427:
380:
317:
249:
141:
403:
264:
362:
351:
340:
329:
294:
281:
25:
888:
1157:, the French occupation troops, followed by members of the local Armenian community, found themselves forced to evacuate Marash by the resistance and assaults of the Turkish revolutionaries. The loss of the city was accompanied by large-scale massacres of the Armenian population, with thousands of victims. French Armenian Legion member
1252:, but the British seemed prepared to hold their ground. The British government issued a request for military support from its colonies. This was refused, and the French leaving the British on the straits signaled that the Allies were unwilling to intervene in aid of Greece. Greek troops and the French withdrew beyond the
1288:. French objections during the discussions on abolition were perceived as contravening full Turkish independence and sovereignty. Furthermore, the fact that the sanjak of Alexandretta remained under French control also contributed to the tension between the two countries, as the Turks claimed the land in the
1138:
In the regions they occupied, the French encountered immediate resistance from the
Turkish, especially because they had associated themselves with Armenian objectives. The French soldiers were foreign to the region and were using Armenian militia to acquire their intelligence. Turkish nationals had
988:
to command the
Ottoman coal mining region. Because of the resistance they faced during their one-year stay in the region, French troops began to withdraw from Karadeniz EreÄźli on 8 June 1920. They continued to pursue their occupation in Zonguldak, where they occupied the whole city on 18 June 1920.
976:
After the armistice of Mudros, the first thing the French military did was to control the strategically important
Ottoman coal mines in which French capital held significant stakes. The goal was both to take control of this energy source and to meet French military needs. It also prevented the
1473:
Guclu, Yucel: Armenians and the Allies in Clicia 1914-1923 (2010). University of Utah Press. June 2009. Page 144, quoting Henry
Franklin-Bouillon: "In Cilicia, France was expending 5 million francs a year and had buried some 5,000 of its
1012:—a former Ottoman capital of central importance in northwest Anatolia—was also held by French forces for a brief period before the great summer offensive of the Greek army in 1920, at which time that city fell to the Greeks.
466:
1178:
The
Cilicia Peace Treaty between France and the Turkish National Movement was signed on 9 March 1921. It was intended to end the Franco-Turkish war, but failed to do so and was replaced in October 1921 with the
1373:
2172:
1905:
1461:
1386:
459:
1164:
Marash militia forces contributed further to the war effort by taking part in the recapture of other centers in the region, forcing the French forces to retreat gradually, town by town.
156:
in the French army, Christian volunteers waiting for joining the French-Armenian legion, Turkish guerrillas in 1919, Sütçü İmam's shotting of French soldier, Turkish guerrillas in Urfa.
1344:
452:
1846:
1201:
The French forces withdrew from the occupation zone in the first days of 1922, about ten months before the
Armistice of Mudanya. Beginning on 3 January, French troops evacuated
1403:
2198:
2193:
1868:
1858:
1150:
The strategic goal of opening a southern front by moving
Armenians against the Turkish National forces was a failure after the defeat of the Greek forces to the west.
1147:, who suggested that, if the Greek threat could be overcome, the French would not hold its territories in Turkey, especially as they mainly wanted to settle in Syria.
1079:
1444:
1098:, accompanied by 150 French officers. The first goals of that expeditionary force were to occupy ports and dismantle the Ottoman administration. On 19 November,
1665:
2633:
1863:
2469:
1823:
1589:
494:
2501:
2159:
1776:
1732:
3224:
2474:
1836:
2039:
1135:
governor of the French occupation zone in the south from
January 1, 1919 – September 4, 1920, and Julien Dufieux from September 1920–23 December 1921.
3180:
1001:
aimed to support the strategic goals of the allies. A French brigade entered
Constantinople on 12 November 1918. On 8 February 1919, French general
3270:
934:(where oil fields were suspected to exist) were priorities for the British. According to the agreement, the British would look after the cities of
1280:. However, positive Franco-Turkish relations were maintained. French policy supporting the Turkish independence movement were set back during the
2994:
2378:
1528:
1161:
suspects in his diary that the French forces gave weapons and ammunition to the
Kemalists to allow the French army safe passage out of Cilicia.
3297:
Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.
2496:
1915:
734:
2534:
1796:
1706:
1312:
1341:
1128:
was also occupied for one day (on 21 November 1919) until the evening, when the French thought it better to abandon the occupation attempt.
