20:
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352:, preserving the prints. The hominid prints were produced by three individuals, one walking in the footprints of the other, making the original tracks difficult to discover. As the tracks lead in the same direction, they might have been produced by a group – but there is nothing else to support the common reconstruction of a nuclear family visiting the waterhole together.
364:, two ancient trackways have been found containing footprints, one at Langebaan and one at Nahoon. Both trackways occur in calcareous eolianites or hardened sand dunes. At Nahoon, trackways of at least five species of vertebrates, including three hominid footprints, are preserved as casts. The prints at
67:
is a sequence of fossil tracks left by a single organism. Over the years, many ichnites have been found, around the world, giving important clues about the behaviour (and foot structure and stride) of the animals that made them. For instance, multiple ichnites of a single species, close together,
94:
deposit). A possible scenario is a sea or lake shore that became dried out to a firm mud in hot, dry conditions, received the footprints (because it would only have been partially hardened and the animal would have been heavy) and then became silted over in a flash storm.
1797:
1316:
Romilio, Anthony; Dick, Roslyn; Skinner, Heather; Millar, Janice (2020-02-13). "Archival data provides insights into the ambiguous track-maker gait from the Lower
Jurassic (Sinemurian) Razorback beds, Queensland, Australia: evidence of theropod quadrupedalism?".
402:
mud of the
Tambach Formation in central Germany, together with exceptionally complete fossilised skeletons in the same 290-million-year-old strata. They matched the two most common trackways with the two most common fossils, two reptile-like herbivores known as
1753:
Romilio, Anthony; Salisbury, Steven W. (2011-04-01). "A reassessment of large theropod dinosaur tracks from the mid-Cretaceous (late Albian–Cenomanian) Winton
Formation of Lark Quarry, central-western Queensland, Australia: A case for mistaken identity".
840:
Mammal trackways are among the least common trackways. Mammals were not often in mud, or riverine environments; they were more often in forestlands or grasslands. Thus the earlier tetrapods or proto-tetrapods would yield the most fossil trackways. The
698:. A variety of scenarios was proposed to explain the tracks, but most likely represent twelve sauropods "probably as a herd, followed somewhat later by three theropods that may or may not have been stalking – but that certainly were not attacking."
999:
1410:
Westaway, Michael C.; Cupper, Matthew L.; Johnston, Harvey; Graham, Ian (June 2013). "The
Willandra Fossil Trackway: Assessment of ground penetrating radar survey results and additional OSL dating at a unique Australian site".
177:, with some footprints measuring 1.7 m. The 3D digital documentation of tracks has the benefit of being able to examine ichnite in detail remotely and distribute the data to colleagues and other interested personnel.
98:
The first ichnite found was in 1800 in
Massachusetts, US, by a farmer named Pliny Moody, who found 1-foot (31 cm) long fossilized footprints. They were thought by Harvard and Yale scholars to be from "Noah's Raven".
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943:
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The Gansu dinosaur trackway located in the
Liujiazia National Dinosaur Geopark in Yanguoxia, China contains hundreds of tracks including 245 dinosaur, 350 theropod, 364 sauropod and 628 ornithopod tracks among others.
1499:
Stössel, I, Williams, E.A. & Higgs, K.T. 2016. Ichnology and depositional environment of the Middle
Devonian Valentia Island tetrapod trackways, south-west Ireland. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 462,
1478:
Calder, J.H., Baird, D. & Urdang, E.B. 2004. On the discovery of tetrapod trackways from Permo-Carboniferous redbeds of Prince Edward Island and their biostratigraphic significance. Atlantic
Geology, 40, 217–226.
1351:
Stössel, I, Williams, E.A. & Higgs, K.T. 2016. Ichnology and depositional environment of the Middle
Devonian Valentia Island tetrapod trackways, south-west Ireland. Palaeogeog., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 462,
1819:
Bennett, Matthew R.; Bustos, David; Odess, Daniel; Urban, Tommy M.; Lallensack, Jens N.; Budka, Marcin; Santucci, Vincent L.; Martinez, Patrick; Wiseman, Ashleigh L. A.; Reynolds, Sally C. (1 December 2020).
