63:
The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a
Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic
102:
At the time of the founding, however, states restricted the right to vote based on race, sex, and property ownership. Madison suggested that these existing practices in the states, which he called "existing republican forms", may be continued.
368:
98:
wrote in
Federalist No. 43 that "should a popular insurrection happen in one of the States, the others are able to quell it. Should abuses creep into one part, they are reformed by those that remain sound."
331:
43:
1405:
1095:
913:
1420:
850:
1370:
232:(1946), a challenge of state legislative apportionments, the Supreme Court declared that the Republican Form of Government Clause cannot be used as a basis to challenge state electoral
951:
1218:
1320:
1090:
138:
It is understood that the
Guarantee Clause requires states to produce governments by electoral processes, as opposed to inherited monarchies, dictatorships, or military rule.
2037:
2052:
1390:
923:
807:
607:
539:
216:) permitted by state law, on the ground that they violate the Guarantee Clause's republican form of government requirement. The court refused to invalidate referendums.
1375:
793:
1571:
778:
768:
123:
1410:
788:
783:
773:
763:
127:
2078:
743:
753:
748:
717:
712:
247:
119:
758:
738:
722:
200:
115:
50:. It requires the United States to guarantee every state a republican form of government and provide protection from foreign invasion and domestic violence.
1315:
689:
154:
114:
Beginning in the aftermath of the Civil War, subsequent amendments broadened the right to vote and restricted discriminatory state laws. These include the
1566:
694:
658:
2083:
1970:
1400:
1295:
663:
643:
633:
1105:
673:
668:
653:
648:
638:
628:
1496:
597:
577:
532:
86:
The
Guarantee Clause reflects a founding understanding of republicanism, which entails governing through electoral processes. As written in the
1981:
587:
582:
39:
195:, the Supreme Court refused to decide whether Rhode Island's charter government was illegitimate because of its limitations on voting rights.
1350:
592:
572:
567:
223:
that "States may choose to substitute other republican forms, they have a right to do so, and to claim the federal guaranty for the latter."
108:
104:
1788:
840:
311:
1501:
1300:
17:
1036:
562:
525:
1275:
1245:
1031:
996:
976:
2073:
1280:
440:
1491:
1581:
1250:
1128:
1265:
1803:
893:
888:
815:
287:, found those states to be unrepublican under the Guarantee Clause. The Supreme Court acquiesced to the disestablishment in
2016:
1536:
1330:
404:
283:
Congress disestablished ten state governments during peacetime and placed them under military rule. The law, known as the
1912:
1531:
1123:
264:
1168:
1511:
873:
548:
47:
279:
held the
Guarantee Clause to be a political question to be resolved by Congress. Relying on that understanding, the
2011:
1355:
1360:
1345:
1767:
1541:
1481:
1070:
481:
The
Central Meaning of Republican Government: Popular Sovereignty, Majority Rule, and the Denominator Problem
2031:
1829:
1260:
1133:
938:
820:
620:
173:
2045:
1949:
1907:
1902:
1305:
991:
956:
90:: "The elective mode of obtaining rulers is the characteristic policy of republican government." Quoting
75:
The original substance of the clause was first proposed at the
Constitutional Convention as part of the
1999:
1446:
1415:
1138:
903:
898:
191:
attempted to adopt a constitution by convention but was quashed by the existing charter government. In
177:
1747:
1627:
1426:
1158:
981:
858:
704:
1716:
1586:
1450:
1310:
1229:
1075:
1065:
933:
306:
233:
213:
181:
1506:
1454:
1380:
1208:
1085:
1080:
1016:
986:
928:
297:) when it faced "an election dispute created by state measures to suppress black voter turnout."
243:
332:"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875"
1669:
1188:
1113:
1060:
1011:
835:
107:
of the
Constitution explicitly gave the states power to decide voting qualifications, although
1876:
1255:
1223:
1054:
883:
830:
511:
497:
Waking the Giant: A Role for the
Guarantee Clause Exclusion Power in the Twenty-First Century
254:
184:
267:) that the Guarantee Clause is not a justiciable issue capable of being litigated in court.
2021:
1576:
1290:
1285:
1240:
1213:
1163:
908:
8:
2004:
1793:
1521:
1385:
1173:
1118:
1021:
878:
284:
1706:
1690:
1551:
1365:
1340:
1325:
1235:
1203:
1193:
1153:
1143:
289:
280:
228:
162:
111:
gives
Congress authority to regulate the time, place, and manner of federal elections.
2026:
1772:
1757:
1737:
1611:
1486:
1465:
1437:
1041:
868:
412:
220:
87:
517:
1648:
1395:
1198:
1183:
918:
863:
825:
448:
209:
148:
250:, as the equal protection issue was separate from the Guarantee Clause challenge.
