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471:). He believed the spirit and success of the United States was associated directly with the country's westward expansion. Turner expounded an evolutionary model; he had been influenced by work with geologists at Wisconsin. The West, not the East, was where distinctively American characteristics emerged. The creation of the unique American identity occurred at the juncture between the "civilization" of settlement and the "savagery" of wilderness. This produced a new type of citizen – one with the power to "tame the wild" and one upon whom the wild had conferred strength and individuality. As each generation of pioneers relocated 50 to 100 miles west, they abandoned useless European practices, institutions and ideas, and instead found new solutions to new problems created by their new environment. Over multiple generations, the frontier produced characteristics of informality, violence, crudeness, democracy and initiative that the world recognized as "American".
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432:. Turner gave a strong impetus to quantitative methods, and scholars using new statistical techniques and data sets have, for example, confirmed many of Turner's suggestions about population movements. Turner believed that because of his own biases and the amount of conflicting historical evidence that any one method of historical interpretation would be insufficient, that an interdisciplinary method was the most accurate way to analyze history.
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274:. In it, Turner argued that the moving western frontier exerted a strong influence on American democracy and the American character from the colonial era until 1890. He is also known for his theories of geographical sectionalism. During recent years historians and academics have argued frequently over Turner's work; however, all agree that the frontier thesis has had an enormous effect on historical scholarship.
377:. His emphasis on the importance of the frontier in shaping American character influenced the interpretation found in thousands of scholarly histories. By the time Turner died in 1932, 60% of the major history departments in the U.S. were teaching courses in frontier history compatible with Turner's theories.
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this to say of his work: "Turner's ideas were curiously wanting in evidence from field studies...He represents a type of historian who rests his case on documents and general impression rather than a scientist who goes out for to see." His ideas were never forgotten; indeed they influenced the new field of
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that celebrated what was perceived to be the
American heritage. The public has ignored academic historians', David J. Weber for example, anti-Turnerian models, largely because they conflict with and often destroy the legends of Western heritage. However, the work of historians during the 1980s–1990s,
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Turner's theories became unfashionable during the 1960s, as critics complained that he neglected regionalism. They complained that he claimed too much egalitarianism and democracy for a frontier that was restrictive for women and minorities. After Turner's death his former colleague Isaiah Bowman had
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from 1890 to 1910 and
Harvard from 1910 to 1922, Turner trained scores of disciples who, in turn, dominated American history programs throughout the country. His model of sectionalism as a composite of social forces, such as ethnicity and land ownership, encouraged historians to use social history to
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Although he published little, he had an encyclopedic knowledge of
American history, earning a reputation by 1910 as one of the two or three most influential historians in the country. He proved adept at promoting his ideas and his students, for whom he obtained jobs in major universities, including
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in 1933. Turner's sectionalism thesis had almost as much influence among historians as his frontier thesis, but never became widely known to the general public as did the frontier thesis. He argued that different ethnocultural groups had distinct settlement patterns, and this revealed itself in
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Turner ignored gender, and he did not emphasize class. Historians of the 1960s and later stressed that race, class and gender were major influencers of history. The new generation stresses gender, ethnicity, professional categorization, and the contrasting victor and victim legacies of manifest
483:. The disunity of the concept of the West and the similarity of American expansion to European colonialism and imperialism during the 19th century, and the lack of complete egalitarianism even on the frontier revealed the limits of Turnerian and exceptionalist paradigms.
1043:
Robert H. Block. "Frederick
Jackson Turner And American Geography." Annals of the Association of American Geographers. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd. on behalf of the Association of American Geographers. Vol. 70, No.1 (Mar., 1980), p. 40. Article Stable URL:
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and Mary Olivia
Hanford Turner, Turner grew up in a middle-class family. His father was active in Republican politics, an investor in a railroad, and was a newspaper editor and publisher. His mother taught school. Turner was very much influenced by the writing of
367:. He circulated copies of his essays and lectures to important scholars and literary people, published extensively in magazines, recycled favorite material, attaining the largest possible audience for major concepts, and wielded considerable influence within the
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Turner did not publish extensively; his influence came from tersely expressed interpretive theories in his articles, which influenced his hundreds of disciples. Two theories, in particular, were influential, the "Frontier Thesis" and the "Sectional
Hypothesis".
536:. The frontier, they argued, created uniquely American institutions such as revivals, camp meetings, and itinerant preaching. This opinion dominated religious historiography for decades. Moos (2002) says that the 1910s to 1940s black filmmaker and novelist
554:
Slatta (2001) maintains that the widespread popularization of Turner's frontier thesis influenced popular histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West in terms of individualism, frontier violence, and rough justice.
