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262:. This facility, the third, was established in 1901 on 640 acres (260 ha), several miles south of downtown Des Moines, and at the time outside the city boundary. Initially founded as a base for cavalry, the fort was built out beginning in 1903 with barracks, stables, officers' quarters, and other facilities for this use. In 1917 the first officer candidate class of African Americans in US military history, trained at Fort Des Moines, and received commissions. Also in 1917 a training camp for black medical personnel began, and in 1918 the fort was used for the treatment of
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317:, began efforts to establish a separate black officers’ training program after learning that both the US army and Wilson administration were against the idea of racial integration. General Leonard Wood, likewise, played an integral role in lobbying to create a segregated officers camp. When approached by Spingarn, General Wood committed to organizing a summer camp under the condition that Springarn obtain 200 applicants (which he later revised to 250).
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483:, and part of the parade ground has had an apartment complex built on it. Despite this, a number of the fort's buildings still stand, mainly on the southern and eastern edges of the parade ground. These buildings, including barracks, quarters, and stables, are now used for a variety of civic and commercial purposes. These surviving elements of the fort were designated a
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fraternity. Fraternities spread the word through their networks to garner support for the training program. Many applicants hoped that military service would be an important step towards equality with white
Americans. By March 31, 1917, Springarn determined that he had received a sufficient number of
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that petitioned the black community to support the creation of a separate camp to train black officers. Response to the letter varied. Many individuals and groups in the black community opposed the idea of a segregated camp while some college administrators, professors and students backed the idea. A
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Brice replied in a return letter, "In taking the three month training the greater number of us realize we will have to sacrifice the furtherance of our academic education, but we hope the service of our country and our race will more than pay us for the time lost in school and the lives lost in
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It was exactly one week later that the United States declared war on
Germany. This immediately put the program's creation in jeopardy. The NAACP stepped up its efforts to fight for the camp. They, along with the significant numbers of college officials and students, lobbied members of
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took over the responsibility of advocating for the training camp. Upon the change in leadership, Springarn wrote to George Brice, "I feel very sanguine that if the colored people will only take up this movement unitedly, they will obtain officers’ training for their young men."
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opposed the idea of black
Americans participating in the military in any capacity. Vardaman's efforts, as well as those from other like minded southern politicians were not successful in barring black Americans from serving in the US military. However, through the
427:, infantry drill, physical drill, equipment maintenance, bayonet and saber drill, musketry training, signaling and semaphore training, and regimental organization." The schedule ran from 5:45 A.M. to 9:45 P.M. and the officer trainees were paid $ 100 per month.
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Much of the original 640-acre base was sold off for development as the city grew. The main surviving portion of the base, organized around the parade ground, is located at the northwestern corner of that land. Portions of the former base are now used as the
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The commissioning ceremony was supposed to take place in
September, but was pushed back to October 10th. "Six hundred twenty-nine men received commissions in the National Army: 106 as Captains, 329 as First Lieutenants, and 204 as Second Lieutenants."
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Fort Des Moines was also used as a training camp for black medical personnel at the same time it served as a black officer training center. "Graduates of this 5-month course included 104 medical officers, 12 dental officers, and 948 enlisted men."
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Colonel Ballou impressed upon his trainees the importance of the camp's success: "Your race will be on trial with you as its representatives during the existence of this training camp." Colonel Ballou had experience commanding black troops in the
289:. After the war, the fort housed veteran soldiers for a time, and was turned over to the city in the early 1950s. In 1949, a portion of the old post grounds became a U.S. Army Reserve training center, which it continues to the present.
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The Fort Des Moines Museum and
Education Center honors the U.S. Army's first officer candidate class for African American men in 1917, and the establishment of the first Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC's) in 1942.
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After a two-week leave, these officers received orders to report to seven army camps around the country. The officers trained black soldiers in different units. All these units were sent to fight in France as the
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in 1974 in recognition of this history. The fort property was turned over to the city in the 1950s, and has since been put a number of public and private uses.
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On April 28, 1917, Springarn stepped down as president of the NAACP to begin his training as a military officer. In his wake, NAACP Executive
Secretary
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On May 19, 1917, the War
Department announced that a three-month black officer training camp would be held in Fort Des Moines, Iowa.
