidents of later republics).
3326:
3124:
2555:
2428:
2233:
2115:
1915:
595:
387:
157:
131:
3340:
3244:
3202:
3197:
2600:
2286:
2251:
601:
74:
3294:
2741:
2710:
2433:
2198:
2193:
1446:
1418:
819:), Letter III (October 10, 1787) ed. Forrest McDonald (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund 1999) (Accessed from
407:
363:
34:
3042:
2922:
2453:
2276:
2153:
1999:
1641:
1577:. Patriots' Edition. 10 vols. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Thomas Paine National Historical Association, 1925.
284:
1014:"White Paper: Application of the Emoluments Clause to DoD Civilian Employees and Military Personnel"
3011:
2881:
2745:
2605:
2524:
2370:
2360:
2228:
1045:
605:
572:
264:
139:
110:
attempts by foreign governments to influence state or municipal policies through gifts or titles.
2801:
2749:
2675:
2503:
2380:
2375:
2311:
2281:
2223:
687:
571:
Under the rules of etiquette, the President, Vice President, members of both houses of Congress,
465:
410:
206:
180:
123:
1658:
2964:
2483:
2408:
2355:
2306:
2130:
421:
323:
268:
160:
was needed to safeguard against the expansion of federal power beyond such limited purpose(s).
62:
1805:
1780:
1232:"Saudi regime used veterans group to dump hundreds of thousands into Trump's business: report"
920:
734:
3171:
2550:
2518:
2349:
2178:
2125:
1574:
1286:
1162:
565:
441:
223:
Foreign states often present the President of the United States with gifts. While President,
142:, which would inevitably "give many general undefined powers to congress" if left unchecked.
1677:
114:
specific (i.e., "positive") sources of power, relinquished by the states in their otherwise
3316:
2871:
2585:
2580:
2535:
2508:
2458:
2203:
614:
544:
429:
232:
198:
8:
3299:
3088:
2816:
2680:
2468:
2413:
2316:
2173:
1591:
1341:
White House for Sale: How Princes, Prime Ministers, and Premiers Paid Off President Trump
1167:
493:
480:
has reported that, according to two defense officials, the Army is investigating whether
384:
White House for Sale: How Princes, Prime Ministers, and Premiers Paid Off President Trump
343:
303:
1587:
735:"How Different Are the Early Versions of the United States Constitution? An Examination"
432:
accepted a number of titles and awards pursuant to this authorization after the fall of
3001:
2985:
2846:
2660:
2635:
2620:
2530:
2498:
2488:
2448:
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1385:
1134:
761:
660:
476:
292:
106:
3321:
3067:
3052:
3032:
2906:
2781:
2760:
2732:
2336:
2163:
1801:
1776:
1621:
1291:
1205:
1097:"Emoluments Clause: Could Overturning 185 Years of Precedent Let Trump Off the Hook?"
914:
816:
797:
768:
631:
514:
311:
263:, for which they received congressional authorization either to transfer them to the
224:
138:
warned that such distinctions were inherently dangerous under accepted principles of
135:
102:
1812:
656:"US Constitution Annotated Article I. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT Section IX Clause VIII"
168:
The prohibition against officers receiving a present or emolument is essentially an
2943:
2690:
2565:
2493:
2478:
2213:
2158:
2120:
1588:"Restoring Nobility to the Constitution: A Modern Approach to a Founding Principle"
1515:
1455:
1201:
651:
481:
390:, the committee stopped requesting financial records from Trump's accounting firm,
252:
1616:
Divine, Robert A.; Breen, T. H.; Fredrickson, George M.; Williams, R. Hal (2003).
3228:
3176:
3057:
3016:
2927:
2851:
2755:
2737:
2473:
2443:
2301:
1549:
1500:
525:, that is, it is passed down from the title holder to his posterity, then it is:
338:
295:
127:
119:
70:
54:
3166:
3145:
3129:
3093:
3037:
3006:
2821:
1192:"China provisionally grants Trump 38 trademarks – including for escort service"
898:
810:
583:
368:
348:
260:
248:
940:
858:
836:
820:
709:"Text P. The Parchment Signed by the Delegates to the Philadelphia Convention"
3362:
3271:
3192:
3150:
3119:
3047:
2969:
2841:
2811:
2727:
2630:
2341:
2296:
1381:"Trump Received Millions From Foreign Governments as President, Report Finds"
1209:
803:
557:
357:
298:
has argued that the extensive business and real estate dealings of President
194:
1196:
497:
469:
433:
425:
319:
299:
236:
941:"Applicability of the Emoluments Clause to Non-Government Members of ACUS"
3223:
3103:
1606:. Edited by Albert Henry Smyth. 10 vols. New York: Macmillan Co., 1905–7.