242:(1962) that legislature malapportionment claims can be decided in court under the
219:
Scholars have commented that these decisions are consistent with the statement in
1933:
1881:
1762:
1721:
1632:
1556:
1460:
1442:
1178:
1148:
1006:
293:(1868). Later, Congress also excluded elected legislators (a power recognized in
158:(1912), the Supreme Court held that the enforcement of the Guarantee Clause is a
80:
1871:
1850:
1834:
1798:
1742:
1711:
1526:
188:
159:
441:"The Rule of Law and the States: A New Interpretation of the Guarantee Clause"
2067:
1976:
1897:
1855:
1824:
1752:
1674:
1546:
1516:
1432:
1335:
1046:
1001:
416:
238:
95:
76:
187:, and restricted the franchise to men who owned more than $ 134 in land. A
1928:
1808:
369:"Interpretation: The Guarantee Clause | The National Constitution Center"
91:
1653:
205:
1561:
165:, to be decided by Congress or the President instead of the courts.
1596:
1026:
172:, Rhode Island was the last state that did not adopt a
201:
Pacific States Telephone & Telegraph Co. v. Oregon
547:
155:
Pacific States Telephone and Telegraph Co. v. Oregon
1971:Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787
130:Amendment (reducing the voting age to eighteen).
2065:
270:
2079:Article Four of the United States Constitution
1982:Bibliography of the United States Constitution
533:
312:Section 119 of the Constitution of Australia
204:, the Supreme Court was asked to invalidate
118:(no denial of right to vote based on race),
434:
432:
122:(no denial of right to vote based on sex),
540:
526:
236:in court. However, the court clarified in
141:
2084:Clauses of the United States Constitution
253:In 2019, the Supreme Court reiterated in
2038:Scene at the Signing of the Constitution
429:
27:Clause of the United States Constitution
405:"Make the Guarantee Clause Great Again"
176:. Instead, it continued to rely on the
14:
2066:
483:, 65 U. Colo. L. Rev. 749, 753 (1994).
521:
470:, 75 U. Chi. L. Rev. 383, 413 (2008).
438:
2017:Constitution Day and Citizenship Day
491:
489:
402:
398:
396:
394:
392:
390:
388:
363:
361:
359:
357:
355:
353:
351:
36:Republican Form of Government Clause
2005:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom
1532:Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
314:, derived from the Guarantee Clause
24:
1096:Drafting and ratification timeline
841:District of Columbia Voting Rights
25:
2095:
549:Constitution of the United States
505:
486:
439:Smith, Thomas A. (January 1984).
385:
348:
133:
952:Convention to propose amendments
2074:Federalism in the United States
499:, 105 Iowa L. Rev. 1319 (2019).
1567:Separation of church and state
473:
460:
324:
13:
1:
1071:Virginia Ratifying Convention
318:
2032:National Constitution Center
1830:Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer
1129:Assemble and Petition Clause
271:Congressional interpretation
7:
1903:Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
957:State ratifying conventions
894:Equal Opportunity to Govern
889:Electoral College abolition
816:Congressional Apportionment
468:The Reconstruction Congress
300:
18:Republican Guarantee Clause
10:
2100:
70:
48:United States Constitution
1990:
1962:
1942:
1921:
1890:
1864:
1843:
1817:
1781:
1730:
1699:
1683:
1662:
1641:
1620:
1604:
1595:
1474:
1356:Privileges and Immunities
1169:Congressional enforcement
1104:
1091:Rhode Island ratification
982:Articles of Confederation
969:
947:
924:Parental Rights amendment
849:
806:
731:
703:
682:
619:
615:
606:
555:
403:Ford, Matt (2019-07-17).
1587:Unitary executive theory
1361:Privileges or Immunities
1076:New York Circular Letter
1066:Massachusetts Compromise
307:Insurrection Act of 1807
285:First Reconstruction Act
263:(a case about political
214:representative democracy
1507:Dormant Commerce Clause
1351:Presidential succession
1086:Fayetteville Convention
1081:Hillsborough Convention
1017:Three-fifths Compromise
997:Philadelphia Convention
987:Mount Vernon Conference
874:Campaign finance reform
514:at harvardlawreview.org
244:Equal Protection Clause
142:Judicial interpretation
126:(no poll tax), and the
58:Article IV, Section 4:
53:
1670:William Samuel Johnson
1542:Nondelegation doctrine
1114:Admission to the Union
1061:Anti-Federalist Papers
1012:Connecticut Compromise
512:The "Guarantee Clause"
373:constitutioncenter.org
68:
1877:Richard Dobbs Spaight
1346:Presidential Electors
1321:Original Jurisdiction
1261:Full Faith and Credit
1134:Assistance of Counsel
1055:The Federalist Papers
884:Crittenden Compromise
60:
2046:A More Perfect Union
2022:Constitution Gardens
1943:Convention Secretary
1605:Convention President
1577:Symmetric federalism
1572:Separation of powers
1306:Necessary and Proper
1301:Natural-born citizen
1246:Freedom of the Press
1184:Copyright and Patent
1174:Contingent Elections
992:Annapolis Convention
248:Fourteenth Amendment
109:Article I, Section 4
105:Article I, Section 2
34:, also known as the
2053:Worldwide influence
1794:Gunning Bedford Jr.
