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depend on forests for about a quarter of their total incomes, with about half of this in the form of food, fodder, energy, building materials and medicine. Proforestation can protect full native biodiversity and support the forests and other land types that provide resources we need. For example, research has found that old growth and complex forests are more resistant to the effects of climate change. One study found that taller trees had increased drought resistance, being able to capture and retain water better, due to their deeper root system and larger biomass. This means that even in dry conditions, these trees continued to photosynthesize at a higher rate than smaller trees. Further, old-growth forests have been shown to be more resistant to fires compared to young forests with trees that have thinner bark and with more fuel available for increasing temperatures and fire damage. Proforestation can help to reduce fire risks to forests and the surrounding communities. They can also help absorb water and prevent flooding to surrounding communities. Considering the variety of ecosystem services complex forests provide, sustaining healthy forests means adjacent communities will be better off as well.
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formally tasked with "reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation; and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries". REDD+ works in 3 phases. The first phase consists of developing viable strategies, while the second phase begins work on technology development and technology transfer to the developing countries taking part in REDD+ activities. The last phase measures and reports the implementation of the action taken. In 2021 the LEAF coalition was created, aiming to provide 1 billion dollars to countries that will protect their tropical and subtropical forests.
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1946:, converts sunlight to sugars for respiration to keep the tree alive. The remains of the converted sugars is left in roots for consumption by the organisms surrounding the tree in the habitat. This shows the productivity of an ecosystem with its inhabitants. Productivity within the ecosystem cannot come to fruition unless the forest is sustainable enough to be harvested. If most individual organisms of the ecosystem vanish, the ecosystem itself is at risk. Once that happens, there is no longer any forest to harvest from. The overall productivity of a system can be found in an equation where the
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environmental agencies. All of the principles relate to the idea that in ecoforestry, less should be harvested, and diversity must be managed. Through harvesting less, there is enough biomass left in the forest, so that the forest may stay healthy and still stay maintained. It will grow at a sustainable level annually, and thus it will be able to still be harvested the following year. Through management of the diversity, species may cohabitate in an ecosystem where the forest may feed off of other species in its growth and production. The
Principles of Ecoforestry may be found below.
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ensure that the forest are kept healthy and productive, conserving biodiversity, all whilst supporting communities and forest industry jobs. All management strategies and plans are highly regulated, arranged to last for a 10-year period, and follow the strict guidelines of the Forest
Management Planning Manual. Alongside public sustainable forest management, the government of Ontario encourages sustainable forest management of Ontario's private forests as well through incentives. So far, 44% of Ontario's crown forests are managed.
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3647:, the latter consisting of similarly aged trees of just one or two species. Plantations can be an efficient source of wood but often come at the expense of natural forests and cultivate little habitat for biodiversity, such as dead and fallen trees or understory plants. Further, once factoring in emissions from clearing the land and the decay of plantation waste and products at the end of their often brief lifecycles (e.g. paper products), plantations sequester 40 times less carbon than natural forests.
205:: cleaning the air, accumulating carbon, filtering water, and reducing flooding and erosion. Forests are the most biodiverse land-based ecosystem, and provide habitat for a vast array of animals, birds, plants and other life. They can provide food and material and also opportunities for recreation and education. Research has found that forest plantations “may result in reduced diversity and abundance of pollinators compared with natural forests that have greater structural and plant species diversity.”
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conditions and mitigating climate change. Therefore, implementing a CBFM system can provide rural development while mitigating climate change and sustaining biodiversity within the region. It is important to engage the local community members, many of which are indigenous since presumably, they would have a deeper knowledge of the local ecosystems as well as the life cycles of those ecosystems over time. Their involvement also helps to ensure that their cultural practices remain intact.
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of the forest and whether it is capable of recovering from human activity, and presenting strategies on regeneration. After the harvest begins, the government monitors if the company is complying within the planned restrictions and also monitors the health of the ecosystem (soil depletion and erosion, water contamination, wildlife...). Failure to comply may result in fines, suspensions, removal of harvesting rights, confiscation of harvested timber and possible imprisonment.
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2564:, although the rate of deforestation has decreased over the past three decades. Between 2015 and 2020, the rate of deforestation was estimated at 10 million hectares per year, down from 16 million hectares per year in the 1990s. The area of primary forest worldwide has decreased by over 80 million hectares since 1990. More than 100 million hectares of forests are adversely affected by forest fires, pests, diseases,
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non-commercial values, environmental considerations, community needs, even global impact to produce sound forest plans. In most cases, forest managers develop their forest plans in consultation with citizens, businesses, organizations and other interested parties in and around the forest tract being managed. The tools and visualization have been recently evolving for better management practices.
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2784:, checkerboarding has resulted in issues with managing national forest land. Checkerboarding was previously applied to these areas during the period of western expansion, and they are now commercial forest land. Conflicting policies establishing the rights of the private owners of this land have caused some difficulties in the local hardwood timber production economy.
1938:, tree damage, disease, fire, and blow down that also directly affect the ecosystem. These factors have to be taken into account when determining the sustainability of a forest. If these factors are added to the harvesting and production that comes out of the forest, then the forest will become less likely to survive, and will then become less sustainable.
378:(GIS) to monitor changes in forest cover, deforestation rates, and forest health over time. These tools provide valuable data for forest assessments and support evidence-based decision making in forest management and conservation. By remotely monitoring forest changes, scientists can respond more effectively to threats and challenges facing forests.
1958:, or R. The formula is the NPP = GPP - R. The NPP is the overall efficiency of the plants in the ecosystem. Through having a constant efficiency in NPP, the ecosystem is then more sustainable. The GPP refers to the rate of energy stored by photosynthesis in plants. The R refers to the maintenance and reproduction of plants from the energy expended.
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percent of the total forest area. Globally, 44 percent of plantation forests are composed mainly of introduced species. There are large differences between regions: for example, plantation forests in North and
Central America mostly comprise native species and those in South America consist almost entirely of introduced species.
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which they are implemented. The development of scientific forestry management is based on the precise measurement of the distribution and volume of wood in a given parcel, the systematic felling of trees, and their replacement by standard, carefully aligned rows of mono-cultural plantations that could be harvested at set times.
420:. These models help scientists understand potential changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, and extreme weather events, enabling them to assess the impact of these changes on forest ecosystems. By predicting climate trends, researchers can develop more effective strategies for forest management and conservation.
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sustainable, and which generate and maintain benefits for both present and future generations. In Europe, the MCPFE and the
Council for the Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy (PEBLDS) jointly recognized sustainable forest management to be consistent with the Ecosystem Approach in 2006.
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Forestry mechanization was always in close connection to metal working and the development of mechanical tools to cut and transport timber to its destination. Rafting belongs to the earliest means of transport. Steel saws came up in the 15th century. The 19th century widely increased the availability
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In principle, the benefits for the local community involvement in the management and protection of their forests would be to provide employment and to supplement income from both the wage labor and additional agriculture which would then strength the entire local economy while improving environmental
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The development of
National Forest Funds is one way to address the issue of financing sustainable forest management. National forest funds (NFFs) are dedicated financing mechanisms managed by public institutions designed to support the conservation and sustainable use of forest resources. As of 2014,
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is a globally recognized system for encouraging sustainable forest management and assuring that forest-based goods are derived from sustainably managed forests. This is a voluntary procedure in which an impartial third-party organization evaluates the quality of forest management and output against a
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have since been developed to evaluate the achievement of SFM at the global, regional, country and management unit level. These were all attempts to codify and provide for assessment of the degree to which the broader objectives of sustainable forest management are being achieved in practice. In 2007,
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is the application of genetic, reproductive biology and economics principles to the genetic improvement and management of forest trees. In contrast to the selective breeding of livestock, arable crops, and horticultural flowers over the last few centuries, the breeding of trees, with the exception of
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assessments to gain insights into the diversity and distribution of plant and animal species in various forest ecosystems. These studies are essential for identifying areas of high conservation value and understanding the ecological importance of different habitats. By studying biodiversity patterns,
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Most of the forests in Europe have management plans; on the other hand, management plans exist for less than 25 percent of forests in Africa and less than 20 percent in South
America. The area of forest under management plans is increasing in all regions – globally, it has increased by 233 million ha
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Some forests have been and are managed to obtain traditional forest products such as firewood, fiber for paper, and timber, with little thinking for other products and services. Nevertheless, as a result of the progression of environmental awareness, management of forests for multiple use is becoming
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was the slowest since 1990. It was 75% lower than in 2019. This is because the government stopped issuing new licences to cut forests, including for palm oil plantations. The falling price of palm oil facilitated making it. Very wet weather reduced wildfires what also contributed to the achievement.
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Canada's significant contribution to global sustainable forest management with its 166 million hectares of forest land independently certified as sustainably managed, representing 40% of the world’s certified forests, which is more than any other country. Approximately 94% of Canada's forest land is
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in the developing world in particular was raised and discussed. The foundations of a new incentive mechanism for encouraging sustainable forest management measures was therefore laid in hopes of reducing world deforestation rates. This mechanism was formalized and adopted as REDD in
November 2010 at
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Community forestry is first implemented through the establishment of a legal and institutional framework including the revision of legal norms and regulations for forest management, the development of
National Forest Plans and the strengthening of decentralization processes to sub-national levels of
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as forms of goods while in other hand regulating ecosystem, downstream settlements benefits from watershed conservation, carbon sequestration and aesthetic values as in forms of services. It has been considered one of the most promising options of combining forest conservation with rural development
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While relieving this land from its checkerboard ownership structure could benefit the timber production economy of the region, checkerboards can allow government to extend good forestry practices over intermingled private lands, by demonstration or applying pressure via economy of scale or the right
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in 30 years ("18.3 m ha") in relation to conventional logging ("14.0 m ha"). Furthermore, it is essential that RIL should be practiced as soon as possible to improve reforestation in the future. For instance, a study concluded that logging would have to reduce by 40% in Brazil if the current logging
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Long-term monitoring studies are conducted to track forest dynamics over extended periods. These studies involve monitoring factors such as tree growth, mortality rates, and species composition. By observing forest changes over time, scientists can assess the health of forests and their responses to
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The abundance and diversity of birds, mammals, amphibians and other wildlife are affected by strategies and types of forest management. Forests are important because they provide these species with food, space and water. Forest management is also important as it helps in conservation and utilization
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Forest management plans include recommendations to achieve the landowner's objectives and desired future conditions for the property subject to ecological, financial, logistical (e.g. access to resources), and other constraints. On some properties, plans focus on producing quality wood products for
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In order for logging to begin, the forestry companies must present a plan to the government who will then communicate to the public, First
Nations and other industries in order to protect forest values. The plan must include strategies on how the forest values will be protected, assessing the state
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Community-based forest management (CBFM) is a scheme that links governmental forest agencies and the local community in efforts to regenerate degraded forests, reforest deforested areas, and decrease carbon emissions that contribute to climate change. This partnership is done with the intent of not
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In its 2009–2010 Forest
Products Annual Market Review United Nations Economic Commission for Europe/Food and Agriculture Organization stated: "Over the years, many of the issues that previously divided the (certification) systems have become much less distinct. The largest certification systems now
1744:. Countries who are members of the same initiative usually agree to produce reports at the same time and using the same indicators. Within countries, at the management unit level, efforts have also been directed at developing local level criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management. The
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and forest lands in a way, and at a rate, that maintains their biodiversity, productivity, regeneration capacity, vitality and their potential to fulfill, now and in the future, relevant ecological, economic and social functions, at local, national, and global levels, and that does not cause damage
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provides the opportunity to restore hundreds of millions of hectares of degraded forests and other ecosystems. Successful ecosystem restoration requires a fundamental understanding of the ecological characteristics of the component species, together with knowledge of how they assemble, interact and
776:
In the 1980s, conservation organizations warned that, once destroyed, tropical forests could never be restored. Thirty years of restoration research now challenge this: a) This site in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, N. Thailand was deforested, over-cultivated and then burnt. The black tree stump was
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Different types of forests have adapted throughout history, allowing them to thrive in specific habitats. Forests in the United States can be categorized into three main forest biomes, they are boreal, temperate, or sub-tropical based on the location and climate of the forest. Each of these biomes
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are managed forests, required by The Crown Forest Sustainability Act to be managed sustainably. Sustainable management is often done by forest companies who are granted Sustainable Forest Licenses which are valid for 20 years. The main goal of Ontario's sustainable forest management measures is to
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Forestry laws govern activities in designated forest lands, most commonly with respect to forest management and timber harvesting. Forestry laws generally adopt management policies for public forest resources, such as multiple use and sustained yield. Forest management is split between private and
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In North America, there are three certification standards endorsed by PEFC – the Sustainable Forestry Initiative, the Canadian Standards Association's Sustainable Forest Management Standard, and the American Tree Farm System. SFI is the world's largest single forest certification standard by area.
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in 2004 (Decision VII/11 of COP7) to be a concrete means of applying the Ecosystem Approach to forest ecosystems. The two concepts, sustainable forest management and the ecosystem approach, aim at promoting conservation and management practices which are environmentally, socially and economically
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Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management are widely used and many countries produce national reports that assess their progress toward sustainable forest management. There are nine international and regional criteria and indicators initiatives, which collectively involve more than
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agriculture. Apart from production, benefits from agroforestry include improved farm productivity, healthier environments, reduction of risk for farmers, beauty and aesthetics, increased farm profits, reduced soil erosion, creating wildlife habitat, less pollution, managing animal waste, increased
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Earth offers enough room to plant an additional 0.9 billion ha of tree canopy cover. Planting and protecting them would sequester 205 billion tons of carbon which is about 20 years of current global carbon emissions. This level of sequestration would represent about 25% of the atmosphere's current
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in May 2023 and is expected to enter into force several weeks after. The bill requires companies who want to import certain types of products to the European Union to prove the production of those commodities is not linked to areas deforested after 31 of December 2020. It prohibits also import of
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were encouraged to take measure to implement REDD activities in the hope of becoming more active contributors of global efforts aimed at the mitigation greenhouse gas, as deforestation and forest degradation account for roughly 15% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. The REDD activities are
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1.6 billion people worldwide depend on forests for their livelihoods, including 300-350 million (half of whom are Indigenous peoples) who live near or within “dense forests” and depend almost entirely on these ecosystems for their survival. Rural households in Asia, Africa, and Latin America also
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Governmental agencies are generally responsible for planning and implementing forestry laws on public forest lands, and may be involved in forest inventory, planning, and conservation, and oversight of timber sales. Forestry laws are also dependent on social and economic contexts of the region in
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shows that the technical, managerial and financial requirements stipulated by the framework are often incompatible with local realities and interests. A successful legal and institutional framework will incorporate the strengthening of existing institutions and enable the dissemination of locally
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There appears to be growing international consensus on the key elements of sustainable forest management. Seven common thematic areas of sustainable forest management have emerged based on the criteria of the nine ongoing regional and international criteria and indicators initiatives. The seven
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Feeding humanity and conserving and sustainably using ecosystems are complementary and closely interdependent goals. Forests supply water, mitigate climate change and provide habitats for many pollinators, which are essential for sustainable food production. It is estimated that 75 percent of the
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Approximately 50 million hectares (or 24%) of European forest land is protected for biodiversity and landscape protection. Forests allocated for soil, water, and other ecosystem services encompass around 72 million hectares (32% of European forest area). Over 90% of the world's forests regenerate
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to the Dutch ship yards. Large timber rafts on the Rhine were 200 to 400m in length, 40m in width and consisted of several thousand logs. The crew consisted of 400 to 500 men, including shelter, bakeries, ovens and livestock stables. Timber rafting infrastructure allowed for large interconnected
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members rejected a proposal for a forestry management system as requirements standard, with a consensus that a management system for certification would not be effective. Instead ISO members voted for a chain of custody of wood and wood-based products with ISO 38200 published in 2018. Without an
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For forest managers, sustainably managing a particular forest tract means determining, in a tangible way, how to use it today to ensure similar benefits, health and productivity in the future. Forest managers must assess and integrate a wide array of sometimes conflicting factors: commercial and
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Generally, silviculture is the science and art of growing and cultivating forest , based on a knowledge of silvics .The study of the life-history and general characteristics of forest trees and stands, with particular reference to local/regional factors. The focus of silviculture is the control,
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The highest share of plantation forest is in South America, where this forest type represents 99 percent of the total planted-forest area and 2 percent of the total forest area. The lowest share of plantation forest is in Europe, where it represents 6 percent of the planted forest estate and 0.4
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Wood production on a tree plantation is generally higher than that of natural forests. While forests managed for wood production commonly yield between 1 and 3 cubic meters per hectare per year, plantations of fast-growing species commonly yield between 20 and 30 cubic meters or more per hectare
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In the beginning of the year 2020 the "Save the Redwoods League" after a successful crowdfunding campaign bought " Alder Creek" a piece of land 583 acres large, with 483 big Sequoia trees including the 5th largest tree in the world. The organizations plan to make there forest thinning that is a
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methods and used directly in clonal plantations. The first system is frequently used for pines and other conifers, while the second is typical in some broadleaves (poplars, eucalypts and others). The objectives of a tree breeding program range from yield improvement and adaptation to particular
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There has been increased public awareness of natural resource policy, including forest management. Public concern regarding forest management may have shifted from the extraction of timber for economic development, to maintaining the flow of the range of ecosystem services provided by forests,
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is a process in which the biological wealth of a forest area is permanently diminished by some factor or by a combination of factors. "This does not involve a reduction of the forest area, but rather a quality decrease in its condition." The forest is still there, but with fewer trees, or less
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Criteria and indicators are tools which can be used to conceptualise, evaluate and implement sustainable forest management. Criteria define and characterize the essential elements, as well as a set of conditions or processes, by which sustainable forest management may be assessed. Periodically
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Industrial plantations are actively managed for the commercial production of forest products. Industrial plantations are usually large-scale. Individual blocks are usually even-aged and often consist of just one or two species. These species can be exotic or indigenous. The plants used for the
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The ecosystem approach is a strategy for the integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way. Application of the ecosystem approach will help to reach a balance of the three objectives of the Convention. An ecosystem
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Shapcott, Alison; Liu, Yining; Howard, Marion; Forster, Paul I.; Kress, W. John; Erickson, David L.; Faith, Daniel P.; Shimizu, Yoko; McDonald, William J. F. (2017). "Comparing Floristic Diversity and Conservation Priorities across South East Queensland Regional Rain Forest Ecosystems Using
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as "any situation that intimately involves local people in forestry activity". Community forestry exists when the local community in an area plays a significant role in land use decision-making and when the community is satisfied with its involvement and benefits from the management of the
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influence plans for harvest and subsequent site treatment. In Britain, plans featuring "good forestry practice" must always consider the needs of other stakeholders such as nearby communities or rural residents living within or adjacent to woodland areas. Foresters consider tree felling and
188:
The working of this system is influenced by the natural environment: climate, topography, soil, etc., and also by human activity. The actions of humans in forests constitute forest management. In developed societies, this management tends to be elaborated and planned in order to achieve the
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In accordance with Article 10 of the Kenyan Constitution, which mandates the incorporation of sustainable development into all laws and decisions regarding public policy, including forest conservation and management. Kenya responds to continued deforestation, forest degradation, and forest
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Third-party forest certification is an important tool for those seeking to ensure that the paper and wood products they purchase and use come from forests that are well-managed and legally harvested. Incorporating third-party certification into forest product procurement practices can be a
1960:
Ecoforestry has many principles within the existence of itself. It covers sustainable development and the fair harvesting of the organisms living within the forest ecosystem. There have been many proposals of principles outlined for ecoforestry. They are covered over books, articles, and
726:(the conservation of intact forests). Instead of planting entirely new areas, it might be better to reconnect forested areas and restore the edges of forest. This protects their mature core and makes them more resilient and longer-lasting. It takes much longer − several decades − for the
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Allen, Craig D.; Macalady, Alison K.; Chenchouni, Haroun; Bachelet, Dominique; McDowell, Nate; Vennetier, Michel; Kitzberger, Thomas; Rigling, Andreas; Breshears, David D.; Hogg, E.H. (Ted); Gonzalez, Patrick; Fensham, Rod; Zhang, Zhen; Castro, Jorge; Demidova, Natalia (February 2010).
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In simpler terms, the concept can be described as the attainment of balance: balance between society's increasing demands for forest products and benefits, and the preservation of forest health and diversity. This balance is critical to the survival of forests, and to the prosperity of
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The area of forest certified worldwide is growing slowly. PEFC is the world's largest forest certification system, with more than two-thirds of the total global certified area certified to its Sustainability Benchmarks. In 2021, PEFC issued a position statement defending their use of
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allowed for connecting large continental forests, as in south western Germany, via Main, Neckar, Danube and Rhine with the coastal cities and states, early modern forestry and remote trading were closely connected. Large firs in the black forest were called „Holländer“, as they were
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approved a bill aiming to stop the import linked with deforestation. The bill may cause to Brazil, for example, to stop deforestation for agricultural production and begun to "increase productivity on existing agricultural land". The legislation was adopted with some changes by the
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approach is based on the application of appropriate scientific methodologies focused on levels of biological organization, which encompasses the essential structures, processes, functions and interactions among organisms and their environment. It recognizes that humans, with their
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improves the mean performance of the forest. Offspring is obtained from selected trees and grown in test plantations that act as genetic trials. Based on such tests the best genotypes among the parents can be selected. Selected trees are typically propagated either by seeds or by
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means re-establishing forest that have either been cut down or lost due to natural causes, such as fire, storm, etc. Nowadays, the boundaries between afforestation and reforestation projects can be blurred as it may not be so clear what was there before, at what point in time.
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Di Sacco, Alice; Hardwick, Kate A.; Blakesley, David; Brancalion, Pedro H. S.; Breman, Elinor; Cecilio Rebola, Loic; Chomba, Susan; Dixon, Kingsley; Elliott, Stephen; Ruyonga, Godfrey; Shaw, Kirsty; Smith, Paul; Smith, Rhian J.; Antonelli, Alexandre (25 January 2021).
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Historically a dominant raw material in South and South East Asia, the global bamboo industry has significantly grown in recent decades in part because of the high sustainability of bamboo as compared to other biomass cultivation strategies, such as traditional timber
240:
Good management plans include consideration of future conditions of the stand after any recommended harvests treatments, including future treatments (particularly in intermediate stand treatments), and plans for natural or artificial regeneration after final harvests.
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trees to maximize woody output. The production process is not linear because other factors must be considered, including marketable and non-marketable goods, financial benefits, management practices, and the environmental implications, of those management practices.
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An essential aspect of successful afforestation efforts lies in the careful selection of tree species that are well-suited to the local climate and soil conditions. By choosing appropriate species, afforested areas can better withstand the impacts of climate change.
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Reduced impact logging (RIL) is a sustainable forestry method as it decreases the forest and canopy damages by approximately 75% compared to the conventional logging methods. Additionally, a 120-year regression model found that RIL would have a significantly higher
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Classification of Forest Management Approaches: A New Conceptual Framework and Its Applicability to European Forestry Philipp S. Duncker 1, Susana M. Barreiro 2, Geerten M. Hengeveld 3, Torgny Lind 4, William L. Mason 5, Slawomir Ambrozy 6 and Heinrich Spiecker
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may result in changing restoration aims. Additionally, the potential impacts of climate change on restoration goals must be taken into account, as changes in temperature and precipitation patterns may alter the composition and distribution of climax forests.
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Many lower- and middle-income countries rely on wood for energy purposes (notably cooking). The largest producers are all in these income groups and have large populations with a high reliance on wood for energy: in 2021, India ranked first with 300 million
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Forest management varies in intensity from a leave alone, natural situation to a highly intensive regime with silvicultural interventions. Forest Management is generally increased in intensity to achieve either economic criteria (increased timber yields,
4571:. Increased environmental awareness may contribute to an increased public mistrust of forest management professionals. But it can also lead to greater understanding about what professionals do for forests for nature conservation and ecological services.
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But management can also harm the ecosystem; for example, machinery used in a timber harvest can compact the soil, stress the root system, reduce tree growth, lengthen the time needed for a stand to mature to harvestability. Machinery can also damage the
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have become commonplace in many areas since the 1990s. These certification systems developed as a response to criticism of some forestry practices, particularly deforestation in less-developed regions along with concerns over resource management in the
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This consensus on common thematic areas (or criteria) effectively provides a common and implicit definition of sustainable forest management. The seven thematic areas were acknowledged by the international forest community at the fourth session of the
158:, provide habitats for wildlife including many pollinators which are essential for sustainable food production, provide timber and fuelwood, serve as a source of non-wood forest products including food and medicine, and contribute to rural livelihoods.
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and the risk of fire. The results of this type of inventory can be used in preventive actions and also awareness. Wildlife surveys can be undertaken in conjunction with timber inventory to determine the number and type of wildlife within a forest.
4421:). Asia and the Americas are the two main producing regions, accounting for 29 and 28 percent of the total roundwood production, respectively; Africa and Europe have similar shares of 20–21 percent, while Oceania produces the remaining 2 percent.
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There is considerable debate over the effectiveness of forest protection methods. Enforcement of laws regarding purchased forest land is weak or non-existent in most parts of the world. In the increasingly dangerous South America, home of major
703:) in 2015, an increase of about 40 million ha in the previous ten years. Of the planted forests worldwide, 18% of that area consists of exotic or introduced species while the rest consist of species native to the country where they are planted.
1820:, acknowledging the seven thematic areas, endorsed a joint statement of collaboration to improve global forest-related data collection and reporting and avoiding the proliferation of monitoring requirements and associated reporting burdens.
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have developed a number of tools and techniques to help forest-dependent communities develop their own local level criteria and indicators. Criteria and Indicators also form the basis of third-party forest certification programs such as the
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Since the forest is considered an ecosystem, it is dependent on all of the living and non-living factors within itself. This is a major part of why the forest needs to be sustainable before it is harvested. For example, a tree, by way of
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While certification is intended as a tool to enhance forest management practices throughout the world, to date most certified forestry operations are located in Europe and North America. A significant barrier for many forest managers in
706:
There are limitations and challenges with reforestation projects, especially if they are in the form of tree plantations. Firstly, there can be competition with other land uses and displacement risk. Secondly, tree plantations are often
8800:. Paper compiled by Froylán Castañeda, Christel Palmberg-Lerche and Petteri Vuorinen, May 2001. Forest Management Working Papers, Working Paper 5. Forest Resources Development Service, Forest Resources Division. FAO, Rome (unpublished).
3943:. The idea of enclosed private property came about during modern times. However, most hunting rights were retained by members of the nobility which preserved the right of the nobility to access and use common land for recreation, like
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plantation are often genetically altered for desired traits such as growth and resistance to pests and diseases in general and specific traits, for example in the case of timber species, volumic wood production and stem straightness.
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Because forests and societies are in constant flux, the desired outcome of sustainable forest management is not a fixed one. What constitutes a sustainably managed forest will change over time as values held by the public change.
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areas can create problems of their own. Carbon sequestration estimates in those areas often do not include the full amount of carbon reductions in soils and slowing tree growth over time. Also, afforestation can negatively affect
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Although a majority of forests continue to be owned formally by government, the effectiveness of forest governance is increasingly independent of formal ownership. Since neo-liberal ideology in the 1980s and the emanation of the
4682:. The commission regulates both private and public forests, as well as manages private forests. Agricultural land was bought and transformed, totalling 35% of the British woodland area having been possessed at one point in time
4517:(Forestry, Serbia) first published in 1948 by the Ministry of Forestry of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia, and since 1951 by Organ of Society of Forestry Engineers and Technicians of the Republic of Serbia (succeeding the former
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and granting long-term leases to tend and regenerate trees—thus maximizing future harvests—are among the means used to limit the harmful effects of clearcutting. Long-term studies of clearcut forests, such as studies of the
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for cattle. Regulation and prevention can happen at both the supply size, with better enforcement of environmental protections, and at the demand side, such as an increasing regulation of trade as part of the international
3437:. These terms can lead to some confusion in English, although they are clearer in other languages. As a result, reading English literature can be problematic for non-experts due to localization and conflation of meanings.