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In 1916, the issue of universal military service was a hotly debated topic. Southern
Democratic political leaders such as Senator
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In the 1920s and early 1930s the fort again housed military units, some cavalry, and some artillery. In 1933–34 it was used as a
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in 1974, in recognition of their role in the advancement of
African Americans and women in the United States military forces.
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Wilson, Adam Patrick, "Deeds, Not Words: African American Officers of World War I in the Battle for Racial Equality" (2012).
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Many of the original applicants were fraternity brothers. The campaign to recruit from fraternities at Howard, and then
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was led by George E. Brice, president of the student body at Howard University and a member of the
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WAAC officers being sworn into the Army of the United States, Fort Des Moines, 1 September 1943.
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stated that "the determination has been made to have a training camp for Colored men."
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782:"Fort Des Moines: A Series of Firsts in Wartime Service (U.S. National Park Service)"
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and was where women first began training for US Army service in 1942 as part of the
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University and college buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places
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698:"Struggle for Equality: Fort Des Moines Training Camp for Colored Officers, 1917"
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In February 1917, Springarn sent a letter entitled "Educated Colored Men" to the
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Des Moines Fire Department Headquarters-Fire Station No. 1 and Shop Building
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Mennell, James. "African-Americans and the Selective Service Act of 1917."
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285:, the fort was used as a training center for women to serve in the Army's
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Harris, Bernard F. "Chipping Away at the Bedrock of Racial Intolerance."
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Accompanying 30 photos, exterior, from 1983, and 1 undated aerial photo
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List of jails and prisons on the National Register of Historic Places
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On June 17, 1917, 1,250 trainees arrived at the camp. They studied "
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Polk County, Iowa
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National Register of Historic Places listings in Des Moines, Iowa
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Home Federal Savings and Loan Association of Des Moines Building
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applications and assumed plans for the camp would move forward.
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was a military base and training facility on the south side of
637:"Historic Preservation Plan for Fort Des Moines - August 2010"
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Walnut Tire and Battery Co.-Globe Publishing Company Building
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L. Harbach and Sons Furniture Warehouse and Factory Complex
553:"Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School"
1998:
Forts on the National Register of Historic Places in Iowa
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American Republic Insurance Company Headquarters Building
1968:
National Register of Historic Places in Des Moines, Iowa
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Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School
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Establishment of the First Black Officers' Training Camp
224:
Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School
27:
Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training School
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Iowa Ford Tractor Company Repair and Warehouse Building
246:. Surviving older portions of the base were declared a
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Mack-International Motor Truck Corporation Building
898:
History of the National Register of Historic Places
1579:Equitable Life Insurance Company of Iowa Building
1408:Hallett Flats–Rawson & Co. Apartment Building
929:List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state
1954:
1321:National Register of Historic Places portal
281:camp. With the entry of the United States into
309:The chairman of the Board of Directors of the
1664:Studebaker Corporation Branch Office Building
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661:http://www.fortdesmoines.org/chronology.shtml
2008:African-American history in Des Moines, Iowa
1973:Buildings and structures in Des Moines, Iowa
1862:Warfield, Pratt and Howell Company Warehouse
1942:List of National Historic Landmarks in Iowa
833:Fort Des Moines Museum and Education Center
501:List of National Historic Landmarks in Iowa
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557:National Historic Landmark summary listing
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1852:Standard Glass and Paint Company Building
1725:Methodist Deaconess Institute—Esther Hall
869:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
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35:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
1802:Des Moines Western Railway Freight House
1534:Apperson-Iowa Motor Car Company Building
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230:. Established in 1901, the base trained
44:U.S. National Historic Landmark District
1847:Schmitt and Henry Manufacturing Company
1807:Firestone District Office and Warehouse
1654:Rumely-Des Moines Drug Company Building
574:
559:. National Park Service. Archived from
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1624:Iowa-Des Moines National Bank Building
1478:Iowa Commission for the Blind Building
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526:"National Register Information System"
466:. Charles Ballou had been promoted to
1372:Historic buildings and structures in
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584:Greenlee, Marcia M. (December 1973).
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470:and led the 92nd Division in France.
