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above it, two or three feet long, which tube is filled with some composition which explodes immediately on being touched, so that any unfortunate meandering along the grass without knowing why, suddenly finds himself going up in the air like a squib with his legs and arms flying in different directions. We have had many men blown up by these things and the grass being so long one cannot see the tube at all. The technical name is "Fougasse". Franky will know what they are I daresay. The ground between our old trenches, and the
Russian ones that we took the other day is full of them. At night you hear a sudden explosion and you know that some wretched fellow has been crossing from one trench to another, on private speculation to see what he could get, has trod on the tube and been blown up. I often think how the Russians must laugh when they hear these things going up at night in all directions, they must know well what it is.
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The
November 1944 issue of the US War Department Intelligence Bulletin refers to 'Fougasse flame throwers' used in the Russian defence at Stalingrad being the basis of a German version found in Italy that were buried with a fixed direction discharge tube and integrated with conventional landmines and
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and filled with black powder) leading to the main charge. This had numerous disadvantages; the firer was obvious to the attacking enemy, and had to run to get clear after lighting the fuse. The black powder was also very susceptible to moisture, and might not work at all. In 1573 Samuel
Zimmermann
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These wretched
Russians have discovered a new system of annoyance which would be well worthy of invention by Franky and which consists of a series of small mines or barrels of gunpowder let into the ground between our works and theirs, and a little tin tube running along the ground a few inches
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provided the propellant charge which, when triggered, caused the weapon to shoot a flame 10 feet (3.0 m) wide and 30 yards (27 m) long. Initially a mixture of 40% petrol and 60% gas oil was used; this was later replaced by an adhesive gel of tar, lime and petrol known as 5B.
256:". When fired, the powder charge would throw out the shells and ignite their fuses, so the projectiles would be scattered across the target area and then begin exploding, filling the area with fragmentation or flame from all directions in an effect similar to a
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In
Britain, during WWII, the flame fougasse was usually constructed from a 40-gallon drum dug into the roadside and camouflaged. It would be placed at a location such as a corner, steep incline or roadblock where vehicles would be obliged to slow down.
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The flame fougasse has remained in army field manuals as a battlefield expedient. Such expedients are constructed from available fuel containers combined with standard explosive charges or hand grenades triggered electrically or by lengths of
221:, which was a hole simply filled with large rocks and bricks. When fired, it would scatter a hail of fast-moving stones across the area to its front. Large stone fougasses might hold several tons of rubble and as much as a
180:) into the charge and connected its trigger to the surface with a wire. This was more resistant to moisture, better concealed and enabled the firer to be further away. It also enabled the fougasse to be
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331:. Some designs use lengths of detonating cord or blasting caps to rupture the fuel container as well as detonate the main charge. Weapons of this sort were widely used in the
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had an 8-gallon fuel tank and the seven in the installation were wired back to a control point and could be fired individually or together.
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An
Elementary Course of Military Engineering – Part I: Field Fortification, Military Mining and Siege Operations
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A demonstration of the fougasse in
Britain. A car is surrounded by flames and a huge cloud of smoke, circa 1940.
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In a letter to his sister, Colonel Hugh Robert
Hibbert described such a weapon employed during the
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constructed by making a hollow in the ground or rock and filling it with explosives (originally,
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Letters of
Hibbert, Hugh Robert, 1828-1895, Colonel, ref. DHB/57 – date: 14 June 1855
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by the mid-eighteenth century. This technique was used in several
European wars, the
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The Bodies on the Beach – Sealion, Shingle Street and the Burning Sea Myth of 1940.
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There are several variants according to the material projected by the explosion.
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632:"Project for the Identification and Documentation of the Maltese Fougasse"
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546:"Fougasse Flame Throwers – from Intelligence Bulletin, November 1944"
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121:) and projectiles. The fougasse was used by Samuel Zimmermann at
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Reference to November 1942 Intelligence Bulletin US War Dept
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Headquarters Department of the Army, Washington, June 1967.
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and oil. The flame fougasse was developed by the British
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401:, Major William C. Schneck, Engineer Bulletin July 1998
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244:(essentially a large version of an early black powder
412:"The National Archives, records of the UK government"
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barbed wire in defense works. The German weapon, the
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was a similar weapon in which the projectile was an
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149:The normal method of firing was to use a burning
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172:devised an improved method which incorporated a
129:in the seventeenth century, and well known to
167:", a cloth or leather tube waterproofed with
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474:"The Fougasse: The Stone Mortar of Malta".
217:The most common type in early use was the
372:"Fougasse, Madliena Tower area, Pembroke"
125:in the sixteenth century, referred to by
382:Malta Environment and Planning Authority
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27:
716:
435:
512:"Flame Fougasse: Poynings Flame Trap"
492:
429:
499:. John Wiley & Son. p. 78.
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237:was loaded with early black powder
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482:(2). Fondazzjoni Patrimonju Malti.
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745:
694:"The Fougasses of Malta and Gozo"
674:"German 'Fougasse flame thrower'"
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339:wars as well as other conflicts.
186:anti-personnel fragmentation mine
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446:: Books Distributors Limited.
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184:activated, turning it into an
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652:"Images of petroleum warfare"
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398:The Origins of Military Mines
300:the threat of German invasion
692:Dr. Stephen C. Spiteri PhD.
296:Petroleum Warfare Department
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354:Improvised explosive device
342:
10:
750:
569:FM 20-33, 1967, chapter 6.
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290:, typically a mixture of
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21:Fougasse (disambiguation)
598:Combat Flame Operations.
377:22 December 2015 at the
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436:Morana, Martin (2011).
585:CD41 Publishing, 2001
321:Abwehrflammenwerfer 42
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698:Military Architecture
535:Hayward, 2001, p. 18.
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32:Madliena Fougasse in
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493:Mahan, D.H. (1867).
19:For other uses, see
657:Imperial War Museum
638:on 27 February 2009
516:Pillbox Study Group
472:Spiteri, Stephen C.
460:on 20 October 2016.
439:Bejn Kliem u Storja
178:flintlock mechanism
135:American Revolution
113:) is an improvised
729:Incendiary weapons
476:Treasures of Malta
288:inflammable liquid
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139:American Civil War
131:military engineers
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734:Explosive weapons
659:Collection Search
510:Adrian Armishaw.
349:M18 Claymore mine
16:Improvised mortar
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284:flame fougasse
278:Flame fougasse
276:Main article:
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258:cluster bomb
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157:to ignite a
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119:black powder
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225:of powder.
193:Crimean War
176:(or later,
724:Land mines
718:Categories
596:FM 20–33.
576:References
521:15 January
250:incendiary
155:slow match
137:, and the
421:29 August
254:carcasses
174:snaphance
160:saucisson
683:15 April
642:15 April
622:15 April
555:3 August
375:Archived
343:See also
182:tripwire
123:Augsburg
41:fougasse
703:10 June
337:Vietnam
312:Ammonal
302:during
165:sausage
664:1 July
589:
450:
333:Korean
292:petrol
242:shells
239:mortar
145:Firing
127:Vauban
115:mortar
444:Malta
360:Notes
264:Flame
248:) or
229:Shell
213:Stone
205:Types
169:pitch
151:torch
34:Malta
705:2010
685:2009
666:2012
644:2009
624:2009
587:ISBN
557:2010
523:2008
448:ISBN
423:2010
335:and
233:The
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389:^
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