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and railways in general for transport and as forestry customer. Further human induced changes, however, came since World War II, respectively in line with the "1950s syndrome". The first portable chainsaw was invented in
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grass. Though there is no formal definition or methodology, the overall goal of ANR is to create and improve forest productivity. It typically involves the reduction or removal of barriers to natural regeneration such as
2134:(ANR) (also termed managed regrowth) is the human protection and preservation of natural tree seedlings in forested areas. Seedlings are, in particular, protected from undergrowth and extremely flammable plants such as
9642:
Mazzei, Lucas; Sist, Plinio; Ruschel, Ademir; Putz, Francis E.; Marco, Phidias; Pena, Wagner; Ferreira, Josué Evandro Ribeiro (2010). "Above-ground biomass dynamics after reduced-impact logging in the Eastern Amazon".
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The aim of the statistical forest inventory is to provide comprehensive information about the state and dynamics of forests for strategic and management planning. Merely looking at the forest for assessment is called
744:" – was launched in 1978 and scheduled to last until 2050. It aims to eventually plant nearly 90 million acres of new forest in a 2,800-mile stretch of northern China. Such programs often blur the boundaries between
13956:
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Enters, Thomas; B. Durst, Patrick; B. Applegate, Grahame; C.S. Kho, Peter; Man, Gary (2001). "29. Policies, strategies and technologies for forest resource protection - William B. Magrath* and Richard Grandalski".
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1627:. The instrument was the first of its kind that reflected the strong international commitment to promote implementation of sustainable forest management through a new approach bringing all stakeholders together.
303:, the volume of trees in an area, and the value of the timber. Inventories can be done for other reasons than just calculating the value. A forest can be cruised to visually assess timber and determine potential
1559:
Successfully achieving sustainable forest management will provide integrated benefits to all, ranging from safeguarding local livelihoods to protecting biodiversity and ecosystems provided by forests, reducing
2145:, competition with weeds, grasses or other vegetation, and protection against disturbances, which can all interfere with growth. In addition to protection efforts, new trees are planted when needed or wanted (
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150 countries. Three of the more advanced initiatives are those of the Working Group on Criteria and Indicators for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests (also called the
253:
environmental legislation when developing plans. Plans instruct the sustainable harvesting and replacement of trees. They indicate whether road building or other forest engineering operations are required.
408:
to mitigate climate change impacts on forests. By recognizing the vulnerabilities of forests to changing climatic conditions, scientists can implement conservation methods that enhance their resilience.
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The more biodiverse the hardwood-forest ecosystem, the more challenges and opportunities its managers face. Managers aim for sustainable forest management to keep their cash crop renewing itself, using
607:
projects are also motivated by improved biodiversity and reclamation of natural water systems, as well as improved economic and social welfare due to an increased number of jobs in farming and forestry.
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Macpherson, Alexander J.; Schulze, Mark D.; Carter, Douglas R.; Vidal, Edson (November 2010). "A Model for comparing reduced impact logging with conventional logging for an Eastern Amazonian Forest".
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Most of the laundering was reportedly done through the creation of fake or inflated creditos florestais, a document that defines how much timber a landowner is entitled to extract from his property.
11991:
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2089:, an economically valuable product. By integrating plant-fungal associations into a forestry management system, native forests can be preserved, wood waste can be recycled back into the ecosystem,
1762:
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I. Balenović, D. Vuletić, et al. Digital Photogrammetry – State of the Art and Potential for Application in Forest Management in Croatia. SEEFOR. South-East European Forestry. #2, 2011. pp. 81–93.
492:
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There are many potential users of certification, including: forest managers, scientists, policy makers, investors, environmental advocates, business consumers of wood and paper, and individuals.
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treatments and a timetable for their implementation. Application of digital maps in Geographic Information systems (GIS) that extracts and integrates different information about forest terrains,
9766:
4831:
In 2019 after severe wildfires and public pressure the Russian government decided to take a number of measures for more effective forest management, what is considered as a big victory for the
1595:. Conservation of biodiversity is the major management aim in around 13% of the world's forests, while preservation of soil and water resources is the primary management goal in more than 30%.
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crop, absorbing between 100 and 400 tonnes of carbon per hectare. In 1997, an international intergovernmental organization was established to promote the development of bamboo cultivation, the
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and others as the 'wooden age', as timber and firewood were the basic resources for energy, construction and housing. The development of modern forestry is closely connected with the rise of
1934:
of the forest also comes with uncertainties. There are other factors that may affect the forest furthermore than that of the harvesting. There are internal conditions such as effects of soil
1544:. The goal of sustainable forestry is to allow for a balance to be found between making use of trees while maintaining natural patterns of disturbance and regeneration. The forestry industry
9556:
Pereira, Rodrigo; Zweede, Johan; Asner, Gregory P.; Keller, Michael (2001). "Forest canopy damage and recovery in reduced-impact and conventional selective logging in eastern Para, Brazil".
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3134:, with more than fifty scheme owners offering certification worldwide, addressing the diversity of forest types and tenures. Globally, the two largest umbrella certification programs are:
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are also continuous cover forestry. Different existing forest stands may require different silvicultural interventions to achieve a continuously productive irregular structure. Crucially,
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centerpiece for comprehensive wood and paper policies that include factors such as the protection of sensitive forest values, thoughtful material selection and efficient use of products.
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1102:
can yield up to 40 cubic meters per hectare per year. In 2000, while plantations accounted for 5% of global forest, it is estimated that they supplied about 35% of the world's roundwood.
815:. Climax forest is therefore the target ecosystem, which defines the ultimate aim of forest restoration. Since climate is a major factor that determines climax forest composition, global
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Payn, Tim; Carnus, Jean-Michel; Freer-Smith, Peter; Kimberley, Mark; Kollert, Walter; Liu, Shirong; Orazio, Christophe; Rodriguez, Luiz; Silva, Luis Neves; Wingfield, Michael J. (2015).
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The shifting of natural resource management responsibilities from central to state and local governments, where this is occurring, is usually a part of broader decentralization process.
2877:. Environmentalists, traditional owners, local residents and others have regularly campaigned against clearcutting, including through the use of blockades and nonviolent direct action.
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processing or sale. Hence, tree species, quantity, and form, all central to the value of harvested products quality and quantity, tend to be important components of silvicultural plans.
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production. Forests also provide some non-market values which have no current market price. Examples of non-market goods would be improving water quality, air quality, aesthetics, and
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publicly owned. Sustainable forest management strategies aim to reconcile various immediate demands while ensuring that forests continue to provide benefits for future generations.
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government. The second principal line of action is the implementation of pilot projects to demonstrate the feasibility of the community forestry framework . However, a study by the
2888:. Ultimately, the effects of clearcutting on the land will depend on how well or poorly the forest is managed, and whether it is converted to non-forest land uses after clearcuts.
12127:
Fre., Schmithüsen, Franz Josef Forstwissenschafter, 1940- Ger. Schmithüsen, Franz Josef Forestry scientist, 1940- Eng. Schmithüsen, Franz Josef Ingénieur forestier, 1940- (2007).
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The direct cause of most deforestation is agriculture by far. More than 80% of deforestation was attributed to agriculture in 2018. Forests are being converted to plantations for
1012:, plantation forest, timber plantation or tree farm is a forest planted for high volume production of wood, usually by planting one type of tree as a monoculture forest. The term
10978:"The Power of Silviculture: Employing Thinning, Partial Cutting Systems and Other Intermediate Treatments to Increase Productivity, Forest Health and Public Support for Forestry"
10542:
Feng, Yu; Zeng, Zhenzhong; Searchinger, Timothy D.; Ziegler, Alan D.; Wu, Jie; Wang, Dashan; He, Xinyue; Elsen, Paul R.; Ciais, Philippe; Xu, Rongrong; Guo, Zhilin (2022-02-28).
3565:. It is important to take into consideration the differing species and the biodiversity that exists across different rainforest types in order to accurately implement methods of
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in 1995, known as the Malawi Principles. The definition, 12 principles and 5 points of "operational guidance" were adopted by the fifth Conference of Parties (COP5) in 2000. The
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is defined as "actions to re-instate ecological processes, which accelerate recovery of forest structure, ecological functioning and biodiversity levels towards those typical of
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conditions, to pest- and disease-resistance, wood properties, etc. Currently, tree breeding is starting to take advantage of the fast development in plant genetics and genomics.
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favored strictly enclosed private property. The Agrarian reformers, early economic writers and scientists tried to get rid of the traditional commons. At the time, an alleged
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density. By communicating with the local people living in, and around, the rainforest, conservationists can learn more about what might allow them to best focus their efforts.
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Forests cover 31% of the land area on Earth. Every year, 75,700 square kilometers (18.7 million acres) of the forest is lost. There was a 12% increase in the loss of primary
2542:. The role of forests in capturing and storing carbon and mitigating climate change is also important for the agricultural sector. The reason for this linkage is because the
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will affect what they do. The information gathered will provide the data that will determine the role of agriculture and forestry in a new climate change regulatory system.
14782:– explores how the effects of forest management decisions can last for centuries, and the value of forest history in understanding current forest management problems.
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Sgró, C.M., A. J. Lowe and A. A. Hoffmann, 2011. Building evolutionary resilience for conserving biodiversity under climate change. Evolutionary Applications 4 (2): 326-337
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Benedek, Zsófia; Fertő, Imre (2013). "Development and application of a new Forestation Index: global forestation patterns and drivers" (Document). IEHAS Discussion Papers.
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Benedek, Zsófia; Fertő, Imre (2013). "Development and application of a new Forestation Index: global forestation patterns and drivers" (Document). IEHAS Discussion Papers.
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Benedek, Zsófia; Fertő, Imre (2013). "Development and application of a new Forestation Index: global forestation patterns and drivers" (Document). IEHAS Discussion Papers.
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2656:. Global models and national greenhouse gas inventories give similar results for deforestation emissions. As of 2019, deforestation is responsible for about 11% of global
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ensures that forest trees can survive, adapt and evolve under changing environmental conditions. Genetic diversity in forests also contributes to tree vitality and to the
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Why does this forest look like a fingerprint? We set out to solve why a forest in the middle of Uruguay looked like that — and wound up discovering something much bigger.
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de Vries, S.M.G., Alan, M., Bozzano, M., Burianek, V., Collin, E., Cottrell, J., Ivankovic, M., Kelleher, C.T., Koskela, J., Rotach, P., Vietto, L. and Yrjänä, L (2015).
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3759:. The forestry profession includes a wide diversity of jobs, with educational requirements ranging from college bachelor's degrees to PhDs for highly specialized work.
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with a 30-year cutting cycle" stay in place. This would be to ensure that future ground biomass to have regeneration of the original ground biomass prior to harvesting.
919:. Afforestation can also improve the local climate through increased rainfall and by being a barrier against high winds. The additional trees can also prevent or reduce
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to foster continuous growth, carbon accumulation, and structural complexity. It is recognized as an important forest based strategy for addressing the global crises in
2865:. Logging companies and forest-worker unions in some countries support the practice for scientific, safety and economic reasons, while detractors consider it a form of
1810:
1624:
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Yang, Yusheng; Wang, Lixin; Yang, Zhijie; Xu, Chao; Xie, Jingsheng; Chen, Guangshui; Lin, Chengfang; Guo, Jianfen; Liu, Xiaofei; Xiong, Decheng; Lin, Weisheng (2018).
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and binding regulations occurred in most Western nations in the 20th century in response to growing conservation concerns and the increasing technological capacity of
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can be increased, planted restoration sites are enhanced, and the sustainability of forest ecosystems are improved. Mycoforestry is an alternative to the practice of
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Bastin, Jean-Francois; Finegold, Yelena; Garcia, Claude; Mollicone, Danilo; Rezende, Marcelo; Routh, Devin; Zohner, Constantin M.; Crowther, Thomas W. (2019-07-05).
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I. Balenovich, A. Seletkovich, et al. Comparison of Classical Terrestrial and Photogrammetric Method in Creating Management Division. FORMEC. Croatia 2012. pp. 1-13.
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with emphasis on getting a high genetic diversity rather than aiming at producing a uniform stand of trees, is essential for sustainable use of FGR. Considering the
1615:
296:
12716:
Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts".
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Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts".
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Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts".
6732:
Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts".
6381:
Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts".
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Windisch, Michael G.; Davin, Edouard L.; Seneviratne, Sonia I. (October 2021). "Prioritizing forestation based on biogeochemical and local biogeophysical impacts".
1203:(also known as bamboo farming, cultivation, agriculture or agroforestry) is a cultivation and raw material industry that provides the raw materials for the broader
9804:
9699:
3278:
1722:
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2884:, the costs of which are intensely debated by economic, environmental and other interests. In addition to the purpose of harvesting wood, clearcutting is used to
14764:– explores issues surrounding commercial monoculture forest management and its impact upon the economy, previously existing habitats, wildlife, and people.
10610:
4116:, which proved to be an influential management system throughout Europe. In parallel, schools of forestry were established beginning in the late 18th century in
1817:
696:, also called plantation forests. They cover about 131 million ha worldwide, which is 3% of the global forest area and 45% of the total area of planted forests.
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2127:
has been fenced off to assist natural regeneration of the tree cover. So far, there are few trees showing, despite the OS mapping showing this as a wooded area.
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from its list of threatened sites. Forbidding oil drilling, reducing poaching played crucial role in the achievement. The event is considered as a big win to
2735:
589:, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife. During the process of photosynthesis, trees take in
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4999:
Mozgeris, G. (2008) “The continuous field view of representing forest geographically: from cartographic representation towards improved management planning”.
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keeping water safe for human consumption. There are many types of forests to consider and various techniques to preserve them. Of the types of forests in the
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This rise of certification led to the emergence of several different systems throughout the world. As a result, there is no single accepted forest management
15152:
12644:
Mackey, Brendan; Kormos, Cyril F.; Keith, Heather; Moomaw, William R.; Houghton, Richard A.; Mittermeier, Russell A.; Hole, David; Hugh, Sonia (1 May 2020).
4231:
is considered the father of tropical forestry, European concepts and practices had to be adapted in tropical and semi-arid climate zones. The development of
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Proforestation refers specifically to enabling continuous forest growth uninterrupted by active management or timber harvesting, a term coined by scientists
3138:
2146:
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Casanova, Vanessa; Hamilton, James (2019-04-03). "Non-Timber Forest Products in the Southeastern United States: Implications for Worker Safety and Health".
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4801:, or any combination of these threats. But there are many techniques that can be implemented for forest conservation efforts. This includes methods such as
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3609:
Allowing proforestation in some secondary forests will increase their accumulated carbon and biodiversity over time. Strategies for proforestation include
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African Bamboo Product Innovation Lab where bamboo farming techniques and industrial uses are tested inside the company's facility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Golladay, S.W.; Martin, K.L.; Vose, J.M.; Wear, D.N.; Covich, A.P.; Hobbs, R.J.; Klepzig, K.D.; Likens, G.E.; Naiman, R.J.; Shearer, A.W. (January 2016).
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L. J. Moores; B. Pittman; G. Kitchen (1996), "Forest ecological classification and mapping: their application for ecosystem management in Newfoundland",
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concepts with a bias towards fuelwood and timber production, artificial afforestation, and a critical view of pastoral and agricultural uses of forests.
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Clearcutting is the most common and economically profitable method of logging. However, it also may create detrimental side effects, such as the loss of
1024:. Plantation forestry can produce a high volume of wood in a short period of time. Plantations are grown by state forestry authorities (for example, the
808:. Climax forests are relatively stable ecosystems that have developed the maximum biomass, structural complexity and species diversity that are possible
225:, proximity to human habitation, water features and hydrological conditions, and soil information. Forest management plans typically include recommended
2318:, Germany: the soil is being washed out due to lack of vegetal cover, some trees are losing ground and they appear to be sick (photo by Andreas Trepte).
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world's leading food crops, representing 35 percent of global food production, benefit from animal pollination for fruit, vegetable or seed production.
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15962:
13215:
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Bamboo cultivation in South, South East Asia and East Asia stretches back thousands of years. One practice, in South Korea, has been designated as a
1215:. For example, as of 2016, the U.S. Fiber corporation Resource Fiber is contracting farmers in the United States for bamboo cultivation. Or in 2009,
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b) Fire prevention, nurturing natural regeneration and planting framework tree species resulted in trees growing above the weed canopy within a year.
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895:
is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no recent tree cover. There are three types of afforestation: Natural
12152:
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9789:
9753:
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1250:
15147:
12218:"Why Is There No International Forestry Law?: An Examination of International Forestry Regulation, both Public and Private [eScholarship]"
1247:, are known as "timber bamboos". Bamboo is typically harvested as a source material for construction, food, crafts and other manufactured goods.
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Globally, planted forests increased from 4.1% to 7.0% of the total forest area between 1990 and 2015. Plantation forests made up 280 million ha (
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11695:"SFI Inc. Launches New Standard, Leads Forest Certification Forward" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2013-02-19
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The most effective way to implement ANR is very site-specific, and many nations provide guidebooks on how to select and maintain an ANR project.
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practices that include growing, selling, controlling insects and most diseases, providing manure, applying herbicide treatments, and thinning.
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Forest protection also has a legal status and rather than protection from only people damaging the forests is seen to be broader and include
3364:). Through such analysis, researchers can quantify the carbon stocks present in different types of forests and assess their effectiveness as
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2437:, are destroyed every year. On average 2,400 trees are cut down each minute. Estimates vary widely as to the extent of deforestation in the
837:
Forest and landscape restoration (FLR) is defined as a process that aims to regain ecological functionality and enhance human well-being in
15191:
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3845:, large agricultural estates, were quite successful in maintaining the large supply of wood that was necessary for the Roman Empire. Large
1235:
845:. FLR has been developed as a response to the growing degradation and loss of forest and land, which resulted in declined biodiversity and
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2973:; or the extraction of timber in excess of agreed limits. Illegal logging is a driving force for a number of environmental issues such as
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species of trees, plants or animals, or some of them affected by plagues. This degradation makes the forest less valuable and may lead to
3557:. Although they may vary in location and inhabited species of plants and animals, they remain important worldwide for their abundance of
3316:
public management, with public forests being sovereign property of the State. Forestry laws are now considered an international affair.
2315:
1610:(United Nations Conference on Environment and Development) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 captured the general international understanding of
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by repairing and stabilizing soils and boosting their water-retention capacity. It contributes to the provision of a wide range of vital
1174:
is common in silviculture, while forestry can include natural/conserved land without stand-level management and treatments being applied.
12251:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022).
9178:
8678:"The continuous field view of representing forest geographically: from cartographic representation towards improved management planning"
6786:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022).
6617:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022).
6432:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022).
6096:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022).
5020:
Anderegg, William R. L.; Wu, Chao; Acil, Nezha; Carvalhais, Nuno; Pugh, Thomas A. M.; Sadler, Jon P.; Seidl, Rupert (2 September 2022).
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are a significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to
504:
are established when the preferred output is improved seed. Alternatively, the best genotypes can be directly propagated by cuttings or
136:
research, GIS applications, and long-term monitoring help assess and improve forest management, ensuring its effectiveness and success.
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8395:
4065:(1713) was the first comprehensive treatise about sustainable yield forestry. In the UK, and, to an extent, in continental Europe, the
4028:. Typically, a forest was divided into specific sections and mapped; the harvest of timber was planned with an eye to regeneration. As
3079:– and chain-of-custody certification tracks wood and paper products from the certified forest through processing to the point of sale.
1745:
1741:
12252:
12133:. ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute for Human-Environmental Sciences.
11944:
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, FAO. 1978. Forestry for local community development. Forestry Paper 7. Rome.
9366:"Edible fungi crops through mycoforestry, potential for carbon negative food production and mitigation of food and forestry conflicts"
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is the systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis. An estimate of the value and possible uses of
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10065:
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Konnert, M., Fady, B., Gömöry, D., A'Hara, S., Wolter, F., Ducci, F., Koskela, J., Bozzano, M., Maaten, T. and Kowalczyk, J. (2015).
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Hölzl, Richard (2010-12-01). "Historicizing Sustainability: German Scientific Forestry in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries".
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Kohler, Yann & Tissot, Wilfried. (2013). Integration of Nature Protection in Forest Policy in France - INTEGRATE Country Report.
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7144:"Is the introduction of novel exotic forest tree species a rational response to rapid environmental change? – A British perspective"
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forestry was one of the (controversial) answers to the specific challenges in the tropical colonies. The enactment and evolution of
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in the 7th century when, faced with the ever-increasing shortage of wood, they instituted a code concerned with the preservation of
2001:
whereby forest stands are maintained in a permanently irregular structure, which is created and sustained through the selection and
13126:
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La protección de la naturaleza es divertida: manejo de áreas protegidas y comunicación ambiental : ideas procedentes de Panamá
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491:(plus trees) in a natural or planted forest, often based on growth rate, tree form and site adaptation traits. This application of
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features as well as its distribution of trees (by species) and other plant covers. Plans also include landowner objectives, roads,
14773:– a serious forest management issue, in which industrial forest management practices are increasing high-severity fire risk.
10977:
9769:"Pan-European strategy for genetic conservation of forest trees and establishment of a core network of dynamic conservation units"
2898:
through clearcutting has received considerable media attention in recent years, the other large forests of the world, such as the
11272:
4842:
In August 2019, a court in Indonesia stopped the construction of a dam that could heavily hurt forests and villagers in the area
4017:
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events can lead to more forest loss. The relationship between deforestation and climate change is one of a positive (amplifying)
2553:
596:
49:
concerned with overall administrative, legal, economic, and social aspects, as well as scientific and technical aspects, such as
13310:
8924:
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3650:
Proforestation is specifically recommended in “World Scientists’ Warning of a Climate Emergency, as a means to “quickly curtail
2333:. Deforestation and forest degradation continue to take place at alarming rates, which contributes significantly to the ongoing
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log. Others include grazing and fodder, specialty crops such as mushrooms or berries, usage fees for recreation or hunting, and
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4762:. Forest conservation involves the upkeep of the natural resources within a forest that are beneficial for both humans and the
4320:
2902:, also known as boreal forests, are also under threat of rapid development. In Russia, North America and Scandinavia, creating
2359:
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towards pests and diseases. Furthermore, FGR has a crucial role in maintaining forest biological diversity at both species and
8849:
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5410:
4976:
2687:. The more trees that are removed equals larger effects of climate change which, in turn, results in the loss of more trees.
337:
15162:
8320:"REPORT on a new EU Forest Strategy for 2030 – Sustainable Forest Management in Europe | A9-0225/2022 | European Parliament"
8167:
7305:
Elliott, S., D. Blakesley and K. Hardwick, in press. Restoring Tropical Forests: a Practical Guide. Kew Publications, London
4386:
In topographically severe forested terrain, proper forestry is important for the prevention or minimization of serious soil
3429:
In German-speaking countries, forest protection would focus on the biotic and abiotic factors that are non-crime related. A
2429:
before the expansion of agriculture, with half of that loss occurring in the last century. Between 15 million to 18 million
1241:
Bamboo is harvested from both cultivated and wild stands, and some of the larger bamboos, particularly species in the genus
1226:, bamboo can be profitably cultivated in many degraded lands. Moreover, because of the rapid growth, bamboo is an effective
12360:
Portmann, Raphael; Beyerle, Urs; Davin, Edouard; Fischer, Erich M.; De Hertog, Steven; Schemm, Sebastian (4 October 2022).
12130:
Multifunctional forestry practices as a land use strategy to meet increasing private and public demands in modern societies
9983:
9956:
8033:
6675:
Portmann, Raphael; Beyerle, Urs; Davin, Edouard; Fischer, Erich M.; De Hertog, Steven; Schemm, Sebastian (4 October 2022).
6490:
Portmann, Raphael; Beyerle, Urs; Davin, Edouard; Fischer, Erich M.; De Hertog, Steven; Schemm, Sebastian (4 October 2022).
5286:
Portmann, Raphael; Beyerle, Urs; Davin, Edouard; Fischer, Erich M.; De Hertog, Steven; Schemm, Sebastian (4 October 2022).
8810:
4703:
has its own sustainable forest management measures in place. A little less than half of all the publicly owned forests of
42:
14692:
13237:
11774:
Lutz, E, and Caldecott, J. (1996). Decentralization and biodiversity: a world bank symposium. Washington: The World Bank.
10830:
7415:
1671:
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, at the request of Member States, developed and launched the
401:
395:
14366:
10187:
3915:
In Europe, land usage rights in medieval and early modern times allowed different users to access forests and pastures.
3053:
emerge in the 1990s as a credible tool for communicating the environmental and social performance of forest operations.
1851:
definition of the Ecosystem Approach and a set of principles for its application were developed at an expert meeting in
789:
386:
scientists can recommend targeted approaches to forest management that protect and promote the richness of forest life.
14853:
14811:
14605:
9430:
The effects of whole-tree clear-cutting on soil processes at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, USA.
8402:. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (F&ES), University of Washington's College of the Environment
5467:
4786:, they each face specific threats. But, there are various techniques to implement that will protect and preserve them.
4600:
1873:
1856:
1848:
1844:
854:
13820:
12169:
KAIMOWITZ, D. (2003). Forest law enforcement and rural livelihoods. The International Forestry Review, 5(3), 199–210.
10676:
10496:
7949:
7535:
5786:
2936:
thrives when uneven heights and canopy variations exist and its numbers are diminished by even aged timber management.
876:
15085:
15065:
13641:
10916:
Ballaine, Wesley C. (1953). "The Revested Oregon and California Railroad Grand Lands: A Problem in Land Management".
10849:
9345:
9090:
9062:
8621:
8277:
7495:
Pywell, Richard F.; Bullock, James M.; Roy, David B.; Warman, Liz; Walker, Kevin J.; Rothery, Peter (February 2003).
7290:
4372:
4113:
3179:
is that they lack the capacity to undergo a certification audit and maintain operations to a certification standard.
3151:
The Forest Stewardship Council's Policy on Conversion states that land areas converted from natural forests to round
2227:
is crucial as well. For example, in relation to climate change, local material may not have the genetic diversity or
1824:
1647:
13859:
12571:"Ten golden rules for reforestation to optimize carbon sequestration, biodiversity recovery and livelihood benefits"
11608:
11496:
2115:
1979:
734:. Therefore, reducing deforestation is usually more beneficial for climate change mitigation than is reforestation.
312:
14839:
13569:
11861:
Singh, P (August 2008). "Exploring biodiversity and climate change benefits of community-based forest management".
8343:
4872:
3610:
3525:
3493:
3355:
3071:
of good forest management, and independent auditors issue certificates to forest operations that comply with those
2874:
2583:
2501:
2292:
that have evolved with fire. In fact, many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction.
2187:
637:
14714:
13888:
2441:. In 2019, nearly a third of the overall tree cover loss, or 3.8 million hectares, occurred within humid tropical
1679:
best practices and examples of their application to support countries implementing sustainable forest management.
15157:
11966:
11590:
8788:
Ravi Prabhu, Carol J. P. Colfer and Richard G. Dudley. 1999. CIFOR. The Criteria & Indicators Toolbox Series.
3896:
forests. The use and management of many forest resources has a long history in China as well, dating back to the
2777:
1806:
1766:
1631:
1620:
646:
10768:"A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests"
10171:
Watson, Robert T.; Noble, Ian R.; Bolin, Bert; Ravindranath, N. H.; Verardo, David J.; Dokken, David J. (2000).
7497:"Plant traits as predictors of performance in ecological restoration: Plant traits as predictors of performance"
4774:
for living which allows the ecosystem to be biodiverse and benefit other natural processes. Forests also filter
3761:
Industrial foresters plan forest regeneration starting with careful harvesting. Urban foresters manage trees in
3232:
only repairing damage to the environment but also providing economic and social benefits to the affected area.
