2092:. Amongst historians there is confusion regarding his marriage with Sixta as the relationship between the too was not romantic and was often cold at times. Leading historians speculate that Santander married her out of convenience as her father was one of the richest men in the country. Their marriage produced 3 children, a boy Juan born on December 20, 1836, who died only minutes after being born and who would later be buried in the recently inaugurated Central Cemetery of Bogotå, and two girls Clementina and Sixta Tulia, who both survived into adulthood. Apart from his marriage to Sixta, for almost two decades Santander maintained a relationship with a married woman, Nicolasa de Ibåñez and the few letters that survive show that the two were very in love with each other and even maintained a relationship when Santander was exiled in 1828.
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733:. While no evidence was ever found to corroborate this, Santander was sentenced to the death however this punishment was changed and Santander was instead stripped of his titles and positions and sent into exile where he would spend next 4 years in Europe and in the United States. After the dissolution of Gran Colombia, in 1832 the newly established congress of the Republic of New Granada elected him as President where he served his term from 1832 to 1837. After the end of his presidency he was elected as a representative for BogotĂĄ in the chamber of representatives, however his health began to rapidly decline resulting in his death on May 6, 1840.
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however that same day June 27 BolĂvar, one-days march behind, sent a letter informing
Santander of the exhaustion of the Venezuelan troops who were also skeptical of the success of the campaign. BolĂvar considered calling the campaign off, however Santander responded by stating he preferred "a certain death in the planned operation against the enemy then retreating back to the llanos" this sentiment was also supported by the officers of the vanguard division as well as General AnzoĂĄtegui. The determination demonstrated by Santander and his officers inspired confidence in BolĂvar and the campaign continued.
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891:. Nariño refused to recognize the authority of this Union and thus dispatched a force under the command of general Antonio Baraya to dissolve the congress in Tunja and reincoporate these provinces back under the authority of Santa Fe. Santander as Baraya's secretary, was part of this force as they set out in April 1812, Baraya however along with all his officers including Santander would defect to the Federalist United Provinces of New Granada and recognized the authority of the Federal congress. Santander would then be promoted two times in quick succession by the Federal congress, being promoted to
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considerable lack of schools for public education as well as trained teachers in the New
Kingdom of Granada. Discrimination based on social class often meant that the majority of the population was excluded from a getting even a primary education, and even those who did receive one were taught a very basic curriculum that was often a victim of censorship by colonial authorities. This left a lasting impact on Santander who later in life as President would implement a policy of promoting creating public schools with trained teachers operated by the government for the general population.
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953:, his actions in the battle earned him a commendation by part of BolĂvar in his official report to the Federal congress. However he and Castillo y Rada would come into conflict with BolĂvar's plans to conduct an invasion to liberate Venezuela, with Santander and Castillo y Rada argued that deploying the New Granadan army across the border on a liberation campaign would deprive the republic of its forces necessary for its defense. The Federal Congress in Tunja however would promote BolĂvar to general and authorize the expedition disregarding both their opinions on the matter.
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1720:, chief of the Magdalena district, that Santander would not be allowed into the city itself but instead be taken to the fortress of San Fernando de Bocachica. Although Santander was sentenced to exile by the Council of Ministers, Montilla together with Urdaneta decided to detain him illegally and imprison him in the fortress where he would remain December 4 to 19. Santander, who had left BogotĂĄ sick, saw his health decline due to conditions of the cell where he was placed, he sent several letters complaining about the situation to both BolĂvar and Montilla.
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to infighting and lack of resources especially between the 2 most senior officers, Nonato Perez and
Antonio Arredondo, who had been in the province prior to Santander's arrival. Santander was able to eventually impose his authority over the two as "his presence inspired confidence, as well as his emphasis in unity in order to solve the situation" his officers began the arduous task of recruiting and training this new army. He also established a provisional government in the name of the previous
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Santander was described as a hard worker and a voracious reader who was serious and behaved much like the military officers of his time, however once he became more involved in politics his personality became more jovial and that of an intelectual. Santander also enjoyed conversing with people and could often be found conversing with anyone regardless of social class or economic status. He often attended parties and balls, and was an avid lover of popular music and art.
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768:. In the capital there were essentially 2 career paths offered by higher education institutions, those being Law or Religion. Juan Agustin Santander then asked his brother-in-law, the priest Nicolås Mauricio de Omaña y Rodriguez, to try to get the young Francisco de Paula a scholarship at the Colegio de San Bartolomé. Santander now 13, was sent by his father Juan Agustin to Santa Fe in 1805 and enrolled in the Colegio Mayor y Seminario de San Bartolomé.
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proposing a prisoner exchange. Santander attempted to justify the executions by stating that the presence of these prisoners in the capital presented a threat as the city was lightly defended as BolĂvar had taken the rest of the army with him to
Venezuela and other units had been deployed to the Caribbean coast where the Spanish still had control. Another justification was that the executions were carried out in accordance with the
1003:. In CĂșcuta, for the defense of this strategic border city 21-year-old Sergeant Major Santander had been officially left with 80 soldiers, 72 working muskets, and 1800 paper cartridges, this force would be later augmented to around 200 with troops recruited from the area. Over the next months Santander would wage a brilliant campaign in defending the city from Royalist Invasions dispatched from their stronghold in
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Province and defeating general
Urdaneta's defense forces there allowing him to march north towards the CĂșcuta valley on November 25 and quickly took the provincial capital of Pamplona on the 26. Santander now found himself caught between two forces, with Morillo's forces to the north and Calzada to south, on December 22, 1815 he skillfully withdrew his men south through an abandoned path that led to
757:. The couple had two children before Santander, a boy Pedro José and a girl Josefa Teresa who died in their infancy. 2 years after Santander was born the couple had another girl Josefa Dolores. Santander grew up in a family that was both socially and economically privileged and that had a large influence in the region where he was born through the ownership of various haciendas and properties.
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happening AnzoĂĄtegui marching behind
Santander, spotted the main bulk of Royalist Army and immediately attacked causing panic and decimating the main force. Bejar's forces eventually managed to ford the river and were approaching the rear of the Royalist vanguard force, the two forces engaged in battle. When this occurred Santander led a bayonet charge across the bridge with a company from the
753:, on April 2, 1792. 11 days later on April 13 he was baptized at the Santa Ana chapel in Villa del Rosario. His parents were Juan AgustĂn Santander Colmenares who was governor of the rural town of San Faustino de los RĂos as well as a cocoa and coffee plant grower, his mother; Antonia Manuela de Omaña RodrĂguez. Both were descendants of aristocratic Spanish families who had settled in the
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Venezuelan man, Colonel JosĂ© MarĂa Briceño MĂ©ndez who had been wounded during the war of independence and was the brother of
Colonel Pedro Briceño who also took part in New Granada Campaign of 1819 and was wounded at the Battle of Vargas Swamp. He maintained a good relationship with his brother-in-law, who even accompanied him during his march to Cartagena when he was exiled.
1007:. He often had to do this at a numerical disadvantage as well as with a limited supply of munitions. He fought off these attempts at Loma Pelada on August 13, San Faustino on September 30, and Limoncito and Capacho on October 6 and 10, however due to his small force and limited number of munitions he was unable to pursue these attackers allowing them to regroup in Venezuela.
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1381:, there they skirmished with the forces of Barreiro's royalist army on July 10. On July 11, a larger battle occurred, the Battle of GĂĄmeza, where Santander led his division in an attempt to take the GĂĄmeza bridge. As his forces were at the front of the army they bore the brunt of the Spanish musketry preventing them from taking the bridge,
1760:, the two spoke for several hours about the state of affairs in South America, this would not be the only time the two would meet while in Europe. Of the meeting between the two, Santander remarked: "I have treated General San MartĂn. I think he is a good soldier, very alive and shrewd, but a friend of monarchies" From there he traveled to
843:. In 1811 the Government of Santa Fe, seeking to impose their hegemony over the other provinces that had begun to form their own independent juntas, deployed a number of military expeditions to incorporate these provinces. The young Santander would be part of a military expedition of some 300 men under the command of
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also the most difficult and challenging. BolĂvar agreed with this suggestion and on July 17 the army left Tame and marched towards Pore in the direction of the eastern andes mountain range. The campaign, conducted during the winter rain season which flooded the Llanos, made marching extremely difficult for the army.