2913:
3198:
2387:
2346:
1005:—commander-in-chief of allied occupation forces in the Ottoman Empire—arrived in Constantinople to coordinate the occupation government.
3027:
2275:
1582:
849:
285:
2785:
1759:
2943:
89:
3017:
2605:
2242:
61:
1244:
on the outskirts of Constantinople. In September 1922, at the end of that war, during the Greek pull-out after the advance of
3206:
2413:
2315:
2831:
2325:
2122:
1575:
617:
68:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3237:
2960:
2452:
2371:
1285:
42:
2901:
1317:
1281:
3111:
2481:
2049:
1841:
1787:
1685:
1541:
1229:
1140:
542:
108:
906:
in accordance with the secret Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916. On the one hand, that agreement gave France control of
140:
75:
3211:
2847:
2754:
2595:
3167:
1612:
3384:
3379:
3128:
2364:
1495:
1440:
1369:
57:
46:
2983:
2734:
2117:
1002:
612:
3007:
2648:
2440:
1711:
1701:
2870:
2826:
2112:
607:
3082:
2988:
2802:
2544:
1109:
After the occupation of Cilicia proper at the end of 1918, French troops occupied the Ottoman provinces of
227:
3314:
3217:
2797:
2585:
2463:
2447:
2295:
2232:
1971:
1598:
1322:
1265:
829:
665:
477:
132:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3122:
3087:
2923:
2918:
2896:
2791:
2671:
2643:
2590:
2029:
1806:
1650:
721:
2142:
1277:
1102:
was occupied in order to secure the surroundings and prepare for the establishment of headquarters in
637:
3070:
2691:
2685:
2147:
1640:
1622:
1273:
892:
642:
1114:
3141:
2729:
2486:
2457:
2024:
1958:
853:
716:
652:
1890:
1885:
1144:
514:
507:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3065:
3060:
2638:
2508:
2305:
2290:
2057:
1948:
1943:
1245:
1180:
1173:
1118:
946:, until the French arrived in the southern Anatolian regions allocated to them in the agreement.
757:
742:
550:
321:
208:
35:
2137:
632:
82:
3162:
3146:
3012:
2285:
2102:
1981:
1895:
1831:
1095:
950:
841:
837:
675:
597:
524:
502:
269:
153:
2356:
3002:
2815:
2554:
2418:
2224:
2167:
2127:
2019:
2014:
1976:
1880:
1766:
1737:
1183:
signed by representatives of the French and the Turks on 20 October 1921, and finalized with
971:
882:
857:
781:
711:
706:
670:
622:
519:
426:
379:
316:
254:
3263:
3077:
3050:
2955:
2933:
2891:
2575:
2320:
2300:
2061:
1292:. The positive attitude developed with the Treaty of Ankara remained friendly, if limited.
1184:
1132:
977:
distribution of coal in Anatolia, which could be used in activities to support insurgency.
555:
203:
1923:
1670:
767:
8:
3257:
3117:
3022:
2950:
2769:
2759:
2677:
2665:
2655:
2549:
2237:
2107:
2092:
1801:
1121:
in southern Anatolia at the end of 1919, taking them over from British troops as agreed.