1522:Executive privilege
1502:Criminal sentencing
1425:Title of Nobility (
1416:Taxing and Spending
1316:Oath or Affirmation
1276:House Apportionment
1139:Case or Controversy
1022:Committee of Detail
914:"Liberty" amendment
879:Christian amendment
1707:William Livingston
1691:Alexander Hamilton
1497:Criminal procedure
1492:Constitutional law
1427:Foreign Emoluments
1391:State of the Union
1376:Self-Incrimination
1366:Recess appointment
1159:Compulsory Process
821:Titles of Nobility
290:Georgia v. Stanton
281:Reconstruction era
229:Colegrove v. Green
178:1663 royal charter
163:political question
2061:
2060:
2027:Constitution Week
2012:Independence Mall
2000:National Archives
1958:
1957:
1773:Gouverneur Morris
1758:Thomas Fitzsimons
1738:Benjamin Franklin
1612:George Washington
1512:Enumerated powers
1487:Concurrent powers
1482:Balance of powers
1311:No Religious Test
1251:Freedom of Speech
1042:Independence Hall
965:
964:
869:Bricker amendment
802:
801:
495:Cormac H. Broeg,
479:Akhil Reed Amar,
221:Federalist No. 43
146:In cases such as
88:Federalist No. 57
16:(Redirected from
2091:
1908:Charles Pinckney
1717:William Paterson
1649:Nathaniel Gorham
1602:
1601:
1381:Speech or Debate
1209:Equal Protection
919:Ludlow amendment
904:Flag Desecration
899:Federal Marriage
864:Blaine amendment
826:Corwin Amendment
617:
616:
613:
612:
542:
535:
528:
519:
518:
500:
493:
484:
477:
471:
466:David P. Currie,
464:
458:
457:
449:Yale Law Journal
445:
436:
427:
426:
424:
423:
409:The New Republic
400:
383:
382:
380:
379:
365:
346:
345:
343:
342:
328:
277:Luther v. Borden
234:malapportionment
210:direct democracy
189:rival government
149:Luther v. Borden
32:Guarantee Clause
21:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2057:
1992:
1986:
1954:
1950:William Jackson
1938:
1934:Abraham Baldwin
1917:
1886:
1882:Hugh Williamson
1860:
1839:
1813:
1804:Richard Bassett
1777:
1763:Jared Ingersoll
1726:
1722:Jonathan Dayton
1695:
1679:
1658:
1637:
1633:Nicholas Gilman
1616:
1591:
1557:Reserved powers
1537:Judicial review
1470:
1266:General Welfare
1189:Double Jeopardy
1100:
1027:List of Framers
1007:New Jersey Plan
961:
943:
939:Victims' Rights
859:Balanced budget
845:
798:
727:
699:
678:
602:
551:
546:
508:
503:
494:
487:
478:
474:
465:
461:
443:
437:
430:
421:
419:
401:
386:
377:
375:
367:
366:
349:
340:
338:
330:
329:
325:
321:
303:
273:
168:At the time of
144:
136:
81:Edmund Randolph
79:, presented by
73:
56:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2097:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1996:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1891:South Carolina
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:William Blount
1868:
1866:
1865:North Carolina
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1835:Daniel Carroll
1832:
1827:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1799:John Dickinson
1796:
1791:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1743:Thomas Mifflin
1740:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1712:David Brearley
1709:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1584:
1582:Taxation power
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:Implied powers
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:
1476:
1475:Interpretation
1472:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:Recommendation
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:Fugitive Slave
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1224:Excessive Bail
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1124:Appropriations
1121:
1116:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
984:
979:
973:
971:
967:
966:
963:
962:
960:
959:
954:
948:
945:
944:
942:
941:
936:
934:Single subject
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
855:
853:
847:
846:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
812:
810:
804:
803:
800:
799:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
735:
733:
729:
728:
726:
725:
720:
715:
709:
707:
705:Reconstruction
701:
700:
698:
697:
692:
686:
684:
680:
679:
677:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
625:
623:
621:Bill of Rights
610:
604:
603:
601:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
559:
557:
553:
552:
545:
544:
537:
530:
522:
516:
515:
507:
506:External links
504:
502:
501:
485:
472:
459:
428:
384:
347:
336:memory.loc.gov
322:
320:
317:
316:
315:
309:
302:
299:
275:Cases such as
272:
269:
265:gerrymandering
160:nonjusticiable
143:
140:
135:
134:Interpretation
132:
72:
69:
55:
52:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2096:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Jacob Shallus
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1913:Pierce Butler
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1898:John Rutledge
1896:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1856:James Madison
1854:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1825:James McHenry
1823:
1822:
1820:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1753:George Clymer
1751:
1749:
1748:Robert Morris
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1675:Roger Sherman
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:Massachusetts
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:New Hampshire
1619:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Plenary power
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1517:Equal footing
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1438:Trial by Jury
1436:
1434:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1291:Ineligibility
1289:
1287:
1286:Import-Export
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1241:Free Exercise
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:Ex Post Facto
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1214:Establishment
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1164:Confrontation
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1047:Syng inkstand
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:Virginia Plan
1000:
999:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
968:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
946:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
929:School Prayer
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
854:
852:
848:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
813:
811:
809:
805:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
736:
734:
730:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
708:
706:
702:
696:
693:
691:
688:
687:
685:
681:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
611:
609:
605:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
560:
558:
554:
550:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
524:
523:
520:
513:
510:
509:
498:
492:
490:
482:
476:
469:
463:
456:(3): 561–580.