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that of BolĂvar, and affected by dark patches, such as the execution of prisoners after BoyacĂĄ. Nor after death did he become an object of veneration in his own country. Colombian political divisions did not permit that, as he was often vilified by ultra hard line
Conservatives, such as former President
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While much is known about
Santander's public life as he left a rich amount of documents and letters, his personal life remains much of a mystery. Many of his personal letters were burned as per his instructions laid out in his last testament, his letters to his lover Nicolasa Ibåñez were taken by her
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On
September 25, 1828, BolĂvar escaped an assassination attempt. Among those blamed was Santander who, in a quick military trial headed by General Rafael Urdaneta, was originally sentenced to die without specific proof of his participation in the event, but BolĂvar pardoned him, commuted his sentence
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Upon arriving in the province the situation was critical as the Casanare Province, while one of the few regions not under full Spanish control, was a "miserable province, with no resources and no capable men." The New Granadan Patriot forces in the province were in complete chaos upon his arrival due
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positioning himself in an area known as Llanura de Carrillo. LizĂłn was informed of this by Royalist sympathizers when he took CĂșcuta and attacked Santander's forces on October 18 in only what could be described as a massacre. Of the 260 men Santander had, only 50 survived, many Patriot prisoners were
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To defend the valleys of CĂșcuta, he left two hundred and ninety men commanded by Sergeant Major Francisco de Paula Santander, of the militias of Cartagena, who had been claimed the Government of that province. Given these provisions, BolĂvar extended his campaign headquarters to give independence and
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he was elected as Vice-President of Gran Colombia with BolĂvar as President. For the next 6 years, with BolĂvar away on campaign, Santander became acting president of the new nation, using his administrative skills to create the foundations for the new republic. In 1827 political differences between
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Santander was described as relatively tall compared to his contemporaries, as well as having a "good figure" but later in life became more portly. He was also described as having a serious tone and of having good oratory skills when he talked and of having a strong Cucuteño accent. Personality wise,
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Santander also disagreed with BolĂvar's attempt to promote a reform of the 1821 constitution before it was legally permitted (the constitution stated that ten years had to go by), and especially with BolĂvar's attempted nationwide implementation of the constitution that he had previously drafted for
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At GĂĄmeza on July 11, Santander himself would be lightly wounded as a Royalist musketball grazed his neck with Sergeant Major Paris urgently coming to his side to review his wound. This battle would also result in the death of the commander of his Cazadores infantry Battalion, Colonel Arredondo, who
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in the Tunja Province, with the rearguard arriving on July 6. The army was in a sorry state as it lost almost all of its horses, cattle, as well a number of men and equipment with Santander describing that "the army was a dying body." Over the next few days elements of Santander's Vanguard division
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on February 21 and 22. The New Granadan army was no match for the troops of Spanish Army, the republicans received a heavy defeat, of the 2,000 strong army that Rovira had commanded, only 300 were able to escape including Rovira and Santander. With the road to Santa Fe practically open, the Spanish
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where he was named military commander there. This left his army, the 5th Line Battalion, now under the command of Manuel Ricaurte who also resigned leaving the command of the troops to Santander. Santander did not accompany BolĂvar in his campaign but instead remained per BolĂvar's command in CĂșcuta
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with a local woman of that town. His second son Francisco de Paula JesĂșs BartolomĂ© Santander Piehdrahita, was born on August 23, 1833, to Paz Piehdrahita Saenz, despite being born out of wedlock Santander recognized him as his legitimate son in his testament, and also referred to him affectionately
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During his stay in Europe, Santander traveled to several countries, visiting museums, factories, libraries, and met with several personalities from the Old Continent who treated him as if he were a head of state. During his stay in Hamburg he had his portrait taken by a local newspaper in the city.
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Even today, the details are not totally clear and the evidence appears to be inconclusive. Some historians consider that Santander knew about the possibility of an assassination attempt and initially opposed it, but eventually allowed it to happen without his direct participation. This position was
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With most of New Granada liberated from Spanish rule, on August 10 BolĂvar named Santander as military governor and commander of all forces in the Province of Santa Fe. On September 11 he became Vice President of New Granada and was given "all the broad powers in all branches of government" BolĂvar
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which had been firmly under Spanish control since 1816. With the majority of the Royalist Army in Venezuela, and a large contingent of his Patriot army composed of New Granadan exiles eager to liberate their homeland, occupied New Granada seemed like a promising target that could tip the war in his
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as the commander of the Army of the North and dispatched him immediately, Santander would be his second-in-command. In early 1814, this army waged a successful counteroffensive to reconquer the CĂșcuta Valley and forced Lizon back into Venezuela. For his actions during the counteroffensive, congress
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After receiving his sentence, Santander left BogotĂĄ on November 15, 1828, where he was taken as a prisoner to the city of Cartagena de Indias where he planned to board a ship and go into exile. This plan would change however as when he arrived near outskirts of the city in December 1828 his guards
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Come 1820 Vice President Santander dealt with crippling fiscal situation that the department suffered from, as commerce and trade were at a standstill and state funds depleted. With great difficulty he managed to administer and send funds to the army that was currently on campaign in the Caribbean
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and revenge for the executions of the generation of 1810 that were executed during Morillo's regime of terror during the Reconquest of New Granada in 1816. While in private BolĂvar, expressed his sadness and disapproval through a letter he wrote in Pamplona to Santander, he refrained from doing so
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forced the Royalists to fall back towards the bridge, eventually being forced across the other side as the two forces faced each other. Santander then ordered Colonel Antonio Bejar to take some forces down the river and cross it in order to attack the Spanish vanguard from the rear. While this was
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In late May, Santander notified BolĂvar of his final preparations and the favorability of the local population's support for a liberation campaign, he also dispatched one of his officers Colonel Jacinto Lara to BolĂvar's camp to report these advances in person. BolĂvar upon receiving these reports
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With that the First Republic ceased to exist, apart from a small area in the plains of Casanare, however tragedy would strike again with General Serviez dying later that year. Santander was now the most senior New Granadan officer at the head of small force of what remained of the republican army,
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now in command of what remained of the republican army. Serviez had been ordered by the republican government to retreat with what was left of the army to the south where the rest of the government had fled, however Serviez decided against this and decided to take the army and withdraw towards the
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Santander would remain in captivity for just a month as he was later exchanged in a prisoner swap when the Centralists and Federalists signed a truce ending the conflict as both sides became alarmed by the Royalist threat in the south and north of the country. After this exchange he arrived in the
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After arriving in Santa Fe, the young Francisco de Paula lived in the Colegio de San Bartolomé where his maternal uncle lived at that time, the priest Nicolås Mauricio de Omaña, who occupied the position of vice-rector of that establishment. Nicolås Mauricio de Omaña was a well known figure in the
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However over time he has been rehabilitated as the division between the nation's two founding fathers has helped prevent party-political cults of BolĂvar. In Colombia, BolĂvar stands as the Liberator of the nation while Santander as the Lawgiver, the man who built the foundations for democracy in
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Santander's legacy has long been controversial, although his administrative importance in the vice-presidency of Gran Colombia has always been recognized, as well as his military leadership alongside BolĂvar and AnzoĂĄtegui during the Liberation campaign. His reputation was heavily overshadowed by
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a person who Santander deeply admired and followed. Bentham invited him to a meal at his residence in London. Bentham gifted him several books and brochures, Santander was delighted to meet him and visited him again the following year. Shortly after he departed England for a brief stopover in the
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Initially, Santander and BolĂvar were considered close friends and allies, but gradually political and ideological differences emerged. It is considered by modern scholars that Santander believed in the sanctity of constitutional government and in the rule of law, perhaps to a greater degree than
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From July 1 to 6 the army began their grueling crossing of the Andes Mountains through the Paramo de Pisba enduring extremely harsh conditions and its limits tested as they endured cold temperatures and constant rain storms further complicated by the abundant lack of uniforms the soldiers causing
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commander of the rearguard division. While at Tame, BolĂvar finalized the route the army would take, whilst he originally planned to the route through La Salina de Chita, Santander suggested taking the route that passed through the ParĂĄmo de Pisba which was the fastest and least guarded route but
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as reinforcements. At Ocaña, by August Santander had a force of around 500 men, but a plan to attack Mompox was considered unfeasible as Porras had received more reinforcements from Morillo and had fortified the port. To make matters worst Colonel Calzada invaded New Granada entering the Casanare
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During his second administration, just like he did during his first administration, he ordered the execution of most of the rest of the Spanish officers still in captivity, who had been saved by BolĂvar in the first round of Santander's murderous pursuit; among them General JosĂ© SardĂĄ. They were
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during a night march in the rain in order to gain the lead on the race to the capital. On August 7 at 9am BolĂvar informed by his spies of Barreiro's march, observed the Royalist army march towards the BoyacĂĄ Bridge, he then ordered Santander and AnzoĂĄtegui to intercept the Royalists before they
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battalion under Lt. Colonel Antonio Arredondo to attack the Royalist through a flanking maneuver on the right while he would lead the rest of the vanguard and march down the main road to support him. After a few hours of combat the Spanish forces withdrew and the Patriot Forces continued onward,
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where the Federalists turned back another Centralist attempt to advance on Tunja forcing them to retreat back to Santa Fe. The Federalist Army while victorious did not pursue Centralists immediately, and waited a week before doing so as they reached Santa Fe in January 1813. At the Battle of San
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He received his primary education in a private school in Villa del Rosario, and upon learning how to read became a voracious reader combing through the various books his father's library possessed. He was also taught Latin by a local clergyman. Even at a young age Santander noticed how there was
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Midway through 1820, Santander attempted to resign as Vice president and return to active duty in the army, BolĂvar however refused to accept his resignation considering that no one else could replace him and that no their person had the merits or know how to occupy such an important position.
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After BolĂvar left, on October 10, 1819 Santander ordered the execution of 38 Spanish officers captured at the Battle of BoyacĂĄ, among them Colonel JosĂ© MarĂa Barreiro. These executions caused a great deal controversy, as BolĂvar had the month prior sent a letter to Viceroy SĂĄmano in Cartagena
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Santander along with the rest of the Patriot army entered triumphantly into BogotĂĄ on August 10, the Viceroy and the rest of the Spanish government had fled the city after receiving new of their defeat at the BoyacĂĄ Bridge. In recognition of his actions during these battle, 11 days later he was
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Santander took to the task of establishing supply caches for the army, he also ordered the production of uniforms and 1,000 straw hats. He also set up system of rudimentary logistics for food provisions to keep his troops fed. He imposed strict discipline on his new army through a permanent war
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city, and was friends with many of the enlightened and cultured criollos of Santa Fe. His teachings had a large influence over the young Santander who wrote in his memoirs that his uncle had taught him " To know the justice, convenience and need for these countries to shake Spanish domination."