1158:"The Emoluments Clause – is Donald Trump violating its letter or spirit?"
756:
453:
202:
169:
115:
1130:"Constitutional Restrictions on Foreign Gifts Don't Apply to Presidents"
517:, did not have as negative a view of titles. He felt that if a title is
197:
presidency, most modern presidents have chosen to eliminate any risk of
2948:
1552:; Rosenberg, Matthew; Apuzzo, Matt; Thrush, Glenn (February 13, 2017).
1463:
553:
548:
334:
256:
394:, leading the report to assume that additional payments had occurred.
326:, such as his hotels, that may be in breach of the Emoluments Clause.
2856:
1236:
568:, drawing a sharp distinction between American and European customs.
240:
50:
122:
represents the positive converse to the restrictions imposed by the
609:
457:
353:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
228:
58:
42:
1260:"Donald Trump's Chinese Trademarks Now Part of Emoluments Lawsuit"
283:
The January 2024 report released by the Democratic members of the
2891:
2321:
630:
additional 26 states would be necessary for this amendment to be
437:
402:
Under interpretations of the Emoluments Clause elaborated by the
307:
45:, and restricts members of the federal government from receiving
1725:. Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government. p. 65.
1659:"General Debate of the 69th Session of the UN General Assembly"
987:. Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel. Archived from
708:
391:
1615:
1548:
1529:"Donald Trump awarded Saudi Arabia's highest civilian honour"
461:
1723:
The Constitution of the United States and Amendments Thereto
894:"Trump's Foreign Business Ties May Violate the Constitution"
1046:"Letter To George Washington From Lafayette, 17 March 1790"
916:
Debates and Other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia
428:
or up to one year following its conclusion. Notably, Gen.
46:
1620:. Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers Inc. p. 197.
1467:
1318:
621:
on May 1, 1810, by a vote of 87–3, the amendment, titled
1282:"Supreme Court Denies Certiorari in Blumenthal v. Trump"
1762:"The Foreign Emoluments Clause and the Chief Executive"
1314:"Supreme Court dismisses emolument cases against Trump"
201:
that may arise by choosing to vest their assets into a
1415:
U.S. Department of Defense Standards of Conduct Office
547:
dealt with was the title of president. Vice President
291:
American politician and associate professor of law at
1842:
579:, and mayors are accorded the title "The Honorable".
492:
The issue of titles was of serious importance to the
1554:"Michael Flynn Resigns as National Security Adviser"
331:
Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington
1720:
1400:
472:, a decoration frequently given to heads of state.
322:indirectly funneling funds to Donald Trump through
3266:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
1447:
760:
380:US House Committee on Oversight and Accountability
1186:
1184:
582:Internationally, the President is referred to as
3360:
943:. Department of Justice Office of Legal Counsel.
500:, in a criticism on nobility in general, wrote:
267:or to auction them with proceeds vesting to the
1350:House Committee on Oversight and Accountability
589:
3277:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
1181:
1088:
934:
932:
930:
448:Cultural Exchange Act, otherwise known as the
1828:
617:on April 27, 1810, by a vote of 19–5 and the
1743:National Archives and Records Administration
1735:
1544:
1542:
1117:. Gales & Seaton. 1833. pp. 258–59.
1019:. U.S. Department of Defense. Archived from
649:
1794:Northwestern University Law Review Colloquy
1738:"Unratified Amendments: Titles of Nobility"
1408:"SUMMARY OF EMOLUMENTS CLAUSE RESTRICTIONS"
1251:
1128:Tillman, Seth Barrett (November 18, 2016).
927:
851:
821:http://oll.libertyfund.org/title/690/102315
378:In January 2024, Democratic members of the
1835:
1821:
1678:"The Move to 'Restore' the 13th Amendment"
1378:
956:"'Emolument' in Blackstone's Commentaries"
3369:Clauses of the United States Constitution
1539:
938:
912:
831:
829:
3333:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
1787:
1669:
1311:
1156:Adler, Jonathan H. (November 21, 2016).
891:
887:
885:
883:
881:
466:Collar of the Order of Abdulaziz Al Saud
404:Comptroller General of the United States
278:
227:received a painting of, and key to, the
218:
1634:
1280:Adler, Jonathan H. (October 13, 2020).