3208:
challenges, evidence that the state is failing to effectively manage environmental resources has emerged. Under
367:
environmental shifts. Long-term monitoring is invaluable for informing sustainable forest management practices.
15742:
14159:
11995:
11748:
Auer, M. (2012). 'Group forest certification for smallholders in Vietnam: An early test and future prospects'.
7282:
6976:
Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019).
6547:
Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019).
6263:
Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019).
5951:
Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019).
5219:
Prevedello, Jayme A.; Winck, Gisele R.; Weber, Marcelo M.; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (20 March 2019).
3287:
1758:
1753:
8975:
8372:
4081:, an imminent wood shortage played a watershed role in the controversies about cooperative land use patterns.
2969:
means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a protected area; the cutting down of
1706:
1303:
is a form of forestry in which a fast-growing species of tree or woody shrub is grown specifically to provide
801:
15972:
15957:
15230:
12711:
8293:
7176:
4363:
2131:
2108:
1994:
1579:
by increasing forest ecosystems' resistance to future climatic hazards and lowering the danger of additional
850:
375:
124:
and management planning. Scientific research plays a crucial role in helping forest management. For example,
13668:
Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals
11375:
Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals
11300:
Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals
10726:"The Positive Feedback Loop between the Impacts of Climate Change and Agricultural Expansion and Relocation"
7786:
Everard, J.E.; Fourt, D.F. (1974). "Monterey Pine and Bishop Pine as plantation trees in southern Britain".
7253:
Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals
5806:
Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals
5738:
Forests at the heart of sustainable development: Investing in forests to meet biodiversity and climate goals
3297:
estimated that almost one-third of the world's forest area is under some form of community-based management.
161:
Forests include market and non-market products. Marketable products include goods that have a market price.
15982:
14344:
12526:"Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good"
11543:
9272:
Dregson, A. R., & Taylor, D. M. (1997). Ecoforestry. Gabriola Island, BC : New Society Publishers.
8112:
4933:
4599:
the Climate Change Conference in Cancun by UNFCCC COP 16. Developing countries who are signatories of the
4167:
3689:
2772:
Checkerboarding can create problems for access and ecological management. It is one of the major causes of
2220:
34:
Sustainable forest management balances local socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological needs and constraints.
12362:"Global forestation and deforestation affect remote climate via adjusted atmosphere and ocean circulation"
11783:
Hague, M. (1999). 'The Fate of sustainable development under neo-liberal regime in developing countries',
11652:
9715:
8786:
Guidelines for Developing, Testing and Selecting Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management
8194:
Farming the Woods: an integrated permaculture approach to growing food and medicinals in temperate forests
6677:"Global forestation and deforestation affect remote climate via adjusted atmosphere and ocean circulation"
6492:"Global forestation and deforestation affect remote climate via adjusted atmosphere and ocean circulation"
5288:"Global forestation and deforestation affect remote climate via adjusted atmosphere and ocean circulation"
3508:
2928:
Ecological analysis indicates that even aged timber management can produce inferior outcomes for wildlife
2911:
in Malaysia, are also important in providing insights into the conservation of forest resources worldwide.
2885:
2097:, which removes dead wood from forests, thereby diminishing nutrient availability and reducing soil depth.
1813:
as a reference framework for sustainable forest management to help achieve the purpose of the instrument.
1702:, 2020. France is the most deforested country in Europe, with only 15% of the native vegetation remaining.
945:
Australia, Canada, China, India, Israel, United States and Europe have afforestation programs to increase
89:. Management objectives can be for conservation, utilisation, or a mixture of the two. Techniques include
15040:
14846:
13935:
13352:
Radkau, Joachim. Nature and Power. A Global History of the Environment. Cambridge University Press. 2008.
12023:
FAO Forestry Paper 176: Forty years of community-based forestry: A review of its extent and effectiveness
4928:
4108:, matured as expected in the mid-19th century: "Colbert had thought of everything except the steamship,"
1914:
to standards where the forest may still be harvested for products on a sustainable basis. Ecoforestry is
1809:
and the 16th session of the Committee on Forestry. These thematic areas have since been enshrined in the
17:
14247:
10465:
8051:
4884:
encroachment, which results in conversion of land uses to settlement and agriculture, by taking action.
3004:
and other charges, and fraudulent certification. These acts are often referred to as "wood laundering".
2355:
2005:
of individual trees. The term "continuous cover forestry" does not equate exactly to any one particular
1672:
15977:
15952:
15860:
15554:
15196:
14832:
13844:
12200:"Principles of sustainable tropical forest management where wood production is the primary objective".
11348:
9716:"Climate change and forest genetic diversity: Implications for sustainable forest management in Europe"
9446:
4953:
4846:
3782:
3732:, conservation, hunting and aesthetics. Emerging management practices include managing forestlands for
3144:
3115:
2590:
2149:). With ANR, forests grow faster than they would naturally, resulting in a significant contribution to
1691:
1549:
1506:
areas, with particular importance in sub-Saharan Africa. Due to its multiple benefits, for instance in
260:
12879:
Ripple, William; Wolf, Christopher; Newsome, Thomas; Barnard, Phoebe; Moomaw, William (January 2020).
8733:
8473:
8319:
4063:
Sylvicultura oeconomica, oder haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht
4049:(rushes) of the mining industry increased timber consumption sharply. The notion of 'Nachhaltigkeit',
1816:
In 2012, the Montréal Process, Forest Europe, the International Tropical Timber Organization, and the
1192:
15517:
15337:
15206:
14867:
11222:
7987:
4480:
4429:(15 percent of total production), followed by China with 156 million m3 and Brazil with 129 million m
4247:
is a separate branch of forestry which deals mainly with equatorial forests that yield woods such as
3595:
3369:
3269:
3196:
2990:
2672:
2668:
2539:
2493:
1990:
1972:
1592:
1576:
1565:
1545:
1227:
1037:
912:
842:
681:
600:
405:
347:
292:
233:
and tree covers, etc. using, e.g. laser scanning enhances forest management plans in modern systems.
155:
86:
12417:
Schmitt, C.; Burgess, N. (2009). "Global analysis of the protection status of the world's forests".
12203:
Guidelines for the management of tropical forests 1. The production of wood (FAO forestry paper 135)
11015:
10441:
10212:
10172:
4346:
Trees provide numerous environmental, social and economic benefits for people. In many regions, the
3360:
Scientific studies investigate the ability of forests to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (
2523:
who live in forests. Deforested regions often also suffer from other environmental problems such as
1634:
is also a global initiative aimed at promoting the implementation of sustainable forest management.
15656:
15342:
14950:
14915:
14758:
9726:
7817:
4903:
4814:
4741:
2932:
and abundance. Some species thrive on uneven or natural forest tree distribution. For example, the
2684:
2657:
2633:
2621:
2606:
2196:(FGR) is a part of sustainable forest management. In particular when it comes to the adaptation of
2193:
1951:
1927:
1490:
Agroforestry can be practiced for economic, environmental, and social benefits, and can be part of
1377:
1075:
832:
777:
one of the original forest trees. Local people teamed up with scientists to repair their watershed.
741:
15292:
12728:
11094:
4409:
in 2021. In 2021, wood fuel was the main product with a 49 percent share of the total (2 billion m
2601:– given as the annual average between 2010 and 2014 – was responsible for 2.6 billion tonnes of CO
15485:
15376:
15272:
15267:
13287:
13040:
11399:
11324:
10767:
10264:
9531:
4054:
4010:
3982:
3533:
3042:
2265:
2018:
1541:
1529:
1319:
417:
404:, including extreme heat and drought events. Understanding these effects is vital for developing
82:
14705:
14683:
11192:
8069:
7988:"Bamboo as a complementary crop to address climate change and livelihoods – Insights from India"
4275:. Forestry studies also include the development of better methods for the planting, protecting,
4211:
During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, forest preservation programs were established in
3968:
3241:
1528:
Sustainable forest management (SFM) is the management of forests according to the principles of
299:, age, and defects. From the data collected one can calculate the number of trees per acre, the
291:. When taking forest inventory the following are important things to measure and note: species,
15262:
15257:
15137:
15125:
14804:
13498:
Managing Northern Europe's Forests: Histories from the Age of Improvement to the Age of Ecology
11448:
10409:"Impacts of Climate Change on Hydroclimatic Conditions of U.S. National Forests and Grasslands"
9337:
7795:
4987:
4832:
4817:. Additionally, multiple United States government programs support forest conservation efforts.
4745:
4350:
is of major ecological, economic, and social importance, with the United States producing more
4074:
3998:
3830:
3127:
3092:
3083:
3064:
2861:
and to promote select species that require an abundance of sunlight or grow in large, even-age
2819:
2741:
2723:
2270:
1947:
1315:
946:
896:
781:
14744:
10544:"Doubling of annual forest carbon loss over the tropics during the early twenty-first century"
10145:
9812:
European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN), Bioversity International, Rome, Italy.
9746:
7710:"Restoring forests could capture two-thirds of the carbon humans have added to the atmosphere"
6925:
Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply".
6330:
Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply".
6157:
Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply".
6045:
Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply".
5165:
Zhang, Mingfang; Wei, Xiaohua (5 March 2021). "Deforestation, forestation, and water supply".
3658:” and protect “high carbon stores” and areas “with the capacity to rapidly sequester carbon.”
664:
that have been destroyed or damaged. The prior forest destruction might have happened through
354:) or ecological criteria (species recovery, fostering of rare species, carbon sequestration).
15910:
15770:
15756:
15427:
14345:"World's Fifth-Largest Tree Now Safe From Loggers in an 'Inspiring Outpouring of Generosity'"
13199:
12880:
12646:"Understanding the importance of primary tropical forest protection as a mitigation strategy"
12342:
11806:
11761:
Agrawal, A., Chhatre, A, and Hardin, R. (2008). 'Changing Governance of the World's Forest'.
11002:
10144:
Teja Tscharntke; Christoph Leuschner; Edzo Veldkamp; Heiko Faust; Edi Guhardja, eds. (2010).
9819:
9805:"Use and transfer of forest reproductive material in Europe in the context of climate change"
9783:
9734:
9685:
7618:
6907:
6853:
6765:
6414:
6027:
5144:
5114:
4868:
4499:(Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886–present), the oldest extant magazine in Romania
4097:
3809:
3724:. Foresters manage forests to provide a variety of objectives including direct extraction of
2862:
2815:
2749:
2228:
1167:
1156:
967:
772:
754:(the latter being the establishment of a forest in an area where there was no forest before).
15364:
14776:
14436:"Achievable future conditions as a framework for guiding forest conservation and management"
14289:
11568:
10636:"Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests"
9841:"Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests"
4101:
3006:
Illegal logging is driven by a number of economic forces, such as demand for raw materials,
1219:
published guidelines for cultivation of bamboo in semi-arid climates in Ethiopia and Kenya.
15646:
15386:
15327:
15297:
15167:
14955:
14220:
13444:
Christian Pfister (Hrsg.), Das 1950er Syndrom: Der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft, Bern 1995
12998:
12835:
12777:
12657:
12582:
12537:
12426:
12373:
12318:
12267:
11870:
10647:
10555:
9922:
9852:
9652:
9608:
9377:
8745:
7654:
7594:
7337:
7155:
7081:
6989:
6934:
6883:
6802:
6741:
6688:
6633:
6560:
6503:
6448:
6390:
6339:
6276:
6224:
6213:"The effect of afforestation and green roofs techniques on thermal reduction in Duhok city"
6166:
6112:
6054:
5964:
5522:
5356:
5345:"The effect of afforestation and green roofs techniques on thermal reduction in Duhok city"
5299:
5232:
5174:
5090:
5036:
4893:
4159:
3972:
3737:
3566:
3461:
3426:
too. Due to the different emphases there exist widely different methods forest protection.
3361:
3176:
3119:
3075:. Forest certification verifies that forests are well-managed – as defined by a particular
2996:
Illegality may also occur during transport, such as illegal processing and export (through
2908:
2535:
2454:
2386:
2150:
2090:
1955:
1935:
1780:
1510:
benefits and potential for mitigating droughts, it has been adopted in the USA and Europe.
1496:
1231:
1041:
916:
810:
within the limits imposed by climate and soil and without continued disturbance from humans
805:
727:
532:
527:
182:
154:
is a natural system that can supply different products and services. Forests supply water,
133:
70:
14720:
The State of the World’s Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
13893:
13749:
13258:
Buttinger, Sabine (2013). "Idee der Nachhaltigkeit" [The Idea of Sustainability].
13174:
13165:
12057:
11897:
10143:
10062:
10005:
8446:
7839:
7556:
7043:
5834:
4495:
4204:. Its main traits were centralized management by professional foresters, the adherence to
1502:
Agroforestry practices are especially prevalent in the tropics, especially in subsistence
476:
Pinus radiata grafts in preparation for the establishment of a seed orchard in New Zealand
8:
15847:
15218:
15035:
15003:
14417:"Projected Urban Growth (2000 - 2050) and Its Estimated Impact on the US Forest Resource"
13115:
10188:"The world lost a football pitch-sized area of tropical forest every six seconds in 2019"
8217:
7889:
Terminology of Forest Science, Technology Practice and Products: English-Language Version
5762:
5483:
4923:
4751:
4675:
4613:
4467:
4183:
4093:
4070:
3717:
3545:
3332:
Countries participating in the UNREDD program and/or Forest Carbon Partnership Facility.
3192:
2870:
2846:
2508:
2236:
1533:
1171:
1025:
1021:
14740:
14397:
13123:
13002:
12839:
12781:
12661:
12586:
12541:
12430:
12377:
12322:
12271:
11874:
10651:
10559:
9926:
9856:
9656:
9612:
9406:
9381:
9365:
8749:
7769:
7658:
7598:
7496:
7341:
7159:
7085:
7029:
6993:
6938:
6887:
6806:
6745:
6692:
6637:
6600:
6564:
6507:
6452:
6394:
6343:
6316:
6280:
6228:
6170:
6116:
6058:
6004:
5968:
5526:
5360:
5303:
5272:
5236:
5178:
5094:
5040:
3621:
as, for example, predators keep the population of herbivores in check (which reduce the
2744:
refers to the intermingling of land ownership between two or more owners resulting in a
1733:
1126:
is the practice of controlling the growth, composition/structure, as well as quality of
15886:
15798:
15317:
15312:
15142:
15105:
15060:
15013:
14920:
14910:
13623:
13547:
13140:, Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 32, Number 3, Winter 2002, pp. 454-455 |
13014:
12861:
12693:
12626:
12503:
12394:
12361:
12334:
12291:
12146:
10984:
10933:
10898:
10787:
10591:
10340:
9581:
9486:
9326:
8785:
8550:
8523:
8015:
7610:
7477:
7369:
7012:
6977:
6958:
6899:
6826:
6757:
6709:
6676:
6657:
6583:
6548:
6524:
6491:
6472:
6406:
6363:
6299:
6264:
6242:
6190:
6136:
6078:
5987:
5952:
5933:
5880:
5656:
5416:
5374:
5320:
5287:
5255:
5220:
5198:
5106:
5060:
4759:
4503:
3748:
3729:
3591:
3541:
3171:
FSC has five standards in North America – one in the United States and four in Canada.
3160:
3131:
3096:
3076:
3072:
3068:
2520:
2321:
2303:
2209:
1907:
1865:
1840:
1553:
1200:
1185:
1063:
1028:
in Britain) and/or the paper and wood industries and other private landowners (such as
797:
765:
351:
329:
organically, and more than half are covered by forest management plans or equivalents.
66:
10976:
Dr. J. Bowyer; K. Fernholz; A. Lindburg; Dr. J. Howe; Dr. S. Bratkovich (2009-05-28).
10805:
9569:
8757:
8242:
7886:
7770:
The potential of Western hemlock, Western red cedar, Grand fir and Noblefir in Britain
7642:
7325:
3403:
is a branch of forestry which is concerned with the preservation or improvement of a
15837:
15598:
15120:
15100:
15090:
15075:
14797:
14538:
14492:
14457:
14234:
14004:
13901:
13758:
13709:
13672:
13615:
13607:
13551:
13539:
13502:
13477:
13425:
13389:
13361:
Nature and Power, A Global History of the Environment, by Joachim Radkau, 2008, p. 72
13333:
13307:
13205:
13178:
12853:
12697:
12685:
12630:
12618:
12610:
12495:
12457:
12399:
12338:
12295:
12283:
12184:
12134:
12030:
11927:
11838:
11502:
11379:
11304:
11182:
10747:
10595:
10583:
10362:
10344:
10330:
10151:
10081:
10043:
9948:
9940:
9889:
9668:
9624:
9573:
9478:
9411:
9393:
9341:
9283:
8928:
8761:
8527:
8513:
8273:
8197:
8147:
8019:
8007:
7902:
7892:
7869:
7678:
7670:
7614:
7512:
7481:
7467:
7394:
7373:
7361:
7353:
7286:
7257:
7181:
7122:
7099:
7025:
7017:
6962:
6950:
6903:
6830:
6818:
6761:
6714:
6661:
6649:
6596:
6588:
6529:
6476:
6464:
6410:
6367:
6355:
6312:
6304:
6246:
6194:
6182:
6140:
6128:
6082:
6070:
6000:
5992:
5937:
5923:
5899:
5884:
5870:
5810:
5742:
5660:
5648:
5463:
5420:
5406:
5378:
5325:
5268:
5260:
5202:
5190:
5110:
5064:
5052:
4543:
4383:, health and well-being and community consultation are examples of mentioned rights.
4205:
4171:
4158:, but large impact of mechanization in forestry started after World War II. Forestry
3990:
3808:
or risk of life or property are low. Increasingly, foresters participate in wildlife
3762:
3655:
3626:
3562:
3445:
3434:
3400:
3382:
3274:
2982:
2970:
2645:
2512:
2334:
2205:
2010:
1603:
1584:
1409:
1403:
1059:
846:
712:
213:
Foresters develop and implement forest management plans relying on mapped resources,
202:
14416:
14389:
14028:
13627:
13039:
Binkley, Daniel; Sisk, Tom; Chambers, Carol; Springer, Judy; Block, William (2007).
13018:
12986:
12865:
12822:
Lewis, Simon; Wheeler, Charlotte; Mitchard, Edward; Koch, Alexander (4 April 2019).
12507:
12082:
11882:
10407:
Heidari, Hadi; Warziniack, Travis; Brown, Thomas C.; Arabi, Mazdak (February 2021).
9713:
9585:
9490:
9247:
9230:
9206:
8797:
5606:
5511:"Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services"
3816:
protection. Foresters have been mainly concerned with timber management, especially
1532:. Sustainable forest management must keep a balance between the three main pillars:
15713:
15698:
15460:
15417:
15252:
15110:
15095:
15070:
14530:
14484:
14447:
14197:
13994:
13982:
13701:
13599:
13531:
13467:
13055:
13006:
12902:
12892:
12843:
12785:
12747:"The natural world can help save us from climate catastrophe | George Monbiot"
12675:
12665:
12600:
12590:
12545:
12487:
12434:
12389:
12381:
12326:
12275:
12225:
12109:
11917:
11909:
11878:
11273:"Wood laundering brings illegal Amazon timber to Europe — report | DW | 21.03.2018"
10925:
10890:
10791:
10779:
10737:
10655:
10573:
10563:
10420:
10322:
10035:
9930:
9860:
9660:
9616:
9565:
9468:
9458:
9401:
9385:
8753:
8505:
8250:
7999:
7662:
7602:
7508:
7459:
7345:
7171:
7163:
7089:
7007:
6997:
6942:
6891:
6845:
6810:
6749:
6704:
6696:
6641:
6578:
6568:
6519:
6511:
6456:
6398:
6347:
6294:
6284:
6232:
6174:
6120:
6062:
6019:
5982:
5972:
5915:
5862:
5640:
5530:
5398:
5364:
5315:
5307:
5250:
5240:
5182:
5136:
5098:
5044:
4913:
4798:
4618:
4487:
4228:
4220:
4009:, and as a sustainable source for timber used in naval construction. His successor
4006:
3955:
3920:
3721:
3693:
3622:
3618:
3558:
3430:
3423:
2891:
2757:
2565:
2330:
2213:
2142:
1728:
measured indicators reveal the direction of change with respect to each criterion.
1580:
1480:
812:
566:
280:
273:
249:
214:
174:
125:
121:
14518:
14476:
13695:
13603:
13386:
The Wheels of Commerce: Civilization and Capitalism: 15th-18th Century (Volume II)
11992:"Community Forestry in the Amazon: the unsolved challenge of forests and the poor"
11963:
School of Resources, Environment & Society; The Australian National University
11956:"Community Forestry Lessons for Australia: A review of international case studies"
11796:
Margulis, S. . 'Decentralized environmental management', Annual World Bank Report.
10881:
Poli, Adon (1956). "Ownership and Use of Forest Land in Northwestern California".
10359:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
10318:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
10031:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief – Forests, biodiversity and people
8902:
8501:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
5394:
The State of the World's Forests 2020. Forests, biodiversity and people – In brief
4475:
3407:
and prevention and control of damage to forest by natural or man made causes like
3212:
regimes in the developing countries, the role of the state has diminished and the
3110:
3038:
set of criteria established by a governmental or commercial certification agency.
2845:
practice in which most or all trees in an area are uniformly cut down. Along with
827:, but it differs from conventional tree plantations in that its primary goals are
15723:
15581:
15566:
15422:
15369:
15352:
15055:
15023:
14993:
14945:
14930:
14905:
14534:
14488:
14452:
14435:
13535:
13314:
13146:
13130:
12438:
12346:
11067:"Environmental Blockading in Australia and Around the World – Timeline 1974–1997"
11052:
10783:
10069:
9979:
9664:
9620:
9530:. Forestry Administration/Cambodia Tree Seed Project/DANIDA. 2005. Archived from
9333:
9253:
9213:
8171:
8003:
7622:
7388:
7167:
7094:
7069:
7002:
6911:
6857:
6769:
6573:
6418:
6289:
6031:
5977:
5245:
5148:
5118:
4810:
4794:
4395:
4380:
4368:
4347:
4280:
4224:
4193:
4125:
4109:
3931:
of ships, falking and hunting rights, firewood and building, timber gathering in
3874:
3744:
3155:
after November 1994 are ineligible for Forest Stewardship Council certification.
3152:
3046:
3016:
2954:
2947:
2895:
2691:
2680:
2629:
2557:
2524:
2442:
2406:
2086:
1828:
1476:
1472:
1300:
1293:
1009:
990:
950:
923:(from water and wind), floods and landslides. Finally, additional trees can be a
920:
904:
731:
693:
604:
105:, building and maintenance of roads and pathways through forests, and preventing
14202:
14185:
11115:
9776:
European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN), Bioversity International
6978:"Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe"
6549:"Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe"
6265:"Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe"
5953:"Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe"
5221:"Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe"
3440:
The types of man-induced abuse that forest protection seeks to prevent include:
3291:
appropriate practices as well as the local capacity for regulation and control.
1831:, health and well-being and community consultation are examples of such rights.
1513:
165:
is the main one, with prices that range from a few hundred dollars per thousand
15922:
15898:
15784:
15708:
15703:
15636:
15544:
15532:
15497:
15455:
15403:
15398:
15322:
15240:
15132:
14975:
14965:
13983:"Shifting Public Values for Forest Management: Making Sense of Wicked Problems"
13884:
13136:
13119:
12848:
12823:
12670:
12645:
12385:
12330:
10568:
10543:
10094:
9910:
8817:
8373:"Keeping Trees in the Ground: An Effective Low-Tech Way to Slow Climate Change"
7986:
Dwivedi, Arun Kumar; Kumar, Anil; Baredar, Prashant; Prakash, Om (2019-05-01).
7606:
7143:
6895:
6753:
6700:
6515:
6402:
5311:
5102:
4908:
4779:
4737:
4564:
4268:
4150:
4050:
4042:
4029:
3904:. A similar approach was used in Japan. It was also later written about by the
3841:, the economy as a science and varying notions of land use and property. Roman
3834:
3813:
3725:
3633:
3454:
3416:
3265:
3205:
3060:
3034:
3029:
2986:
2903:
2764:
2753:
2641:
2625:
2391:
2201:
2063:
2053:
1943:
1931:
1611:
1569:
1517:
Contour planting integrated with animal grazing on Taylor's Run farm, Australia
1507:
1491:
1484:
1386:
1045:
908:
816:
723:
590:
585:. Trees contribute to their environment over long periods of time by providing
371:
288:
117:
78:
13010:
12605:
10975:
8734:"Forest certification—an instrument to promote sustainable forest management?"
8146:. McGraw-Hill series in forest resources (2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill.
7119:
Global forest resources assessment 2015: how are the world's forests changing?
6237:
6212:
5535:
5510:
5369:
5344:
3963:
3264:
that deals with the communal management of forests for generating income from
2810:
15946:
15881:
15812:
15793:
15718:
15678:
15631:
15470:
15442:
15307:
15245:
15184:
15179:
14988:
14940:
14696:
14542:
14461:
14374:
14008:
13905:
13863:
13762:
13611:
13543:
13481:
12718:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA
12689:
12614:
12499:
12206:. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 1998.
12189:. Kuching, Malaysia: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
12138:
11931:
10751:
10587:
10517:
9944:
9672:
9628:
9577:
9482:
9397:
9156:
9134:
8243:"Fostering sustainable production via the Amazon Fund collaborative platform"
8011:
7969:
Bamboo Cultivation Manual Guidelines for Cultivating Ethiopian Lowland Bamboo
7906:
7873:
7674:
7578:
7423:
7357:
7185:
7103:
5434:
4806:
4802:
4790:
4783:
4595:
4585:
4539:
4413:), followed by coniferous industrial roundwood with 30 percent (1.2 billion m
4355:
4292:
4272:
4216:
4212:
4085:
3924:
3878:
3846:
3817:
3778:
3766:
3614:
3603:
3599:
3537:
3500:
3213:
3050:
3007:
3001:
2974:
2866:
2649:
2617:
2594:
2477:
2398:
2348:
2326:
2240:
2170:
2154:
2022:
1785:
1710:
1695:
1561:
1272:
1243:
1223:
1095:
1067:
1017:
931:
892:
869:
838:
824:
750:
665:
653:
618:
578:
554:
550:
520:
465:
458:
445:
437:
433:
413:
13060:
12897:
12550:
12525:
12279:
12217:
12113:
11814:. Advisory Group on Finance Collaborative Partnership on Forests. June 2012.
10953:"Budget for a €2,500/ha reforestation cost after clearfelling mature forest"
9389:
9024:
8396:"Using more wood for construction can slash global reliance on fossil fuels"
7666:
7349:
6946:
6814:
6645:
6460:
6351:
6178:
6124:
6066:
5186:
5048:
4192:
was developed in France and the German speaking countries in the context of
4038:
networks all over continental Europe and is still of importance in Finland.