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these troops were also subject to ambushes by mobile Patriot troops, and with the rain season only one month way Barreiro decided to withdraw across the andes back into the central New Granada, the withdrawal was complicated further by Santander who ordered a small counteroffensive against the
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being successfully annexed into the Cundinamarca province, with this his unit returned to Santa Fe in June 1811. After returning to Santa Fe Santander was assigned to the Military Inspection Unit of Santa Fe. In January 1812 general Antonio Baraya returned to Santa Fe after having defeated the
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to wait out the winter rain season, the failure of this campaign was further confirmed when Santander ordered colonel Obando to attack the garrison at La Salina which Barreiro had left behind to cover his retreat with the attack being a victory for the patriots resulting in the capture of the
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describes that there was serious confrontation between the two with BolĂvar in a severe tone ordering Santander to "march at once" barking at him "You have no choice in the matter! March! Either you shoot me or by God, I will certainly shoot you." This account of events has been called into
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Santander's father died in 1808 while he was studying in Santa Fe, his mother died in 1819 while he was on campaign during the New Granada campaign of 1819. Santander had only sibling who survived to adulthood his sister Maria Josefa, whom he was very close to. On July 19, 1820 she married a
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Stopped my march to the army of Venezuela for the commissions I received from the supreme congress, before the term of fifteen days was fulfilled, for which General BolĂvar allowed me to come to CĂșcuta from La Grita to carry the particular interests of the 5th battalion that I then commanded
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After his term expired, he remained an important and influential political figure and was elected as a representative for the chamber of the representatives of New Granada. Santander attended the sessions in the chamber, but stop attending in April 1840 when he became gravely ill and became
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On December 19, he was transferred to the castle of San JosĂ© de Bocachica where his health worsened and his access to paper and ink were also restricted by order of Montilla, in addition his letters were also censored. Friends of Santander attempted to help him by writing letters to BolĂvar
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After the victory at Vargas Swamp, the Patriot Army tricked the Royalists by conducting a feint march back to Venezuela while on that same night they conducted a countermarch allowing them capture the important city of Tunja behind the backs of the Royalists who now had their main line of
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The defeat at the Llanura de Carrillo and the loss of CĂșcuta was bitter event for Santander he wrote to Congress "asking for a court martial" which the congress refused, he then asked "that he be removed from the army for his failures" which was refused as well. In Tunja congress named
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neighborhood. Despite the Federalists having a numerical advantage, Nariño had successfully mounted an effective defense since the Federalists hadn't pressed their advantage after Ventaquemada resulting in a resounding defeat for the Federalists. Captain Santander was wounded and
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of the British Legion led a desperate bayonet charge that finally dislodged the Spanish off the hill, this was done as Colonel Juan José Rondón led his lancers in an uphill charge on Cangrejo Hill resulting in a hardfought Patriot victory. Of the battle Santander later stated
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Barreiro crossed the eastern andes with an army of around 1,800 troops in late March 1819 and invaded the province, the Royalist army took the deserted town of Pore on April 9. Santander's strategy during this campaign would be one of evasion as he withdraw deeper into the
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Barreiro, general commander of this expedition, has seen with his own eyes that it is not with three or four thousand men that Casanare is conquered, and that it is not with terror that he can erase the feelings of patriotism that her own troops have for freedom of their
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Notably Lafayette made several serious efforts to reconcile BolĂvar and Santander, he even sent a long and meaningful letter addressed to BolĂvar that did not arrive on time, by the time it arrived in BogotĂĄ, BolĂvar had already departed for the coast to go into exile.
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who was able to catch up to them at times however, at the Negro River crossing Serviez was able to cut the bridge which allowed them escape. Serviez's dramatic retreat to the plains of Casanare had saved many of the best New Granadan officer corps such as Santander and
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constitutional convention, during which both his supporters and other opposition political factions blocked BolĂvar's attempts at reform. This led to the sudden exit of many of the delegates supporting BolĂvar, who disagreed with the Convention's potential outcome.
949:, this would be the first time the two would meet. Santander later participated in a cross-border incursion into Venezuela on April 11 when he and his men under Castillo y Rada attacked the remaining Royalist forces that had been repelled in the Battle of CĂșcuta at
1596:âapplicants were allowed to leave the country for up to six months without interrupting their legally "required" stayâand land grants. BolĂvar undid many of Santander's actions after he returned in 1826 and reassumed his position as president, often ruling through
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communication with the capital Santa Fe, severed, Santander commented that this action "without dispute what sealed the success of our campaign". Barreiro hurriedly marched towards Tunja but informed of its capture, took the alternate route around the city through
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Some historians have speculated that Santander was not born in Villa del Rosario but rather in the Hacienda of his father Juan Agustin, which was located near San Faustino de los Rios, where his father was governor and was later taken to be baptized in Villa del
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to victory. He's often credited with creating the legal foundations for democracy in Colombia, as well as creating the country's first system of public education. For these reasons he is considered a National Hero in Colombia and has thus commonly been known as
1129:, Garcia Rovira overruled him and instead placed the army in a defensive position on the PĂĄramo de CachirĂ an area in between Bucaramanga and Pamplona. Sebastian de la Calzada's army continued their march toward Bucaramanga and met the New Granadan army at the
662:, while finishing his studies on July 20, 1810 he joined in the revolutionary fervor that would be movement for New Granadan Independence. At the age of 18 Santander abandoned his studies to begin his military career fighting for the Patriot cause against the
791:. The education he received at the Colegio de San Bartolomé left a big impact on Santander. The legal doctrines extracted from the Roman, Spanish and Indian laws shaped his thinking. This helped him to later organize Colombia with exemplary method and order.
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As his division was at the front of the army, the vanguard division was usually one day's march ahead of the rest of the army. As a result they often made first contact with Royalist forces such as when they came upon a 300 strong Royalist garrison at
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as well as a cavalry contingent recruited from the local population. These efforts did not go unnoticed however, Spanish intelligence had informed Morillo of Santander's presence in Casanare since late 1818, Morillo informed the Viceroy of New Granada
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guarding the bridge as they waited for the bulk of the Royalist Army to arrive. The two forces spotted each other and exchanged fire with the Royalists charging after the Patriots thinking they were a small observation force. Santander marching down
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From October 10 to 18, a large Royalist force under the command of Bartolomé Lizón invaded the valley from four different points with 1,300 troops in what would be known as the Battle of Llano de Carrillo. With only 260 troops, Santander convened a
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on June 12, where he met with Santander's forces. At Tame, BolĂvar organized the army as well as informed his officers of the military strategy for the campaign. The combined New Granadan and Venezuelan army of around 2,500 troops was named the
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nations, instead of discouraging trade with them. He set up economic contacts in eleven United States cities, hoped that by creating strong ties with them, he would promote industrial development in New Granada while avoiding the use of high
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The glory of Vargas belongs to Colonel Rondon and Lieutenant Colonel Carvajal, both from the plains of Venezuela. To no one else was it granted but to them, on that glorious day those renown brave men were given honorable mention in the army
1966:, both already deceased as well as their ancestors of noble family, that under the Spanish government obtained public destinies of honor and distinction. I say this to counter the lies of my enemies, who have wanted to deny me even my birth.
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made his decision on May 20, and revealed this plan to his officers on May 23 who agreed to the plan. He then marched his army from their camp in Manteca in the Apure region of Venezuela on May 27, 1819. On June 4 BolĂvar's army crossed the
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After receiving his promotion, Santander was then assigned to the 5th Line Battalion under the command of now Colonel Castillo y Rada, with orders to march at once to the city of CĂșcuta in order to repel an imminent Royalist Invasion from
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leading his Vanguard Division on the left flank trying take Picacho Hill, the fight was difficult as they were pushed back 3 times by Spanish King's 1st infantry battalion. After 5 hours of grueling combat Santander supported by Colonel
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and placed PĂĄez as supreme military chief of the department of Venezuela, Santander felt that the central government's authority and the rule of law were being undermined by the constitutional President himself in a personalist manner.
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eventually assumed by Santander himself later in his life. Others consider that Santander may have been involved in the plan from the beginning as it would benefit him politically, though no direct proof of his role has been found.
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also gave him the task "of liberating the country from Spanish domination at all costs." Shortly after BolĂvar departed for Angostura to propose the union of liberated territories of Venezuela and New Granada to the congress there.
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in New Granada. Santander left the Guayana Region on August 27 arriving in the Casanare Province on November 29, 1818 along with other New Granadan officers who BolĂvar had assigned to his command to assist in the creation of the
2005:. He first reverted most of his original changes from BolĂvar's undoing, although some were devalued somewhat. He did not close New Granada to international trade, but rather sought safety for New Granada under the auspices of
1862:, Prince of Sulmona, who accompanied him during his visit to the different museums and art academies in the city. Santander left the city on Monday, December 6 in a rented carriage, accompanied by Francisco GarcĂa, a native of
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to defend it from a possible threat to BolĂvar's rear. The circumstances as to why Santander remained in CĂșcuta and did not accompany BolĂvar are controversial, in a letter to the president of the Federal congress he states.