71:
Combinations of footprints of different species provide clues about the interactions of those species. Even a set of footprints of a single animal gives important clues, as to whether it was
901:
797:
have dated the tracks to around 225–220 million years old (the late
Triassic period). The track contains traces of a variety of dinosaurs including theropods, sauropods, and archosaurs.
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389:
The earliest land creatures (actually land-marine coastal-riverine-marshland) left some of the first terrestrial trackways. They range from tetrapods to proto-reptilians and others.
392:
A possible first connection of a trackway with the vertebrate that left it was published by Drs. Sebastian Voigt and David Berman and Amy Henrici in the 12 September 2007 issue of
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dinosaurs crossing a river. It was once believed they respresented a large predator chasing doqn a mixed flock of small ornithopods and theropods, but this was contested in 2011.
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1267:"The Dinosaurian Ichnofauna of the Lower Cretaceous (Valanginian–Barremian) Broome Sandstone of the Walmadany Area (James Price Point), Dampier Peninsula, Western Australia"
381:
Twenty six human fossil trackways have been found in the Willandra Lakes area adjacent to Lake Garnpung, consisting of 563 human footprints from 19,000 to 20,000 years ago.
325:
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impressions on land, or subsurface water, but other types of creatures will leave distinctive impressions. Examples of creatures supported, or partially supported, in a
1641:
Fujita, Sato; Lee, Yuong-Nam; Azuma, Yoichi; Li, Daqing (2012). "Unusual Tridactyl Trackways with Tail Traces from the Lower Cretaceous Heikou Group, Gansu Province".
1628:
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257:
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Martin Lockley & Adrian P. Hunt, Dinosaur Tracks and Other Fossil Footprints of the Western United States, Columbia U. Press, New York (1995)
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Warren, J.W. & Wakefield, N.A., 1972. Trackways of tetrapod vertebrates from the Upper Devonian of Victoria, Aust. Nature 238, 469-470.
911:
127:
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trackway site in the Colac district of Australia (west of Colac) contains marsupial trackways as well as kangaroo and wallaby tracks.
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has dinosaur trackways from the Late Cretaceous, 65 ma. (A model example of this 3-toed Wyoming trackway was made for presentation)
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was, for a long time and still may be, only known from its fossilized trail. Its footprints were first found in 1834, in
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19:
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Stössel, I. 1995. The discovery of a new Devonian tetrapod trackway in SW Ireland. J. Geol. Soc. Lond. 152, 407–413.
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in 1969. Some are as large as about 3 feet across. The prints are thought to have been preserved originally in a
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28:
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for all categories of dinosaurs, even to the large plant eaters, but especially the faster 3-toed meat hunters.
806:
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Last Interglacial Hominid and Associated Vertebrate Fossil Trackways in Coastal Eolianites, South Africa, 2008
398:. The paleontologists who made the connection were aided by unusually detailed trackways left in fine-grained
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A 1.5km-long Late Pleistocene Age trackway of Human (child and adult) fossilized footprints, as well as
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and left many trackways, both from plant-eaters and the meat-eaters, in various layers of mud and sand.
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Salisbury, Steven W.; Romilio, Anthony; Herne, Matthew C.; Tucker, Ryan T.; Nair, Jay P. (2016-12-12).
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Walchia forest, and tetrapod trackways that extended over some period of time through the forest area.