3095:
each system takes a somewhat different approach with scheme owners defining
2538:) from the atmosphere. This reduces the potential of forests to assist with
2534:
Another problem is that deforestation reduces the uptake of carbon dioxide (
736:
Many countries carry out reforestation programs. For example, in China, the
15874:
15826:
15661:
15357:
15347:
15332:
15302:
15225:
15201:
15115:
15080:
15045:
14960:
14935:
14891:
14710:
14688:
14584:"Indonesian court cancels dam project in last stronghold of tigers, rhinos"
13999:
13824:
13619:
12857:
12766:"Effects of gray wolf-induced trophic cascades on ecosystem carbon cycling"
12622:
12403:
12287:
12103:
11349:"An Introduction to Forest Certification | NC State Extension Publications"
9952:
9415:
9321:
8765:
8071:
The Poor Man's Carbon Sink Bamboo in Climate Change and Poverty Alleviation
7682:
7526:
7365:
7021:
6954:
6822:
6718:
6653:
6592:
6533:
6468:
6359:
6308:
6186:
6132:
6074:
5996:
5652:
5329:
5264:
5194:
5056:
4918:
4623:
4560:
4547:
4376:
4236:
4155:
4046:
4034:
3916:
3905:
3733:
3651:
3640:
3587:
3554:
3465:
3368:. Understanding the capacity of forests to sequester carbon is crucial for
3308:
2978:
2929:
2834:
2803:
2745:
2697:
2632:, especially in the form of deforestation, is the second largest source of
2528:
2485:
2450:
2426:
2094:
2082:
2078:
2059:
2036:
2006:
1607:
1503:
1468:
1444:
1424:
1418:
1370:
1123:
1116:
1079:
1029:
971:
963:
900:
881:
828:
669:
641:
Reforestation in progress: Direct-sowing of seed in a burned area (after a
501:
412:
Scientific research plays a crucial role in forest management by utilizing
382:
226:
129:
11913:
10856:
10660:
10635:
9865:
9840:
8677:
8646:
8344:"LEDS GP Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use Working Group factsheet"
4998:
3978:
3849:
came with the decline of the Romans. However already in the 5th century,
3389:
2409:
to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to
730:
benefits of reforestation to become similar to those from mature trees in
581:
and from the lower-cost but slower and less reliable distribution of tree
484:
Isolation bags for controlled pollination in a Pinus radiata seed orchard.
341:
Proportion of forest area with long-term management plans, by region, 2020
15693:
15673:
15666:
15626:
15593:
15174:
14925:
14108:"European bill passes to ban imports of deforestation-linked commodities"
13909:
13744:
11245:"Dawn timber-laundering raids cast doubt on 'sustainable' Brazilian wood"
11083:
10611:"Deforestation emissions far higher than previously thought, study finds"
10120:
10102:
9463:
7891:. F. C. Ford-Robertson. Washington, D.C.: Society of American Foresters.
4775:
4679:
4535:
4359:
4341:
A comparison of employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing by region
4197:
4105:
4089:
3944:
3940:
3939:" (German "Allmende") refers to the underlying traditional legal term of
3897:
3842:
3644:
3408:
3365:
3328:
3209:
2933:
2730:
2696:
Deforestation has many causes and drivers. Examples include agricultural
2664:
2653:
2637:
2547:
2519:
of animals and plants, changes to the local climate, and displacement of
2278:
2124:
1984:
1899:
1892:
1464:
1452:
997:
722:
The effects of reforestation will be farther in the future than those of
716:
708:
570:
487:
A typical forest tree breeding program starts with selection of superior
256:
170:
14631:"UNESCO Removes Salonga National Park From World Heritage 'Danger' List"
14054:
13565:
12987:"Tall Amazonian forests are less sensitive to precipitation variability"
12824:"Restoring natural forests is the best way to remove atmospheric carbon"
12680:
12230:
12186:
Applying Reduced Impact Logging to Advance Sustainable Forest Management
11837:. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
11174:
10742:
10725:
10213:"We Lost a Football Pitch of Primary Rainforest Every 6 Seconds in 2019"
6849:
6023:
5140:
4417:) and non-coniferous industrial roundwood with 21 percent (0.9 billion m
4045:, a boom in housing construction in Europe, and the success and further
3777:. Forest engineers develop new building systems. Professional foresters
2363:
2043:
793:
c) After 12 years, the restored forest overwhelmed the black tree stump.
539:
15688:
15683:
15409:
15030:
14082:"Can this billion-dollar initiative save the world's tropical forests?"
13860:"Revista Montes, with 12.944 free downloadable digital files from 1868"
13802:
13472:
13455:
13283:
12907:
12170:
11143:
10937:
10902:
10491:
10489:
9429:
8798:
Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management: A Compendium
7142:
Ennos, Richard; Cottrell, Joan; Hall, Jeanette; O'Brien, David (2019).
5644:
4643:
4568:
4232:
4219:, and Europe. Many foresters were either from continental Europe (like
4201:
3909:
3862:
3838:
3773:
for woodland creation or regeneration projects. Foresters improve tree
3752:
3550:
3529:
3516:
3472:
3412:
3164:
2966:
2858:
2826:
2781:
2516:
2446:
2434:
2418:
2232:
2224:
2071:
2067:
1923:
1280:
1162:
establishment and management of forest stands. The distinction between
1048:
are often grown on plantations, and in southern and southeastern Asia,
625:
300:
218:
166:
62:
12790:
12765:
12715:
12595:
12570:
11922:
10578:
10425:
10408:
9935:
9473:
3187:
444:
on lands that either previously had forest cover or were subjected to
15571:
15549:
15450:
15392:
15008:
14874:
13705:
12128:
10822:
10798:
10326:
10311:
10309:
10098:
10039:
8509:
8088:
7925:"The Radical Case for Growing Huge Swaths of Bamboo in North America"
7463:
6258:
6256:
5919:
5866:
5402:
4898:
4875:
as the Salonga forest is the biggest protected rainforest in Africa.
4763:
4758:
and maintaining forested areas for the benefit and sustainability of
4659:
4655:
4391:
4112:
observed. Colbert's vision of forestry management was encoded in the
4066:
4021:
3885:
3801:
3794:
3756:
3394:
2997:
2850:
2814:
After a century of clearcutting, this forest, near the source of the
2773:
2375:
2370:
2289:
1910:
forestry. The main idea of ecoforestry is to maintain or restore the
1327:
1263:
1151:
1099:
1087:
954:
685:
488:
245:
230:
178:
12021:
11898:"Reducing Poverty through Community Based Forest Management in Asia"
11896:
Mahanty, Sango; Gronow, Jane; Nurse, Mike; Malla, Yam (2009-06-24).
11829:
11160:"Clear cut forests in Malaysia offer lessons for logging worldwide."
11131:
10929:
10894:
10668:
10486:
9691:
9284:"Continuous cover forestry in Britain: challenges and opportunities"
8707:
8647:"Future Scenarios as a Tool for Collaboration in Forest Communities"
8254:
5700:
5214:
5212:
4398:
and prevent property damage or loss, human injury, or loss of life.
3884:
Similar sustainable formal forestry practices were developed by the
2822:, is a patchwork. In each patch, most of the trees are the same age.
2231:
to guarantee good performance under changed conditions. A different
1397:
1155:. Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of
1078:
are the basis for genetic alteration. Selected individuals grown in
30:
15917:
15651:
15621:
15616:
15576:
15522:
15512:
15432:
14820:
14718:
12567:
12491:
12353:
12105:
Justice in the forest: rural livelihoods and forest law enforcement
11423:
10316:
10072:. Dictionary of forestry.org (29 July 2008). Retrieved 15 May 2011.
10029:
9885:
9447:"Large Ecosystem Service Benefits of Assisted Natural Regeneration"
8499:
7451:
6869:
6867:
5392:
4767:
4755:
4627:
4556:
4312:
4276:
4264:
4252:
3994:
3928:
3870:
3866:
3858:
3805:
3797:
3774:
3770:
3709:
3705:
3677:
3261:
3049:
for more socially responsible businesses helped third-party forest
2854:
2838:
2709:
2676:
2561:
2497:
2465:
2430:
2379:
2288:
Naturally occurring wildfires can have beneficial effects on those
2258:
2136:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1552:
in growing trees and soils and improving the sustainable supply of
1448:
1428:
1390:
1354:
1346:
1212:
1163:
1091:
1082:
are a good source for seeds to develop adequate planting material.
1033:
677:
673:
661:
642:
562:
558:
505:
497:
304:
74:
46:
12181:
11591:"PEFC response to the Greenpeace report, "Destruction: Certified""
11430:. International Organization for Standardization. 20 October 2022.
10831:"2021 Must Be a Turning Point for Forests. 2020 Data Shows Us Why"
10677:"Forests in the IPCC Special Report on Land Use: 7 Things to Know"
10306:
9000:
6969:
6540:
6483:
6253:
5279:
5076:
5074:
2965:. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using
2660:. Carbon emissions from tropical deforestation are accelerating.
692:
restoration purposes. One method of reforestation is to establish
15641:
15537:
15507:
15502:
15490:
15480:
15465:
15018:
14061:. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity. 15 June 2012
12302:
11674:
11474:
11181:. National Research Council Canada Research Press. p. 1039.
9911:"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"
8196:. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing. p. 9.
7121:. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
6668:
5944:
5209:
4771:
4704:
4700:
4651:
4387:
4327:
4284:
4240:
4146:
4078:
3936:
3854:
3684:
3583:
3579:
3449:
3323:
3011:
2881:
2842:
2768:
Checkerboard pattern alongside the Priest River in northern Idaho
2705:
2701:
2598:
2569:
2481:
2473:
2438:
2310:
2274:
2197:
2062:
is an ecological forest management system implemented to enhance
2048:
2014:
2002:
1714:
1588:
1537:
1440:
1414:
1331:
1308:
1304:
958:
924:
885:
700:
689:
480:
222:
15869:
15821:
14769:
California fires are so severe some forests might vanish forever
12764:
Wilmers, Christopher C.; Schmitz, Oswald J. (October 19, 2016).
12524:
Moomaw, William R.; Masino, Susan A.; Faison, Edward K. (2019).
12253:"A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century"
10634:
Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis (August 2021).
10257:
9839:
Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis (August 2021).
8351:
Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP)
8034:"New Report Reveals the Benefits of Bamboo for Land Restoration"
6864:
6788:"A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century"
6619:"A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century"
6434:"A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century"
6374:
6098:"A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century"
5630:
5022:"A climate risk analysis of Earth's forests in the 21st century"
1262:
Hardwood timber production is the process of managing stands of
440:. Both of those are is processes for establishing and nurturing
15931:
15475:
15213:
15050:
14998:
14897:
13889:"Revista pădurilor (Journal of forests) 125 years of existence"
13260:
13134:
Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History (review)
11831:
Towards effective national forest funds, FAO Forestry Paper 174
10841:
10764:
8600:"Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe"
8421:
7887:
International Union of Forestry Research Organizations (1971).
7326:"The Impact of Climate Change on the World's Marine Ecosystems"
7200:"Why Keeping Mature Forests Intact Is Key to the Climate Fight"
6781:
6779:
6725:
6612:
6610:
5071:
4864:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4443:
4351:
4288:
4133:
4129:
4121:
4058:
4002:
3901:
3790:
3713:
3598:. Proforestation complements other forest-based solutions like
3476:
3404:
3253:
3216:
have increasingly taken over the dominant socio-economic role.
3103:
generally have the same structural programmatic requirements."
2958:
2489:
2469:
2461:
2422:
2402:
2282:
1998:
1911:
1872:
Sustainable forest management was recognized by parties to the
1852:
1699:
1655:
1487:, and other products from both domesticated and wild species.
1335:
1204:
1131:
1127:
1094:
has a growth rate of 34 cubic meters per hectare per year, and
657:
630:
586:
441:
284:
162:
151:
145:
90:
13957:"Udruženje šumarskih inženjera i tehničara Srbije - Istorijat"
13114:
The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History, by
11544:"Sorry, We didn't find what you were looking for | UNECE"
11236:
10265:"Agriculture is the direct driver for worldwide deforestation"
7067:
5015:
5013:
4678:
was founded in 1919 to restore forests to Great Britain after
4358:
systems that provide independent verification of sound forest
4177:
3578:
Proforestation is the practice of protecting existing natural
3248:
15807:
15527:
13374:, Joachim Radkau, John Wiley & Sons, 03.04.2014, p. 15 ff
12806:
Why Keeping Mature Forests Intact Is Key to the Climate Fight
12244:
11175:
Burton, P.J.; C. Messier; D.W. Smith; W.L. Adamowicz (2003).
11028:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1992).
9714:
Koskela, J., Buck, A. and Teissier du Cros, E. (eds) (2007).
9275:
8622:"sustainable forest management — European Environment Agency"
7640:
5624:
5552:"What is Geographic Information System Analysis In Forestry?"
4813:, wildland fire use, laws and policies, advocacy groups, and
4663:
4394:. In areas with a high potential for landslides, forests can
4308:
4117:
4025:
3697:
3661:
3553:
are globally important to sustainability and preservation of
3479:
2899:
2760:, although it had its beginnings in the canal land grant era.
2414:
2239:
under conditions more like those forecast for the site to be
2074:
1987:
in the process of transformation to a continuous cover forest
1644:
Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe
1460:
1382:
1350:
1342:
676:. Three important purposes of reforestation programs are for
574:
544:
423:
14698:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings
13173:. Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press. p.
13041:"The Role of Old-growth Forests in Frequent-fire Landscapes"
11626:
10170:
9598:
8925:"International Model Forest Network Criteria and Indicators"
7636:
7634:
7632:
7141:
6776:
6607:
6425:
3873:. This was the beginning of the massive forest mentioned by
3716:. Foresters engage in a broad range of activities including
3482:(IBAMA) have recently been shot during their routine duties.
2644:
are emitted from deforestation during the burning of forest
2329:. Forest degradation is a type of the more general issue of
2085:
system. It can enhance the yields of tree crops and produce
1054:
287:
is an important part of the broader information required to
15586:
15561:
15235:
14789:
13038:
12359:
11947:
11727:
11033:
Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and Acronyms.
10503:
10406:
9524:
Guidelines for Site Selection and Tree Planting in Cambodia
7731:
7407:
7070:"Changes in planted forests and future global implications"
7061:
6975:
6674:
6546:
6489:
6262:
6089:
5950:
5285:
5218:
5130:
5128:
5010:
4635:
4591:
4248:
3893:
3850:
2410:
2025:
and other rotational forest management systems are avoided.
1456:
1436:
1432:
1207:
industry, worth over 72 billion dollars globally in 2019.
1049:
1002:
582:
102:
13784:
10541:
10237:"Investment and financial flows to address climate change"
9281:
9157:"Pan-European Biological and Landscape Diversity Strategy"
7985:
7740:"Many Tree-Planting Campaigns Are Based on Flawed Science"
7550:
7548:
7226:"Want to beat climate change? Protect our natural forests"
4371:. Sustainable forestry operations must also adhere to the
4013:
continued the practice and the forest exists still today.
2985:
which can drive larger-scale environmental crises such as
1338:
or eucalyptus, grown for two to five years before harvest.
855:
United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030)
14517:
Cubbage, Frederick W.; Newman, David H. (December 2006).
14133:"Council adopts new rules to cut deforestation worldwide"
11442:"2009–2010 Forest Products Annual Market Review Page 121"
11035:
p. 6. Document no. EPA-175-B-92-001. Accessed 2011-10-12.
10229:
9687:
9686:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (
9268:
9266:
8713:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
8645:
Evans, K.; De Jong, W.; Cronkleton, P. (1 October 2008).
7629:
6837:
4162:
are among the most recent developments. Although drones,
3889:
3800:, but increasingly allow these natural aspects of forest
3786:
3544:
are common practices in certain areas to try to increase
3294:
3087:
2962:
1427:(also known as agro-sylviculture or forest farming) is a
535:. In each plastic tube, a hardwood tree has been planted.
472:
259:
and forest leaders are also trying to understand how the
113:
14221:
https://ostrnrcan-dostrncan.canada.ca/handle/1845/250554
13078:
Background Analytical Study 1: Forest Ecosystem Services
12960:
Background Analytical Study 1: Forest Ecosystem Services
12932:
Background Analytical Study 1: Forest Ecosystem Services
12878:
12821:
12476:
12308:
12250:
11705:
11501:. International Organization for Standardization. 2010.
10147:
Tropical Rainforests and Agroforests Under Global Change
9700:
Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
9555:
9201:
9199:
9112:
7918:
7916:
7832:
7584:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7440:
6873:
6785:
6731:
6616:
6431:
6380:
6152:
6150:
6095:
6011:
5125:
5080:
5019:
4654:. Some derivatives of those products are also included:
4295:, in which trees are planted and tended in a given area.
3279:
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations
2401:
or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a
2390:
Deforestation in the city of Rio de Janeiro in Brazil's
1823:
Sustainable forestry operations must also adhere to the
1723:
Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management
1283:, disturbing wildlife habitat and prevent regeneration.
1166:
and silviculture is that silviculture is applied at the
927:
for wildlife, and provide employment and wood products.
573:
purposes. It differs from the transplantation of larger
13849:(Forestry Review), with full digital archive since 1877
12643:
11895:
10700:
10281:
10179:
9328:
Mycelium running: how mushrooms can help save the world
8599:
8540:
7545:
7380:
5160:
5158:
2081:
and can be implemented as a beneficial component of an
1818:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
389:
14433:
13980:
13697:
World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2023
12650:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
12108:. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR).
10969:
10633:
10211:
Weisse, Mikaela; Goldman, Elizabeth Dow (2020-06-02).
9838:
9723:
European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN)
9422:
9263:
8880:
8644:
7816:. United Nations Environment Programme. Archived from
7519:
7494:
7422:. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 3–11. Archived from
7036:
5912:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
5859:
Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 – Key findings
4590:
In December 2007, at the Climate Change Conference in
4401:
Global production of roundwood rose from 3.5 billion m
3163:
in response to the Destruction: Certified report from
2736:
Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument
2181:
1993:(commonly referred to as "CCF") is an approach to the
1811:
Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests
1625:
Non-Legally Binding Instrument on All Types of Forests
1455:
system, an agroforestry system can produce timber and
1149:('growing'). The study of forests and woods is termed
1052:
plantations have recently replaced the natural forest.
15858:
14519:"Forest policy reformed: A United States perspective"
11953:
11114:
Rodney J. Keenan, & J.P. (Hamish) Kimmins (1993).
9641:
9314:
9240:
9223:
9196:
8969:"Sustainable Forestry Initiative Introduction Page 1"
7913:
7857:
7437:
6918:
6323:
6147:
4084:
The practice of establishing tree plantations in the
3343: Forest Carbon Partnership Facility participants
3139:
Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification
2957:
is the harvest, transportation, purchase, or sale of
2923:
Even-aged timber management § Wildlife considerations
2421:
use. About 31% of Earth's land surface is covered by
1159:
are used to conserve and improve their productivity.
907:. Afforestation has many benefits. In the context of
711:
which comes with a set of disadvantages, for example
13421:
Operational Efficiency in Forestry: Vol. 1: Analysis
12083:"What is Forestry Law? - Becoming a Forestry Lawyer"
10063:
SAFnet Dictionary|Definition For [deforestation]
8268:
MacDicken, Kenneth G.; Vergara, Napoleon T. (1990).
8241:
Bizzo, Eduardo; Michener, Gregory (March 17, 2024).
8210:
6038:
5155:
4959:. Ministry of Forests and Range (Canada). March 2008
4479:(Forestry Review, Croatia) was published in 1877 by
4001:
planted the Pinhal do Rei (King's Pine Forest) near
2153:
efforts. It also serves as a cheaper alternative to
1650:(FAO). It defines sustainable forest management as:
1614:
forest management at that time. A number of sets of
849:. Effective FLR will support the achievement of the
13417:
13329:
Turning Point in Timber Construction: A New Economy
11178:
Towards Sustainable Management of the Boreal Forest
9692:"The State of the World's Forest Genetic Resources"
8498:"The State of the World's Forests 2020. In brief".
8089:"About International Network for Bamboo and Rattan"
7323:
5688:
Towards sustainable management of the boreal forest
4797:, species extinction, unmanaged recreational use,
3486:
2576:
2476:also drives deforestation. Further drivers are the
974:
for the habitat remaining outside the planted area.
738:
Three Northern Protected Forest Development Program
629:A forest, six years after reforestation efforts in
14481:Public Policies and the Misuse of Forest Resources
13739:
13456:"Mechanized Forestry, World War II to the Present"
13164:
12881:"World Scientists' Warning of a Climate Emergency"
12523:
11091:"Global Environmental Governance Project: Forests"
10855:. United States: www.landgrant.org. Archived from
9325:
8731:
8371:Law, Beverly; Moomaw, William (24 February 2021).
7324:Hoegh-Guldberg, Ove; Bruno, John F. (2010-06-18).
7270:
7243:
5900:http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss4/art51/
4092:, though it had already acquired some popularity.
3755:parks boards, citizens' associations, and private
1646:(FOREST EUROPE) and has since been adopted by the
1217:United Nations Industrial Development Organization
14606:"Deforestation In Indonesia Has Hit A Record Low"
13162:
10497:Climate Change and Land: Summary for Policymakers
10204:
10164:
10137:
9971:
9882:The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires
9880:DellaSalla, Dominick A.; Hanson, Chad T. (2015).
9364:Thomas, Paul W.; Jump, Alistair S. (2023-03-21).
9231:Ecosystem-based management is high-yield forestry
8052:"Understanding Bamboo's Climate Change Potential"
7880:
7217:
7177:20.500.11820/725af6fe-4ef8-4345-8f06-634eb59414ff
5509:Brockerhoff, Eckehard; et, al (4 November 2017).
4354:than any other country in the world. Third-party
4196:scholarship and state administration inspired by
4053:in forestry, is closely connected to the work of
3935:, and grazing animals in forests. The notion of "
3820:, forests at prime conditions, and fire control.
3277:objectives. Community forestry is defined by the
2163:
1357:, grown for eight to twenty years before harvest.
656:is the practice of restoring previously existing
432:is sometimes used as an umbrella term to include
15944:
14160:"EU Approves Law for 'Deforestation-Free' Trade"
13981:Shindler, Bruce; Lori A. Cramer (January 1999).
13959:. Srpskosumarskoudruzenje.org.rs. Archived from
13589:
12704:
12210:
12193:
12175:
12120:
10518:"How the UK contributes to global deforestation"
10084:. Worldwildlife.org. Retrieved 13 November 2016.
9879:
8267:
7192:
7135:
7110:
6206:
6204:
4954:"Glossary of Forestry Terms in British Columbia"
4463:first published in 1862. (Hungary, 1862–present)
4433:(8 percent and 7 percent of global production).
4291:. One of the applications of modern forestry is
4139:
3708:is a person who practises forest management and
2756:because of extensive use in railroad grants for
2101:
1591:, recreational amenity values, and a variety of
1523:
1251:Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
599:as they grow, tree planting can be used to help
469:fruit trees, is a relatively recent occurrence.
14713:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
14653:"EMC Forest Management and Tree Growing Policy"
13495:Oosthoek, K. Jan; Hölzl, Richard (2018-02-19).
13418:Sundberg, B.; Silversides, C. R. (1988-04-30).
13388:. University of California Press. p. 240.
13197:
11165:, University of Toronto. Retrieved: 2013-08-06.
10723:
10701:"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | US EPA"
9451:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences
9370:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9286:. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 106(3): 214-224
8474:"FOREST EUROPE | Sustainable Forest Management"
7224:Mackey, Brendan; Dooley, Kate (6 August 2019).
4041:Starting with the 16th century, enhanced world
3712:, the science, art, and profession of managing
2281:burned more than 70,000 acres (280 km) of
2243:, might represent a more suitable seed source.
1868:, are an integral component of many ecosystems.
13883:
13191:
13075:Jenkins, Michael; Schaap, Brian (April 2018).
12957:Jenkins, Michael; Schaap, Brian (April 2018).
12929:Jenkins, Michael; Schaap, Brian (April 2018).
12798:
12763:
12519:
12517:
12416:
11242:
11121:, 1(2), 121–144. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
10466:"Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions | CO
9444:
8903:"CIFOR Criteria and Indicators Toolbox Series"
5336:
3324:Mitigation of deforestation and climate change
3293:In a 2016 review of community-based forestry,
2915:
2472:and various other popular products. Livestock
2235:from further away, which may have experienced
2192:Appropriate use and long-term conservation of
1922:practices which strive to protect and restore
1575:Sustainable forest management also helps with
402:impacts of climate change on forest ecosystems
358:since 2000, reaching 2.05 billion ha in 2020.
14805:
14516:
14483:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–42,
14157:
14033:The Forest Carbon Partnership Facility (FCPF)
13494:
13074:
12956:
12928:
11498:International standards and private standards
11044:Center for Biological Diversity, Tucson, AZ.
10924:(3). University of Wisconsin Press: 219–232.
10889:(2). University of Wisconsin Press: 144–151.
10675:Seymour, Frances; Gibbs, David (2019-08-08).
10210:
9902:
8240:
7864:Hawley, Ralph C; Smith, David Martyn (1954).
6201:
5763:"Forests - Environment - European Commission"
5674:"Scopus preview - Scopus - Welcome to Scopus"
5508:
4530:
2748:pattern. Checkerboarding is prevalent in the
1257:
14723:, FAO & UNEP, FAO & UNEP.
14709: This article incorporates text from a
14687: This article incorporates text from a
14415:Nowak, David J.; Walton, Jeffrey T. (2005).
13735:
13733:
13731:
13729:
13727:
13725:
13163:T. Mirov, Nicholas; Hasbrouck, Jean (1976).
13102:compare Joachim Radkau Wood: A History, 2011
12739:
12563:
12561:
12451:
12151:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
11755:
10724:Bajželj, Bojana; Richards, Keith S. (2014).
10674:
10093:
9824:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9788:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8732:Rametsteiner, Ewald; Simula, Markku (2003).
8555:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
8393:
8191:
8056:International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation
8038:International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation
7785:
7223:
6843:
6017:
5574:
5134:
2636:from human activities, after the burning of
2496:are another cause via the increased risk of
2425:at present. This is one-third less than the
1965:
1236:International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation
823:Forest restoration is a specialized form of
14691:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (
14414:
14186:"British forestry: 70 years of achievement"
13453:
12985:Giardina, Francesco; et, al (28 May 2018).
12815:
12514:
12486:(3). University of Chicago Press: 211–229.
10185:
9977:
8447:"Forests, desertification and biodiversity"
8270:Agroforestry: classification and management
7863:
7420:Restoration of boreal and temperate forests
5835:"Forests, desertification and biodiversity"
4178:Forest conservation and early globalization
3804:to run their course when the likelihood of
1827:'s 18 criteria on human and social rights.
1568:. Forest conservation is essential to stop
1495:biodiversity, improved soil structure, and
1144:
1138:
14812:
14798:
14313:
14311:
13566:"Department of environmental conservation"
12984:
12155:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
11615:. Greenpeace International. 10 March 2021.
11472:
10608:
10186:Guy, Jack; Ehlinger, Maija (2 June 2020).
9980:"How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It)"
9505:"Chapter 5: Assisted Natural Regeneration"
9363:
8113:"Bamboo: A Multipurpose Agroforestry Crop"
7767:
5599:
5577:"Planning For Long Term Forest Management"
4491:(Forestry, Spain) first published in 1877.
3662:Increasing Forest and Community Resilience
2791:
2066:and plant communities, by introducing the
1800:Legal, policy and institutional framework.
1746:Center for International Forestry Research
1742:International Tropical Timber Organization
1686:
424:Methods for creating or recreating forests
319:
208:
189:objectives that are considered desirable.
14451:
14263:"Sustainable forest management in Canada"
14201:
13998:
13877:
13722:
13471:
13424:. Springer Science & Business Media.
13257:
13158:
13156:
13154:
13059:
12906:
12896:
12847:
12789:
12679:
12669:
12604:
12594:
12558:
12549:
12393:
12229:
11921:
11116:"The ecological effects of clear-cutting"
10909:
10741:
10659:
10577:
10567:
10424:
10034:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020. p. 9.
9934:
9864:
9752:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
9472:
9462:
9405:
8370:
8272:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 2.
7775:(Report). London: H.M. Stationery Office.
7175:
7093:
7011:
7001:
6708:
6582:
6572:
6523:
6298:
6288:
6236:
6210:
5986:
5976:
5534:
5368:
5342:
5319:
5254:
5244:
4452:Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen
4174:and robots also play a part in forestry.