1257:
1229:
1127:
1121:
953:
333:, including former White House lawyers
274:
124:Dormant (or "Negative") Commerce Clause
3361:
1759:
1050:National Archives: The Founders Online
979:
939:Dellinger, Walter (October 28, 1993).
892:Teachout, Zephyr (November 17, 2016).
826:
763:The Heritage Guide to the Constitution
1816:
1675:
1526:
1312:de Vogue, Ariane (January 25, 2021).
1279:
1155:
1094:
878:
755:
681:
487:
163:
3312:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
1714:
1379:Broadwater, Luke (January 4, 2024).
1360:from the original on January 5, 2024
1095:Tofel, Richard (December 13, 2016).
732:
538:
3300:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
2827:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
397:
13:
2391:Drafting and ratification timeline
2136:District of Columbia Voting Rights
1753:
1571:The Life and Works of Thomas Paine
1452:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
1230:Fenwick, Cody (December 7, 2018).
980:Barron, David (December 7, 2009).
415:title 37 of the United States Code
14:
3380:
1844:Constitution of the United States
1736:Jessie Kratz (January 30, 2020).
1721:James J. Kilpatrick, ed. (1961).
1604:The Writings of Benjamin Franklin
1527:Wilts, Alexandra (May 20, 2017).
714:Constitution of the United States
543:One of the first issues that the
53:, offices or titles from foreign
2247:Convention to propose amendments
1790:"Gifts, Offices, and Corruption"
1258:Gardner, Eric (April 18, 2017).
684:"Essay on the Emoluments Clause"
130:who supported the adoption of a
16:Provision of the US Constitution
1729:
1701:
1688:
1651:
1609:
1597:
1580:
1564:
1520:
1505:
1490:
1472:
1440:
1372:
1333:
1305:
1273:
1223:
1149:
1107:
1063:
1038:
1006:
973:
947:
812:Letters From The Federal Farmer
440:highest order of chivalry, the
213:
2862:Separation of church and state
1676:Adler, Jerry (July 26, 2010).
954:Mikhail, John (May 28, 2017).
906:
781:
749:
701:
675:
643:
1:
2366:Virginia Ratifying Convention
1594:. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
1586:Greendorfer, Marc A. (2015).
637:
3327:National Constitution Center
3125:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
2424:Assemble and Petition Clause
596:Titles of Nobility Amendment
590:Titles of Nobility Amendment
464:and Trump both received the
436:, including a knighthood in
371:on January 25, 2021, by the
73:, and more generally by the
7:
3198:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
2252:State ratifying conventions
2189:Equal Opportunity to Govern
2184:Electoral College abolition
2111:Congressional Apportionment
1353:(Report). January 4, 2024.
865:. Online Library of Liberty
839:. Online Library of Liberty
602:Democratic–Republican
75:Republican Guarantee Clause
61:without the consent of the
10:
3385:
1419:U.S. Department of Defense
593:
450:Fulbright–Hays Act of 1961
408:U.S. Department of Justice
364:D.C. and Maryland v. Trump
95:
35:United States Constitution
3285:
3257:
3237:
3216:
3185:
3159:
3138:
3112:
3076:
3025:
2994:
2978:
2957:
2936:
2915:
2899:
2890:
2769:
2651:Privileges and Immunities
2464:Congressional enforcement
2399:
2386:Rhode Island ratification
2277:Articles of Confederation
2264:
2242:
2219:Parental Rights amendment
2144:
2101:
2026:
1998:
1977:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1850:
1788:Teachout, Zephyr (2012).
1760:Grewal, Amandeep (2017).
1618:America, past and present
913:Robertson, David (1805).
285:House Oversight Committee
67:Titles of Nobility Clause
23:Foreign Emoluments Clause
2882:Unitary executive theory
2656:Privileges or Immunities
2371:New York Circular Letter
2361:Massachusetts Compromise
1575:William M. Van der Weyde
1484:www.americanheraldry.org
919:(2d. ed.). p.
619:House of Representatives
562:House of Representatives
494:American Revolutionaries
265:United States Government
259:received gifts from the
41:from granting titles of
2802:Dormant Commerce Clause
2646:Presidential succession
2381:Fayetteville Convention
2376:Hillsborough Convention
2312:Three-fifths Compromise
2292:Philadelphia Convention
2282:Mount Vernon Conference
2169:Campaign finance reform
688:The Heritage Foundation
411:Office of Legal Counsel
207:Office of Legal Counsel
181:Office of Legal Counsel
84:
2965:William Samuel Johnson
2837:Nondelegation doctrine
2409:Admission to the Union
2356:Anti-Federalist Papers
2307:Connecticut Compromise
767:. Regnery Publishing.