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evolved (the "Age of the Grasses" evolved with the "Age of the Mammals"); the dinosaurs lived in the
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1822:"Walking in mud: Remarkable Pleistocene human trackways from White Sands National Park (New Mexico)"
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In north-central Namibia there is a dinosaur trackway in sandstone on what is now the private farm
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Special conditions are required, in order to preserve a footprint made in soft ground (such as an
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348:. After the footprints were made in powdery ash, soft rain cemented the ash layer into
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674:. There are tracks from two types of dinosaur. The first type of tracks are from a
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1798:"World's longest fossilized human trackways discovered at White Sands National Park"
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on land. Marine organisms also made many ancient trackways (such as the trails of
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With scientific analysis, dinosaur specialists are now analyzing tracks for the
83:, when on the ground, used their forelimbs in an unexpected quadrupedal action.
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1555:"Guest Farm Namibia – Dinosaur Tracks-Footprints National Monument von Namibia"
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The earliest fossil trackway of primitive tetrapods in Australia occurs in the
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In the Lower Zimbabwe Rift Valley there is a trackway in 140 Ma rose-coloured
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at the St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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434:, Canada contains trackways of tetrapods and stem-reptiles. Macrofloral and
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The western regions of North America, especially the western border of the
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are the oldest human footprints, dated to approximately 117,000 years old.
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Some of the earliest trackways for human ancestors have been discovered in
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126:. There are replicas of some of these footprints, set across the lawn of
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1729:"Dinosaur footprints over 225 million years old discovered in Thailand"
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contains one of the oldest dinosaur tracks to have been discovered in
1232:"World's largest dinosaur footprints discovered in Western Australia"
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Texts on natural casts of dinosaur tracks found in Utah coal mines
1685:"250 million year old dinosaur footprints discovered in thailand"
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and were made by an animal of 30 to 50 feet in length, perhaps a
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footprints scientifically documented, and were designated a US
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575:. The prints are believed to be around 190 million years old.
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A famous group of ichnites was found in a limestone quarry at
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1467:, "Who Went There? Matching Fossil Tracks With Their Makers"
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Theropod and sauropod tracks under water in the Paluxy River
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595:, implies that it is a trackway of a juvenile, a probable
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Area with 200-plus dinosaur tracks opening to public soon
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Sarjeant and Reynolds, 1999; convex hyporelief) from the
1522:
Tracking dinosaurs : a new look at an ancient world
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1399:
South Africa West Coast article on Langebaan footprints
793:. Discovered in January 2024, paleontologists from the
615:
footprint from Red Fleet State Park, northeastern Utah.
1525:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 238.
587:
of Chewore Area. The small footprint size, with both
1915:
Redbeds of Prince Edward Island, Permo-Carboniferous
157:
The largest known dinosaur footprints, belonging to
68:
suggest 'herd' or 'pack' behaviour of that species.
1790:
1705:"Dinosaur track find could be a first for Thailand"
1578:"Walking with baby dinosaurs", manus and pes prints
1370:
The Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program
692:, an animal of 20 to 30 feet in length, perhaps an
1148:, a groove infilled by sand appears as a ridgeline
114:, in 1997. They were thought to have been made by
1960:
1752:
1640:
1168:List of stratigraphic units with dinosaur tracks
1127:footprints near the Manawatu River, New Zealand.
55:) – a track, trace or footstep) is a fossilized
1178:List of non-Dinosauria fossil trackway articles
79:. In this way, it has been suggested that some
1226:
813:contains three-toed tracks made by a heard of
300:left its multi-legged/feet trackways on land.
912:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
247:chain of trace platforms – (example:
128:Oxford University Museum of Natural History
1615:
1613:
1611:
646:footprints and trackways are found in the
244:belly drag marks – (e.g., tetrapods)
1944:Earth History, (tetrapod trackways, etc.)
1845:
1432:
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559:Dinosaur trace fossil of Otjihaenamparero
479:Dinosaurs lived on the continents before
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1869:Unrivalled fossil find, The Cola Herald
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728:Prehistoric Trackways National Monument
23:A reverse ichnite of the impression of
1961:
1800:. Las Cruces Sun News. 9 October 2020
1634:
650:, the most famous of these being the
623:, are common for dinosaur trackways.