4016:Forest management also flourished in the
2837:, clearfelling or clearcut logging is a
2405:or stand of trees from land that is then
2374:Deforestation in Riau province, Sumatra,
1642:A definition of SFM was developed by the
715:. Lastly, there is also the problem that
120:modelling have been developed to improve
15963:Habitat management equipment and methods
14581:
14318:Canada, Natural Resources (2015-05-25).
14261:Canada, Natural Resources (2022-06-03).
14105:
14079:
13665:Bank, European Investment (2022-12-08).
13642:"What is sustainable forest management?"
13110:
13108:
12729:"Protecting 50% of our Lands and Oceans"
12452:Eissing, Stefanie; Amend, Thora (2008).
11823:
11821:
11372:Bank, European Investment (2022-12-08).
11297:Bank, European Investment (2022-12-08).
11064:
10950:
10915:
9063:"What is sustainable forest management?"
8675:
8468:
8466:
7840:"Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020"
7737:
7413:
7393:. World Forests. Springer. p. 547.
7250:Bank, European Investment (2022-12-08).
7044:"Global Forest Resource Assessment 2020"
6924:
6329:
6156:
6044:
5803:Bank, European Investment (2022-12-08).
5735:Bank, European Investment (2022-12-08).
5164:
4732:
4727:Forest conservation in the United States
4534:
3977:
3962:
3954:
3683:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3388:
3327:
3247:
3186:
3109:
3023:
2825:
2809:
2763:
2729:
2589:
2544:effects of climate change on agriculture
2385:
2369:
2354:
2309:
2264:
2114:
2042:
1978:
1843:has been prominent on the agenda of the
1794:Protective functions of forest resources
1791:Productive functions of forest resources
1705:
1690:
1512:
1396:
1376:
1191:
1053:
996:
875:
804:", i.e. the end-stage of natural forest
788:
780:
771:
636:
624:
538:
526:
479:
471:
336:
169:(MBF) to several thousand dollars for a
29:
14474:
14308:
14183:
13383:
13370:The end of the commons as a watershed'
12480:International Journal of Plant Sciences
11856:
11854:
11651:. Csa-international.org. Archived from
10983:. Dovetail Partners Inc. Archived from
10847:
10828:
10361:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. pp. 9–10.
10173:Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry
9320:
8945:. Csa-international.org. Archived from
8708:"Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox"
8144:Silviculture: concepts and applications
7950:"Bamboo Set to go Big on U.S. Farmland"
7643:"The global tree restoration potential"
7452:"Restoring the Earth – The next decade"
7276:
5828:
5826:
5730:
5728:
5726:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5701:"Home | Ohio Woodland Stewards Program"
5633:Environmental Monitoring and Assessment
4057:(1645–1714), a mining administrator in
3989:Systematic management of forests for a
3950:
2077:. Mycoforestry is considered a type of
1763:Sustainable Forest Management Standards
1587:and biodiversity conservation, such as
1170:, while forestry is a broader concept.
1130:to meet values and needs, specifically
949:in forests and in some cases to reduce
880:An afforestation project in Rand Wood,
332:
61:. This includes management for timber,
14:
15945:
14582:Hanafiah, Junaidi (2 September 2019).
14342:
14317:
14284:
14282:
14260:
14158:Téllez Chávez, Luciana (16 May 2023).
13690:
13688:
13658:
13325:
13230:"PGF - Mata Nacional de Leiria — ICNF"
13151:
12530:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change
11677:. Treefarmsystem.org. 22 November 2011
11475:"Forest Certification Resource Center"
11392:
11365:
11290:
10806:"Deforestation and Forest Degradation"
10439:
10381:
8451:United Nations Sustainable Development
8141:
7947:
7707:
5839:United Nations Sustainable Development
5549:
5462:. John Wiley & sons. p. 207.
4666:and several palm oil based derivates.
4626:abuse. The list of products includes:
4525:
3900:and taking place under the landowning
3785:the growth of forests with tools like
3282:surrounding forest and its resources.
3223:there are 70 NFFs operating globally.
2830:A forest before and after clearcutting
2669:mitigate the effects of climate change
2552:Since 1990, it is estimated that some
2360:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest
1675:in 2014, an online collection of tools
983:
58:
54:
14793:
14555:
14395:
14106:Schröder, André (15 September 2022).
13521:
13355:
13308:Beschreibung eines großen Rheinfloßes
13105:
12101:
11860:
11827:
11818:
11728:"Forest Stewardship Council (Canada)"
11317:
11212:
10874:
10175:(Report). Cambridge University Press.
9909:Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008).
9908:
9521:"3. Assisted Natural Regeneration*".
9282:Helliwell, R.; E. R. Wilson. (2012).
8463:
8394:Dennehymarch, Kevin (31 March 2014).
8137:
8135:
8133:
7814:United Nations System-wide Earthwatch
7279:An Ecological History of Modern China
6211:AbdulBaqi, Faten Khalid (June 2022).
5796:
5457:
5451:
5343:AbdulBaqi, Faten Khalid (June 2022).
3629:connecting isolated protected areas.
3460:Expanding city development caused by
3307:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
3226:
2946:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
2296:
2019:Reiniger's target diameter harvesting
1834:
1673:Sustainable Forest Management Toolbox
1341:Short rotation forestry are crops of
1314:The two forms of energy forestry are
1222:Because bamboo can grow on otherwise
758:
14035:. Forest Carbon Partnership Facility
13823:. indianforester.org. Archived from
13664:
13346:
12171:http://www.jstor.org/stable/43740118
12126:
11851:
11371:
11296:
10880:
9435:Volume 158, Number 2 / January 1994.
8881:"International Model Forest Network"
8543:Forestry Principles And Applications
7922:
7554:
7386:
7249:
5823:
5802:
5734:
5717:
4104:, planted for the future use of the
4020:states in the 14th century, e.g. in
3625:). Another strategy is establishing
3504:Tropical rainforest in Agumbe, India
3375:
3182:
3065:standards setting organization (SSO)
390:Effects of climate change on forests
15737:
14279:
13987:Western Journal of Applied Forestry
13862:. Revistamontes.net. Archived from
13685:
13364:
12019:
11158:Khan, Madeline (February 9, 2004).
11132:"State of the World's Forests 2016"
10442:"Climate Change Impacts on Forests"
8738:Journal of Environmental Management
8192:Mudge, Ken; Gabriel, Steve (2014).
7768:Aldhous, J. R.; Low, A. J. (1974).
7689:from the original on 3 January 2020
7567:from the original on 4 January 2024
7116:
4579:
4555:including provision of habitat for
4542:and increased road-building in the
4373:International Labour Organization's
4267:exists regarding the management of
3636:, Susan Masino, and Edward Faison.
3480:National Agency for the Environment
3415:, and adverse climatic conditions (
3099:for sustainable forest management.
2738:showing examples of checkerboarding
2182:Preserving forest genetic resources
1556:via sustainable forest management.
911:, afforestation can be helpful for
888:(this patch was open ground before)
593:and produce the oxygen we breathe.
396:Effects of climate change on biomes
266:
24:
14343:Rosane, Olivia (10 January 2020).
14059:Convention on Biological Diversity
13921:(webpage has a translation button)
13774:(webpage has a translation button)
11046:"Clearcutting and Climate Change."
10609:Greenfield, Patrick (2022-02-28).
10382:Sutter, John D. (13 August 2015).
9986:from the original on 8 August 2009
8444:
8317:
8130:
7720:from the original on 23 March 2020
5832:
5575:Garcia-Grant, Ian (Dec 20, 2021).
4567:management, and opportunities for
4509:New York State College of Forestry
3260:Community forestry is a branch of
2940:
2857:to create certain types of forest
2716:
2449:that are especially important for
1874:Convention on Biological Diversity
1845:Convention on Biological Diversity
1750:International Model Forest Network
1431:management system that integrates
1286:
1178:
1010:tree plantation, forest plantation
139:
98:
94:
77:, inland and nearshore fisheries,
25:
15994:
15086:Global Forest Information Service
14726:
14080:Marchant, Natalie (21 May 2021).
14055:"REDD+ and Biodiversity Benefits"
13454:Silversides, C. R. (1984-08-01).
13084:. United Nations Forum on Forests
12966:. United Nations Forum on Forests
12938:. United Nations Forum on Forests
11706:"Forest Stewardship Council (US)"
11243:Jonathan Watts (24 August 2015).
11221:. Global Twitcher. Archived from
11071:The Commons Social Change Library
9428:Dahlgren, R. A.; Driscoll, C. T.
9001:"United Nations Forum on Forests"
7868:(6th ed.). New York: Wiley.
7750:from the original on 12 June 2021
7557:"The Importance of Afforestation"
4607:
4507:, first published in 1902 by the
4114:French forestry Ordinance of 1669
3967:Exploitation of brushwood at the
3793:infestation, disease, forest and
3573:
2998:fraudulent declaration to customs
2780:. As is the case in northwestern
2556:of forest have been lost through
2123:. This part of the south side of
1825:International Labour Organization
1648:Food and Agriculture Organization
1363:
1311:for heating or power generation.
50:
15930:
15916:
15904:
15892:
15880:
15868:
15842:
15833:
15832:
15820:
15806:
15792:
15778:
15764:
15750:
15736:
14733:
14704:
14682:
14645:
14623:
14598:
14575:
14549:
14510:
14468:
14427:
14408:
14359:
14336:
14254:
14210:
14177:
14151:
14125:
14099:
14073:
14047:
14021:
13974:
13949:
13924:
13852:
13838:
13813:
13795:
13777:
13634:
13583:
13558:
13515:
13488:
13447:
13438:
13411:
13402:
13377:
13319:
13301:
13272:
13251:
13222:
13218:from the original on 2017-12-11.
13096:
13068:
13032:
12978:
12950:
12922:
12872:
12757:
12721:
12637:
12470:
12445:
12410:
12163:
12095:
12075:
12050:
12013:
11984:
11938:
11902:Journal of Forest and Livelihood
11889:
11799:
11790:
11777:
11768:
11742:
11720:
11698:
11689:
11667:
11649:"Canadian Standards Association"
11641:
11619:
11601:
11583:
11561:
11536:
11515:
11489:
11466:
11434:
11416:
11341:
11265:
11213:Hogan, C. Michael (2008-09-09).
11206:
11168:
11152:
11136:
11124:
11108:
11058:
11038:
11022:
10951:Merivale, William (2013-08-14).
10944:
10758:
10717:
10693:
10627:
10602:
10535:
10510:
10458:
10433:
10400:
10375:
10351:
10253:from the original on 2008-05-10.
10113:
10087:
10075:
10056:
10022:
9998:
9959:from the original on 9 July 2023
9873:
9832:
9796:
9760:
9707:
9679:
9635:
9592:
9549:
9514:
9497:
9438:
9357:
9298:
9171:
9149:
9127:
9105:
9079:
9055:
9041:
9017:
8993:
8961:
8943:"Canadian Standards Association"
8935:
8917:
8895:
8873:
8859:
8835:
8803:
8791:
8779:
8725:
8700:
8669:
8638:
8614:
8592:
8563:
8541:Antony, J R., Lal, S.B. (2013).
8534:
8491:
8438:
8168:"Establishing an SRC plantation"
8077:. FAO Forestry Department. 2009.
7541:from the original on 2019-08-09.
7528:Terms and definitions – FRA 2020
7513:10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00762.x
5587:from the original on Dec 2, 2022
4873:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4725:This section is an excerpt from
4715:
4669:
4334:
4319:
4300:
4287:, extracting, and processing of
3676:This section is an excerpt from
3606:and improved forest management.
3526:tropical rainforest conservation
3494:Tropical rainforest conservation
3492:This section is an excerpt from
3487:Tropical rainforest conservation
3381:This section is an excerpt from
3356:Deforestation and climate change
3252:Logs from a community forest in
3240:This section is an excerpt from
2921:This section is an excerpt from
2802:This section is an excerpt from
2796:
2722:This section is an excerpt from
2667:and therefore have potential to
2652:of remaining plant material and
2584:Deforestation and climate change
2582:This section is an excerpt from
2577:Deforestation and climate change
2502:deforestation and climate change
2347:This section is an excerpt from
2341:
2302:This section is an excerpt from
2257:This section is an excerpt from
2188:Deforestation and climate change
2157:due to decreased nursery needs.
2107:This section is an excerpt from
2035:This section is an excerpt from
1971:This section is an excerpt from
1891:This section is an excerpt from
1369:This section is an excerpt from
1292:This section is an excerpt from
1184:This section is an excerpt from
1115:This section is an excerpt from
989:This section is an excerpt from
868:This section is an excerpt from
862:
764:This section is an excerpt from
617:This section is an excerpt from
611:
519:This section is an excerpt from
513:
457:This section is an excerpt from
451:
272:This section is an excerpt from
112:Many tools like remote sensing,
15843:
14290:"Sustainable forest management"
13572:from the original on 2015-02-21
13201:Portugal: A Traveller's History
13124:review at Yale university press
13122:, Yale University Press, 2003,
11998:. February 2008. Archived from
11883:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.04.006
11627:"Sustainable Forest Initiative"
11144:"Taiga! taiga! burning bright."
10829:Seymour, Frances (2021-03-31).
8414:
8387:
8364:
8336:
8311:
8294:"What is Sustainable Forestry?"
8286:
8261:
8234:
8185:
8160:
8105:
8081:
8062:
8044:
8026:
7979:
7960:
7941:
7802:
7779:
7761:
7738:Dasgupta, Shreya (2021-06-01).
7701:
7488:
7317:
7308:
7299:
5904:
5891:
5851:
5779:
5755:
5693:
5680:
5666:
5613:from the original on 2013-05-10
5568:
5543:
5502:
5476:
5427:
5385:
4271:and the genetic improvement of
4258:
4188:Starting from the 1750s modern
4005:to prevent coastal erosion and
3301:
3130:, there are a proliferation of
2628:affects the health of forests.
2433:of forest, an area the size of
2029:
1807:United Nations Forum on Forests
1767:Sustainable Forestry Initiative
1632:Sustainable Development Goal 15
1621:United Nations General Assembly
1109:
1005:plantation in the United States
647:Idaho Panhandle National Forest
400:Research explores the specific
14475:Repetto, Robert (1988-09-30),
11996:Overseas Development Institute
11808:2012 STUDY ON FOREST FINANCING
11785:International political review
11142:Kunganavolok (June 25, 1998).
10321:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
10150:. Springer. pp. 270–271.
9207:An introduction to ecoforestry
8504:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
7948:Bennet, Chris (Oct 31, 2016).
7458:. 71 2020/1 (252). FAO. 2020.
7283:University of Washington Press
5488:Climate Change Resource Center
5460:Introduction to Forest Science
5397:. Rome: FAO & UNEP. 2020.
4992:
4981:
4970:
4946:
3861:coast, were able to establish
3787:geographic information systems
3288:Overseas Development Institute
3273:and community empowerment and
2515:. Deforestation also leads to
2277:, United States, in 2020. The
2164:Alternative harvesting methods
1902:has been defined as selection
1885:
1759:Canadian Standards Association
1754:University of British Columbia
1664:forest-dependent communities.
1137:The name comes from the Latin
531:Tree planting is an aspect of
376:geographic information systems
106:
13:
1:
15968:Sustainable forest management
15937:Sustainable forest management
14440:Forest Ecology and Management
14398:"Forest Conservation Program"
14218:ostrnrcan-dostrncan.canada.ca
13604:10.1080/1059924X.2019.1578141
13568:. New York State Department.
13326:Dangel, Ulrich (2016-12-05).
13204:. Boydell Press. p. 15.
11473:Erin Malec (5 October 2011).
11065:McIntyre, Iain (2020-11-04).
10772:Forest Ecology and Management
9645:Forest Ecology and Management
9601:Forest Ecology and Management
9570:10.1016/s0378-1127(01)00732-0
9558:Forest Ecology and Management
9546:Source: Kathleen et al, 1999.
8811:"Montréal Process Indicators"
8758:10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00191-3
7788:Quarterly Journal of Forestry
7416:"What is forest restoration?"
7148:Forest Ecology and Management
7074:Forest Ecology and Management
5787:"Protected Forests in Europe"
5686:*Philip Joseph Burton. 2003.
5515:Biodiversity and Conservation
4939:
4140:Mechanization in 19th century
3643:or the cultivation of forest
3242:Community forestry § Overview
2875:contributes to climate change
2679:, invasive species, and more
2663:When forests grow they are a
2622:contributor to climate change
2132:Assisted natural regeneration
2109:Assisted natural regeneration
2102:Assisted natural regeneration
1637:
1524:Sustainable forest management
851:Sustainable Development Goals
361:
201:Forests provide a variety of
14819:
14715:license statement/permission
14693:license statement/permission
14535:10.1016/j.forpol.2005.07.008
14489:10.1017/cbo9780511601125.002
14453:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.009
13803:"Hungarian Forestry Society"
13671:. European Investment Bank.
13536:10.1080/09505431.2010.519866
12439:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.04.012
11954:Roberts, E.H.; Gautam, M.K.
11378:. European Investment Bank.
11303:. European Investment Bank.
10784:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001
10384:"10 climate change villains"
10246:. UNFCCC. 2007. p. 81.
9665:10.1016/j.foreco.2009.10.031
9621:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.08.050
9025:"FAO PROGRAMMES IN FORESTRY"
8676:Mozgeris, G. (30 May 2009).
8004:10.1016/j.forpol.2019.02.007
7866:The Practice of Silviculture
7256:. European Investment Bank.
7168:10.1016/j.foreco.2018.10.018
7095:10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.021
7003:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368
6574:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368
6290:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368
5978:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368
5809:. European Investment Bank.
5741:. European Investment Bank.
5581:Tall Pines Forest Management
5556:Tall Pines Forest Management
5490:. USDA and US Forest Service
5246:10.1371/journal.pone.0213368
4934:Category:Forest conservation
4837:
4574:
4521:published from 1907 to 1921)
3690:Southern University of Chile
3639:Proforestation differs from
3444:Aggressive or unsustainable
2890:While deforestation of both
2445:. These are areas of mature
2251:
2221:forest reproductive material
953:. However, afforestation of
370:Scientific research employs
7:
14558:"Life in the Siberian haze"
14523:Forest Policy and Economics
14267:natural-resources.canada.ca
11863:Global Environmental Change
11675:"American Tree Farm System"
10103:"Forests and Deforestation"
7992:Forest Policy and Economics
7923:Gray, Audrey (2021-01-11).
7708:Tutton, Mark (2019-07-04).
7555:Lark, Rachel (2023-10-02).
5435:"Natural Forest Management"
4929:Sustainable land management
4887:
4436:
4223:), or educated there (like
2916:Even-aged timber management
2605:per year. That was 6.5% of
2572:and adverse weather events.
2246:
2119:Deer fence and gate on the
1654:The stewardship and use of
1564:and mitigating some of the
740:– informally known as the "
719:is released at some point.
597:carbon dioxide from the air
372:remote sensing technologies
10:
15999:
15197:Growth and yield modelling
14677:
13934:. SCIndeks. Archived from
13745:"Revista pădurilor online"
12849:10.1038/d41586-019-01026-8
12671:10.1007/s11027-019-09891-4
12386:10.1038/s41467-022-33279-9
12331:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z
11523:"FSC Policy on Conversion"
10569:10.1038/s41893-022-00854-3
10440:US EPA, OAR (2022-10-19).
9246:Copland M. (Spring 2003).
9205:Rastogi J. (Summer 2003).
7607:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z
7501:Journal of Applied Ecology
7414:Stanturf, John A. (2005).
6896:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z
6754:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z
6701:10.1038/s41467-022-33279-9
6516:10.1038/s41467-022-33279-9
6403:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z
5312:10.1038/s41467-022-33279-9
5103:10.1038/s41558-021-01161-z
4847:deforestation in Indonesia
4724:
4685:
4583:
4531:Public input and awareness
4273:tree species and varieties
4181:
3824:
3675:
3670:
3491:
3380:
3353:
3349: participants in both
3337: UN-REDD participants
3306:
3270:non-timber forest products
3239:
3145:Forest Stewardship Council
3116:Forest Stewardship Council
3027:
2945:
2920:
2801:
2721:
2581:
2346:
2301:
2256:
2185:
2106:
2034:
1970:
1950:, or NPP, is equal to the
1890:
1880:
1859:definition is as follows:
1777:Extent of forest resources
1720:
1593:non-timber forest products
1368:
1353:, eucalyptus, poplar, and
1330:may include tree crops of
1291:
1258:Hardwood timber production
1183:
1114:
988:
867:
763:
616:
518:
456:
393:
348:non-timber forest products
271:
261:climate change legislation
143:
15771:Earth sciences portal
15757:Climate change portal
15732:
15609:
15441:
15338:Great Green Wall (Africa)
15283:
14974:
14884:
14827:
14203:10.1093/forestry/70.4.283
13384:Braudel, Fernand (1979).
13011:10.1038/s41561-018-0133-5
12712:Summary for policy makers
12478:Phylodiversity Indexes".
10835:World Resources Institute
10681:World Resources Institute
10217:World Resources Institute
10082:Deforestation|Threats|WWF
8142:Nyland, Ralph D. (2002).
7390:Regreening the Bare Hills
6238:10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100267
6217:Trees, Forests and People
5536:10.1007/s10531-017-1453-2
5370:10.1016/j.tfp.2022.100267
5349:Trees, Forests and People
4853:
4826:
4815:wildlife management areas
4789:faces various threats of
4690:
4481:Croatian Forestry Society
4136:and elsewhere in Europe.
4077:together with fears of a
3997:in the 13th century when
3596:climate change mitigation
3370:climate change mitigation
3197:Mount Field National Park
2991:environmental degradation
2871:destroys natural habitats
2776:within the boundaries of
2673:effects of climate change
2546:pose new risks to global
2540:climate change mitigation
2507:Deforestation results in
2494:effects of climate change
2200:and forest management to
1991:Continuous cover forestry
1973:Continuous cover forestry
1966:Continuous cover forestry
1577:climate change adaptation
1566:effects of climate change
1228:climate change mitigation
1038:Sierra Pacific Industries
1016:also is used to refer to
913:climate change mitigation
682:climate change mitigation
325:of the forest resources.
293:diameter at breast height
15343:Great Green Wall (China)
14916:Close to nature forestry
14562:Greenpeace International
13785:"Swiss Forestry Society"
13198:H. V. Livermore (2004).
11609:"Destruction: Certified"
11400:"What is certification?"
11325:"What is certification?"
11149:. Retrieved: 2013-08-06.
10848:Draffan, George (1998).
10125:European Investment Bank
9727:Bioversity International
9229:Hammond H. (Fall 2003).
7277:Harrell, Stevan (2023).
5705:woodlandstewards.osu.edu
4904:Environmental protection
4878:
4858:
4471:first published in 1875.
4455:first published in 1850.
3959:Forestry work in Austria
3696:of San Pablo de Tregua,
3613:, such as reintroducing
2658:greenhouse gas emissions
2634:carbon dioxide emissions
2269:Wildfire burning in the
2219:Selecting carefully the
2194:forest genetic resources
1952:Gross Primary Production
1797:Socio-economic functions
1546:mitigates climate change
1098:plantations in southern
1076:Forest genetic resources
1040:in the United States or
978:
833:environmental protection
15377:Million Tree Initiative
14778:The checkerboard effect
14717:). Text taken from
14695:). Text taken from
14367:"Stop Thinning Forests"
14296:. Government of Ontario
13592:Journal of Agromedicine
13061:10.5751/ES-02170-120218
12551:10.3389/ffgc.2019.00027
12419:Biological Conservation
12280:10.1126/science.abp9723
9915:Ecological Applications
9390:10.1073/pnas.2220079120
8247:Sustainable Development
8218:"What is agroforestry?"
7667:10.1126/science.aax0848
7350:10.1126/science.1189930
6947:10.1126/science.abe7821
6815:10.1126/science.abp9723
6646:10.1126/science.abp9723
6461:10.1126/science.abp9723
6352:10.1126/science.abe7821
6179:10.1126/science.abe7821
6125:10.1126/science.abp9723
6067:10.1126/science.abe7821
5458:Young, Raymond (1982).
5187:10.1126/science.abe7821
5049:10.1126/science.abp9723
4821:
4721:controversial operation
4447:first published in 1820
4055:Hans Carl von Carlowitz
3983:Hans Carl von Carlowitz
3865:plantations to provide
3789:. Foresters may combat
3747:, government agencies,
3743:Foresters work for the
3520:Tropical rainforest map
3043:environmental awareness
2886:create land for farming
2792:Unsustainable practices
2511:which in turn leads to
1752:and researchers at the
1687:Criteria and indicators
1616:criteria and indicators
1554:renewable raw materials
1530:sustainable development
1320:short rotation forestry
858:function as communities
813:(more explanation here)
320:Wildlife considerations
209:Monitoring and planning
192:
156:mitigate climate change
83:plant genetic resources
15799:Environment portal
15231:Sustainable management
15126:Trillion Tree Campaign
14701:, FAO, FAO.
14320:"Canada's forest laws"
13460:The Forestry Chronicle
11597:. PEFC. 11 March 2021.
11010:Cite journal requires
10850:"Taking Back Our Land"
8324:www.europarl.europa.eu
8117:Small Farmer's Journal
7796:Royal Forestry Society
5609:. Find.galegroup.com.
4833:Environmental movement
4748:
4746:Yosemite National Park
4551:
4405:in 2000 to 4 billion m
4075:tragedy of the commons
4024:, and in 16th-century
4011:King Denis of Portugal
3986:
3975:
3960:
3927:was essential for the
3853:in the then Byzantine
3718:ecological restoration
3701:
3594:can be a strategy for
3521:
3513:
3505:
3397:
3351:
3257:
3200:
3128:international standard
3123:
3093:international standard
3084:international standard
2831:
2823:
2820:Clatsop County, Oregon
2769:
2739:
2724:Checkerboarding (land)
2614:
2395:
2383:
2367:
2319:
2286:
2271:Kaibab National Forest
2128:
2057:
2015:coppice with standards
1995:sustainable management
1988:
1948:Net Primary Production
1870:
1847:(CBD) since 1995. The
1718:
1703:
1661:
1518:
1421:
1394:
1316:short rotation coppice
1197:
1145:
1139:
1070:
1006:
947:carbon dioxide removal
889:
794:
786:
778:
650:
634:
547:
536:
485:
477:
342:
87:forest resource values
35:
15724:Wood process engineer
15428:Urban forest inequity
14371:Stop Thinning Forests
13280:"Forestry in Yashino"
12898:10.1093/biosci/biz088
12575:Global Change Biology
12366:Nature Communications
12311:Nature Climate Change
12114:10.17528/cifor/001939
12058:"Forestry regulation"
12020:Don, Gilmour (2016).
11914:10.3126/jfl.v5i1.1983
11119:Environmental Reviews
10661:10.3390/atmos12080981
10548:Nature Sustainability
9866:10.3390/atmos12080981
8257:– via CrossRef.
7587:Nature Climate Change
6876:Nature Climate Change
6734:Nature Climate Change
6681:Nature Communications
6496:Nature Communications
6383:Nature Climate Change
5550:eugene (2022-09-20).