613:being approved by the
575:of states, members of
536:
507:
388:2022 midterm elections
355:. Two other lawsuits,
288:
269:United States Treasury
190:
153:
140:statutory construction
93:
63:United States Congress
3172:Richard Dobbs Spaight
2641:Presidential Electors
2616:Original Jurisdiction
2556:Full Faith and Credit
2429:Assistance of Counsel
2350:The Federalist Papers
2179:Crittenden Compromise
1287:The Volokh Conspiracy
1163:The Volokh Conspiracy
799:The Federalist No. 41
733:Huff, Philip (2017).
682:Delahunty, Robert J.
527:
502:
442:Order of the Elephant
424:during the course of
282:
219:Traditional treatment
185:
178:Department of Justice
144:
88:
79:Article IV, Section 4
71:Article I, Section 10
37:, that prohibits the
3341:A More Perfect Union
3317:Constitution Gardens
3238:Convention Secretary
2900:Convention President
2872:Symmetric federalism
2867:Separation of powers
2601:Necessary and Proper
2596:Natural-born citizen
2541:Freedom of the Press
2479:Copyright and Patent
2469:Contingent Elections
2287:Annapolis Convention
1769:Minnesota Law Review
1642:Too Many Honorables?
1348:Democratic Staff of
791:U.S. Const. amend. X
716:, Art. I, § 9, cl. 8
545:United States Senate
430:Dwight D. Eisenhower
367:, were dismissed as
275:Trump administration
233:Marquis de Lafayette
199:conflict of interest
193:developed after the
65:. Also known as the
3348:Worldwide influence
3089:Gunning Bedford Jr.
2817:Executive privilege
2797:Criminal sentencing
2720:Title of Nobility (
2711:Taxing and Spending
2611:Oath or Affirmation
2571:House Apportionment
2434:Case or Controversy
2317:Committee of Detail
2209:"Liberty" amendment
2174:Christian amendment
1592:University of Akron
1168:The Washington Post
994:on December 7, 2020
863:oll.libertyfund.org
347:, was dismissed on
344:Blumenthal v. Trump
304:Maynooth University
3002:William Livingston
2986:Alexander Hamilton
2792:Criminal procedure
2787:Constitutional law
2722:Foreign Emoluments
2686:State of the Union
2671:Self-Incrimination
2661:Recess appointment
2454:Compulsory Process
2116:Titles of Nobility
1709:Annals of Congress
1696:Annals of Congress
1558:The New York Times
1386:The New York Times
1135:The New York Times
661:Cornell Law School
627:state legislatures
625:, was sent to the
623:"Article Thirteen"
577:state legislatures
560:, a member of the
488:Titles of nobility
477:The New York Times
293:Fordham University
289:
164:Foreign emoluments
107:Alexander Hamilton
39:federal government
33:, Clause 8 of the
25:is a provision in
3356:
3355:
3322:Constitution Week
3307:Independence Mall
3295:National Archives
3253:
3252:
3068:Gouverneur Morris
3053:Thomas Fitzsimons
3033:Benjamin Franklin
2907:George Washington
2807:Enumerated powers
2782:Concurrent powers
2777:Balance of powers
2606:No Religious Test
2546:Freedom of Speech
2337:Independence Hall
2260:
2259:
2164:Bricker amendment
2097:
2096:
1640:Mary K. Mewborn,
1428:on March 29, 2017
1204:. March 8, 2017.
875:(emphasis added).