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council and instituting a system of passports that all soldiers were required to have on their person to control their movements and prevent desertion. By February 1819, Santander along with his officers such as the young
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BolĂvar, who would have allegedly thought that those concerns were secondary to what he perceived as the actual needs and solutions that historical circumstances demanded, and thus could be subject to flexibility .
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The republican government then ordered Santander to prevent Serviez from doing this however, he too disobeyed this order and agreed with Serviez's plan. During their retreat they were pursued by Spanish Colonel
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For much of his youth Santander was often on military campaigns and thus did not marry young like many of his generation. However he did have 5 children, 2 of these being out of wedlock, and 3 with his wife.
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bedridden. From April 27, a diary was kept describing Santander's health's rapid decline. On May 6, 1840 at approximately 6:30 pm, Santander passed away in his bedside surrounded by his friends and family.
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Royalist forces who had tried to reconquer the independent cities of the Cauca Valley in the northern part of the PopayĂĄn Province, as a result of this Santander was made his secretary on January 17, 1812.
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1468:. During the victory ceremony that was held in BogotĂĄ on September 18, he was paid tribute to alongside the other generals of the army and awarded along with all those who participated in the campaign the
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In 1832, Santander was elected by Congress as President for a second term. This administration was quite different from the first, in that he moved away from free trade and stressed an alternate form of
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With the war in Venezuela essentially a stalemate by late 1818, BolĂvar sought to end the stalemate by shifting his tactics and opening a new front against Morillo by conducting a military operation to
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When one of his servants, JosĂ© DelfĂn Caballero, commented with joy about the news of BolĂvar's death, Santander responded angrily "In America only the miserable can rejoice in BolĂvar's death."
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of the continuing military operations, administrative and legislative reactivation, and the establishment of internal political divisions. During this period Santander definitely moved towards a
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were affecting European politics in the early 19th century. As his diary shows, Santander was an assiduous art and music lover, and attended the opera almost every evening. In 1830, he was in
1874:, the monuments, and the Roman ruins. Santander left Rome on February 23, 1831 arriving in Florence, it would be there where he learned of the death of the BolĂvar, writing down in his diary:
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intervened and got into a heated argument with BolĂvar about the matter. BolĂvar finally acquiesced to Sucre's demands and the result of this was the transfer of Santander aboard the frigate
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forces from the south and Colonel Sebastian de la Calzada's forces marching from Venezuela. In July 1815 prior to his siege of Cartagena, Morillo landed his force in the royalist province of
1592:. He removed and reduced many taxes which had been left in place from Spanish rule and opened ports to all foreign nations. He also created incentives for immigrants, including expedited
1661:, which among other provisions called for a lifelong presidency with the ability to select a direct successor. In Santander's opinion, this could place the country dangerously close to
1779:"The first time I saw the venerable Lafayette, I was frozen with admiration and respect; this gentleman has given me such a benevolent and distinguished welcome, that I am confused"
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and SimĂłn BolĂvar in the defense of the Cucuta Valley from the Royalists. For the next 3 years Santander defended the valley from Royalist Incursion until he was defeated at the
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His first child, Manuel Santander, was born when Santander was only 19 years old and a second lieutenant in the National Guard Battalion while he was posted in the town of
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in his palace who took a certain interest in the Colombian general, asking him about his life, Colombia, and if he was thinking of returning to South America. He also met
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by his nickname "Pachito". "Pachito" would follow his father's footsteps and served in the Colombian military reaching the rank of general and would pass away in 1916.
1501:(referred to as Gran Colombia). The territories of New Granada and Venezuela became the departments of Cundinamarca and Venezuela, with Santander as Vice President of
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Colombia. BolĂvar was "the genius of the activity, Santander was the genius of order," in this sense they were, more than an opposition, a complement to each other.
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Testament of Francisco de Paula Santander: I declare that I was born in Villa del Rosario de CĂșcuta, of the legitimately contracted marriage between my parents Mr.
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in Venezuela on June 16, 1829. He arrived on August 19 in Puerto Cabello, where Paéz granted him a passport to be allowed to go into exile aboard the merchant ship
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promoted Santander to Colonel on May 31, 1814. MacGregor would not remain commander for long however as he resigned his commission due to serious health problems.
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with his officers and realizing that their position was untenable given the number of enemy troops, ordered the evacuation of CĂșcuta and began a withdrawal towards
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1176:. In 1817, the 25 year old Santander met again with SimĂłn BolĂvar and made him part of his chief of staff as well as his aid-de-camp. For his actions during the
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which was along the main route to Santa Fe. The government of the United Provinces alarmed by this ordered Colonel Santander to march from CĂșcuta to the city of
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question due to the fact the O'Leary was not present at the time of these events and wouldn't arrive in Venezuela to join BolĂvar until 1818 some 5 years later.
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After receiving confirmation that BolĂvar would indeed begin his campaign to liberate Venezuela, Castillo y Rada resigned his command in protest and returned to
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along with 23 other officers as a result of the battle, his wounds were so grave that he himself said: "That only a miracle of Providence could have saved me."
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Santander tried again to resign this time in the hopes of receiving a diplomatic position in Chile or in Argentina however BolĂvar again refused to accept it.
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with many of their officers perishing in battle or executed along with almost the entirety of the officials that made up the government of the First Republic.
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2910:""No es con tres ni cuatro mil hombres que se conquista el Casanare" Hace 200 años: la defensa de la Provincia de Casanare por Francisco de Paula Santander"
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Royalists which further demoralized Barreiro's men. On April 17 Barreiro's army eventually withdrew back to central New Granada and garrisoned the army in
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where the two spoke about Colombia and BolĂvar during a lunch offered at the house of the Prussian nobleman. He also toured several German cities such as
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who had been named commander of the Army of the North, where they would attempt to defend the main route that led to the capital of the United Provinces.
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As Santander's family was an aristocratic one, it was common for the family to send their children to receive further education in the viceregal capital,
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1572:. As acting ruler, Santander had to deal with a grave economic crisisâthat was one of the direct consequences of a decade of constant warfareâpockets of
1297:. This strategy would succeed as the campaign became harsh on the royalist troops who lacked sufficient supplies for a further penetration into the vast
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as the provisional capital of New Granada and, while at the same time formally establishing its alliance with Venezuela and recognizing SimĂłn BolĂvar as
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On December 17, 1819 the delegates of the Congress of Angostura approved the fundamental law that united New Granada and Venezuela and established the
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who would also play a big role in the independence movement. By 1808, Santander had received his secondary education and began to study law at the
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1776:, the two had several conversations and also had the opportunity to visit his house, of this meeting the general commented in a letter to BogotĂĄ:
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of Santander's presence. In early 1819 Morillo ordered Barreiro to invade Casanare as soon as possible to destroy the possible insurgent threat.
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sympathizers, should be punished or at least made to openly submit to the established constitutional order. When BolĂvar, who had returned from
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The death of Santander in BogotĂĄ, after a long agony. Making his will, he said: "I wish I would have loved God as much as I loved my country ."
1992:, although he was in Berlin in August 25 when the riots occurred. When he returned, these concepts influenced his decisions to a great extent.
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407:
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1564:, the office of President of Gran Colombia was entrusted to General Santander. The Constitution mandated that the vice-president remain in
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Huck, E. R. (1972). Economic Experimentation in a Newly Independent Nation: Colombia under Francisco de Paula Santander, 1821–1840.
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uprising occurred, Santander and BolĂvar came to disagree about how to handle the situation. Santander believed that the rebels, led by
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deployed an expeditionary force to reconquer Venezuela and New Granada, this force of over 10,600 men was under the command of General
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On May 14, 1813, BolĂvar departed for Venezuela with the army of the United Provinces and would begin what would be later known as the
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to deliver the final blow ending the battle around 4:30pm as the Patriot Army decimated the Royalist Army, culminating the campaign.
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executed by order of Lizon along with their supporters in CĂșcuta and Pamplona including many of Santander's own family members.
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publicly. The ramifications of these executions would continue to be a stain on Santander's career for the rest of his life.
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him and BolĂvar led to a rupture in their relationship, culminating in 1828 when BolĂvar accused of him of having masterminded
1545:, in a heated election, where he overcame the other strong candidate for the post, the former leader of Cundinamarca, General
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2527:"La Batalla de CachirĂ (1816). Representaciones histĂłricas y monumentales sobre la derrota militar de Custodio GarcĂa Rovira"
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garrison. News of successful defense of the province was sent to BolĂvar with Santander stating in his letter dated April 21.
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in order to stretch Barreiro's supply line as well as exhaust his troops who were not accustomed to the harsh climate of the
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student, Santander was finishing his studies at the University of Santo TomĂĄs when he witnessed first hand the events of the
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and spent most of his formative years there. In 1805 he left his home to continue his education in the Viceregal capital of
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Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle For Independence, 1810â1830". John Murray, London (2000). p.179-180
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Santander (wearing red, on top a horse) leads the bayonet charge across the BoyacĂĄ Bridge, by MartĂn Tovar y Tovar (1890)
1053:. They departed Spain in early 1815 arriving off the coast of Venezuela in early April, in August he began a campaign to
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Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle For Independence, 1810â1830". John Murray, London (2000). p. 181.