5292:Nature Communications
5083:Nature Climate Change
4869:Salonga National Park
4809:, selective logging,
4793:, urban development,
4736:
4622:products linked with
4538:
4182:Further information:
4098:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
3981:
3966:
3958:
3751:, local authorities,
3687:
3623:biomass of vegetation
3519:
3511:
3503:
3433:is not the same as a
3392:
3331:
3251:
3199:, Tasmania, Australia
3190:
3113:
3024:Certification systems
2829:
2816:Lewis and Clark River
2813:
2767:
2750:Western United States
2733:
2593:
2389:
2373:
2358:
2313:
2268:
2229:phenotypic plasticity
2118:
2046:
2009:, but is typified by
1983:85-year-old stand of
1982:
1928:economic productivity
1926:rather than maximize
1861:
1709:
1694:
1652:
1516:
1400:
1380:
1195:
1057:
1042:Asia Pulp & Paper
1000:
915:through the route of
879:
792:
784:
775:
640:
628:
595:Because trees remove
542:
530:
483:
475:
394:Further information:
340:
33:
15973:Forest certification
15958:Ecological processes
15939:at Wikimedia Commons
15387:Shifting cultivation
15328:Forest fragmentation
15298:Carbon sequestration
15168:Woodland Carbon Code
15133:Forest certification
15041:Even-aged management
14956:Sustainable forestry
14633:. VOI. 8 August 2021
14610:World Economic Forum
14556:Vasilieva, Tatiana.
14184:Aldhous, J. (1997).
14086:World Economic Forum
14000:10.1093/wjaf/14.1.28
13821:"indianforester.org"
12810:Yale Environment 360
11353:content.ces.ncsu.edu
11055:Accessed 2011-10-12.
10068:25 July 2011 at the
9464:10.1002/2017JG004267
7387:Lamb, David (2011).
5607:"PowerSearch Logout"
5484:"Ecosystem Services"
4894:Conservation biology
4845:In 2020 the rate of
4364:sustainable forestry
4221:Sir Dietrich Brandis
3951:13th to 16th century
3765:. Foresters work in
3738:carbon sequestration
3524:Building blocks for
3462:population explosion
3362:carbon sequestration
3195:) near Lake Dobson,
3177:developing countries
3120:forest certification
3061:forest certification
3035:Forest certification
2694:from 2019 to 2020.
2554:420 million hectares
2536:carbon sequestration
2335:loss of biodiversity
2151:carbon sequestration
2091:carbon sequestration
2007:silvicultural system
1954:, or GPP, minus the
1781:Biological diversity
1773:thematic areas are:
1659:to other ecosystems.
1497:carbon sequestration
1232:carbon sequestration
1022:Christmas tree farms
917:carbon sequestration
728:carbon sequestration
601:limit climate change
533:habitat conservation
381:Researchers conduct
333:Management intensity
183:carbon sequestration
134:carbon sequestration
15983:Forest conservation
15192:Formally designated
15036:Ecological thinning
14946:Plantation forestry
14854:Research institutes
14421:Journal of Forestry
14402:Montgomery Planning
13700:. FAO. 2023-11-29.
13116:Alfred Thomas Grove
13048:Ecology and Society
13003:2018NatGe..11..405G
12840:2019Natur.568...25L
12782:2016Ecosp...7E1501W
12662:2020MASGC..25..763M
12587:2021GCBio..27.1328D
12542:2019FrFGC...2...27M
12431:2009BCons.142.2122S
12378:2022NatCo..13.5569P
12323:2021NatCC..11..867W
12272:2022Sci...377.1099A
12266:(6610): 1099–1103.
12231:10.5070/L5191019219
11875:2008GEC....18..468S
11828:Matta, Rao (2015).
11217:Meleagris gallopavo
10810:World Wildlife Fund
10743:10.3390/land3030898
10652:2021Atmos..12..981H
10560:2022NatSu...5..444F
10289:"Forest Conversion"
9927:2008EcoAp..18.1827H
9857:2021Atmos..12..981H
9657:2010ForEM.259..367M
9613:2010ForEM.260.2002M
9382:2023PNAS..12020079T
9376:(12): e2220079120.
9184:. Strategyguide.org
9159:. Strategyguide.org
9137:. Strategyguide.org
9093:on 23 December 2007
9087:"Malawi Principles"
8949:on 18 November 2011
8931:on 23 October 2006.
8750:2003JEnvM..67...87R
8581:on 4 September 2017
8422:"Climate Challenge"
8298:Rainforest Alliance
7929:Inside Climate News
7659:2019Sci...365...76B
7599:2021NatCC..11..867W
7534:. Rome: FAO. 2018.
7342:2010Sci...328.1523H
7336:(5985): 1523–1528.
7160:2019ForEM.432..718E
7086:2015ForEM.352...57P
6994:2019PLoSO..1413368P
6939:2021Sci...371..990Z
6888:2021NatCC..11..867W
6807:2022Sci...377.1099A
6801:(6610): 1099–1103.
6746:2021NatCC..11..867W
6693:2022NatCo..13.5569P
6638:2022Sci...377.1099A
6632:(6610): 1099–1103.
6565:2019PLoSO..1413368P
6508:2022NatCo..13.5569P
6453:2022Sci...377.1099A
6447:(6610): 1099–1103.
6395:2021NatCC..11..867W
6344:2021Sci...371..990Z
6281:2019PLoSO..1413368P
6229:2022TFP.....800267A
6171:2021Sci...371..990Z
6117:2022Sci...377.1099A
6111:(6610): 1099–1103.
6059:2021Sci...371..990Z
5969:2019PLoSO..1413368P
5914:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
5861:. Rome: FAO. 2020.
5527:2017BiCon..26.3005B
5361:2022TFP.....800267A
5304:2022NatCo..13.5569P
5237:2019PLoSO..1413368P
5179:2021Sci...371..990Z
5095:2021NatCC..11..867W
5041:2022Sci...377.1099A
5035:(6610): 1099–1103.
4924:Outline of forestry
4754:is the practice of
4752:Forest conservation
4676:Forestry Commission
4614:European parliament
4526:Society and culture
4468:The Indian Forester
4379:and social rights.
4190:scientific forestry
4184:forest conservation
3993:of timber began in
3923:were important, as
3833:has been dubbed by
3749:conservation groups
3546:tropical rainforest
3475:, officials of the
3393:Forest security in
3193:Richea pandanifolia
2989:and other forms of
2509:habitat destruction
2382:plantation in 2007.
2378:to make way for an
2314:Degraded forest in
2147:enrichment planting
1451:technologies. As a
1172:Adaptive management
1026:Forestry Commission
984:Plantation forestry
966:through increasing
843:degraded landscapes
406:adaptive strategies
15785:Ecology portal
15318:Forest degradation
15313:Ecosystem services
14921:Community forestry
14746:forest management
14743:has a profile for
14377:on 12 January 2020
14164:Human Rights Watch
13741:Petru-Ioan Becheru
13524:Science as Culture
13501:. Berghahn Books.
13473:10.5558/tfc60231-4
13372:The Age of Ecology
13313:2014-11-29 at the
13171:The story of pines
13145:2014-10-06 at the
13129:2014-10-06 at the
12812:, 15 October 2019.
12606:20.500.11937/88524
12062:www.dpi.nsw.gov.au
11655:on 19 October 2011
11051:2018-06-26 at the
10474:www.che-project.eu
9745:has generic name (
9252:2007-06-28 at the
9212:2007-08-03 at the
8981:on 25 January 2012
8843:"MCPFE indicators"
8480:. 17 December 2021
7820:on January 6, 2010
5645:10.1007/bf00396169
4766:. Forests provide
4760:future generations
4749:
4552:
4504:Forestry Quarterly
4281:controlled burning
4102:Forest of Tronçais
3987:
3976:
3961:
3763:urban green spaces
3730:outdoor recreation
3720:and management of
3702:
3627:wildlife corridors
3592:Forest restoration
3563:ecosystem services
3522:
3514:
3506:
3464:and the resulting
3457:of the forest soil
3398:
3352:
3258:
3227:Community forestry
3201:
3124:
3002:avoidance of taxes
2851:seed tree harvests
2832:
2824:
2770:
2740:
2615:
2396:
2384:
2368:
2322:Forest degradation
2320:
2304:Forest degradation
2297:Forest degradation
2287:
2174:measures stay of "
2129:
2058:
1989:
1866:cultural diversity
1841:ecosystem approach
1835:Ecosystem approach
1719:
1704:
1585:ecosystem services
1519:
1422:
1401:Maize grown under
1395:
1381:Alley cropping of
1198:
1186:Bamboo cultivation
1071:
1007:
890:
847:ecosystem services
798:Forest restoration
795:
787:
779:
766:Forest restoration
759:Forest restoration
678:harvesting of wood
651:
635:
553:is the process of
548:
537:
486:
478:
416:to project future
352:ecosystem services
343:
289:sustain ecosystems
244:The objectives of
217:showing an area's
203:ecosystem services
36:
27:Branch of forestry
15978:Forest governance
15953:Forest management
15935:Media related to
15856:
15855:
15813:Plants portal
15599:green woodworking
14749:
14498:978-0-521-33574-4
14396:Pfefferle, Mark.
14242:Missing or empty
13715:978-92-5-138262-2
13678:978-92-861-5403-4
13508:978-1-78533-601-0
13431:978-90-247-3683-6
13395:978-0-520-08115-4
13339:978-3-0356-0863-2
13211:978-1-84383-063-4
13184:978-0-253-35462-4
12991:Nature Geoscience
12791:10.1002/ecs2.1501
12596:10.1111/gcb.15498
12463:978-3-925064-52-4
12456:. Eschborn: GTZ.
12425:(10): 2122–2130.
12036:978-92-5-109095-4
11972:on March 20, 2012
11844:978-92-5-108706-0
11508:978-92-67-10518-5
11454:on 20 August 2010
11385:978-92-861-5403-4
11310:978-92-861-5403-4
11188:978-0-660-18762-4
10426:10.3390/f12020139
10368:978-92-5-132707-4
10336:978-92-5-132707-4
10157:978-3-642-00492-6
10107:Our World in Data
10049:978-92-5-132707-4
9978:Stephen J. Pyne.
9936:10.1890/08-0895.1
9895:978-0-12-802749-3
9309:New Life Journal.
9049:"Joint statement"
8905:. Cifor.cgiar.org
8626:www.eea.europa.eu
8571:"Goal 15 targets"
8519:978-92-5-132707-4
8203:978-1-60358-507-1
8153:978-0-07-366190-2
7898:978-0-939970-16-2
7473:978-92-5-133506-2
7400:978-90-481-9870-2
7263:978-92-861-5403-4
7128:978-92-5-109283-5
7117:FAO, ed. (2016).
6933:(6533): 990–991.
6338:(6533): 990–991.
6165:(6533): 990–991.
6053:(6533): 990–991.
5929:978-92-5-132581-0
5876:978-92-5-132581-0
5816:978-92-861-5403-4
5748:978-92-861-5403-4
5521:(13): 3005–3035.
5412:978-92-5-132707-4
5173:(6533): 990–991.
4544:Amazon Rainforest
4496:Revista pădurilor
4269:forest ecosystems
4263:A strong body of
4245:Tropical forestry
4206:sustainable yield
4069:movement and the
3991:sustainable yield
3969:Golden Steinrueck
3877:in his 1308 poem
3831:preindustrial age
3740:and air quality.
3694:Valdivian forests
3656:biodiversity loss
3559:natural resources
3512:Amazon rainforest
3446:intensive farming
3435:protection forest
3401:Forest protection
3383:Forest protection
3376:Forest protection
3275:poverty reduction
3183:Forest governance
3161:private standards
3132:private standards
3126:Without a single
3097:private standards
3063:, an independent
3059:With third-party
2983:biodiversity loss
2971:protected species
2758:western expansion
2521:indigenous people
2513:biodiversity loss
2206:Genetic diversity
2064:forest ecosystems
2011:selection systems
1606:" adopted at the
1604:Forest Principles
1589:wildlife habitats
1481:ornamental plants
1410:Borassus akeassii
1404:Faidherbia albida
713:biodiversity loss
543:Tree planting in
418:climate scenarios
59:forest regulation
55:forest protection
39:Forest management
16:(Redirected from
15990:
15934:
15921:
15920:
15909:
15908:
15907:
15897:
15896:
15895:
15885:
15884:
15873:
15872:
15864:
15846:
15845:
15836:
15835:
15827:Trees portal
15825:
15824:
15811:
15810:
15797:
15796:
15783:
15782:
15781:
15769:
15768:
15767:
15755:
15754:
15753:
15740:
15739:
15461:Forest gardening
15418:Timber recycling
15365:Invasive species
15253:Tree measurement
14814:
14807:
14800:
14791:
14790:
14780: OSU Press
14747:
14737:
14736:
14708:
14686:
14671:
14670:
14668:
14666:
14657:
14649:
14643:
14642:
14640:
14638:
14627:
14621:
14620:
14618:
14616:
14602:
14596:
14595:
14593:
14591:
14579:
14573:
14572:
14570:
14568:
14553:
14547:
14546:
14514:
14508:
14507:
14506:
14505:
14472:
14466:
14465:
14455:
14431:
14425:
14424:
14412:
14406:
14405:
14393:
14387:
14386:
14384:
14382:
14373:. Archived from
14363:
14357:
14356:
14354:
14352:
14340:
14334:
14333:
14331:
14330:
14315:
14306:
14305:
14303:
14301:
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14277:
14276:
14274:
14273:
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14252:
14251:
14245:
14240:
14238:
14230:
14228:
14227:
14214:
14208:
14207:
14205:
14181:
14175:
14174:
14172:
14170:
14155:
14149:
14148:
14146:
14144:
14139:. European Union
14137:European Counsil
14129:
14123:
14122:
14120:
14118:
14103:
14097:
14096:
14094:
14092:
14077:
14071:
14070:
14068:
14066:
14051:
14045:
14044:
14042:
14040:
14029:"What is REDD+?"
14025:
14019:
14018:
14016:
14015:
14002:
13978:
13972:
13971:
13969:
13968:
13953:
13947:
13946:
13944:
13943:
13928:
13922:
13920:
13918:
13917:
13908:. Archived from
13881:
13875:
13874:
13872:
13871:
13856:
13850:
13842:
13836:
13835:
13833:
13832:
13817:
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13799:
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13792:
13781:
13775:
13773:
13771:
13770:
13737:
13720:
13719:
13706:10.4060/cc8166en
13692:
13683:
13682:
13662:
13656:
13655:
13653:
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13638:
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13381:
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13362:
13359:
13353:
13350:
13344:
13343:
13323:
13317:
13305:
13299:
13298:
13296:
13295:
13286:. Archived from
13276:
13270:
13269:
13255:
13249:
13248:
13246:
13245:
13236:. Archived from
13226:
13220:
13219:
13195:
13189:
13188:
13168:
13160:
13149:
13141:
13112:
13103:
13100:
13094:
13093:
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13089:
13083:
13072:
13066:
13065:
13063:
13045:
13036:
13030:
13029:
13027:
13025:
12982:
12976:
12975:
12973:
12971:
12965:
12954:
12948:
12947:
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12943:
12937:
12926:
12920:
12919:
12917:
12915:
12910:
12900:
12876:
12870:
12869:
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12819:
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12795:
12793:
12761:
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12754:
12743:
12737:
12736:
12725:
12719:
12708:
12702:
12701:
12683:
12673:
12641:
12635:
12634:
12608:
12598:
12581:(7): 1328–1348.
12565:
12556:
12555:
12553:
12521:
12512:
12511:
12474:
12468:
12467:
12449:
12443:
12442:
12414:
12408:
12407:
12397:
12357:
12351:
12350:
12306:
12300:
12299:
12257:
12248:
12242:
12241:
12239:
12238:
12233:
12222:Escholarship.org
12214:
12208:
12207:
12197:
12191:
12190:
12179:
12173:
12167:
12161:
12160:
12150:
12142:
12124:
12118:
12117:
12099:
12093:
12092:
12090:
12089:
12079:
12073:
12072:
12070:
12069:
12054:
12048:
12047:
12045:
12043:
12028:
12017:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12007:
11988:
11982:
11981:
11979:
11977:
11971:
11965:. Archived from
11960:
11951:
11945:
11942:
11936:
11935:
11925:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11858:
11849:
11848:
11836:
11825:
11816:
11815:
11813:
11803:
11797:
11794:
11788:
11781:
11775:
11772:
11766:
11759:
11753:
11746:
11740:
11739:
11737:
11735:
11724:
11718:
11717:
11715:
11713:
11702:
11696:
11693:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11671:
11665:
11664:
11662:
11660:
11645:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11634:
11629:. Sfiprogram.org
11623:
11617:
11616:
11605:
11599:
11598:
11587:
11581:
11580:
11578:
11576:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11540:
11534:
11533:
11527:
11519:
11513:
11512:
11493:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11461:
11459:
11453:
11447:. Archived from
11446:
11438:
11432:
11431:
11420:
11414:
11413:
11411:
11410:
11396:
11390:
11389:
11369:
11363:
11362:
11360:
11359:
11345:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11335:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11294:
11288:
11287:
11285:
11284:
11279:. Deutsche Welle
11269:
11263:
11262:
11257:
11255:
11240:
11234:
11233:
11231:
11230:
11210:
11204:
11203:
11201:
11200:
11191:. Archived from
11172:
11166:
11156:
11150:
11140:
11134:
11128:
11122:
11112:
11106:
11105:
11103:
11102:
11093:. Archived from
11087:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11077:
11062:
11056:
11042:
11036:
11026:
11020:
11019:
11013:
11008:
11006:
10998:
10996:
10995:
10989:
10982:
10973:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10948:
10942:
10941:
10913:
10907:
10906:
10878:
10872:
10871:
10869:
10867:
10861:
10854:
10845:
10839:
10838:
10826:
10820:
10819:
10817:
10816:
10802:
10796:
10795:
10762:
10756:
10755:
10745:
10721:
10715:
10714:
10712:
10711:
10697:
10691:
10690:
10688:
10687:
10672:
10666:
10665:
10663:
10631:
10625:
10624:
10622:
10621:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10581:
10571:
10539:
10533:
10532:
10530:
10529:
10514:
10508:
10507:
10501:
10493:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10480:
10470:Human Emissions"
10462:
10456:
10455:
10453:
10452:
10437:
10431:
10430:
10428:
10404:
10398:
10397:
10395:
10394:
10379:
10373:
10372:
10355:
10349:
10348:
10327:10.4060/ca8985en
10313:
10304:
10303:
10301:
10299:
10285:
10279:
10278:
10276:
10275:
10261:
10255:
10254:
10252:
10241:
10233:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10223:
10208:
10202:
10201:
10199:
10198:
10183:
10177:
10176:
10168:
10162:
10161:
10141:
10135:
10134:
10132:
10131:
10117:
10111:
10110:
10091:
10085:
10079:
10073:
10060:
10054:
10053:
10040:10.4060/ca8985en
10026:
10020:
10019:
10017:
10016:
10002:
9996:
9995:
9993:
9991:
9975:
9969:
9968:
9966:
9964:
9938:
9921:(8): 1827–1834.
9906:
9900:
9899:
9877:
9871:
9870:
9868:
9836:
9830:
9829:
9823:
9815:
9809:
9800:
9794:
9793:
9787:
9779:
9773:
9764:
9758:
9757:
9750:
9744:
9740:
9738:
9730:
9720:
9711:
9705:
9704:
9696:
9683:
9677:
9676:
9639:
9633:
9632:
9596:
9590:
9589:
9553:
9547:
9545:
9543:
9542:
9536:
9529:
9518:
9512:
9511:
9509:
9501:
9495:
9494:
9476:
9466:
9442:
9436:
9426:
9420:
9419:
9409:
9361:
9355:
9354:
9331:
9318:
9312:
9302:
9296:
9295:
9293:
9291:
9279:
9273:
9270:
9261:
9244:
9238:
9227:
9221:
9203:
9194:
9193:
9191:
9189:
9183:
9179:"PEBLD Strategy"
9175:
9169:
9168:
9166:
9164:
9153:
9147:
9146:
9144:
9142:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9109:
9103:
9102:
9100:
9098:
9089:. Archived from
9083:
9077:
9076:
9074:
9073:
9059:
9053:
9052:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9021:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8980:
8974:. Archived from
8973:
8965:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8939:
8933:
8932:
8927:. Archived from
8921:
8915:
8914:
8912:
8910:
8899:
8893:
8892:
8890:
8888:
8877:
8871:
8870:
8863:
8857:
8856:
8855:on 14 June 2010.
8854:
8848:. Archived from
8847:
8839:
8833:
8832:
8830:
8828:
8823:on 20 April 2012
8822:
8816:. Archived from
8815:
8807:
8801:
8795:
8789:
8783:
8777:
8776:
8774:
8772:
8729:
8723:
8722:
8720:
8718:
8712:
8704:
8698:
8697:
8695:
8693:
8673:
8667:
8666:
8664:
8662:
8642:
8636:
8635:
8633:
8632:
8618:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8596:
8590:
8589:
8587:
8586:
8577:. Archived from
8567:
8561:
8560:
8554:
8546:
8538:
8532:
8531:
8510:10.4060/ca8985en
8495:
8489:
8488:
8486:
8485:
8478:foresteurope.org
8470:
8461:
8460:
8458:
8457:
8442:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8418:
8412:
8411:
8409:
8407:
8391:
8385:
8384:
8382:
8380:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8348:
8340:
8334:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8318:MÜLLER, Ulrike.
8315:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8305:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8265:
8259:
8258:
8238:
8232:
8231:
8229:
8228:
8214:
8208:
8207:
8189:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8170:. Archived from
8164:
8158:
8157:
8139:
8128:
8127:
8125:
8124:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8099:
8085:
8079:
8078:
8076:
8066:
8060:
8059:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8030:
8024:
8023:
7983:
7977:
7976:
7974:
7964:
7958:
7957:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7920:
7911:
7910:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7861:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7850:
7836:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7806:
7800:
7799:
7783:
7777:
7776:
7774:
7765:
7759:
7758:
7756:
7755:
7744:The Wire Science
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7705:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7638:
7627:
7626:
7582:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7572:
7552:
7543:
7542:
7540:
7533:
7523:
7517:
7516:
7492:
7486:
7485:
7464:10.4060/cb1600en
7448:
7435:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7384:
7378:
7377:
7321:
7315:
7312:
7306:
7303:
7297:
7296:
7274:
7268:
7267:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7238:
7236:
7230:The Conversation
7221:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7210:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7179:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7097:
7065:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7054:
7040:
7034:
7033:
7015:
7005:
6973:
6967:
6966:
6922:
6916:
6915:
6871:
6862:
6861:
6841:
6835:
6834:
6792:
6783:
6774:
6773:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6712:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6623:
6614:
6605:
6604:
6586:
6576:
6544:
6538:
6537:
6527:
6487:
6481:
6480:
6438:
6429:
6423:
6422:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6302:
6292:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6240:
6208:
6199:
6198:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6102:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6015:
6009:
6008:
5990:
5980:
5948:
5942:
5941:
5920:10.4060/ca8753en
5908:
5902:
5895:
5889:
5888:
5867:10.4060/ca8753en
5855:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5830:
5821:
5820:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5783:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5759:
5753:
5752:
5732:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5664:
5663:
5639:(1–3): 571–577,
5628:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5572:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5547:
5541:
5540:
5538:
5506:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5495:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5455:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5403:10.4060/ca8985en
5389:
5383:
5382:
5372:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5323:
5283:
5277:
5276:
5258:
5248:
5216:
5207:
5206:
5162:
5153:
5152:
5132:
5123:
5122:
5078:
5069:
5068:
5026:
5017:
5008:
4996:
4990:
4985:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4958:
4950:
4914:Forest inventory
4811:controlled burns
4799:invasive species
4770:with a suitable
4699:The province of
4619:European Council
4580:Developing world
4519:Šumarski glasnik
4338:
4323:
4304:
4229:Dietrich Brandis
4088:was promoted by
4007:soil degradation
3921:resin extraction
3908:Chinese scholar
3619:keystone species
3431:protected forest
3424:forest pathology
3348:
3342:
3336:
2961:in violation of
2909:Pasoh Rainforest
2896:tropical forests
2853:, it is used by
2778:national forests
2708:for timber, and
2692:tropical forests
2685:climate feedback
2642:Greenhouse gases
2566:invasive species
2331:land degradation
2143:soil degradation
2087:edible mushrooms
2056:with many trees.
1918:that emphasizes
1734:Montréal Process
1581:land degradation
1477:medicinal plants
1473:edible mushrooms
1148:
1142:
1058:A plantation of
905:tree plantations
742:Great Green Wall
732:tropical forests
694:tree plantations
649:, United States.
567:land reclamation
561:, generally for
448:or degradation.
414:climate modeling
281:Forest inventory
274:Forest inventory
267:Forest inventory
126:climate modeling
122:forest inventory
69:, urban values,
21:
15998:
15997:
15993:
15992:
15991:
15989:
15988:
15987:
15943:
15942:
15927:
15915:
15905:
15903:
15893:
15891:
15879:
15867:
15859:
15857:
15852:
15819:
15805:
15791:
15779:
15777:
15765:
15763:
15751:
15749:
15728:
15605:
15582:spruce-pine-fir
15555:Christmas trees
15437:
15353:Illegal logging
15285:
15279:
14994:Controlled burn
14979:
14970:
14951:Social forestry
14931:Energy forestry
14911:Bamboo forestry
14906:Analog forestry
14880:
14823:
14818:
14787:
14786:
14771: LA Times
14755:
14754:
14753:
14738:
14734:
14729:
14680:
14675:
14674:
14664:
14662:
14655:
14651:
14650:
14646:
14636:
14634:
14629:
14628:
14624:
14614:
14612:
14604:
14603:
14599:
14589:
14587:
14580:
14576:
14566:
14564:
14554:
14550:
14515:
14511:
14503:
14501:
14499:
14473:
14469:
14432:
14428:
14413:
14409:
14394:
14390:
14380:
14378:
14365:
14364:
14360:
14350:
14348:
14341:
14337:
14328:
14326:
14324:www.nrcan.gc.ca
14316:
14309:
14299:
14297:
14288:
14287:
14280:
14271:
14269:
14259:
14255:
14243:
14241:
14232:
14231:
14225:
14223:
14216:
14215:
14211:
14182:
14178:
14168:
14166:
14156:
14152:
14142:
14140:
14131:
14130:
14126:
14116:
14114:
14104:
14100:
14090:
14088:
14078:
14074:
14064:
14062:
14053:
14052:
14048:
14038:
14036:
14027:
14026:
14022:
14013:
14011:
13979:
13975:
13966:
13964:
13955:
13954:
13950:
13941:
13939:
13930:
13929:
13925:
13915:
13913:
13882:
13878:
13869:
13867:
13858:
13857:
13853:
13843:
13839:
13830:
13828:
13819:
13818:
13814:
13801:
13800:
13796:
13789:www.szf-jfs.org
13783:
13782:
13778:
13768:
13766:
13753:(in Romanian).
13738:
13723:
13716:
13694:
13693:
13686:
13679:
13663:
13659:
13650:
13648:
13640:
13639:
13635:
13588:
13584:
13575:
13573:
13564:
13563:
13559:
13520:
13516:
13509:
13493:
13489:
13452:
13448:
13443:
13439:
13432:
13416:
13412:
13407:
13403:
13396:
13382:
13378:
13369:
13365:
13360:
13356:
13351:
13347:
13340:
13324:
13320:
13315:Wayback Machine
13306:
13302:
13293:
13291:
13278:
13277:
13273:
13256:
13252:
13243:
13241:
13228:
13227:
13223:
13212:
13196:
13192:
13185:
13161:
13152:
13147:Wayback Machine
13139:
13131:Wayback Machine
13113:
13106:
13101:
13097:
13087:
13085:
13081:
13073:
13069:
13043:
13037:
13033:
13023:
13021:
12983:
12979:
12969:
12967:
12963:
12955:
12951:
12941:
12939:
12935:
12927:
12923:
12913:
12911:
12877:
12873:
12834:(7750): 25–28.
12820:
12816:
12804:Fen Montaigne,
12803:
12799:
12762:
12758:
12753:. 3 April 2019.
12745:
12744:
12740:
12727:
12726:
12722:
12709:
12705:
12642:
12638:
12566:
12559:
12522:
12515:
12475:
12471:
12464:
12450:
12446:
12415:
12411:
12358:
12354:
12317:(10): 867–871.