463:
449:within the Valentia Slate Formation.
445:tetrapod trackways at three sites on
282:The majority of fossil trackways are
1954:Marsupial trackways, Colac district.
1602:Dinosaur Hunting in Wyoming, photo:
1588:Dinosaur Hunting in Wyoming, photo:
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1910:Zimbabwe juvenile dinosaur trackway
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967:at Johnson Farm, southwestern Utah.
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290:environment are known. The fossil "
270:Specialized marine trace trackway,
199:Many fossil trackways were made by
194:
13:
1746:
1272:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
1104:The main dinosaur trackway at the
965:St. George Dinosaur Discovery Site
737:Connecticut River Valley trackways
395:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
376:
232:Some basic fossil trackway types:
14:
1985:
1877:
1590:Arlene and Gabe at the trackways.
1559:www.dinosaurstracks-guestfarm.com
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751:West Gold Hill Dinosaur Track in
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1925:Photo-High Res – (Outdoor photo)
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539:Valley of the Dinosaurs, ParaĂba
419:(with the trackway pseudonym of
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1847:10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106610
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795:Department of Mineral Resources
712:Dinosaur Footprints Reservation
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29:Paleozoological Museum of China
1425:10.1080/03122417.2013.11681969
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16:Fossilized footprint (ichnite)
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1331:10.1080/08912963.2020.1720014
1294:10.1080/02724634.2016.1269539
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935:The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs
688:, and the second tracks by a
567:. Larger footprints are of a
529:are also being investigated.
409:(with the trackway pseudonym
1106:Lagosteiros Natural Monument
826:Lagosteiros Natural Monument
722:Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite
456:, Victoria, dating from the
438:information help date them.
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7:
1604:trackways for presentation.
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910:trace fossil, displayed in
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753:Uncompahgre National Forest
578:
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340:trackway is famous for the
328:Laetoli Site, February 2006
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165:were found to the north of
10:
1990:
1826:Quaternary Science Reviews
1655:10.2110/palo.2012.p12-015r
1366:"Laetoli Footprint Trails"
870:tracks have been found at
656:Dinosaur Valley State Park
550:
441:Ireland hosts late Middle
317:
161:and dating from the early
106:, 20 km Northeast of
1891:"Fossil Footprints"
1230:; agencies (2017-03-28).
872:White Sands National Park
783:Phu Pha Man National Park
664:National Natural Landmark
532:
308:
1905:Wyoming 3-toed trackways
1173:Formations with ichnites
1041:Saurichnites intermedius
767:
701:Other examples include:
658:. These were the first
344:footprints preserved in
1897:The American Cyclopædia
1519:Lockley, M. G. (1991).
1061:trackway, near Enciso,
986:footprint in the Lower
956:footprint in the Lower
762:
745:dinosaur trackway near
743:Clayton Lake State Park
621:Western Interior Seaway
460:350 million years ago.
147:, dating from the Late
1413:Australian Archaeology
876:Alamogordo, New Mexico
732:Las Cruces, New Mexico
716:Holyoke, Massachusetts
705:Dinosaur tracks, near
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616:
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329:
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256:body imprint – (
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25:Jialingpus yuechiensis
1631:accessdate=2014-08-25
1146:negative relief image
849:has an example of an
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190:in sedimentary stone.
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22:
1920:Dinosaur trackways:
1469:, 15 September 2007.
1183:List of fossil sites
807:Lark Quarry Trackway
571:and smaller ones of
432:Prince Edward Island
411:Ichniotherium cottae
59:. This is a type of
27:, on display at the
1838:2020QSRv..24906610B
1768:2011CrRes..32..135R
1756:Cretaceous Research
1285:2016JVPal..36S...1S
1164:, a type of ichnite
747:Clayton, New Mexico
648:Glen Rose Formation
475:dinosaur trackway.
278:of northern Russia.