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Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle For Independence, 1810â1830". John Murray, London (2000). p. 176.
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Harvey, Robert. "Liberators: Latin America's Struggle For Independence, 1810â1830". John Murray, London (2000). p. 175
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and gave him 1,200 muskets and gave him the task of raising and organizing an army in the eastern plains region of the
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610:(April 2, 1792 – May 6, 1840) was a Neogranadine military and political leader who served as Vice-President of
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After BolĂvar died and Gran Colombia broke up, Santander returned from exile in 1832 and served as President of the
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2226:
Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989). Santander (in Spanish) (1st ed.). BogotĂĄ: CrĂtica Colombia (published 2019). p. 74.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989). Santander (in Spanish) (1st ed.). BogotĂĄ: CrĂtica Colombia (published 2019). p. 37.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989). Santander (in Spanish) (1st ed.). BogotĂĄ: CrĂtica Colombia (published 2019). p. 38.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989). Santander (in Spanish) (1st ed.). BogotĂĄ: CrĂtica Colombia (published 2019). p. 33.
3458:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda EdiciĂłn; Page 24; BogotĂĄ, Colombia; 1983
3445:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda EdiciĂłn; Page 25; BogotĂĄ, Colombia; 1983
3408:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda EdiciĂłn; Page 27; BogotĂĄ, Colombia; 1983
3255:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda EdiciĂłn; Page 23; BogotĂĄ, Colombia; 1983
3137:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda EdiciĂłn; Page 22; BogotĂĄ, Colombia; 1983
2131:; trans. Colombian Presidents; Interprint Editors Ltd.; Italgraf; Segunda EdiciĂłn; Page 21; BogotĂĄ, Colombia; 1983
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as well as the commander of III Division of the Royalist Army tasked with the protection of that kingdom, Colonel
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and Jacinto Lara, were able to build a respectable force of around 1,200 men divided in 2 infantry battalions the
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on February 17, 1830, during his stay in the French capital he was presented to French society thanks to General
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Santander returned once again to Paris in April 1831, on the way to the French capital he traveled through
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protesting on his behalf. Santander would remain imprisoned in the castle for almost a year until General
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A drawing made by Jose Maria Espinosa circa 1824, depicting BolĂvar and Santander at the Battle of BoyacĂĄ.
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would be replaced by Joaquin Paris now promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. On July 25 he participated in the
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his beleaguered forces soon joined forces with the Venezuelan patriots in the llanos first under General
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With the creation of Gran Colombia in December 1819, Santander was initially chosen as Vice-President of
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while most of his force would participate in the siege he also raised a division of 1,000 men known as
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Nicolås Mauricio de Omaña. Santander's maternal uncle and signer of the Colombian act of independence.
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from 1832 to 1836. Santander had spent a great deal of time in Europe absorbing how the ideas of the
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In 1828, growing internal conflicts continued. Santander was elected as one of the delegates to the
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many to perish. Santander and his division arrived on the other side on July 5 reaching the town of
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1430:, Santander would play a pivotal role as his men spotted the Royalist Vanguard force at the nearby
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Victorino on January 9, 1813 the Federalists encircled the city taking key vantage points such as
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and recruit a force capable of retaking Mompox. Santander arrived in Ocaña in late July with 200
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Francisco de Paula JesĂșs BartolomĂ©, Clementina Santander y PontĂłn, Sixta Tulia Santander y PontĂłn
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had repelled the Royalist Invasion. This victory had been the work of exiled Venezuelan Colonel
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being one of the main leaders of the Patriot forces and helped lead the Patriot Army alongside
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continued their march. Rovira was then relieved of command with French born Brigadier General
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That same year a conflict would arise between the 2 main groups of New Granadan Patriots; the
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accidentally, the command of the CĂșcuta valley fell on me by chance, which I never requested.
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of France on September 16, 1831 where he had a placid conversation with the king and queen.
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831:. At the age of 18, Santander abandoned his studies and enlisted on October 26, 1810, as a
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1877:"Today I read in the Journal du Commerce of February 21 the death of General BolĂvar near
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federal capital of Tunja on February 10, 1813, where congress promoted him to the rank of
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with the rest of the patriot vanguard upon seeing this unfold ordered Lieutenant Colonel
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2599:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Bogota: CrĂtica Colombia (published 2019). p. 310.
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2571:(in Spanish) (1st ed.). Bogota: CrĂtica Colombia (published 2019). p. 306.
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where he could reorganize the army and fight a war of guerillas against the Spanish.
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An engraving based on a miniature, showing a young Santander in 1812 as a lieutenant.
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who was in the city by a government commission. During his stay in Paris he met the
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who he married on February 15, 1836 in the parish of San Bernardino in the town of
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The tensions between the Federalists and Centralists would eventually burst into a
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and joined forces with Venezuelan Patriot forces there first under the command of
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between 1819 and 1826, and was later elected by Congress as the President of the
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 387-388.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 375-376.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 140-141.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 135-136.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 366-367
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in August of that year, while the office of the vice president was abolished.
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Santander and BolĂvar crossing the eastern Llanos (Plains) to reach the Andes.
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where he returned to Hamburg to visit some friends from there he traveled to
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between the Federalists and the Centralists, but was released to serve under
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 422.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 417.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 396.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 386.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 373.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 227.
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Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989) Santander. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 180.
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Later, in an attempt to be closer to New Granada, Santander traveled to the
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and upheld the legitimacy of the CucutĂĄ Constitution against federalist and
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commander of the "Cazadores" Battalion to attack the Royalist forces at the
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3576:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ D.C.: Academia Colombiana de Historia. p. 29.
3553:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ D.C.: Academia Colombiana de Historia. p. 28.
3530:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ D.C.: Academia Colombiana de Historia. p. 22.
3507:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ D.C.: Academia Colombiana de Historia. p. 27.
3484:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ D.C.: Academia Colombiana de Historia. p. 26.
2155:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ D.C.: Academia Colombiana de Historia. p. 22.
3705:
1939:
1888:
1878:
1800:
1126:
1115:
1074:
1012:
1537:
was proclaimed, Santander was elected by the newly gathered Congress as
1684:
1662:
1641:
1589:
1156:, who would form an important part of the army that would fight in the
908:
892:
670:
but switched sides and became an officer in the army of the Federalist
377:
352:
1988:, whose liberal political implications caused a riot that sparked the
1934:'s older brother. He also had the opportunity to visit the capital of
1896:
1683:
Santander and his political sympathizers felt that this act betrayed
1633:
1330:
comprised two divisions, with BolĂvar as commander-in-chief, General
1249:
of both the New Granadan and Venezuelan armies on December 18, 1818.
1105:
the government also sent him 150 troops under the command of colonel
1082:
1004:
709:, Santander led his troops valiantly at the battles of Paya, Gameza,
462:
2019:
1565:
1378:
1213:
favor. In preparation for this campaign, BolĂvar named Santander as
960:
Santander as a Lieutenant Colonel, miniature by JosĂ© MarĂa Espinosa.
765:
750:
659:
324:
24:
4043:
3471:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ.: Escuela TipogrĂĄfica Salesiana. p. 66.
3106:
El General SimĂłn BolĂvar en la Campaña de la Nueva Granada de 1819.
3032:
El General SimĂłn BolĂvar en la Campaña de la Nueva Granada de 1819.
1979:
1931:
1903:
before returning for the third time to Paris. In Paris he met with
1892:
1847:
1815:, on July 16, 1830. Whilst in Berlin he met several members of the
1749:
1692:
1677:
1422:
1102:
950:
3093:
Apuntamientos para las memorias sobre Colombia i la Nueva Granada
3003:
Apuntamientos para las memorias sobre Colombia i la Nueva Granada
2867:
Apuntamientos para las memorias sobre Colombia i la Nueva Granada
2767:
Apuntamientos para las memorias sobre Colombia i la Nueva Granada
2704:
Apuntamientos para las memorias sobre Colombia i la Nueva Granada
2084:
Santander's three other cildren were a result of his marriage to
1900:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1787:
1741:
1658:
1649:
1557:
991:
However, another account provided by BolĂvar's Irish aid-de-camp
126:
855:
province. This expedition would culminate successfully with the
2089:
2011:
1863:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1812:
1791:
1761:
1098:
2242:
1338:, Santander as commander of the vanguard division and General
1215:
Commander of the Vanguard of the Liberator Army of New Granada
618:
between 1832 and 1837. Santander played a pivotal role in the
1832:
1765:
1369:
1303:
1085:
Pedro Ruiz de Porras, who would take the vital river port of
902:
in December 1812 when the two armies faced each other at the
880:
1794:
he was able to meet the English philosopher and utilitarian
978:
This account coincides with the that of Colombian historian
1867:
1645:
1561:
783:
This sentiment was shared by many of the professors at the
693:. With the collapse of the first republic, he fled to the
2243:
Moreno de Angel, Pilar; Rodriguez Plata, Horacio (1984).
1588:
pretensions. Santander also made a concerted move toward
1125:
While Santander wanted to position the army more towards
917:
808:
1676:
These events eventually led BolĂvar to declare himself
501:
Liberator Army of New Granada and Venezuela (1816-1819)
2706:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ: Imprenta de Lleras. p. 8.