899:
602:
587:
2265:
1428:
1053:
985:
344:
3055:
2938:
2907:
2853:
2821:
2764:
2600:
2330:
2260:
1933:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1110:
747:
213:
2097:
2034:
1362:
The question of the Sanjak of Alexandretta: A study in Turkish-French-Syrian relations
726:
592:
2977:
2524:
2430:
2401:
2077:
1853:
1754:
1617:
1491:
1436:
1365:
865:
572:
529:
187:
1483:
1066:
355:
3190:
3173:
3134:
2809:
2744:
2739:
2711:
2610:
2570:
2203:
2188:
1999:
1781:
1660:
1240:
in eastern Thrace and the railway route from there to the station of Hadımköy near
1158:
1154:
1040:
931:
821:
691:
333:
939:
2886:
2863:
2580:
2539:
2132:
2082:
2009:
1938:
1928:
1680:
1655:
1645:
1348:
845:
805:
762:
752:
701:
627:
577:
299:
149:
3277:
2858:
2841:
2836:
2706:
2660:
2310:
2252:
2087:
2004:
1966:
1749:
1675:
1400:
Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History
1269:
1237:
980:
On 18 March 1919, two French gunboats brought troops to the Black Sea ports of
954:
861:
696:
660:
582:
2072:
1567:
1253:
1233:
567:
3308:
3230:
2928:
1900:
1744:
1727:
1218:
1196:
1099:
907:
534:
444:
923:
2627:
2529:
2067:
1771:
1276:. The Treaty of Ankara did not resolve the problems in connection with the
562:
1545:
1488:
Vahidettin, M. Kemal ve milli mücadele: yalanlar, yanlışlar, yutturmacalar
3291:
2749:
2701:
2696:
2425:
2407:
1524:
1249:
1221:. The evacuation was completed on 7 January with the last troops leaving
915:
903:
1342:
Millî Mücadele'de İlk Kurşun ve Dörtyol'un Düşman İşgalinden Kurtuluşu
1241:
1206:
981:
1124:
At the eastern tip of the occupation zone in the south, the city of
24:
16:
War lasting from 1918 to 1921 during the Turkish War of Independence
3104:
3044:
1222:
1139:
been in cooperation with Arab tribes in this area. Compared to the
911:
887:
1264:
France had better relations with the Turkish nationals during the
852:
after 4 September 1920) from December 1918 to October 1921 in the
402:
263:
179:
3294:
and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each
914:, including the key strategic locations of the fertile plain of
2386:
1513:
Istanbul was only adopted as the city's official name in 1930..
1214:
1202:
1125:
1091:
998:
927:
919:
833:
813:
183:
930:. On the other hand, the fertile lands of Mesopotamia and the
2435:
1210:
1103:
1009:
935:
943:
170:(2 years, 10 months, 1 week and 6 days)
1094:
with roughly 15,000 men, mainly volunteers from the
1248:, French forces withdrew from their positions near the
992:
836:, was a series of conflicts fought between France (the
1190:
1272:
solidarity and signing a separate agreement with the
1733:
United States during the Turkish War of Independence
1529:
The Armenian hero whom Turkey would prefer to forget
1090:
The first landing took place on 17 November 1918 at
1364:, Turkish Historical Society Printing House, 2001,
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3072:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present)
856:. French interest in the region stemmed from the
3306:
1456:Military Training Publishing Corporation, 1921,
960:
3225:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)
1597:
1232:, French and Greek troops jointly crossed the
474:
2535:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine
2372:
1583:
1398:Western Society for French History. Meeting:
1313:Chronology of the Turkish War of Independence
460:
1392:
2388:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East
1402:, New Mexico State University Press, 1996,
2379:
2365:
1590:
1576:
1153:On 11 February 1920, after 22 days of the
467:
453:
1531:. The Independent. Retrieved 12 May 2013.
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
3271:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present)
926:(Alexandretta), and the copper mines in
886:
245:
2944:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution
439:Both sides together: 15,000+ casualties
3307:
1295:The Ottoman debts were cleared by the
1143:, the French seemed less dangerous to
2360:
1571:
1542:"League of Nations – Chronology 1921"
1167:
965:
448:
1417:TĂĽrk Ä°stiklal Harbi GĂĽney Cephesi IV
993:Constantinople and Thrace operations
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1286:Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire
1191:Withdrawal and population movements
1015:
148:Turkish prisoners of war after the
13:
3181:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)
2606:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine
1318:French campaign in Egypt and Syria
957:consisted of Armenian volunteers.