455:
451:
450:
442:
435:
433:
418:
414:
410:
406:
399:
397:
395:
393:
391:
389:
374:
370:
364:
362:
360:
358:
356:
354:
352:
337:
333:
327:
323:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
298:
296:
292:
291:
286:
282:
278:
268:
266:
262:
261:
257:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:
239:Baker v. Carr
235:
231:
230:
224:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
196:
194:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
161:
157:
156:
151:
150:
139:
131:
129:
125:
124:Twenty-Fourth
121:
117:
112:
110:
106:
100:
97:
96:James Madison
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
77:Virginia Plan
67:
65:
59:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2044:
2036:
1969:
1768:James Wilson
1731:Pennsylvania
1628:John Langdon
1386:Speedy Trial
1270:
1228:
1119:Appointments
1053:
836:Equal Rights
732:20th century
496:
480:
475:
467:
462:
453:
447:
420:. Retrieved
408:
376:. Retrieved
372:
339:. Retrieved
335:
326:
294:
288:
276:
274:
260:Common Cause
259:
255:
252:
237:
227:
225:
218:
212:rather than
199:
197:
192:
174:constitution
169:
167:
153:
147:
145:
137:
128:Twenty-Sixth
113:
101:
85:
74:
62:
61:
57:
35:
31:
29:
1929:William Few
1809:Jacob Broom
1789:George Read
1663:Connecticut
1597:Signatories
1447:Legislative
1421:Territorial
1341:Presentment
1326:Origination
1281:Impeachment
1236:Extradition
1204:Engagements
1194:Due Process
1144:Citizenship
831:Child Labor
208:(a form of
206:referendums
152:(1849) and
92:Montesquieu
2068:Categories
2041:(painting)
1993:and legacy
1851:John Blair
1700:New Jersey
1654:Rufus King
1552:Preemption
1466:War Powers
1401:Suspension
1219:Exceptions
909:Human Life
808:Unratified
608:Amendments
422:2020-09-07
378:2020-09-03
341:2022-04-21
319:References
185:Charles II
180:issued by
120:Nineteenth
40:Article IV
1562:Saxbe fix
1451:Executive
1406:Take Care
1396:Supremacy
1271:Guarantee
1199:Elections
970:Formation
683:1795–1804
417:0028-6583
116:Fifteenth
44:Section 4
1844:Virginia
1818:Maryland
1782:Delaware
1684:New York
1461:Vicinage
1455:Judicial
1179:Contract
1149:Commerce
1037:Printing
851:Proposed
563:Preamble
556:Articles
301:See also
64:Violence
38:, is in
1991:Display
1963:Related
1922:Georgia
1443:Vesting
1411:Takings
1296:Militia
1154:Compact
1106:Clauses
1032:Signing
977:History
246:of the
71:History
46:of the
2049:(film)
1433:Treaty
1336:Postal
1331:Pardon
415:
295:Luther
193:Luther
170:Luther
444:(PDF)
256:Rucho
413:ISSN
182:King
54:Text
30:The
598:VII
578:III
258:v.
226:In
198:In
2070::
1453:/
1449:/
794:27
789:26
784:25
779:24
774:23
769:22
764:21
759:20
754:19
749:18
744:17
739:16
723:15
718:14
713:13
695:12
690:11
674:10
593:VI
583:IV
573:II
488:^
454:93
452:.
446:.
431:^
411:.
407:.
387:^
371:.
350:^
334:.
94:,
83:.
66:.
42:,
1457:)
1445:(
1429:)
669:9
664:8
659:7
654:6
649:5
644:4
639:3
634:2
629:1
588:V
568:I
541:e
534:t
527:v
425:.
381:.
344:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.