741:
Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña was born in
382:
Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé Universidad santo Tomås
4227:
2796:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 51 .
2316:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 347.
2247:(1st ed.). Bogota: Litografia Arco. p. 63.
911:
from the west while penetrating the city through the
646:
Francisco de Paula Santander was born into a wealthy
3268:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 83.
3232:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 82.
3212:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 81.
3192:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 84.
2985:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 59.
2936:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 57.
2832:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 41.
2060:
when she moved to Europe and have never been found.
1648:
and reassumed his executive powers, arranged for an
677:
In 1813 he would be wounded and captured during the
2672:. BogotĂĄ: Universidad Externado de Colombia. p. 25
2051:
MarĂa Josefa de Briceño, Santander's younger sister
2022:, on July 23, 1833, in front of Santander himself.
1926:. During his stay in the US he became friends with
1576:sentiment in Gran Colombian society, supplying the
1359:on June 27. Santander ordered the commander of the
1180:campaign on July 16, 1818, BolĂvar awarded him the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
16:
Colombian military and political leader (1792â1840)
3646:(29): 12 – via AsociaciĂłn de Colombianistas.
2174:
2172:
2869:. BogotĂĄ: L. M. Lleras: L. M. Lleras. p. 27.
705:in 1817. Under the command of BolĂvar during the
4287:
3095:. BogotĂĄ: L. M. Lleras: L. M. Lleras. p. 34
2769:(1st ed.). BogotĂĄ: L.M. Lleras. p. 26.
2150:
1907:who presented General Santander to the court of
895:on May 25, 1812 and to captain of June 1, 1812.
887:through the Federation Act of 1811 creating the
3129:
3127:
2594:
2566:
2534:Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras
2169:
1881:on December 17, 1830. A Loss for Independence"
1831:, in September 1830 he crossed the border with
1373:were deployed to take the surrounding towns of
133: and the second or maternal family name is
3247:
3245:
1568:in such cases and handle the functions of the
1252:During his time as commander in chief in the
1194:
239:November 3, 1821 â September 19, 1827
3721:
2123:
2121:
3124:
1032:
987:freedom to Venezuela, his beloved homeland".
172:President of the Republic of the New Granada
4341:People of the Colombian War of Independence
3694:Francisco de Paula Santander - Google Pages
3448:
3435:
3398:
3242:
1786:After a while, he left France to travel to
1328:Liberator Army of New Granada and Venezuela
1229:Water Color of General Santander by Master
717:liberating his homeland from Spanish Rule.
3735:
3728:
3714:
3664:. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press.
2118:
1942:where he met and conversed with President
1870:where he had the opportunity to visit the
1620:Statue of Francisco de Paula Santander in
1202:BolĂvar's campaign to liberate New Granada
568:BolĂvar's campaign to liberate New Granada
150:
2864:
2764:
2701:
2472:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 215-216.
1744:about 48 days later on October 15, 1829.
1479:
736:
608:Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña
292:Francisco José de Paula Santander y Omaña
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3659:
3634:
3574:La Ă©poca de Francisco de Paula Santander
3551:La Ă©poca de Francisco de Paula Santander
3528:La Ă©poca de Francisco de Paula Santander
3505:La Ă©poca de Francisco de Paula Santander
3482:La Ă©poca de Francisco de Paula Santander
2153:La Ă©poca de Francisco de Paula Santander
2067:
2046:
2029:
2025:
1995:
1953:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1411:
1383:
1345:
1224:
955:
798:
770:
184:October 7, 1832 â April 1, 1837
4321:People from the Republic of New Granada
3840:Estanislao Vergara y Sanz de SantamarĂa
2525:Pinzón, Luis Rubén Pérez (2017-05-18).
1982:, where he saw various performances of
1740:, on August 27 arriving at the port of
1528:
1069:, this was done in tandem with General
398:Medal of the Liberators of Cundinamarca
4288:
3469:Los Ășltimos dĂas del General Santander
3104:Santander, Francisco de Paula (1820).
3091:Santander, Francisco de Paula (1838).
3030:Santander, Francisco de Paula (1820).
3001:Santander, Francisco de Paula (1838).
2865:Santander, Francisco de Paula (1838).
2765:Santander, Francisco de Paula (1838).
2715:
2713:
2702:Santander, Francisco de Paula (1837).
2623:BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 357-358
2524:
701:, and then joined BolĂvar's forces in
4346:Burials at Central Cemetery of BogotĂĄ
3709:
3662:The Santander Regime in Gran Colombia
3637:"What is the Problem with Santander?"
3288:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 376.
2972:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Andes.p. 121-122.
2723:. BogotĂĄ: Ediitorial Andes. p. 29-30.
2590:
2588:
2508:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 244.
2452:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 210.
2432:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 209.
2412:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 208.
2392:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 207.
2356:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 176.
2336:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 157.
1856:Princess Maria Ana Carolina of Saxony
1612:House of Francisco de Paula Santander
879:who had set up a federal congress in
707:1819 Campaign to Liberate New Granada
3773:Felipe de Vergara Azcarate y Caycedo
3595:
3388:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 395
3348:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 385
3328:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 386
3308:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 377
3108:BogotĂĄ: Imprenta del C. B. E. p. 10.
2783:. BogotĂĄ: Ediitorial Andes. p.31-32.
2271:. BogotĂĄ. Planeta Colombiana. p.131.
1949:
1922:on November 10, he then traveled to
1118:. There he was able to meet up with
867:in Santa Fe under the leadership of
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
3602:Hispanic American Historical Review
3368:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Planeta. p. 394
3179:. BogotĂĄ: Ediitorial Andes. p. 298.
3034:BogotĂĄ: Imprenta del C. B. E. p. 4.
2710:
1960:Juan Agustin Santander y Colmenares
1454:First Line Battalion of New Granada
1274:First Line Battalion of New Granada
1187:one month later he was promoted to
541:Defense of the CĂșcuta Valley (1813)
227:Vice President of the Gran Colombia
13:
4366:Members of the Convention of Ocaña
3572:Martinez Garnica, Armando (2024).
3549:Martinez Garnica, Armando (2024).
3526:Martinez Garnica, Armando (2024).
3503:Martinez Garnica, Armando (2024).
3480:Martinez Garnica, Armando (2024).
3121:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Andes. p. 263.
3005:. BogotĂĄ: L. M. Lleras: p. 32
2883:. BogotĂĄ: Ediitorial Andes. p. 56.
2692:. BogotĂĄ: Ediitorial Andes. p. 28.
2643:. BogotĂĄ: Ediitorial Andes. p. 71.
2585:
2151:Martinez Garnica, Armando (2024).
1850:on October 13, he was received by
794:
745:, in the Pamplona Province of the
14:
4377:
3653:
3266:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
3264:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
3230:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
3228:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
3210:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
3208:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
3190:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
3188:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
3166:. BogotĂĄ: Editorial Andes. p.278.
2983:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
2981:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
2934:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
2932:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
2830:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
2828:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
2794:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
2792:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
2670:1819: campaña de la Nueva Granada
2668:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2019).
1819:, the most notable of them being
1691:, some even comparing BolĂvar to
691:Spanish Reconquest of New Granada
551:Spanish reconquest of New Granada
4356:Colombian independence activists
4273:
4261:
4249:
4237:
3816:
2312:Gutiérrez Ardila, Daniel (2010)
2042:
2014:, which he inherently disliked.
1061:to the republican stronghold of
481:
468:
455:
440:
427:
406:
23:
3745:United Provinces of New Granada
3644:Revista de Estudios Colombianos
3628:
3589:
3566:
3543:
3520:
3497:
3474:
3461:
3419:"Santander en Europa 1829-1832"
3411:
3378:
3358:
3338:
3318:
3298:
3278:
3258:
3222:
3202:
3182:
3169:
3156:
3140:
3111:
3098:
3085:
3069:
3053:
3037:
3024:
3008:
2995:
2975:
2962:
2946:
2926:
2902:
2886:
2873:
2858:
2842:
2822:
2806:
2786:
2773:
2758:
2742:
2726:
2695:
2682:
2662:
2646:
2633:
2613:
2595:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989).
2567:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989).
2560:
2518:
2498:
2482:
2462:
2442:
2422:
2402:
2382:
2366:
2346:
2326:
2306:
2290:
2274:
2267:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989).
1582:centralist political philosophy
1426:could cross the bridge. At the
1239:United Provinces of New Granada
889:United Provinces of New Granada
819:and began the establishment of
672:United Provinces of New Granada
641:"El Organizador de la Victoria"
476:United Provinces of New Granada
448:United Provinces of New Granada
34:needs additional citations for
3384:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
3364:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
3344:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
3324:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
3304:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
3284:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
3177:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
3164:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
3119:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
2970:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
2881:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
2781:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
2721:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
2690:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
2641:La Campaña Libertadora de 1819
2619:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2504:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2468:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2448:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2428:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2408:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2388:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2352:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2332:Moreno de Ăngel, Pilar (1989)
2261:
2236:
2220:
2204:
2188:
2144:
2134:
1570:executive branch of government
1270:Cazadores Constantes Battalion
785:Colegio Mayor de San Bartolomé
593:Venezuelan War of Independence
58:"Francisco de Paula Santander"
1:
2546:10.18273/revanu.v22n1-2017003
2112:
1464:, the equivalent of a modern
1049:who had fought alongside the
620:Colombian War of Independence
544:Battle of Llanura de Carrillo
531:Colombian War of Independence
499:New Granadan Army (1810-1816)
4296:Francisco de Paula Santander
4004:Santiago PĂ©rez de Manosalbas
3878:Francisco de Paula Santander
3855:Francisco de Paula Santander
3596:Deas, Malcolm (1991-02-01).