14:
3396:
3018:1987 Sharjawi coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1563:
1268:, chiefly on account of breaking
902:, the French Army had moved into
168:7 December 1918 – 20 October 1921
3056:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s)
2316:Conference of London (1921–1922)
425:
401:
378:
360:
349:
338:
327:
315:
292:
279:
262:
247:
139:
23:
3238:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
3207:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon
2961:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq
1842:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah
1613:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
1534:
1518:
1501:
1458:National service (Volumes 9–10)
34:needs additional citations for
1712:Grand National Assembly (1923)
1707:Grand National Assembly (1920)
1477:
1467:
1450:
1422:
1409:
1379:
1354:
1335:
860:and was further fueled by the
850:Turkish provisional government
1:
3008:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot
2649:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
1793:Ankara Government and Georgia
1328:
961:French occupation of Anatolia
953:under the command of General
876:
871:
3212:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)
3199:Turkish involvement in Syria
3083:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen
2914:Political violence in Turkey
2848:Israeli–Palestinian conflict
2755:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence
2634:Italian bombing of Palestine
2596:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts
2545:Arab separatism in Khuzestan
2173:Liberation of Constantinople
1906:Liberation of Constantinople
1511:, (Basic Books, 2005), 57; "
1259:
7:
2464:Turkish War of Independence
2448:Unification of Saudi Arabia
2296:Conference of London (1920)
1599:Turkish War of Independence
1306:
1266:Turkish War of Independence
1228:In the early stages of the
1084:5 August 1920 – 9 Feb 1921
830:Turkish War of Independence
146:Clockwise from top to left:
133:Turkish War of Independence
10:
3401:
3375:1921 in the Ottoman Empire
3370:1920 in the Ottoman Empire
3365:1919 in the Ottoman Empire
3360:1918 in the Ottoman Empire
3129:Iran–Israel proxy conflict
3123:Houthi insurgency in Yemen
3112:Balochi insurgency in Iran
3088:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq
2924:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq
2919:Islamist uprising in Syria
2897:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
2786:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964
2672:Kurdish separatism in Iran
2591:Goharshad Mosque rebellion
1807:Yalova Peninsula massacres
1651:Sultanahmet demonstrations
1194:
1171:
969:
880:
3287:
3250:
3155:
3096:
3036:
2969:
2887:Black September in Jordan
2879:
2778:
2722:
2619:
2563:
2517:
2394:
2343:
2274:
2251:
2223:
2216:
2181:
2158:
2048:
1990:
1957:
1914:
1822:
1815:
1720:
1702:Ottoman Parliament (1919)
1694:
1641:Turkish National Movement
1631:
1605:
1274:Turkish National Movement
1236:and occupied the town of
1209:. On 5 January they left
488:
438:
418:
412:~18,000 men (early phase)
370:
308:
238:
160:
138:
130:
125:
2989:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
2984:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
2803:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War
2735:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
2730:1952 Egyptian revolution
2458:1919 Egyptian revolution
2441:Mount Lebanon starvation
2103:Summer Offensive of 1920
1896:Summer Offensive of 1920
1490:, Bilgi Yayınevi, 1997,
1433:Turkey: A Modern History
1284:on the abolition of the
1071:1 Apr 1920 – 9 Feb 1921
854:aftermath of World War I
3218:War in Iraq (2013–2017)
3066:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War
3061:Yemeni Civil War (1994)
2871:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2798:First Iraqi–Kurdish War
2639:Allied invasion of Iraq
2586:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)
2509:Mahmud Barzanji revolts
2143:Liberation of Balıkesir
1944:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur
1686:Grand National Assembly
1323:France–Turkey relations
1246:Turkish revolutionaries
1174:Treaty of Ankara (1921)
1021:Southern Front Battles
997:The main operations in
846:Turkish National Forces
3163:2011 Bahraini uprising
3147:South Yemen insurgency
3028:Abu Nidal's executions
3013:1986 Damascus bombings
2792:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict