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531:National Register of Historic Places
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1963:National Historic Landmarks in Iowa
1914:Fish and Game Pavilion and Aquarium
1559:Clemens Automobile Company Building
766:Electronic Theses and Dissertations
624:
518:
258:There have been three forts called
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1978:School buildings completed in 1917
1827:Herring Motor Car Company Building
1822:Hawkeye Transfer Company Warehouse
1812:Grocers Wholesale Company Building
1730:David W. Smouse Opportunity School
1594:Hawkeye Insurance Company Building
1284:National Historic Preservation Act
798:
770:https://egrove.olemiss.edu/etd/314
351:were also supportive of the plan.
14:
2019:
1924:Scottish Rite Consistory Building
1842:National Biscuit Company Building
1694:Younker Brothers Department Store
1544:Baker-Devotie-Hollingsworth Block
826:
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1993:African-American museums in Iowa
1988:Military and war museums in Iowa
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1398:The Elmwood-The Oaks-The Birches
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473:
347:, and Major Allen Washington of
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79:
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811:77, no. 3 (July 2018): 231–62.
1735:Theodore Roosevelt High School
1649:Seth Richards Commercial Block
1488:Iowa State Historical Building
1237:Federated States of Micronesia
883:Architectural style categories
774:
728:
653:
188:
1:
1720:Grand View College (Old Main)
1644:Register and Tribune Building
511:
327:major supporter of the camp,
113:Show map of the United States
1919:Masonic Temple of Des Moines
1503:Public Library of Des Moines
736:The Journal of Negro History
434:The camp was run by Colonel
304:National Defense Act of 1916
16:United States historic place
7:
2003:1917 establishments in Iowa
1983:Museums in Des Moines, Iowa
1710:Abraham Lincoln High School
1569:Earle & LeBosquet Block
494:
279:Civilian Conservation Corps
10:
2024:
1893:Southwest Fifth St. Bridge
1289:Historic Preservation Fund
1268:American Legation, Morocco
738:84, no. 3 (1999): 275–87.
485:National Historic Landmark
253:
248:National Historic Landmark
61:Bachelor Officers Quarters
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1574:Elliott Furniture Company
1554:D.S. Chamberlain Building
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1438:Norman Apartment Building
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1230:Lists by associated state
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400:Secretary of the interior
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1508:United States Courthouse
1211:Northern Mariana Islands
817:10.17077/0003-4827.12476
659:Fort Des Moines Museum,
591:. National Park Service.
1883:Allen Hazen Water Tower
1549:Burnstein-Malin Grocery
155:41.525333°N 93.615583°W
1888:Southeast Water Trough
1589:Flynn-Griffin Building
1498:Polk County Courthouse
1206:Minor Outlying Islands
1189:Lists by insular areas
903:Keeper of the Register
696:Chase, Hal S. (1978).
604:Cite journal requires
448:24th Infantry Regiment
419:Operations of the Camp
274:
174:204 acres (83 ha)
1909:Des Moines Art Center
1787:Boyt Company Building
1751:Hotel Fort Des Moines
908:National Park Service
888:Contributing property
536:National Park Service
375:and officials in the
272:
160:41.525333; -93.615583
1780:Industrial buildings
1522:Commercial buildings
1393:Bryn Mawr Apartments
1263:District of Columbia
642:. City of Des Moines
213:Designated NHLD
1878:Court Avenue Bridge
1857:Taft-West Warehouse
1629:G.W. Jones Building
1564:Des Moines Building
1403:Franklin Apartments
1388:Ayrshire Apartments
1381:Apartment buildings
538:. January 23, 2007.
405:Finally, on May 12
151: /
1766:Northwestern Hotel
1614:Homestead Building
1604:Hohberger Building
1493:Municipal Building
1483:Iowa State Capitol
1473:Fire Station No. 4
809:The Annals of Iowa
666:2010-04-20 at the
345:Atlanta University
287:Women's Army Corps
275:
244:Women's Army Corps
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1674:Teachout Building
1339:
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893:Historic district
452:Brigadier General
436:Charles C. Ballou
349:Hampton Institute
343:, Edward Ware of
333:Howard University
299:James K. Vardaman
234:officers for the
220:
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200:Significant dates
2015:
1689:Youngerman Block
1659:Sargent's Garage
1634:Liberty Building
1619:Hubbell Building
1584:Fleming Building
1539:Argonne Building
1513:U.S. Post Office
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1374:Des Moines, Iowa
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1256:Other areas
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786:www.nps.gov
264:World War I
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567:2007-10-03
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311:NAACP
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