1964:Manuela de Omaña y Rodriguez
1162:Battle of Cuchilla del Tambo
144:Francisco de Paula Santander
125:, the first or paternal
7:
4326:Vice presidents of Colombia
4311:Presidents of Gran Colombia
3467:Henao, JesĂșs MarĂa (1915).
3454:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
3441:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
3404:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
3251:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
3133:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
2127:Arismendi Posada, Ignacio;
1716:were instructed by General
1533:In October 1821, after the
1195:Liberation Campaign of 1819
1158:Liberation Campaign of 1819
1107:José Maria Vergara y Lozano
563:Invasion of Casanare (1819)
547:Reconquest of CĂșcuta (1814)
10:
4382:
4062:Manuel Antonio Sanclemente
3979:TomĂĄs Cipriano de Mosquera
3969:TomĂĄs Cipriano de Mosquera
3946:TomĂĄs Cipriano de Mosquera
3893:TomĂĄs Cipriano de Mosquera
3783:Manuel de Bernardo Ălvarez
1905:TomĂĄs Cipriano de Mosquera
1748:After a while he moved to
849:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
839:) infantry battalion as a
817:Antonio José Amar y Borbón
747:Viceroyalty of New Granada
683:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
656:Viceroyalty of New Granada
503:Gran Colombian Army (1819)
309:Viceroyalty of New Granada
120:
4042:
3961:United States of Colombia
3959:
3951:Ignacio Gutierrez Vergara
3921:
3868:
3827:Republic of Gran Colombia
3825:
3814:
3743:
3614:10.1215/00182168-71.1.175
2095:
1811:arriving in the capital,
1231:Santiago Martinez Delgado
1033:Reconquest of New Granada
823:in 1810, which began the
789:University of Santo TomĂĄs
731:a plot to assassinate him
601:
523:
515:
507:
495:
419:
414:
402:
386:
376:
368:
358:
348:
338:
314:
287:
282:
278:
265:
253:
243:
232:
224:
212:
202:
188:
177:
169:
165:
149:
142:
4172:Julio CĂ©sar Turbay Ayala
4102:Pedro Nel Ospina VĂĄzquez
4014:JuliĂĄn Trujillo Largacha
3931:Mariano Ospina RodrĂguez
3913:Mariano Ospina RodrĂguez
3763:Antonio Nariño y Ălvarez
3660:Bushnell, David (1970).
3635:Bushnell, David (2006).
2245:Santander su Iconografia
1710:
1687:and the ideology of the
1632:In 1826, when the first
1460:promoted to the rank of
1264:as well as Lt. Colonels
875:under the leadership of
633:"El Hombre de las Leyes"
4167:Alfonso LĂłpez Michelsen
4162:Misael Pastrana Borrero
4152:Guillermo LeĂłn Valencia
4082:Carlos Eugenio Restrepo
4077:RamĂłn GonzĂĄlez Valencia
4024:Francisco Javier ZaldĂșa
3923:Granadine Confederation
3883:José Ignacio de Mårquez
3870:Republic of New Granada
3803:Liborio MejĂa GutiĂ©rrez
3768:Luis de Ayala y Vergara
3456:Gobernantes Colombianos
3443:Gobernantes Colombianos
3423:repositorio.unal.edu.co
3406:Gobernantes Colombianos
3253:Gobernantes Colombianos
3135:Gobernantes Colombianos
2129:Gobernantes Colombianos
2086:Sixta PontĂłn Piedrahita
1972:Republic of New Granada
1703:and ordered his exile.
1521:and HermĂłgenes Maza. .
1340:José Antonio Anzoåtegui
1183:Order of the Liberators
1178:Center Campaign of 1818
1114:eventually arriving in
993:Daniel Florence O'Leary
835:in the National Guard (
825:process of independence
813:Revolt of July 20, 1810
616:Republic of New Granada
535:Battle of San Victorino
333:Republic of New Granada
260:JosĂ© MarĂa del Castillo
219:José Ignacio de Mårquez
197:José Ignacio de Mårquez
4316:Presidents of Colombia
4197:Andrés Pastrana Arango
4157:Carlos Lleras Restrepo
4147:Alberto Lleras Camargo
4127:Alfonso LĂłpez Pumarejo
4122:Eduardo Santos Montejo
4117:Alfonso LĂłpez Pumarejo
3888:Pedro AlcĂĄntara HerrĂĄn
3808:Fernando Serrano Uribe
3737:Presidents of Colombia
3598:"Santander: BiografĂa"
2052:
2035:
1967:
1821:Alexander Von Humboldt
1754:Liberator of Argentina
1625:
1613:
1535:Constitution of CĂșcuta
1509:and Vice President of
1480:Santander's Presidency
1417:
1410:
1395:Battle of Vargas Swamp
1389:
1351:
1314:
1233:
1120:Custodio Garcia Rovira
1039:Ferdinand VII of Spain
989:
976:
961:
904:Battle of Ventaquemada
804:
776:
755:New Kingdom of Granada
737:Early life (1792-1810)
637:"Organizer of Victory"
579:Battle of Vargas Swamp
395:Order of the Liberator
158:Ricardo Acevedo Bernal
4361:Congress of Angostura
4182:Virgilio Barco Vargas
4142:Gustavo Rojas Pinilla
4112:Enrique Olaya Herrera
4067:JosĂ© Manuel MarroquĂn
3798:Antonio Villavicencio
3793:José Fernåndez Madrid
3778:Camilo Torres Tenorio
3175:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
3162:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
3117:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
2968:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
2879:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
2779:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
2719:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
2688:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
2639:Riaño, Camilo (1969)
2068:Marriage and Children
2050:
2033:
2026:Later years and death
1996:Second Administration
1957:
1909:King Louis Philippe I
1835:and traveled through
1774:Marquis de La Fayette
1726:Antonio José de Sucre
1619:
1611:
1604:Political differences
1517:coast under Colonels
1415:
1405:
1387:
1349:
1309:
1228:
1081:under the command of
1055:Reconquer New Granada
984:
971:
959:
837:"Guardias Nacionales"
802:
774:
629:"The Man of the Laws"
508:Years of service
307:, Pamplona Province,
4132:Mariano Ospina PĂ©rez
4107:Miguel AbadĂa MĂ©ndez
4044:Republic of Colombia
4029:José Eusebio Otalora
2914:museonacional.gov.co
1985:La muette de Portici
1918:where he arrived in
1895:where he arrived in
1852:Grand Duke Lepold II
1843:on October 6, 1830.
1839:and then arrived in
1817:Prussian aristocracy
1689:Age of Enlightenment
1529:First administration
1499:Republic of Colombia
1472:(Modern equivalent:
1321:and reached town of
1191:on August 12, 1818.
980:Jose Manuel Restrepo
43:improve this article
4087:José Vicente Concha
4057:Miguel Antonio Caro
3999:Manuel Murillo Toro
3974:Manuel Murillo Toro
3941:Juan José Nieto Gil
1846:When he arrived in
1462:General of Division
1283:Jose Maria Barreiro
666:initially with the
519:General of Division
4351:Colombian generals
4331:People from CĂșcuta
4207:Juan Manuel Santos
4177:Belisario Betancur
4092:Marco Fidel SuĂĄrez
3898:José Hilario López
3758:Jorge Tadeo Lozano
3699:2008-12-20 at the
2053:
2036:
1990:Belgian Revolution
1968:
1899:, then he went to
1758:JosĂ© de San MartĂn
1626:
1614:
1519:Jose Maria Cordova
1507:Juan GermĂĄn Roscio
1418:
1390:
1352:
1234:
1210:invade New Granada
1200:See Main Article:
1154:Jose Maria Cordova
1149:Miguel de la Torre
1051:Duke of Wellington
1001:Admirable Campaign
962:
857:Mariquita province
805:
777:
726:congress of CĂșcuta
660:Santa Fe de BogotĂĄ
538:Battle of La Grita
325:Santa Fe de BogotĂĄ
4225:
4224:
3903:JosĂ© MarĂa Obando
3690:, 29, 2, 167-184.
3583:978-958-5154-94-0
3560:978-958-5154-94-0
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2362:978-958-42-7692-6
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2322:978-958-772-020-4
2302:978-958-42-7692-6
2286:978-958-42-7692-6
2232:978-958-42-7692-6
2216:978-958-42-7692-6
2200:978-958-42-7692-6
2184:978-958-42-7692-6
2162:978-958-5154-94-0
1950:Return from Exile
1752:where he met the
1638:José Antonio Påez
1219:Casanare Province
1189:Brigadier General
1174:José Antonio Påez
1136:Manuel de Serviez
1131:Battle of CachirĂ
743:Villa del Rosario
724:, in 1821 at the
699:José Antonio Påez
695:Casanare Province
687:Battle of CachirĂ
652:Villa del Rosario
635:) as well as the
605:
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556:Battle of CachirĂ
305:Villa del Rosario
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1860:Camillo Borghese
1718:Mariano Montilla
1598:emergency decree
1428:Battle of BoyacĂĄ
1026:Gregor MacGregor
982:who wrote that:
943:Battle of CĂșcuta
584:Battle of BoyacĂĄ
575:Battle of GĂĄmeza
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3850:Rafael Urdaneta
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3788:Joaquin Camacho
3753:José Miguel Pey
3739:
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1936:Washington D.C.