2644:Syria–Lebanon campaign
2414:Middle Eastern theatre
2326:Conference of Lausanne
2286:Treaty of Alexandropol
2243:Paris Peace Conference
1282:Conference of Lausanne
1278:sanjak of Alexandretta
1096:French Armenian Legion
951:French Armenian Legion
895:
842:French Armenian Legion
838:French Colonial Forces
825:
810:La campagne de Cilicie
809:
309:Commanders and leaders
270:French Armenian Legion
3385:Wars involving Turkey
3380:Wars involving France
3003:South Yemen civil war
2902:Shatt al-Arab clashes
2827:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup
2816:North Yemen civil war
2765:1958 Iraqi revolution
2692:1948 Arab–Israeli War
2686:Arab–Israeli conflict
2555:Sheikh Said rebellion
2419:Battle of Robat Karim
2168:Bombardment of Samsun
1738:Bombardment of Samsun
1623:King–Crane Commission
1419:, Ankara, 1996, pg 47
1045:20 Jan – 10 Feb 1920
972:Samsun Clashes (1920)
893:Sykes–Picot Agreement
890:
883:Sykes-Picot Agreement
858:Sykes-Picot Agreement
598:1920 Summer Offensive
525:1920 Summer Offensive
419:Casualties and losses
3142:Fatah–Hamas conflict
3078:Operation Desert Fox
3051:1991 Iraqi uprisings
3045:Gulf War (1990–1991)
2956:Grand Mosque seizure
2934:Yemenite War of 1979
2892:Yemenite War of 1972
2832:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup
2822:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup
2576:Ahmed Barzani revolt
2487:Turkish–Armenian War
2321:Armistice of Mudanya
2301:Cilicia Peace Treaty
2233:Conference of London
1435:, I.B.Tauris, 2004,
1185:Armistice of Mudanya
1058:9 Feb – 11 Apr 1920
653:Turkish–Armenian War
204:Cilicia Peace Treaty
58:"Franco-Turkish War"
43:improve this article
3290:This list includes
3258:2021 Beirut clashes
3118:2004 Qamishli riots
2995:Turkey–PKK conflict
2951:1979 Qatif Uprising
2770:1959 Mosul uprising
2760:1958 Lebanon crisis
2707:1973 Yom Kippur War
2678:Iran crisis of 1946
2666:Al-Wathbah uprising
2656:1943 Barzani revolt
2550:Great Syrian Revolt
2530:Iraqi Revolt (1920)
2453:Simko Shikak revolt
2238:San Remo conference
1859:Battle of Babaçiçek
1802:Samsun deportations
1797:Population exchange
1788:Personae non gratae
1415:Ahmet Hulki Saral,
1385:Yücel Güçlü, 2001,
1145:Mustafa Kemal Pasha
1022:
900:Armistice of Mudros
366:Ĺžefik "Ă–zdemir" Bey
154:Armenian volunteers
3315:Franco-Turkish War
2939:Iranian Revolution
2908:Lebanese Civil War
2854:1948 Palestine war
2601:1935 Yazidi revolt
2492:Franco-Turkish War
2331:Treaty of Lausanne
1934:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye
1666:Balıkesir Congress
1507:Finkel, Caroline,
1347:2018-03-15 at the
1301:Treaty of Lausanne
1297:Republic of Turkey
1168:End of hostilities
1131:France designated
1020:
1003:Franchet d'Espèrey
966:Black Sea landings
896:
798:Franco–Turkish War
684:Franco-Turkish War
214:Treaty of Lausanne
126:Franco-Turkish War
3335:Conflicts in 1921
3330:Conflicts in 1920
3325:Conflicts in 1919
3320:Conflicts in 1918
3302:
3301:
2525:Franco-Syrian War
2482:Greco-Turkish War
2470:Anglo-Turkish War
2436:Assyrian genocide
2431:Armenian genocide
2402:Italo-Turkish War
2354:
2353:
2339:
2338:
2212:
2211:
2148:Capture of Smyrna
1924:Koçgiri rebellion
1864:Ă–zdemir Operation
1854:Tal Afar uprising
1755:Burning of Smyrna
1671:AlaĹźehir Congress
1618:Khilafat Movement
1299:in line with the
1230:Greco-Turkish War
1088:
1087:
1080:Ĺžefik Ă–zdemir Bey
866:Armenian genocide
791:
790:
618:Kütahya–Eskişehir
543:Greco-Turkish War
495:Anglo-Turkish War
443:
442:
414:Total: 25,000 men
409:Total: 80,000 men
302:
286:Ankara Government
272:
234:
233:
228:Southern Anatolia
188:Upper Mesopotamia
119:
118:
111:
93:
3392:
3264:Israel–Hamas war
3191:Syrian civil war
3174:Sinai insurgency
3135:2006 Lebanon War
2810:Dhofar Rebellion
2745:Cyprus Emergency
2740:Jebel Akhdar War
2712:1982 Lebanon War
2702:1967 Six-Day War
2611:Dersim rebellion
2571:Ararat rebellion
2475:Al-Jazeera Front
2381:
2374:
2367:
2358:
2357:
2306:Treaty of Ankara
2291:Treaty of Moscow
2266:Treaty of Sèvres
2221:
2220:
2040:Alemdar Incident
1886:Şehzadebaşı raid
1877:EskiĹźehir (1920)
1837:Al-Jazeera Front
1820:
1819:
1782:Menemen massacre
1767:Kaç Kaç incident
1661:Erzurum Congress
1592:
1585:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1544:. Archived from
1538:
1532:
1522:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1454:
1448:
1429:Erik Jan ZĂĽrcher
1426:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1383:
1377:
