448:
25:
420:' the animal splits at a particular point and the two fragments regenerate the missing organs and tissues. The splitting is not preceded by the development of the tissues to be lost. Before splitting, the animal may develop furrows at the zone of splitting. The headless fragment must regenerate a completely new head. In '
428:
and the split is preceded by the "pregeneration" of the anterior structures in the posterior portion. The two organisms have their body axis aligned i.e. they develop in a head to tail fashion. Budding is similar to paratomy except that the body axes need not be aligned: the new head may grow toward
315:. The lost twigs may form roots in a suitable environment to establish a new plant. River currents often tear off branch fragments from certain cottonwood species growing on riverbanks. Fragments reaching suitable environments can root and establish new plants. Some
601:
338:
as well, for example, in liverworts and mosses. Small pieces of moss "stems" or "leaves" are often scattered by the wind, water or animals. If a moss fragment reaches a suitable environment, it can establish a new plant. They also produce
599:
201:. These hyphae obtain food and nutrients from the body of other organisms to grow and fertilize. Then a piece of hyphae breaks off and grows into a new individual and the cycle continues.
135:
The organism may develop specific organs or zones to shed or be easily broken off. If the splitting occurs without the prior preparation of the organism, both fragments must be able to
471:
for various purposes including shape control; sharing with others; regrowth experiments; and minimizing damage to natural coral reefs. Both hard and soft corals can be fragmented.
319:
and other plants have jointed stems. When a stem segment, called a pad, falls off, it can root and form a new plant. Leaves of some plants readily root when they fall off, e.g.
718:
591:
662:
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and flatworms produce by this method. When the splitting occurs due to specific developmental changes, the terms orchiectomy, laparotomy, and
42:
451:
Corals can be multiplied in aquaria by attaching "frags" from a mother colony to a suitable substrate, such as a ceramic plug or a piece of
276:
becomes detached from the colony, then fragmentation has occurred. There are several other mechanisms of natural fragmentation in plants.
89:
61:
590:
Rood, S.B., Kalischuk, M.L., and
Braatne, J.H. 2003. Branch propagation, not cladoptosis, permits dispersive, clonal reproduction of
783:"Fragmentation in the branching coral Acropora palmata (Lamarck): growth, survivorship, and reproduction of colonies and fragments"
68:
782:
224:). Larger fragments of the thallus may break away when the lichen dries or due to mechanical disturbances (see the section on
908:
75:
863:
57:
757:
108:
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produce specialized structures that can easily break away and disperse. These structures contain both hyphae of the
661:Ă…kesson, Bertil; Robert Gschwentner; Jan Hendelberg; Peter Ladurner; Johann MĂĽller; Reinhard Rieger (2001-12-01).
896:
46:
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in the offspring. Therefore, these are more vulnerable to changing environments, parasites, and diseases.
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621:
82:
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Easily lost parts that have high potential to grow into a complete plant: Some woody plants like the
147:
292:
663:"Fission in Convolutriloba longifissura: asexual reproduction in acoelous turbellarians revisited"
354:
237:
35:
136:
642:
Equihua, Clementina (1987). "DiseminaciĂłn de yemas en
Marchantia polymorpha L. (Hepaticae)".
345:
513:, where the original anemone splits across the middle forming two equal-sized anemones, and
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125:
225:
8:
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colonies can increase in number by fragmentation occurring naturally or artificially.
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517:, in which small parts of the animal split from the base to form new anemones.
455:. This aquarium is designed specifically for growing coral colonies from frags.
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in general). Some species can intentionally reproduce in this manner through
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plantlets on their leaves, which drop off and form independent plants, e.g.
817:
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281:
163:
895:
Helen
Nilsson Sköld; Matthias Obst; Mattias Sköld; Bertil Åkesson (2009).
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Production of specialized reproductive structures: A few plants produce
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As this process is a form of asexual reproduction, it does not produce
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Fragmentation as a method of reproduction is seen in organisms such as
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reproduce through fragmentation via a variety of methods including
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People use fragmentation to artificially propagate many plants via
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upon maturation and the spilted part becomes the new individual.
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541:. This method is more common during the larval editing stages.
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897:"Stem Cells in Asexual Reproduction of Marine Invertebrates"
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colonies naturally fragment and reproduce. Many species of
382:
378:
257:
272:, which increases the diameter of the colony. If a rooted
139:
the complete organism for it to function as reproduction.
177:
726:
Birth
Defects Research Part C: Embryo Today: Reviews
124:
in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
790:Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
921:
899:. In Baruch Rinkevich; Valeria Matranga (eds.).
719:"Regeneration: rewarding, but potentially risky"
836:
839:"Coral fragmentation: Not just for beginners"
349:, that are easily broken off and distributed.