817:Richard Henry Lee
652:Greenhouse, Linda
539:President's title
515:Benjamin Franklin
312:George Washington
225:George Washington
136:Richard Henry Lee
103:Federalist No. 22
3376:
3203:Charles Pinckney
3012:William Paterson
2944:Nathaniel Gorham
2897:
2896:
2676:Speech or Debate
2504:Equal Protection
2214:Ludlow amendment
2199:Flag Desecration
2194:Federal Marriage
2159:Blaine amendment
2121:Corwin Amendment
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1837:
1830:
1823:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1784:
1766:
1748:
1747:
1733:
1727:
1726:
1718:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1655:
1649:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1584:
1578:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1550:Haberman, Maggie
1546:
1537:
1536:
1524:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1427:
1421:. Archived from
1412:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1345:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1202:Associated Press
1188:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1071:"French Objects"
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1026:on April 1, 2019
1025:
1018:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
999:
993:
986:
977:
971:
970:
968:
966:
951:
945:
944:
936:
925:
924:
910:
904:
903:
889:
876:
874:
872:
870:
855:
849:
848:
846:
844:
833:
824:
823:on May 22, 2009)
785:
779:
778:
766:
757:Meese, Edwin III
753:
747:
746:
726:
724:
722:
705:
699:
698:
696:
694:
679:
673:
672:
670:
668:
650:Shenon, Philip;
647:
482:Michael T. Flynn
398:Retired military
324:Trump businesses
253:Martin Van Buren
183:has opined that
128:Anti-Federalists
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3359:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3287:
3281:
3249:
3245:William Jackson
3233:
3229:Abraham Baldwin
3212:
3181:
3177:Hugh Williamson
3155:
3134:
3108:
3099:Richard Bassett
3072:
3058:Jared Ingersoll
3021:
3017:Jonathan Dayton
2990:
2974:
2953:
2932:
2928:Nicholas Gilman
2911:
2886:
2852:Reserved powers
2832:Judicial review
2765:
2561:General Welfare
2484:Double Jeopardy
2395:
2322:List of Framers
2302:New Jersey Plan
2256:
2238:
2234:Victims' Rights
2154:Balanced budget
2140:
2093:
2022:
1994:
1973:
1897:
1846:
1841:
1764:
1756:
1754:Further reading
1751:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1715:
1711:pages 2050–2051
1706:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1674:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1646:Washington Life
1639:
1635:
1628:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1585:
1581:
1569:
1565:
1547:
1540:
1533:The Independent
1525:
1521:
1510:
1506:
1495:
1491:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1324:
1322:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1240:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1212:
1190:
1189:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1126:
1122:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1093:
1089:
1079:
1077:
1075:MountVernon.org
1069:
1068:
1064:
1054:
1052:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1007:
997:
995:
991:
984:
978:
974:
964:
962:
952:
948:
937:
928:
911:
907:
890:
879:
868:
866:
857:
856:
852:
842:
840:
835:
834:
827:
786:
782:
775:
754:
750:
720:
718:
707:
706:
702:
692:
690:
680:
676:
666:
664:
648:
644:
640:
598:
592:
541:
490:
400:
382:released their
351:grounds by the
339:Richard Painter
296:Zephyr Teachout
277:
221:
216:
166:
120:Commerce Clause
98:
87:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3382:
3372:
3371:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3291:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3186:South Carolina
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3167:William Blount
3163:
3161:
3160:North Carolina
3157:
3156:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3130:Daniel Carroll
3127:
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:John Dickinson
3091:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3038:Thomas Mifflin
3035:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:David Brearley
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2940:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2877:Taxation power
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2822:Implied powers
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2770:Interpretation
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2666:Recommendation
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2551:Fugitive Slave
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2519:Excessive Bail
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2419:Appropriations
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2229:Single subject
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:Reconstruction
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1974:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1918:
1916:Bill of Rights
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1785:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:
1728:
1713:
1700:
1687:
1668:
1650:
1648:November 1999.
1633:
1626:
1608:
1596:
1579:
1563:
1538:
1519:
1512:22 U.S.C.