12307:
12303:
12255:
12249:
12245:
12236:
12234:
12216:
12215:
12211:
12199:
12198:
12194:
12180:
12176:
12168:
12164:
12144:
12143:
12125:
12121:
12100:
12096:
12087:
12085:
12081:
12080:
12076:
12067:
12065:
12056:
12055:
12051:
12041:
12039:
12037:
12026:
12018:
12014:
12005:
12003:
11990:
11989:
11985:
11975:
11973:
11969:
11958:
11952:
11948:
11943:
11939:
11894:
11890:
11859:
11852:
11845:
11834:
11826:
11819:
11811:
11805:
11804:
11800:
11795:
11791:
11787:20(2): 197–218.
11782:
11778:
11773:
11769:
11760:
11756:
11747:
11743:
11733:
11731:
11730:. Fsccanada.org
11726:
11725:
11721:
11711:
11709:
11704:
11703:
11699:
11694:
11690:
11680:
11678:
11673:
11672:
11668:
11658:
11656:
11647:
11646:
11642:
11632:
11630:
11625:
11624:
11620:
11607:
11606:
11602:
11589:
11588:
11584:
11574:
11572:
11567:
11566:
11562:
11552:
11550:
11542:
11541:
11537:
11525:
11521:
11520:
11516:
11509:
11495:
11494:
11490:
11480:
11478:
11471:
11467:
11457:
11455:
11451:
11444:
11440:
11439:
11435:
11422:
11421:
11417:
11408:
11406:
11398:
11397:
11393:
11386:
11370:
11366:
11357:
11355:
11347:
11346:
11342:
11333:
11331:
11323:
11322:
11318:
11311:
11295:
11291:
11282:
11280:
11271:
11270:
11266:
11253:
11251:
11241:
11237:
11228:
11226:
11211:
11207:
11198:
11196:
11189:
11173:
11169:
11157:
11153:
11141:
11137:
11129:
11125:
11113:
11109:
11100:
11098:
11089:
11088:
11084:
11075:
11073:
11063:
11059:
11053:Wayback Machine
11043:
11039:
11027:
11023:
11011:
11009:
11000:
10999:
10993:
10991:
10987:
10980:
10974:
10970:
10961:
10959:
10949:
10945:
10930:10.2307/3144830
10914:
10910:
10895:10.2307/3159757
10879:
10875:
10865:
10863:
10862:on 27 July 2011
10859:
10852:
10846:
10842:
10827:
10823:
10814:
10812:
10804:
10803:
10799:
10763:
10759:
10722:
10718:
10709:
10707:
10699:
10698:
10694:
10685:
10683:
10673:
10669:
10632:
10628:
10619:
10617:
10607:
10603:
10540:
10536:
10527:
10525:
10516:
10515:
10511:
10499:
10495:
10494:
10487:
10478:
10476:
10469:
10464:
10463:
10459:
10450:
10448:
10438:
10434:
10405:
10401:
10392:
10390:
10380:
10376:
10369:
10357:
10356:
10352:
10337:
10315:
10314:
10307:
10297:
10295:
10287:
10286:
10282:
10273:
10271:
10263:
10262:
10258:
10250:
10239:
10235:
10234:
10230:
10221:
10219:
10209:
10205:
10196:
10194:
10184:
10180:
10169:
10165:
10158:
10142:
10138:
10129:
10127:
10119:
10118:
10114:
10095:Ritchie, Hannah
10092:
10088:
10080:
10076:
10070:Wayback Machine
10061:
10057:
10050:
10028:
10027:
10023:
10014:
10012:
10004:
10003:
9999:
9989:
9987:
9982:. NOVA online.
9976:
9972:
9962:
9960:
9907:
9903:
9896:
9878:
9874:
9837:
9833:
9817:
9816:
9814:: xvi and 75 p.
9807:
9801:
9797:
9781:
9780:
9771:
9765:
9761:
9751:
9742:
9741:
9732:
9731:
9718:
9712:
9708:
9694:
9684:
9680:
9640:
9636:
9597:
9593:
9554:
9550:
9540:
9538:
9534:
9527:
9520:
9519:
9515:
9507:
9503:
9502:
9498:
9443:
9439:
9433:Plant and Soil.
9427:
9423:
9362:
9358:
9348:
9334:Ten Speed Press
9319:
9315:
9304:Friedman, Zev.
9303:
9299:
9289:
9287:
9280:
9276:
9271:
9264:
9254:Wayback Machine
9245:
9241:
9228:
9224:
9214:Wayback Machine
9204:
9197:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9162:
9160:
9155:
9154:
9150:
9140:
9138:
9133:
9132:
9128:
9118:
9116:
9111:
9110:
9106:
9096:
9094:
9085:
9084:
9080:
9071:
9069:
9061:
9060:
9056:
9047:
9046:
9042:
9033:
9031:
9023:
9022:
9018:
9009:
9007:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8984:
8982:
8978:
8971:
8967:
8966:
8962:
8952:
8950:
8941:
8940:
8936:
8923:
8922:
8918:
8908:
8906:
8901:
8900:
8896:
8886:
8884:
8879:
8878:
8874:
8865:
8864:
8860:
8852:
8845:
8841:
8840:
8836:
8826:
8824:
8820:
8813:
8809:
8808:
8804:
8796:
8792:
8784:
8780:
8770:
8768:
8730:
8726:
8716:
8714:
8710:
8706:
8705:
8701:
8691:
8689:
8674:
8670:
8660:
8658:
8643:
8639:
8630:
8628:
8620:
8619:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8598:
8597:
8593:
8584:
8582:
8569:
8568:
8564:
8548:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8520:
8497:
8496:
8492:
8483:
8481:
8472:
8471:
8464:
8455:
8453:
8443:
8439:
8430:
8428:
8420:
8419:
8415:
8405:
8403:
8392:
8388:
8378:
8376:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8346:
8342:
8341:
8337:
8328:
8326:
8316:
8312:
8303:
8301:
8292:
8291:
8287:
8280:
8266:
8262:
8255:10.1002/sd.2956
8239:
8235:
8226:
8224:
8222:www.aftaweb.org
8216:
8215:
8211:
8204:
8190:
8186:
8177:
8175:
8166:
8165:
8161:
8154:
8140:
8131:
8122:
8120:
8111:
8110:
8106:
8097:
8095:
8087:
8086:
8082:
8074:
8068:
8067:
8063:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8032:
8031:
8027:
7984:
7980:
7972:
7966:
7965:
7961:
7946:
7942:
7933:
7931:
7921:
7914:
7899:
7885:
7881:
7862:
7858:
7848:
7846:
7838:
7837:
7833:
7823:
7821:
7808:
7807:
7803:
7784:
7780:
7772:
7766:
7762:
7753:
7751:
7736:
7732:
7723:
7721:
7706:
7702:
7692:
7690:
7653:(6448): 76–79.
7639:
7630:
7593:(10): 867–871.
7583:
7579:
7570:
7568:
7553:
7546:
7538:
7531:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7493:
7489:
7474:
7450:
7449:
7438:
7429:
7427:
7412:
7408:
7401:
7385:
7381:
7322:
7318:
7313:
7309:
7304:
7300:
7293:
7275:
7271:
7264:
7248:
7244:
7234:
7232:
7222:
7218:
7208:
7206:
7198:
7197:
7193:
7140:
7136:
7129:
7115:
7111:
7066:
7062:
7052:
7050:
7042:
7041:
7037:
6988:(3): e0213368.
6974:
6970:
6923:
6919:
6882:(10): 867–871.
6872:
6865:
6842:
6838:
6790:
6784:
6777:
6740:(10): 867–871.
6730:
6726:
6673:
6669:
6621:
6615:
6608:
6559:(3): e0213368.
6545:
6541:
6488:
6484:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6389:(10): 867–871.
6379:
6375:
6328:
6324:
6275:(3): e0213368.
6261:
6254:
6209:
6202:
6155:
6148:
6100:
6094:
6090:
6043:
6039:
6016:
6012:
5963:(3): e0213368.
5949:
5945:
5930:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5896:
5892:
5877:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5843:
5841:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5801:
5797:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5780:
5771:
5769:
5761:
5760:
5756:
5749:
5733:
5718:
5709:
5707:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5685:
5681:
5672:
5671:
5667:
5629:
5625:
5616:
5614:
5605:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5588:
5573:
5569:
5560:
5558:
5548:
5544:
5507:
5503:
5493:
5491:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5470:
5456:
5452:
5443:
5441:
5433:
5432:
5428:
5413:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5341:
5337:
5284:
5280:
5231:(3): e0213368.
5217:
5210:
5163:
5156:
5133:
5126:
5089:(10): 867–871.
5079:
5072:
5024:
5018:
5011:
4997:
4993:
4986:
4982:
4975:
4971:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4942:
4890:
4881:
4863:In August 2021
4861:
4856:
4840:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4795:soil compaction
4730:
4718:
4693:
4688:
4672:
4610:
4594:, the issue of
4588:
4582:
4577:
4533:
4528:
4460:Erdészeti Lapok
4439:
4396:stabilize soils
4381:Gender equality
4375:18 criteria on
4369:developed world
4348:forest industry
4342:
4339:
4330:
4324:
4315:
4305:
4261:
4225:Gifford Pinchot
4194:natural history
4186:
4180:
4151:forest railways
4149:and introduced
4142:
4126:Austria-Hungary
4110:Fernand Braudel
3999:King Afonso III
3953:
3875:Dante Alighieri
3827:
3822:
3821:
3745:timber industry
3722:protected areas
3681:
3673:
3664:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3497:
3489:
3484:
3483:
3386:
3378:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3344:
3340:
3338:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3245:
3229:
3185:
3153:wood production
3118:is one of many
3047:consumer demand
3032:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3017:lumber industry
3010:and demand for
2955:Illegal logging
2951:
2948:Illegal logging
2943:
2941:Illegal logging
2938:
2937:
2926:
2918:
2913:
2912:
2904:protected areas
2807:
2799:
2794:
2762:
2761:
2742:Checkerboarding
2727:
2719:
2717:Checkerboarding
2714:
2713:
2681:extreme weather
2675:, such as more
2630:Land use change
2610:
2604:
2587:
2579:
2574:
2573:
2525:desertification
2443:primary forests
2352:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2307:
2299:
2294:
2293:
2262:
2254:
2249:
2190:
2184:
2176:6 trees/hectare
2166:
2161:
2160:
2112:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2054:ectomycorrhizal
2040:
2032:
2027:
2026:
2013:. For example,
1976:
1968:
1963:
1962:
1896:
1888:
1883:
1837:
1829:Gender equality
1725:
1689:
1640:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1485:animal products
1374:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1326:Short rotation
1301:Energy forestry
1297:
1294:Energy forestry
1289:
1287:Energy forestry
1260:
1255:
1254:
1201:Bamboo forestry
1189:
1181:
1179:Bamboo forestry
1176:
1175:
1143:('forest') and
1120:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1046:Christmas trees
1044:in Indonesia).
994:
991:Tree plantation
986:
981:
976:
975:
951:desertification
930:In comparison,
921:topsoil erosion
873:
865:
860:
859:
769:
761:
756:
755:
622:
614:
609:
608:
605:Desert greening
524:
516:
511:
510:
462:
454:
426:
398:
392:
364:
335:
322:
317:
316:
295:(DBH), height,
277:
269:
211:
195:
148:
142:
140:Role of forests
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
15996:
15986:
15985:
15980:
15975:
15970:
15965:
15960:
15955:
15941:
15940:
15926:
15925:
15913:
15911:Earth sciences
15901:
15889:
15877:
15854:
15853:
15851:
15850:
15840:
15830:
15816:
15802:
15788:
15774:
15760:
15746:
15733:
15730:
15729:
15727:
15726:
15721:
15716:
15714:Timber cruiser
15711:
15709:Shingle weaver
15706:
15701:
15696:
15691:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15671:
15670:
15669:
15664:
15659:
15654:
15644:
15639:
15634:
15629:
15624:
15619:
15613:
15611:
15607:
15606:
15604:
15603:
15602:
15601:
15591:
15590:
15589:
15584:
15579:
15574:
15569:
15559:
15558:
15557:
15547:
15545:Rail transport
15542:
15541:
15540:
15535:
15530:
15525:
15520:
15515:
15510:
15505:
15495:
15494:
15493:
15488:
15486:pulp and paper
15483:
15478:
15468:
15463:
15458:
15456:Forest farming
15453:
15447:
15445:
15439:
15438:
15436:
15435:
15430:
15425:
15420:
15415:
15414:
15413:
15406:
15404:slash-and-char
15401:
15399:slash-and-burn
15396:
15384:
15379:
15374:
15373:
15372:
15362:
15361:
15360:
15350:
15345:
15340:
15335:
15330:
15325:
15323:Forest dieback
15320:
15315:
15310:
15305:
15300:
15295:
15289:
15287:
15281:
15280:
15278:
15277:
15276:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15260:
15250:
15249:
15248:
15243:
15233:
15228:
15223:
15222:
15221:
15211:
15210:
15209:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15188:
15187:
15182:
15172:
15171:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15130:
15129:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15113:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15083:
15078:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15048:
15043:
15038:
15033:
15028:
15027:
15026:
15021:
15016:
15011:
15006:
14996:
14991:
14985:
14983:
14972:
14971:
14969:
14968:
14966:Urban forestry
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14938:
14933:
14928:
14923:
14918:
14913:
14908:
14903:
14902:
14901:
14888:
14886:
14882:
14881:
14879:
14878:
14871:
14864:
14857:
14850:
14843:
14836:
14828:
14825:
14824:
14817:
14816:
14809:
14802:
14794:
14784:
14783:
14774:
14765:
14739:
14732:
14731:
14730:
14728:
14727:External links
14725:
14679:
14676:
14673:
14672:
14644:
14622:
14597:
14574:
14548:
14529:(3): 261–273.
14509:
14497:
14467:
14426:
14407:
14388:
14358:
14335:
14307:
14278:
14253:
14209:
14196:(4): 283–292.
14176:
14150:
14124:
14098:
14072:
14046:
14020:
13973:
13948:
13923:
13885:Victor Giurgiu
13876:
13851:
13837:
13812:
13794:
13776:
13721:
13714:
13684:
13677:
13657:
13633:
13598:(2): 121–124.
13582:
13557:
13530:(4): 431–460.
13514:
13507:
13487:
13466:(4): 231–235.
13446:
13437:
13430:
13410:
13401:
13394:
13376:
13363:
13354:
13345:
13338:
13332:. Birkhäuser.
13318:
13300:
13271:
13250:
13221:
13210:
13190:
13183:
13150:
13137:Brian M. Fagan
13120:Oliver Rackham
13104:
13095:
13067:
13031:
12997:(6): 405–409.
12977:
12949:
12921:
12871:
12814:
12797:
12756:
12738:
12720:
12703:
12656:(5): 763–787.
12636:
12557:
12513:
12492:10.1086/690022
12469:
12462:
12444:
12409:
12352:
12301:
12243:
12209:
12192:
12174:
12162:
12119:
12102:CIFOR (2006).
12094:
12074:
12049:
12035:
12012:
11983:
11946:
11937:
11888:
11869:(3): 468–478.
11850:
11843:
11817:
11798:
11789:
11776:
11767:
11765:320: 1460–1462
11754:
11741:
11719:
11697:
11688:
11666:
11640:
11618:
11613:greenpeace.org
11600:
11582:
11560:
11535:
11514:
11507:
11488:
11477:. Metafore.org
11465:
11433:
11415:
11391:
11384:
11364:
11340:
11316:
11309:
11289:
11264:
11235:
11205:
11187:
11167:
11151:
11135:
11123:
11107:
11082:
11057:
11037:
11021:
11012:|journal=
10968:
10957:FarmIreland.ie
10943:
10918:Land Economics
10908:
10883:Land Economics
10873:
10840:
10821:
10797:
10778:(4): 660–684.
10757:
10736:(3): 898–916.
10716:
10692:
10667:
10626:
10601:
10554:(5): 444–451.
10534:
10509:
10506:. August 2019.
10485:
10467:
10457:
10432:
10399:
10374:
10367:
10350:
10335:
10305:
10280:
10256:
10228:
10203:
10178:
10163:
10156:
10136:
10112:
10101:(2021-02-09).
10086:
10074:
10055:
10048:
10021:
9997:
9970:
9901:
9894:
9872:
9831:
9795:
9778:. Rome, Italy.
9759:
9729:, Rome, Italy.
9706:
9678:
9651:(3): 367–373.
9634:
9591:
9564:(1–3): 77–89.
9548:
9513:
9496:
9457:(2): 676–687.
9437:
9421:
9356:
9346:
9313:
9297:
9274:
9262:
9239:
9222:
9195:
9170:
9148:
9126:
9104:
9078:
9054:
9040:
9016:
8992:
8960:
8934:
8916:
8894:
8872:
8858:
8834:
8802:
8790:
8778:
8724:
8699:
8668:
8637:
8613:
8591:
8562:
8545:. p. 166.
8533:
8518:
8490:
8462:
8437:
8413:
8386:
8363:
8335:
8310:
8285:
8278:
8260:
8233:
8209:
8202:
8184:
8159:
8152:
8129:
8104:
8080:
8061:
8043:
8025:
7978:
7975:. UNIDO. 2009.
7959:
7940:
7912:
7897:
7879:
7856:
7831:
7801:
7778:
7760:
7730:
7700:
7628:
7577:
7561:Environment Co
7544:
7518:
7487:
7472:
7436:
7406:
7399:
7379:
7316:
7307:
7298:
7291:
7269:
7262:
7242:
7216:
7191:
7134:
7127:
7109:
7060:
7035:
6968:
6917:
6863:
6836:
6775:
6724:
6667:
6606:
6539:
6482:
6424:
6373:
6322:
6252:
6200:
6146:
6088:
6037:
6010:
5943:
5928:
5903:
5890:
5875:
5850:
5822:
5815:
5795:
5778:
5754:
5747:
5716:
5692:
5679:
5665:
5623:
5598:
5567:
5542:
5501:
5475:
5469:978-0471064381
5468:
5450:
5426:
5411:
5384:
5335:
5278:
5208:
5154:
5124:
5070:
5009:
4991:
4980:
4969:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4909:Forest farming
4906:
4901:
4896:
4889:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4839:
4836:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4742:Giant Sequoias
4738:Mariposa Grove
4731:
4723:
4717:
4714:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4671:
4668:
4609:
4608:European Union
4606:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4472:
4464:
4456:
4448:
4438:
4435:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4318:
4316:
4306:
4299:
4260:
4257:
4179:
4176:
4168:laser scanning
4156:1918 in Canada
4141:
4138:
4051:sustainability
4043:maritime trade
4030:timber rafting
3985:, German miner
3952:
3949:
3847:deforestations
3835:Werner Sombart
3826:
3823:
3767:tree nurseries
3682:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3663:
3660:
3634:William Moomaw
3615:apex predators
3575:
3574:Proforestation
3572:
3534:rehabilitation
3498:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3469:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3417:global warming
3387:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3325:
3322:
3313:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3246:
3238:
3228:
3225:
3206:climate change
3184:
3181:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3030:Certified wood
3028:Main article:
3025:
3022:
2987:climate change
2952:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2927:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2754:Western Canada
2728:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2671:. Some of the
2626:climate change
2608:
2602:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2455:carbon storage
2392:Rio de Janeiro
2353:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2263:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2202:climate change
2183:
2180:
2165:
2162:
2113:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2041:
2033:
2031:
2028:
1977:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1944:photosynthesis
1932:Sustainability
1897:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1836:
1833:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1783:
1778:
1721:Main article:
1688:
1685:
1639:
1636:
1570:climate change
1550:carbon storage
1542:socio-cultural
1525:
1522:
1508:nutrient cycle
1483:, animals and
1443:. It combines
1387:sweet chestnut
1375:
1367:
1365:
1364:Forest farming
1362:
1359:
1358:
1339:
1298:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1259:
1256:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1121:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1090:plantation in
1018:tree nurseries
995:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
909:climate change
874:
866:
864:
861:
817:climate change
770:
762:
760:
757:
724:proforestation
623:
615:
613:
610:
591:carbon dioxide
525:
517:
515:
512:
493:mass selection
463:
455:
453:
450:
425:
422:
391:
388:
363:
360:
334:
331:
321:
318:
278:
270:
268:
265:
210:
207:
194:
191:
144:Main article:
141:
138:
118:photogrammetry
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
15995:
15984:
15981:
15979:
15976:
15974:
15971:
15969:
15966:
15964:
15961:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15950:
15948:
15938:
15933:
15929:
15928:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15912:
15902:
15900:
15890:
15888:
15883:
15878:
15876:
15871:
15866:
15865:
15862:
15849:
15841:
15839:
15831:
15829:
15828:
15823:
15817:
15815:
15814:
15809:
15803:
15801:
15800:
15795:
15789:
15787:
15786:
15775:
15773:
15772:
15761:
15759:
15758:
15747:
15745:
15744:
15735:
15734:
15731:
15725:
15722:
15720:
15717:
15715:
15712:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15704:Rubber tapper
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15672:
15668:
15665:
15663:
15660:
15658:
15655:
15653:
15650:
15649:
15648:
15645:
15643:
15640:
15638:
15635:
15633:
15632:Choker setter
15630:
15628:
15625:
15623:
15620:
15618:
15615:
15614:
15612:
15608:
15600:
15597:
15596:
15595:
15592:
15588:
15585:
15583:
15580:
15578:
15575:
15573:
15570:
15568:
15565:
15564:
15563:
15560:
15556:
15553:
15552:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15539:
15536:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15514:
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15500:
15499:
15496:
15492:
15489:
15487:
15484:
15482:
15479:
15477:
15474:
15473:
15472:
15471:Manufacturing
15469:
15467:
15464:
15462:
15459:
15457:
15454:
15452:
15449:
15448:
15446:
15444:
15440:
15434:
15431:
15429:
15426:
15424:
15421:
15419:
15416:
15412:
15411:
15407:
15405:
15402:
15400:
15397:
15395:
15394:
15390:
15389:
15388:
15385:
15383:
15380:
15378:
15375:
15371:
15368:
15367:
15366:
15363:
15359:
15356:
15355:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15344:
15341:
15339:
15336:
15334:
15331:
15329:
15326:
15324:
15321:
15319:
15316:
15314:
15311:
15309:
15308:Deforestation
15306:
15304:
15301:
15299:
15296:
15294:
15291:
15290:
15288:
15284:Environmental
15282:
15274:
15271:
15269:
15266:
15264:
15261:
15259:
15256:
15255:
15254:
15251:
15247:
15244:
15242:
15239:
15238:
15237:
15234:
15232:
15229:
15227:
15224:
15220:
15217:
15216:
15215:
15212:
15208:
15205:
15204:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15186:
15185:reforestation
15183:
15181:
15180:afforestation
15178:
15177:
15176:
15173:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15135:
15134:
15131:
15127:
15124:
15122:
15119:
15117:
15114:
15112:
15109:
15107:
15104:
15102:
15099:
15097:
15094:
15092:
15089:
15087:
15084:
15082:
15079:
15077:
15074:
15072:
15069:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15053:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15029:
15025:
15022:
15020:
15017:
15015:
15012:
15010:
15007:
15005:
15002:
15001:
15000:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14990:
14989:Arboriculture
14987:
14986:
14984:
14982:
14977:
14973:
14967:
14964:
14962:
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14942:
14941:Permaforestry
14939:
14937:
14934:
14932:
14929:
14927:
14924:
14922:
14919:
14917:
14914:
14912:
14909:
14907:
14904:
14900:
14899:
14895:
14894:
14893:
14890:
14889:
14887:
14883:
14877:
14876:
14872:
14870:
14869:
14865:
14863:
14862:
14858:
14856:
14855:
14851:
14849:
14848:
14844:
14842:
14841:
14837:
14835:
14834:
14830:
14829:
14826:
14822:
14815:
14810:
14808:
14803:
14801:
14796:
14795:
14792:
14788:
14781:
14779:
14775:
14772:
14770:
14766:
14763:
14761:
14757:
14756:
14751:
14750:
14742:
14724:
14722:
14721:
14716:
14712:
14707:
14702:
14700:
14699:
14694:
14690:
14685:
14661:
14654:
14648:
14632:
14626:
14611:
14607:
14601:
14585:
14578:
14563:
14559:
14552:
14544:
14540:
14536:
14532:
14528:
14524:
14520:
14513:
14500:
14494:
14490:
14486:
14482:
14478:
14471:
14463:
14459:
14454:
14449:
14445:
14441:
14437:
14430:
14422:
14418:
14411:
14403:
14399:
14392:
14376:
14372:
14368:
14362:
14346:
14339:
14325:
14321:
14314:
14312:
14295:
14291:
14285:
14283:
14268:
14264:
14257:
14249:
14236:
14222:
14219:
14213:
14204:
14199:
14195:
14191:
14187:
14180:
14165:
14161:
14154:
14138:
14134:
14128:
14113:
14109:
14102:
14087:
14083:
14076:
14060:
14056:
14050:
14034:
14030:
14024:
14010:
14006:
14001:
13996:
13992:
13988:
13984:
13977:
13963:on 2013-12-12
13962:
13958:
13952:
13938:on 2013-12-12
13937:
13933:
13927:
13912:on 2016-05-17
13911:
13907:
13903:
13899:
13896:
13895:
13890:
13886:
13880:
13866:on 2013-11-27
13865:
13861:
13855:
13848:
13847:
13846:Šumarski list
13841:
13827:on 2013-05-17
13826:
13822:
13816:
13808:
13804:
13798:
13790:
13786:
13780:
13764:
13760:
13756:
13752:
13751:
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13717:
13711:
13707:
13703:
13699:
13698:
13691:
13689:
13680:
13674:
13670:
13669:
13661:
13647:
13643:
13637:
13629:
13625:
13621:
13617:
13613:
13609:
13605:
13601:
13597:
13593:
13586:
13571:
13567:
13561:
13553:
13549:
13545:
13541:
13537:
13533:
13529:
13525:
13518:
13510:
13504:
13500:
13499:
13491:
13483:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13465:
13461:
13457:
13450:
13441:
13433:
13427:
13423:
13422:
13414:
13405:
13397:
13391:
13387:
13380:
13373:
13367:
13358:
13349:
13341:
13335:
13331:
13330:
13322:
13316:
13312:
13309:
13304:
13290:on 2011-06-28
13289:
13285:
13281:
13275:
13267:
13264:(in German).