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1474:Order of BoyacĂĄ
1470:Cross of BoyacĂĄ
1247:captain-general
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1172:and then under
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1045:, a veteran of
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932:CĂșcuta Campaign
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1997:
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1944:Andrew Jackson
1866:, traveled to
1803:on his way to
1796:Jeremy Bentham
1770:JoaquĂn Acosta
1764:, arriving in
1734:Puerto Cabello
1712:
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1594:naturalization
1552:Since General
1547:Antonio Nariño
1539:Vice President
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1336:chief-of-staff
1279:Juan de Samano
1266:Antonio Obando
1259:Sergeant major
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1057:, by laying a
1047:Peninsular War
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926:sergeant major
918:taken prisoner
869:Antonio Nariño
833:sub-lieutenant
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2043:Personal life
2040:
2032:
2023:
2021:
2015:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2003:protectionism
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1976:Enlightenment
1973:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
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1925:
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1920:New York City
1917:
1916:United States
1912:
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1697:Julius Caesar
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1554:SimĂłn BolĂvar
1550:
1548:
1544:
1543:Gran Colombia
1540:
1536:
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1520:
1514:
1512:
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1467:
1466:major general
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1441:JoaquĂn ParĂs
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1262:Joaquin Paris
1260:
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1100:
1096:
1092:
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1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:105 day siege
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Pablo Morillo
1040:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
988:
983:
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948:
947:SimĂłn BolĂvar
944:
940:
934:
933:
929:
927:
921:
919:
914:
913:San Victorino
910:
905:
901:
896:
894:
890:
886:
885:confederation
882:
878:
877:Camilo Torres
874:
870:
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749:not far from
748:
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634:
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624:SimĂłn BolĂvar
621:
617:
613:
612:Gran Colombia
609:
600:
594:
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489:Gran Colombia
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248:SimĂłn BolĂvar
246:
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81:
77:
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60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4202:Ălvaro Uribe
4072:Rafael Reyes
4052:Rafael NĂșñez
4034:Rafael NĂșñez
4019:Rafael NĂșñez
3877:
3854:
3688:The Americas
3687:
3661:
3643:
3630:
3605:
3601:
3591:
3573:
3568:
3550:
3545:
3527:
3522:
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3499:
3481:
3476:
3468:
3463:
3455:
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3442:
3437:
3426:. Retrieved
3422:
3413:
3405:
3400:
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3380:
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3305:
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3184:
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3031:
3026:
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3002:
2997:
2982:
2977:
2969:
2964:
2948:
2933:
2928:
2917:. Retrieved
2913:
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2860:
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2808:
2793:
2788:
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2562:
2540:(1): 71â87.
2537:
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2083:
2075:
2071:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2037:
2018:executed in
2016:
1999:
1983:
1969:
1963:
1959:
1924:Philadelphia
1913:
1886:
1883:
1876:
1845:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1730:Cundinamarca
1729:
1722:
1714:
1705:
1701:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1655:
1631:
1627:
1551:
1532:
1523:
1515:
1503:Cundinamarca
1496:
1491:War of death
1487:
1483:
1469:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1445:Casa de Teja
1444:
1436:
1432:Casa de Teja
1431:
1419:
1406:
1391:
1366:
1360:
1353:
1327:
1319:Arauca river
1315:
1310:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1253:
1251:
1235:
1214:
1206:
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1166:
1145:
1124:
1078:
1036:
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1009:
998:
990:
985:
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963:
935:
931:
930:
922:
897:
862:
836:
806:
782:
778:
763:
759:
740:
722:Cundinamarca
719:
711:Vargas Swamp
676:
645:
640:
636:
632:
628:
607:
606:
524:Battles/wars
435:Cundinamarca
363:Sixta PontĂłn
343:Neogranadine
329:Cundinamarca
320:(1840-05-06)
302:2 April 1792
267:Succeeded by
234:
214:Succeeded by
179:
134:
130:
123:Spanish name
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4306:1840 deaths
4301:1792 births
1940:white house
1889:Switzerland
1879:Santa Marta
1801:Netherlands
1586:regionalist
1437:Camino Real
1400:James Rooke
1127:Bucaramanga
1116:Piedecuesta
1075:Santa Marta
1013:war council
873:Federalists
865:Centralists
845:cartagenian
841:flag-bearer
829:New Granada
807:As a young
689:during the
668:Centralists
339:Nationality
255:Preceded by
204:Preceded by
99:August 2020
4290:Categories
4212:IvĂĄn Duque
3428:2021-08-26
2919:2024-04-04
2621:Santander.
2113:References
1685:liberalism
1663:monarchism
1642:federalist
1634:Venezuelan
1590:free trade
1139:plains of
909:Monserrate
893:lieutenant
650:family in
420:Allegiance
378:Alma mater
353:Federalist
318:6 May 1840
298:1792-04-02
69:newspapers
4256:Biography
3622:0018-2168
3386:Santander
3366:Santander
3346:Santander
3326:Santander
3306:Santander
3286:Santander
2597:Santander
2569:Santander
2554:2145-8499
2506:Santander
2470:Santander
2450:Santander
2430:Santander
2410:Santander
2390:Santander
2354:Santander
2334:Santander
2269:Santander
1897:Edinburgh
1578:logistics
1511:Venezuela
1449:Cazadores
1408:bulletin.
1361:Cazadores
1332:Soublette
1312:homeland.
1103:fusiliers
1083:brigadier
1063:Cartagena
1037:In 1814,
1005:Maracaibo
966:Cartagena
939:Venezuela
900:civil war
853:Mariquita
713:, and at
679:civil war
664:Royalists
654:, in the
511:1810-1819
478:1818-1819
465:1816-1818
463:Venezuela
450:1812â1816
437:1810-1812
403:Signature
244:President
235:In office
180:In office
131:Santander
4280:Colombia
3697:Archived
2141:Rosario.
1980:Brussels
1962:and Mrs
1932:Napoleon
1893:Scotland
1848:Florence
1756:General
1750:Brussels
1693:Napoleon
1678:dictator
1622:MedellĂn
1574:royalist
1423:Motavita
1375:Corrales
1272:and the
1170:Urdaneta
1141:Casanare
1101:and 200
1071:SĂĄmano's
1017:Pamplona
951:La Grita
871:and the
847:captain
766:Santa FĂ©
369:Children
170:1st
121:In this
4244:History
4230:Portals
2012:tariffs
1901:Ireland
1872:Vatican
1825:Dresden
1809:Prussia
1805:Germany
1788:England
1742:Hamburg
1659:Bolivia
1650:amnesty
1558:Ecuador
1299:Llanos,
1254:Llanos,
1099:lancers
1079:Volante
851:to the
703:Guayana
648:criollo
127:surname
83:scholar
4336:CĂșcuta
3680:258393
3678:
3668:
3620:
3580:
3557:
3534:
3511:
3488:
3392:
3372:
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2251:
2230:
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2198:
2182:
2159:
2096:Legacy
2090:Soacha
2020:BogotĂĄ
1864:Havana
1841:Venice
1837:Verona
1829:Munich
1813:Berlin
1792:London
1762:France
1566:BogotĂĄ
1447:. The
1379:Gameza
1295:Llanos
1291:Llanos
1087:Mompox
821:juntas
751:CĂșcuta
715:BoyacĂĄ
486:
473:
460:
445:
432:
387:Awards
359:Spouse
274:(1830)
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3640:(PDF)
2530:(PDF)
2078:Honda
1833:Italy
1790:; in
1766:Paris
1738:MarĂa
1711:Exile
1670:Ocaña
1403:that:
1370:Socha
1304:Tunja
1222:army.
1112:GirĂłn
1095:Ocaña
1091:Ocaña
881:Tunja
135:Omaña
90:JSTOR
76:books
3676:OCLC
3666:ISBN
3618:ISSN
3578:ISBN
3555:ISBN
3532:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3486:ISBN
3390:ISBN
3370:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3330:ISBN
3310:ISBN
3290:ISBN
3270:ISBN
3234:ISBN
3214:ISBN
3194:ISBN
3148:ISBN
3077:ISBN
3061:ISBN
3045:ISBN
3016:ISBN
2987:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2938:ISBN
2894:ISBN
2850:ISBN
2834:ISBN
2814:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2750:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2674:ISBN
2654:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2601:ISBN
2573:ISBN
2550:ISSN
2510:ISBN
2490:ISBN
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2454:ISBN
2434:ISBN
2414:ISBN
2394:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2338:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2298:ISBN
2282:ISBN
2249:ISBN
2228:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2180:ISBN
2157:ISBN
1868:Rome
1854:and
1827:and
1646:Peru
1640:and
1562:Peru
1560:and
1505:and
1377:and
1357:Paya
1323:Tame
1243:Pore
516:Rank
491:1819
315:Died
288:Born
225:5th
62:news
3610:doi
2542:doi
1732:to
1695:or
1541:of
1476:).
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827:in
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129:is
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