1319:Historical Biology
868:giant ground sloth
847:Brule, Nova Scotia
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464:Dinosaur trackways
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1939:Early Tetrapods:
1014:Barstow Formation
991:Moenave Formation
961:Moenave Formation
926:Cross-section of
894:Gallery of images
473:Arabian Peninsula
454:Genoa River Gorge
406:Diadectes absitus
304:Hominid trackways
175:Western Australia
171:Dampier Peninsula
133:A creature named
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1969:Fossil trackways
1933:Dakota Formation
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836:Mammal trackways
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695:Acrocanthosaurus
565:Otjihaenamparero
258:Monuron trackway
195:Fossil trackways
184:Fossil trackway
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416:Orobates pabsti
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1878:External links
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1762:(2): 135–142.
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1733:nationthailand
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1372:. January 1978
1354:
1344:
1308:
1257:
1228:Devlin, Hannah
1219:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1155:
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1151:
1150:
1141:Hibbertopterus
1138:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1103:
1096:
1094:
1076:
1069:
1067:
1053:
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948:
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933:footprints at
925:
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552:
549:
547:
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543:
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534:
531:
511:running speeds
501:walking-speeds
465:
462:
386:
385:Early Tetrapod
383:
378:
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357:
354:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
264:
263:
262:
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226:Hibbertopterus
196:
193:
88:alluvial plain
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1986:
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1974:Trace fossils
1972:
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1532:0-521-39463-5
1528:
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1465:Science Daily
1460:
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1422:
1419:(76): 84–89.
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1209:on 2009-07-25
1208:
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1203:"Noahs Raven"
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1022:Rainbow Basin
1019:
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936:
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903:
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865:
861:
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857:United States
854:
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680:brachiosaurid
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665:
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645:
641:
640:United States
632:
628:
626:
622:
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613:Dilophosaurus
609:
603:North America
600:
598:
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586:
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566:
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436:palynological
433:
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428:Carboniferous
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407:
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400:Lower Permian
397:
396:
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369:
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301:
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294:-type" genus
293:
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155:
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146:
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138:
137:
136:Cheirotherium
131:
129:
125:
124:
120:and possibly
119:
118:
113:
109:
105:
100:
96:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
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69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
30:
26:
21:
1948:
1938:
1919:
1895:
1864:
1829:
1825:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1792:
1759:
1755:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1735:. 2024-01-14
1732:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1709:Bangkok Post
1708:
1699:
1688:. Retrieved
1679:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1624:
1603:
1598:
1589:
1584:
1573:
1562:. Retrieved
1558:
1549:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1474:
1464:
1459:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1394:
1385:
1374:. Retrieved
1369:
1347:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1276:
1270:
1260:
1249:. Retrieved
1237:The Guardian
1235:
1222:
1211:. Retrieved
1207:the original
1197:
1159:
1145:
1139:
1077:
1040:
1009:
979:
949:
907:
885:
839:
824:
804:
780:
771:
700:
693:
685:Pleurocoelus
683:
652:Paluxy River
637:
618:
612:
582:
569:ceratosauria
562:
526:pack hunting
525:
524:
519:
518:
515:
510:
509:
505:
500:
499:
497:
478:
451:
440:
425:
420:
414:
410:
404:
393:
391:
388:
380:
362:South Africa
359:
356:South Africa
346:volcanic ash
331:
297:Arthropleura
295:
281:
248:
231:
224:
207:, and other
198:
187:Protichnites
185:
156:
134:
132:
121:
117:Megalosaurus
115:
101:
97:
85:
70:
64:
61:trace fossil
52:
48:
40:
37:fossil track
36:
34:
24:
1931:Photo from
1434:10072/55451
1078:Petalichnus
1056:carnivorous
1008:footprint (
928:Pleistocene
516:Evidence of
274:, from the
221:eurypterids
123:Cetiosaurus
92:sedimentary
77:quadrupedal
1963:Categories
1949:Australia
1935:, Colorado
1832:: 106610.