1358:
1352:
1339:
1181:Treaty of Ankara
1159:Sarkis Torossian
1155:Battle of Marash
1054:Ali Saip UrsavaĹź
1041:Ali Fuat Cebesoy
1023:
1019:
1016:Cilicia Campaign
986:Karadeniz EreÄźli
932:vilayet of Mosul
802:Cilicia Campaign
483:
482:
469:
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365:
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199:Turkish victory
162:
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143:
123:
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114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
3400:
3399:
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3298:
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3168:Egyptian Crisis
3151:
3092:
3032:
2965:
2875:
2864:Second Intifada
2774:
2718:
2615:
2581:Simele massacre
2559:
2540:Adwan Rebellion
2513:
2390:
2385:
2355:
2350:
2335:
2277:
2270:
2247:
2208:
2177:
2154:
2133:Great Offensive
2044:
1986:
1953:
1939:Battle of Geyve
1929:Konya rebellion
1910:
1811:
1716:
1690:
1681:Amasya Protocol
1656:Amasya Circular
1646:Karakol society
1633:
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388:: 25,000–30,000
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356:"Kılıç" Ali Bey
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223:
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1484:Turgut Ă–zakman
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955:Edmund Allenby
881:Main article:
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864:following the
862:refugee crisis
818:Southern Front
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2929:NDF Rebellion
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1314:
1311:
1310:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1291:
1290:Misak-ı Millî
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1198:
1197:Chanak Crisis
1188:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:Antep Defense
1062:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1013:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
990:
987:
983:
978:
973:
958:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
910:and southern
909:
908:Ottoman Syria
905:
901:
894:
889:
884:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
826:GĂĽney Cephesi
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
783:
780:
779:
776:
773:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:Ahmet Anzavur
741:
740:
737:
736:
732:
731:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
681:
680:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
650:
649:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
557:
554:
553:
552:
549:
548:
545:
544:
540:
539:
536:
535:Chanak crisis
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
509:
506:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
496:
492:
491:
487:
481:
470:
465:
463:
458:
456:
451:
450:
447:
437:
433:
428:
423:
422:
417:
411:
408:
407:: 10,150 men
404:
397:
393:: ~40,000 men
392:
387:
381:
375:
374:
369:
357:
346:
335:
325:
323:
322:Henri Gouraud
318:
313:
312:
307:
301:
290:
289:
288:
287:
276:
271:
265:
260:
259:
258:
256:
243:
242:
237:
229:
226:
221:
220:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
194:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
174:
173:
167:
164:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
137:
134:
129:
124:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
3289:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3236:
3235:
3223:
3216:
3197:
3189:
3188:
3179:
3172:
3127:
3110:
3103:
3071:
3043:
2993:
2976:
2906:
2846:
2814:
2790:
2684:
2670:
2628:World War II
2626:
2491:
2462:
2406:
2345:
2058:Smyrna, 1919
1991:
1982:Alexandropol
1786:
1772:Malta exiles
1550:. Retrieved
1546:the original
1536:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1487:
1479:
1469:
1457:
1452:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1399:
1394:
1381:
1361:
1356:
1337:
1294:
1263:
1227:
1200:
1177:
1163:
1152:
1149:
1141:Greek threat
1137:
1130:
1123:
1108:
1089:
1008:The city of
1007:
996:
979:
975:
948:
897:
848:(led by the
817:
801:
797:
795:
774:
733:
683:
682:
676:Alexandropol
651:
541:
493:
480:Independence
398:: 70,000 men
395:
390:
385:
376:
345:Ali Saip Bey
277:
244:
239:Belligerents
198:
145:
131:Part of the
105:
99:October 2010
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3292:World War I
2750:Suez Crisis
2697:Suez Crisis
2426:Arab Revolt
2408:World War I
1525:Robert Fisk
1498:, page 444.