545:Disadvantage of this process of reproduction
128:or cloning, where an organism is split into
654:
475:highly tolerant of fragmentation include
424:', the split occurs perpendicular to the
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
446:
641:
236:Fragmentation is a very common type of
922:
780:
429:the side or even point backward (e.g.
716:
311:naturally shed twigs. This is termed
888:
644:Cryptogamie, Bryologie, Lichénologie
343:, for example in the splash-cups of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
533:(a term also used infrequently for
13:
529:, the process is usually known as
264:by producing new rooted shoots by
178:Fragmentation in various organisms
14:
946:
717:Egger, Bernhard (December 2008).
58:"Fragmentation" reproduction
682:10.1046/j.1463-6395.2001.00084.x
197:, produce tiny filaments called
23:
190:, all of which are part of the
34:needs additional citations for
901:Stem Cells in Marine Organisms
856:
830:
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584:
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1:
869:Marine Biological Association
802:10.1016/s0022-0981(00)00205-7
596:Forest Ecology and Management
578:
334:Fragmentation is observed in
296:. Others produce organs like
781:Lirman, Diego (2000-08-23).
16:Form of asexual reproduction
7:
618:"Moss asexual reproduction"
556:
10:
951:
864:"Fact Sheet: Sea Anemones"
396:
903:. Springer. p. 125.
432:Convolutriloba retrogemma
231:
148:filamentous cyanobacteria
442:
293:Kalanchoe daigremontiana
837:Calfo, Anthony (2008).
238:vegetative reproduction
226:reproduction in lichens
456:
467:enthusiasts fragment
450:
426:antero-posterior axis
346:Marchantia polymorpha
935:Asexual reproduction
843:Reefkeeping Magazine
592:riparian cottonwoods
511:longitudinal fission
126:asexual reproduction
43:improve this article
876:on 24 December 2019
505:among others. Most
930:Fertility medicine
738:10.1002/bdrc.20135
604:2007-09-28 at the
535:biological fission
457:
336:nonvascular plants
910:978-90-481-2766-5
563:Fission (biology)
551:genetic diversity
287:Tolmiea menziesii
119:
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872:. Archived from
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573:Micropropagation
515:basal laceration
371:micropropagation
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606:Wayback Machine
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262:clonal colonies
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212:and the algae (
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164:acoel flatworms
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845:. Reef Central
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773:
732:(4): 257–264.
709:
676:(3): 231–239.
670:Acta Zoologica
653:
646:(in Spanish).
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598:186: 227–242.
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459:Many types of
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763:on 2011-08-11
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699:on 2016-03-04
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650:(3): 199–217.
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624:on 2006-09-27
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60: –
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54:Find sources:
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32:This article
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900:
890:
878:. Retrieved
874:the original
867:
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847:. Retrieved
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821:. Retrieved
796:(1): 41–57.
793:
789:
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765:. Retrieved
758:the original
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701:. Retrieved
694:the original
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626:. Retrieved
622:the original
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507:sea anemones
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
880:3 September
531:fissiparity
527:echinoderms
521:Echinoderms
502:Caulastraea
490:Pocillopora
313:cladoptosis
252:, nonwoody
924:Categories
849:2015-05-03
823:2011-07-13
767:2011-07-13
703:2011-07-13
628:2006-08-06
579:References
377:, such as
254:perennials
214:phycobiont
137:regenerate
69:newspapers
810:0022-0981
746:1542-9768
690:1463-6395
496:Euphyllia
484:Montipora
453:live rock
418:architomy
328:Echeveria
210:mycobiont
188:mushrooms
172:sea stars
144:spirogyra
130:fragments
818:10958900
754:19067421
602:Archived
557:See also
539:autotomy
478:Acropora
422:paratomy
410:annelids
391:rhizomes
367:grafting
363:cuttings
359:layering
355:division
266:rhizomes
99:May 2024
568:Budding
414:budding
402:Sponges
397:Animals
302:turions
298:bulbils
270:stolons
244:. Many
218:soredia
216:) (see
206:lichens
195:kingdom
182:Molds,
166:, some
160:sponges
156:lichens
83:scholar
907:
816:
808:
752:
744:
688:
499:, and
473:Genera
469:corals
387:tubers
341:gemmae
309:willow
256:, and
250:shrubs
242:plants
232:Plants
222:isidia
199:hyphae
184:yeasts
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
786:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
722:(PDF)
697:(PDF)
666:(PDF)
461:coral
443:Coral
437:acoel
406:coral
383:corms
379:bulbs
322:Sedum
317:cacti
274:shoot
260:form
258:ferns
246:trees
204:Many
192:Fungi
152:molds
90:JSTOR
76:books
905:ISBN
882:2018
814:PMID
806:ISSN
750:PMID
742:ISSN
686:ISSN
404:and
389:and
373:and
325:and
300:and
290:and
220:and
186:and
170:and
62:news
798:doi
794:251
734:doi
678:doi
525:In
435:an
268:or
240:in
228:).
45:by
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