1804:11 October
1739:2024-01-25
1714:2024-01-25
1690:2024-01-25
1564:2021-11-06
1376:2022-08-29
1251:2017-12-01
1213:2010-02-21
1189:References
1144:trackway:
1026:California
980:Gigandipus
845:forest of
815:ornithopod
811:Queensland
707:Moab, Utah
668:tidal flat
493:Cretaceous
426:The Permo-
318:See also:
241:tail drags
238:footprints
217:trilobites
209:quadrupeds
163:Cretaceous
81:pterosaurs
1856:225132473
1784:0195-6671
1671:128491569
1451:107464142
1339:0891-2963
1303:0272-4634
1246:0261-3077
1082:arthropod
950:Eubrontes
888:marsupial
886:A recent
882:Australia
801:Australia
724:, Wyoming
690:theropoda
660:sauropoda
611:Probable
597:carnosaur
585:sandstone
573:syntarsus
372:Australia
366:Langebaan
292:millipede
276:Ediacaran
260:, insect)
205:tetrapods
201:dinosaurs
159:sauropods
141:Thuringia
130:(OUMNH).
57:footprint
1663:41692731
1541:23176761
1443:23621961
1161:Ichnites
1154:See also
1110:Portugal
1086:Devonian
1063:La Rioja
1059:theropod
1006:Cameloid
988:Jurassic
984:dinosaur
958:Jurassic
954:dinosaur
830:Sesimbra
821:Portugal
787:Thailand
777:Thailand
682:such as
676:sauropod
654:site in
644:dinosaur
579:Zimbabwe
541:, Brazil
489:Jurassic
485:Triassic
458:Devonian
443:Devonian
334:Tanzania
314:Tanzania
203:, early
149:Triassic
1929:Article
1900:. 1879.
1834:Bibcode
1764:Bibcode
1643:PALAIOS
1281:Bibcode
1065:, Spain
1018:Miocene
963:at the
931:mammoth
874:. Near
864:mammoth
851:in situ
843:Walchia
638:In the
625:Wyoming
551:Namibia
520:herding
481:grasses
342:hominin
338:Laetoli
336:. The
320:Laetoli
169:on the
145:Germany
112:England
73:bipedal
53:ichnion
41:ichnite
1854:
1782:
1669:
1661:
1539:
1529:
1449:
1441:
1337:
1301:
1244:
672:lagoon
546:Africa
533:Brazil
506:sprint
491:, and
413:) and
309:Africa
272:Yorgia
250:Yorgia
213:bipeds
167:Broome
152:Period
108:Oxford
104:Ardley
49:ιχνιον
1852:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1659:JSTOR
1500:16–40
1447:S2CID
1439:JSTOR
1352:16–40
1020:) of
828:, in
768:China
755:near
730:near
670:or a
589:manus
504:, or
288:water
223:like
63:. A
45:Greek
1806:2020
1780:ISSN
1537:OCLC
1527:ISBN
1335:ISSN
1299:ISSN
1242:ISSN
1090:Ohio
982:, a
952:, a
866:and
805:The
791:Asia
781:The
763:Asia
718:, US
591:and
350:tuff
284:foot
219:and
211:and
1842:doi
1830:249
1772:doi
1651:doi
1429:hdl
1421:doi
1327:doi
1289:doi
1125:Moa
809:in
785:in
714:in
593:pes
430:of
423:).
360:In
229:).
75:or
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39:or
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1927:;
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1850:.
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1828:.
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1770:.
1760:32
1758:.
1731:.
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1665:.
1657:.
1647:27
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1437:.
1427:.
1417:76
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1357:^
1333:.
1323:33
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1277:36
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1341:.
1329::
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1291::
1283::
1254:.
1216:.
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1092:.
1028:.
1016:(
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508:-
253:)
47:"
43:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg)