1254:Meriç River
1250:Dardanelles
1234:Meriç River
891:the secret
816:and as the
782:1922 Samsun
520:1920 Samsun
508:Şehzadebaşı
431:5,000+ dead
222:Territorial
3309:Categories
2217:Agreements
2138:Dumlupınar
2062:Occupation
2030:Kanlıgeçit
1552:2011-03-09
1496:9754946698
1441:1850433992
1370:9751614031
1329:References
1195:See also:
924:Ä°skenderun
898:After the
877:Agreements
872:Background
844:) and the
722:Kanlıgeçit
666:Sarikamish
643:2nd Smyrna
633:Dumlupınar
556:Occupation
551:1st Smyrna
69:newspapers
2123:EskiĹźehir
2118:2nd İnönü
2113:1st İnönü
2093:Tellidede
2025:Kovanbaşı
2015:Karboğazı
1972:Sarıkamış
1869:Köysancak
1816:Campaigns
1695:Elections
1634:awakening
1351:(Turkish)
1260:Aftermath
1238:Uzunköprü
1067:Ali Kılıç
982:Zonguldak
828:) of the
717:Kovanbaşı
707:Karboğazı
638:Balıkesir
613:2nd İnönü
608:1st İnönü
588:Tellidede
396:Feb. 1921
386:Mar. 1920
3105:Iraq War
2347:Timeline
2278:Assembly
2276:National
1632:National
1606:Concepts
1474:sons..."
1462:page 287
1445:page 149
1404:page 206
1345:Archived
1307:See also
1223:Osmaniye
916:Çukurova
912:Anatolia
904:Çukurova
840:and the
530:Tal Afar
391:May 1920
371:Strength
175:Location
2497:Revolts
2253:Ottoman
2199:Ardahan
2182:Georgia
2128:Sakarya
2083:Erbeyli
2078:Bergama
2020:Kaç Kaç
1959:Armenia
1916:Revolts
1847:Taşlıca
1824:British
1387:page 36
1374:page 36
1242:Çatalca
1207:Dörtyol
1029:General
822:Turkish
768:Koçgiri
735:Revolts
712:Kaç Kaç
623:Sakarya
578:Erbeyli
573:Bergama
434:Unknown
224:changes
180:Cilicia
83:scholar
2225:Allies
2204:Batumi
2088:Erikli
2073:Malgaç
2010:Aintab
2000:Marash
1992:French
1949:Yozgat
1881:Samsun
1721:Issues
1494:
1439:
1368:
1219:Tarsus
1215:Ceyhan
1203:Mersin
1126:Mardin
1115:Marash
1100:Tarsus
1092:Mersin
1037:Marash
1026:Battle
999:Thrace
940:Marash
928:Ergani
920:Mersin
834:Turkey
814:France
806:French
758:Yozgat
702:Aintab
692:Marash
583:Erikli
568:Malgaç
255:France
252:
195:Result
186:, and
184:Levant
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
3251:2020s
3156:2010s
3097:2000s
3037:1990s
2970:1980s
2880:1970s
2779:1960s
2723:1950s
2620:1940s
2564:1930s
2518:1920s
2395:1910s
2108:Gediz
2098:Aydın
2050:Greek
2035:Fadıl
1891:AkbaĹź
1777:Media
1211:Adana
1111:Antep
1104:Adana
1032:Date
1010:Bursa
936:Antep
812:) in
775:Naval
763:Konya
753:Geyve
748:Ä°zmit
727:Fadıl
603:Gediz
593:Aydın
515:AkbaĹź
90:JSTOR
76:books
2160:U.S.
2068:Urla
2005:Urfa
1977:Kars
1967:Oltu
1492:ISBN
1437:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1217:and
1205:and
1119:Urfa
1117:and
1050:Urfa
984:and
949:The
944:Urfa
942:and
922:and
796:The
697:Urfa
671:Kars
661:Oltu
563:Urla
165:Date
62:news
832:in
45:by
3311::
1527::
1515:".
1486::
1460:,
1443:,
1431::
1372:,
1303:.
1256:.
1225:.
1213:,
1187:.
1113:,
1106:.
938:,
868:.
824::
808::
384::
182:,
152:,
2380:e
2373:t
2366:v
2064:)
2060:(
1591:e
1584:t
1577:v
1555:.
1464:.
1447:.
1406:.
1389:.
1376:.
820:(
804:(
468:e
461:t
454:v
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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