1504:
1489:
1471:
1439:
1399:
1371:
1332:
1304:
1272:
1250:
1222:
1180:
1148:
1120:
1106:
1087:
1062:
1037:
1005:
972:
946:
926:
905:
899:New York Times
877:
850:
825:
780:
773:
748:
700:
674:
641:
639:
636:
594:Main article:
591:
588:
584:His Excellency
540:
537:
489:
486:
460:. Presidents
422:allied nations
399:
396:
276:
273:
261:Imam of Muscat
249:Andrew Jackson
239:a painting of
220:
217:
215:
212:
165:
162:
158:Bill of Rights
132:Bill of Rights
97:
94:
86:
83:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3381:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3349:
3346:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3272:Jacob Shallus
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3208:Pierce Butler
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3193:John Rutledge
3191:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3152:
3151:James Madison
3149:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3120:James McHenry
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:George Clymer
3046:
3044:
3043:Robert Morris
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2970:Roger Sherman
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2937:Massachusetts
2935:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:New Hampshire
2914:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2842:Plenary power
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2812:Equal footing
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:Trial by Jury
2731:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2586:Ineligibility
2584:
2582:
2581:Import-Export
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2536:Free Exercise
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2525:Ex Post Facto
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:Establishment
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:Confrontation
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
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2131:Equal Rights
2027:20th century
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1516:§ 2458a
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1430:. Retrieved
1423:the original
1414:
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1347:
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1197:The Guardian
1195:
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1021:the original
1008:
996:. Retrieved
989:the original
975:
963:. Retrieved
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869:November 24,
867:. Retrieved
862:
853:
843:November 24,
841:. Retrieved
811:
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742:
739:Green Bag 2d
738:
729:
719:. Retrieved
712:
703:
693:December 13,
691:. Retrieved
677:
665:. Retrieved
659:
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498:Thomas Paine
491:
475:
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470:Saudi Arabia
446:
434:Nazi Germany
426:World War II
419:
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383:
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320:Saudi Arabia
316:
300:Donald Trump
290:
246:
237:Mount Vernon
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214:Presidential
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3224:William Few
3104:Jacob Broom
3084:George Read
2958:Connecticut
2892:Signatories
2742:Legislative
2716:Territorial
2636:Presentment
2621:Origination
2576:Impeachment
2531:Extradition
2499:Engagements
2489:Due Process
2439:Citizenship
2126:Child Labor
1775:: 639–693.
1501:§ 7342
1325:January 25,
1297:January 23,
1243:January 23,
1173:January 23,
1141:January 23,
1101:Pro Publica
745:: 163, 173.
721:January 23,
606:Philip Reed
203:blind trust
170:antibribery
3336:(painting)
3288:and legacy
3146:John Blair
2995:New Jersey
2949:Rufus King
2847:Preemption
2761:War Powers
2696:Suspension
2514:Exceptions
2204:Human Life
2103:Unratified
1903:Amendments
1663:www.un.org
1466:, enacted
1458:, 56
1392:January 6,
1364:January 6,
667:August 16,
638:References
554:Excellency
549:John Adams
534:in Europe.
523:descending
335:Norm Eisen
329:The group
257:John Tyler
205:. As the
59:monarchies
51:emoluments
2857:Saxbe fix
2746:Executive
2701:Take Care
2691:Supremacy
2566:Guarantee
2494:Elections
2265:Formation
1978:1795–1804
1800:: 30–54.
1237:Salon.com
1215:March 25,
1210:0261-3077
600:In 1810,
573:governors
519:ascending
458:Gulf Wars
438:Denmark's
241:Louis XIV
231:from the
116:sovereign
31:Section 9
27:Article I
3363:Category
3139:Virginia
3113:Maryland
3077:Delaware
2979:New York
2756:Vicinage
2750:Judicial
2474:Contract
2444:Commerce
2332:Printing
2146:Proposed
1858:Preamble
1851:Articles
1682:Newsweek
1432:March 4,
1355:Archived
1265:July 12,
795:see also
759:(2005).
610:Maryland
604:Senator
532:Noblesse
406:and the
349:standing
229:Bastille
149:reserved
43:nobility
3286:Display
3258:Related
3217:Georgia
2738:Vesting
2706:Takings
2591:Militia
2449:Compact
2401:Clauses
2327:Signing
2272:History
1806:2081879
1781:2902391
1448:Pub. L.
1080:June 4,
1055:June 4,
1030:June 4,
998:June 4,
965:June 4,
632:adopted
454:Vietnam
308:Ireland
96:History
3344:(film)
2728:Treaty
2631:Postal
2626:Pardon
1804:
1779:
1624:
1514:
1499:
1462:
1456:77–671
1454:
1292:Reason
1208:
771:
615:Senate
511:lustre
392:Mazars
91:State.
55:states
1765:(PDF)
1460:Stat.
1426:(PDF)
1411:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1344:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
1017:(PDF)
992:(PDF)
985:(PDF)
468:from
462:Obama
47:gifts
1802:SSRN
1777:SSRN
1622:ISBN
1434:2017
1394:2024
1366:2024
1327:2021
1299:2024
1267:2018
1245:2024
1217:2017
1206:ISSN
1175:2024
1143:2024
1082:2017
1057:2017
1032:2017
1000:2017
967:2017
871:2016
845:2016
769:ISBN
723:2024
695:2016
669:2019
456:and
369:moot
361:and
337:and
255:and
176:The
85:Text
57:and
21:The
1893:VII
1873:III
1798:107
1773:102
1707:20
1694:20
1464:662
1319:CNN
921:345
808:and
806:);
730:See
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