13263:
13262:
13254:
13240:on 2019-12-10
13239:
13235:
13231:
13225:
13217:
13213:
13207:
13203:
13202:
13194:
13186:
13180:
13176:
13172:
13167:
13159:
13157:
13155:
13148:
13144:
13138:
13135:
13132:
13128:
13125:
13121:
13117:
13111:
13109:
13099:
13080:
13079:
13071:
13062:
13057:
13053:
13049:
13042:
13035:
13020:
13016:
13012:
13008:
13004:
13000:
12996:
12992:
12988:
12981:
12962:
12961:
12953:
12934:
12933:
12925:
12909:
12904:
12899:
12894:
12890:
12886:
12882:
12875:
12867:
12863:
12859:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12841:
12837:
12833:
12829:
12825:
12818:
12811:
12807:
12801:
12792:
12787:
12783:
12779:
12775:
12771:
12767:
12760:
12752:
12748:
12742:
12734:
12730:
12724:
12717:
12713:
12707:
12699:
12695:
12691:
12687:
12682:
12677:
12672:
12667:
12663:
12659:
12655:
12651:
12647:
12640:
12632:
12628:
12624:
12620:
12616:
12612:
12607:
12602:
12597:
12592:
12588:
12584:
12580:
12576:
12572:
12564:
12562:
12552:
12547:
12543:
12539:
12535:
12531:
12527:
12520:
12518:
12509:
12505:
12501:
12497:
12493:
12489:
12485:
12481:
12473:
12465:
12459:
12455:
12448:
12440:
12436:
12432:
12428:
12424:
12420:
12413:
12405:
12401:
12396:
12391:
12387:
12383:
12379:
12375:
12371:
12367:
12363:
12356:
12348:
12344:
12340:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12316:
12312:
12305:
12297:
12293:
12289:
12285:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12269:
12265:
12261:
12254:
12247:
12232:
12227:
12223:
12219:
12213:
12205:
12204:
12196:
12188:
12187:
12178:
12172:
12166:
12158:
12154:
12148:
12140:
12136:
12132:
12131:
12123:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12106:
12098:
12084:
12078:
12063:
12059:
12053:
12038:
12032:
12025:
12024:
12016:
12002:on 2010-06-14
12001:
11997:
11993:
11987:
11976:September 24,
11968:
11964:
11957:
11950:
11941:
11933:
11929:
11924:
11919:
11915:
11911:
11907:
11903:
11899:
11892:
11884:
11880:
11876:
11872:
11868:
11864:
11857:
11855:
11846:
11840:
11833:
11832:
11824:
11822:
11810:
11809:
11802:
11793:
11786:
11780:
11771:
11764:
11758:
11751:
11750:Human ecology
11745:
11729:
11723:
11707:
11701:
11692:
11676:
11670:
11654:
11650:
11644:
11628:
11622:
11614:
11610:
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11592:
11586:
11570:
11564:
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11539:
11531:
11524:
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11510:
11504:
11500:
11499:
11492:
11476:
11469:
11450:
11443:
11437:
11429:
11425:
11419:
11405:
11401:
11395:
11387:
11381:
11377:
11376:
11368:
11354:
11350:
11344:
11330:
11326:
11320:
11312:
11306:
11302:
11301:
11293:
11278:
11274:
11268:
11261:
11250:
11246:
11239:
11225:on 2017-07-25
11224:
11220:
11218:
11215:"Wild Turkey
11209:
11195:on 2007-12-25
11194:
11190:
11184:
11180:
11179:
11171:
11164:
11161:
11155:
11148:
11147:The Economist
11145:
11139:
11133:
11127:
11120:
11117:
11111:
11097:on 2012-11-18
11096:
11092:
11086:
11072:
11068:
11061:
11054:
11050:
11047:
11041:
11034:
11031:
11025:
11017:
11004:
10990:on 2010-10-29
10986:
10979:
10972:
10958:
10954:
10947:
10939:
10935:
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10919:
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10896:
10892:
10888:
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10807:
10801:
10793:
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10777:
10773:
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10749:
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10702:
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10678:
10671:
10662:
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10649:
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10637:
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9606:
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9583:
9579:
9575:
9571:
9567:
9563:
9559:
9552:
9537:on 2009-01-06
9533:
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9352:mycoforestry.
9349:
9347:1-58008-579-2
9343:
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9330:
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9322:Stamets, Paul
9317:
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8325:
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8314:
8299:
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8279:0-471-83781-4
8275:
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8264:
8256:
8252:
8248:
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8237:
8223:
8219:
8213:
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8199:
8195:
8188:
8174:on 2006-12-20
8173:
8169:
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7890:
7883:
7875:
7871:
7867:
7860:
7845:
7841:
7835:
7819:
7815:
7811:
7810:"Forest loss"
7805:
7797:
7793:
7789:
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7764:
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7719:
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7445:
7443:
7441:
7426:on 2017-07-04
7425:
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5675:
5669:
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5638:
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5537:
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5528:
5524:
5520:
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5465:
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5440:
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5422:
5418:
5414:
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5400:
5396:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5339:
5331:
5327:
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5317:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5282:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5215:
5213:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5161:
5159:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5131:
5129:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5077:
5075:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5023:
5016:
5014:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5001:S.A.P.I.EN.S.
4995:
4989:
4984:
4978:
4973:
4955:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4885:
4876:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4851:
4848:
4843:
4835:
4834:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4807:reforestation
4804:
4803:afforestation
4800:
4796:
4792:
4791:deforestation
4787:
4785:
4784:United States
4781:
4777:
4773:
4769:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4747:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4728:
4722:
4716:United States
4713:
4709:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4683:
4681:
4677:
4670:Great Britain
4667:
4665:
4664:printed paper
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4605:
4602:
4597:
4596:deforestation
4593:
4587:
4586:Deforestation
4572:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4559:, protecting
4558:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4540:Deforestation
4537:
4520:
4516:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4476:Šumarski list
4473:
4470:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4356:certification
4353:
4349:
4337:
4332:
4329:
4322:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4303:
4298:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:reforestation
4290:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4217:United States
4214:
4213:British India
4209:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4145:of steel for
4137:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4086:British Isles
4082:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3957:
3948:
3946:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3933:wood pastures
3930:
3926:
3925:pitch (resin)
3922:
3918:
3913:
3912:(1562–1633).
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3879:Divine Comedy
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3819:
3818:reforestation
3815:
3812:planning and
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3688:Foresters of
3686:
3679:
3668:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3604:reforestation
3601:
3600:afforestation
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3538:Reforestation
3535:
3531:
3527:
3518:
3510:
3502:
3495:
3481:
3478:
3474:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3357:
3330:
3317:
3310:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3255:
3250:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3224:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:market forces
3211:
3207:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3172:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3154:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3051:certification
3048:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3031:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3008:land grabbing
3005:
3003:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:deforestation
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2935:
2931:
2924:
2910:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2867:deforestation
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2828:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2805:
2797:Clear-cutting
2789:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2766:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:decomposition
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2620:is a primary
2619:
2618:Deforestation
2612:
2600:
2596:
2595:Deforestation
2592:
2585:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2478:wood industry
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
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2399:Deforestation
2393:
2388:
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2377:
2372:
2365:
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2342:Deforestation
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2328:
2327:deforestation
2323:
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2020:
2016:
2012:
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2000:
1996:
1992:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1959:
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1949:
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1939:
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1786:Forest health
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1779:
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1768:
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1738:Forest Europe
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1711:Deforestation
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1273:silvicultural
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1080:seed orchards
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870:Afforestation
863:Afforestation
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666:deforestation
663:
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648:
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639:
632:
627:
620:
619:Reforestation
612:Reforestation
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:arboriculture
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
555:transplanting
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551:Tree planting
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521:Tree planting
514:Tree planting
507:
503:
502:seed orchards
499:
494:
490:
482:
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470:
467:
466:Tree breeding
460:
459:Tree breeding
452:Tree breeding
449:
447:
446:deforestation
443:
439:
438:reforestation
435:
434:afforestation
431:
421:
419:
415:
410:
407:
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397:
387:
384:
379:
377:
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359:
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262:
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247:
242:
238:
234:
232:
228:
227:silvicultural
224:
220:
219:topographical
216:
206:
204:
199:
198:more common.
190:
186:
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180:
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15719:Tree planter
15699:Resin tapper
15679:Truck driver
15674:River driver
15423:Tree hugging
15408:
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15358:timber mafia
15348:High grading
15333:Ghost forest
15303:Clearcutting
15226:Silviculture
15202:Horticulture
15046:Fire ecology
14980:
14961:Urban forest
14936:Mycoforestry
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14840:Forest areas
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14689:free content
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14561:
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14375:the original
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14217:
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14163:
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14117:18 September
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14089:. Retrieved
14085:
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14037:. Retrieved
14032:
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13993:(1): 28–34.
13990:
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13965:. Retrieved
13961:the original
13951:
13940:. Retrieved
13936:the original
13926:
13914:. Retrieved
13910:the original
13897:
13892:
13887:(Nov 2011).
13879:
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13864:the original
13854:
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13829:. Retrieved
13825:the original
13815:
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13779:
13767:. Retrieved
13757:(4): 46–53.
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13743:(Aug 2012).
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13646:www.pefc.org
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13288:the original
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13238:the original
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12000:the original
11986:
11974:. Retrieved
11967:the original
11962:
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11223:the original
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11070:
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10524:. 2020-08-26
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10269:ScienceDaily
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9091:the original
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9067:www.pefc.org
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8744:(1): 87–98.
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8579:the original
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8323:
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8300:. 2016-07-28
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8172:the original
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8119:. 2016-07-21
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7932:. Retrieved
7928:
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7849:20 September
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4948:
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4047:Berggeschrey
4040:
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3734:biodiversity
3726:raw material
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3466:urban sprawl
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3399:
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2786:
2771:
2746:checkerboard
2700:, livestock
2698:clearcutting
2689:
2662:
2638:fossil fuels
2616:
2548:food systems
2533:
2529:soil erosion
2506:
2486:urbanization
2459:
2451:biodiversity
2427:forest cover
2397:
2362:in Brazil's
2218:
2191:
2175:
2167:
2135:
2130:
2095:clearcutting
2083:agroforestry
2079:permaculture
2072:saprotrophic
2060:Mycoforestry
2052:species are
2047:
2037:Mycoforestry
2030:Mycoforestry
2023:clearcutting
1940:
1898:
1871:
1862:
1838:
1822:
1815:
1803:
1788:and vitality
1771:
1730:
1726:
1681:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1653:
1641:
1629:
1623:adopted the
1608:Earth Summit
1601:
1597:
1574:
1558:
1548:by boosting
1527:
1501:
1489:
1469:edible plant
1445:agricultural
1425:Agroforestry
1423:
1419:Burkina Faso
1408:
1402:
1371:Agroforestry
1313:
1299:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1242:
1240:
1221:
1209:
1199:
1150:
1136:
1134:production.
1124:Silviculture
1122:
1117:Silviculture
1110:Silviculture
1086:annually; a
1084:
1072:
1030:Weyerhaeuser
1013:
972:edge effects
964:biodiversity
941:
937:
929:
901:agroforestry
897:regeneration
891:
882:Lincolnshire
829:biodiversity
822:
809:
796:
749:
745:
737:
721:
709:monocultures
705:
698:
670:clearcutting
652:
549:
464:
429:
427:
411:
399:
383:biodiversity
380:
369:
365:
356:
344:
327:
323:
305:fire hazards
297:site quality
279:
255:
250:leaseholders
243:
239:
235:
212:
200:
196:
187:
160:
149:
130:biodiversity
111:
93:extraction,
85:, and other
51:silviculture
38:
37:
15887:Environment
15743:WikiProject
15667:smokejumper
15647:Firefighter
15610:Occupations
15594:Woodworking
15175:Forestation
15106:restoration
15061:informatics
14926:Ecoforestry
14590:9 September
14567:3 September
13894:Rev. pădur.
13750:Rev. pădur.
13234:www.icnf.pt
12914:12 November
12908:2445/151800
12891:(1): 8–12.
12372:(1): 5569.
11734:30 November
11712:30 November
11708:. Fscus.org
11681:30 November
11659:30 November
11633:30 November
11575:30 November
11481:30 November
11458:30 November
11163:The Varsity
10866:28 February
10705:www.epa.gov
10446:www.epa.gov
10010:www.who.int
9311:1 May 2009.
9306:Digging In.
9237:18(3), 6–8.
9220:18(2), 1–4.
9188:30 November
9163:30 November
9141:30 November
9119:30 November
9029:www.fao.org
8985:30 November
8953:30 November
8909:30 November
8887:30 November
8692:30 November
8661:30 November
8606:30 November
8602:. Mcpfe.org
8426:forests.org
8379:28 February
7844:www.fao.org
7824:October 27,
7281:. Seattle:
7154:: 718–728.
7048:www.fao.org
6687:(1): 5569.
6502:(1): 5569.
5439:www.fao.org
5298:(1): 5569.
4776:groundwater
4680:World War 1
4360:stewardship
4243:companies.
4237:forest laws
4198:physiocracy
4106:French Navy
4090:John Evelyn
4061:. His book
3945:fox hunting
3941:common land
3898:Han dynasty
3843:Latifundiae
3645:plantations
3551:Rainforests
3542:restoration
3473:rainforests
3413:plant pests
3210:neo-liberal
3086:worldwide.
2934:wild turkey
2847:shelterwood
2788:of access.
2734:Map of the
2665:carbon sink
2654:soil carbon
2394:state, 2009
2366:state, 2016
2279:Mangum Fire
2125:Loch Assynt
2121:Tubeg track
2068:mycorrhizal
1985:Douglas fir
1956:Respiration
1908:restoration
1900:Ecoforestry
1893:Ecoforestry
1886:Ecoforestry
1612:sustainable
1492:sustainable
1453:polyculture
1168:stand-level
1060:Douglas-fir
571:landscaping
430:forestation
257:Agriculture
215:inventories
18:Forestation
15947:Categories
15689:Lumberjack
15684:Log scaler
15567:engineered
15518:non-timber
15491:sawmilling
15443:Industries
15410:svedjebruk
15121:transition
15101:protection
15091:old-growth
15076:governance
15031:Dendrology
14981:management
14847:Ministries
14762: Vox
14586:. Mongabay
14504:2023-10-19
14477:"Overview"
14423:: 383–389.
14381:12 January
14351:12 January
14347:. Ecowatch
14329:2022-03-31
14294:Ontario.ca
14272:2024-04-12
14226:2024-04-10
14014:2008-08-25
13967:2014-03-15
13942:2014-03-15
13916:2012-04-06
13900:(6): 3–7.
13870:2014-03-15
13831:2014-03-15
13807:www.oee.hu
13769:2012-10-21
13651:2023-01-30
13576:2014-11-29
13294:2010-10-12
13284:Nara, Nara
13282:. City of
13244:2017-10-17
12885:BioScience
12347:2578272675
12237:2016-11-30
12088:2021-12-09
12068:2021-12-09
12006:2010-07-21
11923:10535/8464
11409:2023-01-30
11358:2023-01-30
11334:2023-01-30
11283:2021-05-11
11229:2009-08-25
11199:2009-08-25
11101:2012-11-08
11076:2023-07-07
10994:2009-06-06
10962:2018-05-12
10815:2018-04-18
10710:2023-04-08
10686:2020-03-20
10646:(8): 981.
10640:Atmosphere
10620:2022-03-02
10579:2346/92751
10528:2020-08-26
10502:(Report).
10479:2020-03-20
10451:2023-03-03
10419:(2): 139.
10393:2020-03-20
10298:22 October
10274:2018-04-29
10244:unfccc.int
10222:2020-06-04
10197:2020-06-02
10130:2020-10-13
10121:"On Water"
10099:Roser, Max
10015:2023-08-04
9851:(8): 981.
9845:Atmosphere
9690:) (2014).
9541:2009-06-03
9474:1805/17196
9336:. p.
9290:24 October
9072:2023-01-30
9034:2023-03-16
9010:2023-03-16
9005:www.un.org
8883:. Imfn.net
8631:2023-01-30
8585:2020-09-24
8484:2023-01-30
8456:2024-04-06
8431:2024-04-06
8375:. Ecowatch
8329:2023-01-30
8304:2022-03-31
8227:2018-04-29
8178:2006-12-08
8123:2020-07-30
8098:2020-07-31
7934:2021-01-13
7798:: 111–125.
7754:2021-06-12
7724:2024-07-15
7623:2578272675
7571:2024-01-04
7430:2012-06-17
7030:A579457448
6912:2578272675
6858:1698449297
6770:2578272675
6601:A579457448
6419:2578272675
6317:A579457448
6223:: 100267.
6032:1698449297
6005:A579457448
5844:2023-01-30
5772:2023-01-30
5710:2022-10-24
5690:1039 pages
5617:2014-03-15
5561:2023-01-23
5444:2022-10-24
5355:: 100267.
5273:A579457448
5149:1698449297
5119:2578272675
4963:2009-04-06
4940:References
4584:See also:
4569:recreation
4392:landslides
4311:forest in
4233:plantation
4202:cameralism
4172:satellites
4160:harvesters
4071:Clearances
3973:Vogelsberg
3910:Xu Guangqi
3863:stone pine
3839:capitalism
3802:ecosystems
3757:landowners
3530:ecotourism
3354:See also:
3165:Greenpeace
2859:ecosystems
2782:California
2774:inholdings
2558:conversion
2517:extinction
2447:rainforest
2435:Bangladesh
2290:ecosystems
2241:reforested
2233:population
2225:provenance
2210:resilience
2186:See also:
2003:harvesting
1936:compaction
1924:ecosystems
1740:, and the
1638:Definition
1534:ecological
1471:products,
1459:products,
1281:understory
1064:Washington
955:grasslands
839:deforested
806:succession
684:, and for
489:phenotypes
362:Monitoring
301:basal area
246:landowners
167:board feet
132:research,
99:replanting
67:recreation
63:aesthetics
15637:Ecologist
15550:Tree farm
15451:Coppicing
15393:chitemene
15293:Acid rain
15241:allometry
15163:SmartWood
15111:secondary
15096:pathology
15071:inventory
15009:driftwood
14875:Arbor Day
14748:(Q372561)
14637:15 August
14543:1389-9341
14462:0378-1127
14446:: 80–96.
14009:0885-6095
13932:"Časopis"
13906:1583-7890
13763:1583-7890
13612:1059-924X
13552:143441568
13544:0950-5431
13482:0015-7546
13054:(2): 18.
12770:Ecosphere
12733:One Earth
12698:212681305
12690:1573-1596
12631:225324365
12615:1354-1013
12500:1058-5893
12339:237947801
12296:252010508
12147:cite book
12139:730303720
11932:1684-0186
11548:unece.org
11424:"Members"
11254:24 August
10752:2073-445X
10596:247160560
10588:2398-9629
10345:241416114
9963:27 August
9945:1939-5582
9673:0378-1127
9629:0378-1127
9578:0378-1127
9483:2169-8961
9398:0027-8424
9135:"Council"
8551:cite book
8528:241416114
8406:15 August
8400:Yale News
8020:159340063
8012:1389-9341
7998:: 66–74.
7907:223725063
7874:976898179
7693:4 January
7675:0036-8075
7615:237947801
7482:241374524
7374:206526700
7358:0036-8075
7204:Yale E360
7186:0378-1127
7104:0378-1127
7080:: 57–67.
6963:232124649
6904:237947801
6831:252010508
6762:237947801
6662:252010508
6477:252010508
6411:237947801
6368:232124649
6247:248646593
6195:232124649
6141:252010508
6083:232124649
5938:130116768
5885:130116768
5661:206779166
5421:241416114
5379:248646593
5203:232124649
5111:237947801
5065:252010508
4899:Coppicing
4838:Indonesia
4764:ecosystem
4660:furniture
4656:chocolate
4575:By region
4565:watershed
4515:Šumarstvo
4326:A modern
4094:Louis XIV
4067:enclosure
4022:Nuremberg
3886:Visigoths
3814:watershed
3806:epidemics
3795:grassland
3771:seedlings
3611:rewilding
3477:Brazilian
3455:Pollution
3395:Lithuania
3372:efforts.
3191:Pandani (
3122:programs.
3073:standards
3069:standards
3067:develops
2892:temperate
2855:foresters
2710:wildfires
2677:wildfires
2611:emissions
2607:global CO
2562:land uses
2560:to other
2498:wildfires
2407:converted
2376:Indonesia
2316:Lahnberge
2252:Wildfires
2237:selection
2214:ecosystem
1393:, France
1264:deciduous
1152:silvology
1100:Australia
1088:Grand Fir
1014:tree farm
686:ecosystem
674:wildfires
662:woodlands
645:) in the
559:seedlings
428:The term
231:soil type
179:bioenergy
15838:Category
15652:handcrew
15622:Arborist
15617:Forester
15577:mahogany
15523:palm oil
15513:charcoal
15498:Products
15433:Wildfire
15246:breeding
15207:GM trees
15056:dynamics
14868:Journals
14861:Colleges
14821:Forestry
14235:cite web
14190:Forestry
14112:Mongabay
13628:73422895
13620:30712502
13570:Archived
13311:Archived
13216:Archived
13143:Archived
13127:Archived
13088:21 April
13024:21 April
13019:47004415
12970:21 April
12942:21 April
12866:91190309
12858:30940972
12623:33494123
12508:89852455
12404:36195588
12343:ProQuest
12288:36048937
11595:pefc.org
11404:pefc.org
11329:pefc.org
11049:Archived
10522:BBC News
10248:Archived
10066:Archived
10006:"Plague"
9984:Archived
9957:Archived
9953:19263880
9886:Elsevier
9586:85014787
9491:59360292
9416:36913576
9407:10041105
9324:(2005).
9250:Archived
9210:Archived
8771:20 April
8766:12659807
8445:Martin.
8356:23 March
7748:Archived
7718:Archived
7687:Archived
7683:31273120
7619:ProQuest
7565:Archived
7536:Archived
7456:Unasylva
7366:20558709
7022:30893352
6982:PLOS ONE
6955:33674479
6908:ProQuest
6854:ProQuest
6823:36048937
6766:ProQuest
6719:36195588
6654:36048937
6593:30893352
6553:PLOS ONE
6534:36195588
6469:36048937
6415:ProQuest
6360:33674479
6309:30893352
6269:PLOS ONE
6187:33674479
6133:36048937
6075:33674479
6028:ProQuest
5997:30893352
5957:PLOS ONE
5833:Martin.
5653:24198030
5611:Archived
5585:Archived
5494:21 April
5330:36195588
5265:30893352
5225:PLOS ONE
5195:33674479
5145:ProQuest
5115:ProQuest
5057:36048937
4888:See also
4768:wildlife
4756:planning
4628:palm oil
4557:wildlife
4437:Journals
4390:or even
4313:Slovenia
4277:thinning
4265:research
4253:mahogany
4147:whipsaws
3995:Portugal
3929:caulking
3867:fuelwood
3859:Adriatic
3798:wildfire
3775:genetics
3769:growing
3710:forestry
3706:forester
3678:Forester
3528:include
3262:forestry
3256:, Mexico
3077:standard
3041:Growing
2839:forestry
2466:palm oil
2431:hectares
2380:oil palm
2364:Maranhão
2259:Wildfire
2247:Problems
2216:levels.
2137:Imperata
1920:holistic
1916:forestry
1904:forestry
1765:and the
1538:economic
1467:, other
1449:forestry
1429:land use
1391:Dordogne
1355:sycamore
1213:forestry
1164:forestry
1092:Scotland
1034:Rayonier
643:wildfire
563:forestry
506:in-vitro
498:grafting
313:taxation
223:culverts
95:planting
75:wildlife
47:forestry
15923:Biology
15899:Ecology
15861:Portals
15848:Outline
15662:lookout
15657:hotshot
15538:tanbark
15508:biomass
15503:biochar
15481:plywood
15466:Logging
15370:wilding
15019:log jam
14976:Ecology
14741:Scholia
14678:Sources
14665:3 March
14615:16 July
14300:3 March
14065:4 March
14039:4 March
13765:. 16819
13268:(4): 8.
12999:Bibcode
12836:Bibcode
12778:Bibcode
12658:Bibcode
12583:Bibcode
12538:Bibcode
12427:Bibcode
12395:9532392
12374:Bibcode
12319:Bibcode
12268:Bibcode
12260:Science
12042:5 April
12029:. FAO.
11871:Bibcode
11763:Science
11553:3 March
10938:3144830
10903:3159757
10792:4144174
10648:Bibcode
10556:Bibcode
10413:Forests
9990:30 June
9923:Bibcode
9853:Bibcode
9653:Bibcode
9609:Bibcode
9378:Bibcode
9115:. MCPFE
9113:"MCPFE"
9097:3 March
8827:3 March
8746:Bibcode
8717:24 June
7655:Bibcode
7647:Science
7595:Bibcode
7338:Bibcode
7330:Science
7156:Bibcode
7082:Bibcode
7013:6426338
6990:Bibcode
6935:Bibcode
6927:Science
6884:Bibcode
6803:Bibcode
6795:Science
6742:Bibcode
6710:9532392
6689:Bibcode
6634:Bibcode
6626:Science
6584:6426338
6561:Bibcode
6525:9532392
6504:Bibcode
6449:Bibcode
6441:Science
6391:Bibcode
6340:Bibcode
6332:Science
6300:6426338
6277:Bibcode
6225:Bibcode
6167:Bibcode
6159:Science
6113:Bibcode
6105:Science
6055:Bibcode
6047:Science
5988:6426338
5965:Bibcode
5591:Jan 23,
5523:Bibcode
5357:Bibcode
5321:9532392
5300:Bibcode
5256:6426338
5233:Bibcode
5175:Bibcode
5167:Science
5091:Bibcode
5037:Bibcode
5029:Science
4772:habitat
4705:Ontario
4701:Ontario
4686:America
4388:erosion
4328:sawmill
4285:felling
4241:logging
4227:). Sir
4100:'s oak
4079:Holznot
3937:commons
3857:on the
3855:Romagna
3825:History
3779:measure
3714:forests
3692:in the
3671:Workers
3652:habitat
3584:climate
3580:forests
3450:logging
3012:pasture
3000:); the
2967:corrupt
2882:topsoil
2843:logging
2706:logging
2702:grazing
2646:biomass
2599:tropics
2597:in the
2570:drought
2482:logging
2474:grazing
2439:tropics
2423:forests
2415:ranches
2275:Arizona
2198:forests
2049:Amanita
1999:forests
1881:Methods
1715:Bolivia
1656:forests
1441:pasture
1415:Banfora
1328:coppice
1309:biofuel
1305:biomass
1146:culture
1128:forests
959:savanna
925:habitat
886:England
701:hectare
690:habitat
658:forests
442:forests
175:biomass
103:species
15694:Ranger
15642:Feller
15627:Bucker
15533:rubber
15476:lumber
15286:topics
15273:volume
15268:height
15214:i-Tree
15051:Forest
15004:coarse
14999:Debris
14898:dehesa
14541:
14495:
14460:
14169:22 May
14143:22 May
14091:28 May
14007:
13904:
13761:
13712:
13675:
13626:
13618:
13610:
13550:
13542:
13505:
13480:
13428:
13392:
13336:
13261:Damals
13208:
13181:
13017:
12864:
12856:
12828:Nature
12776:(10).
12696:
12688:
12629:
12621:
12613:
12536:: 27.
12506:
12498:
12460:
12402:
12392:
12345:
12337:
12294:
12286:
12137:
12064:. 2018
12033:
11930:
11841:
11571:. PEFC
11569:"PEFC"
11505:
11428:so.org
11382:
11307:
11277:DW.COM
11185:
10936:
10901:
10790:
10750:
10594:
10586:
10365:
10343:
10333:
10154:
10046:
9951:
9943:
9892:
9671:
9627:
9584:
9576:
9489:
9481:
9414:
9404:
9396:
9344:
8867:"ITTO"
8764:
8526:
8516:
8276:
8200:
8150:
8018:
8010:
7905:
7895:
7872:
7681:
7673:
7621:
7613:
7480:
7470:
7397:
7372:
7364:
7356:
7289:
7260:
7184:
7125:
7102:
7028:
7020:
7010:
6961:
6953:
6910:
6902:
6856:
6829:
6821:
6768:
6760:
6717:
6707:
6660:
6652:
6599:
6591:
6581:
6532:
6522:
6475:
6467:
6417:
6409:
6366:
6358:
6315:
6307:
6297:
6245:
6193:
6185:
6139:
6131:
6081:
6073:
6030:
6003:
5995:
5985:
5936:
5926:
5883:
5873:
5813:
5745:
5659:
5651:
5466:
5419:
5409:
5377:
5328:
5318:
5271:
5263:
5253:
5201:
5193:
5147:
5117:
5109:
5063:
5055:
4865:UNESCO
4854:Africa
4827:Russia
4780:runoff
4691:Canada
4648:rubber
4640:coffee
4632:cattle
4488:Montes
4444:Sylwan
4352:timber
4289:timber
4215:, the
4164:planes
4134:France
4130:Sweden
4122:Russia
4059:Saxony
4035:traded
4018:German
4003:Leiria
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