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some of whom sought to discredit Turner's conception of the frontier and others who have sought to spare the concept while presenting a more balanced and nuanced version of it, have done much to place
Western myths in context.
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Annoyed by the university regents who demanded less research and more teaching and state service, Turner sought an environment that would permit him to do more research. Declining offers from the
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incorporated Turner's frontier thesis into his work. Micheaux promoted the West as a place where blacks could transcend race and earn economic success through diligent work and perseverance.
44:
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Turner married
Caroline Mae Sherwood in Chicago in November 1889. They had three children: only one survived childhood. Dorothy Kinsley Turner (later Main) was the mother of the historian
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Fernlund, Kevin Jon. "American
Exceptionalism or Atlantic Unity? Frederick Jackson Turner and the Enduring Problem of American Historiography",
830:. Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 41, No. 1 (Winter, 1991), p. 4. Published by: Montana Historical Society. Article Stable URL:
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Wilbur R. Jacobs. "Wider
Frontiers: Questions of War and Conflict in American History: The Strange Solution by Frederick Jackson Turner".
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1511:(Calvin P. Horn Lectures in Western History and Culture, University of New Mexico). Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. 1991.
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who went on to become well-known historians. He promoted interdisciplinary and quantitative methods, often with an emphasis on the
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Hutton, T. R. C. "Beating a Dead Horse: the Continuing Presence of Frederick Jackson Turner in Environmental and Western History."
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Curti, Merle E. "Frontier in American History: The Methodological Concepts of Frederick Jackson Turner" in Stuart Rice, ed.
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in Los Angeles, where his note cards and files continued to accumulate, although few monographs got published. His
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1278:. "'Restless in the midst of Their Prosperity': New Evidence on the Internal Migration of Americans, 1850–2000.
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Billington, Ray Allen. "Why Some Historians Rarely Write History: A Case Study of Frederick Jackson Turner".
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argued that churches adapted to the characteristics of the frontier, creating new denominations such as the
686:
Turner, Frederick Jackson. ed. "Correspondence of the French ministers to the United States, 1791–1797" in
393:
243:(November 14, 1861 – March 14, 1932) was an American historian during the early 20th century, based at the
951:"'Not by Bread Alone': The Emergence of the Wisconsin Idea and the Departure of Frederick Jackson Turner."
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Rereading Frederick Jackson Turner: The Significance of the Frontier in American History and Other Essays
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516:. Concerning the history of religion, for example, Boles (1993) notes that William Warren Sweet at the
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Steiner, Michael C. "From Frontier to Region: Frederick Jackson Turner and the New Western History".
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400:. Turner was never comfortable at Harvard; when he retired in 1922 he became a visiting scholar at
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Limerick, Patricia N. "Turnerians All: The Dream of a Helpful History in an Intelligible World",
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746:"Dear Lady": the letters of Frederick Jackson Turner and Alice Forbes Perkins Hooper, 1910–1932.
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1968:
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Jensen, Richard. "On Modernizing Frederick Jackson Turner: The Historiography of Regionalism".
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Cronon, William. "Revisiting the Vanishing Frontier: The Legacy of Frederick Jackson Turner".
295:, a poet known for his emphasis on nature; so too was Turner influenced by scientists such as
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The Organization of American Historians: Programs & Resources: OAH Awards and Prizes
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311:. In 1884, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, which was later renamed the
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America's Great Frontiers and Sections: Frederick Jackson Turner's Unpublished Essays
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The Life of an Idea:The Significance of Frederick Jackson Turner's Frontier Thesis
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destiny and colonial expansion. Most professional historians operating within the
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1341:(1984). detailed analysis of Turner's theories from social science perspective.
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analyze social, economic and political developments of American history. At the
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667:. Compiled by Everett E. Edwards. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1938.
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617:(1917–2003), a scholar of Revolutionary America who married a fellow scholar.
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in 1910 and remained a professor there until 1922, being succeeded in 1924 by
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John B. Boles, "Turner, The Frontier, and the Study of Religion in America,"
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Turner, Frederick Jackson. "Is Sectionalism in America Dying Away?" (1908).
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The early writings of Frederick Jackson Turner, with a list of all his works
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postmodern paradigm now criticize Turner's frontier thesis and the theme of
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Robert H. Block (1980). "Frederick Jackson Turner and American Geography".
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1362:. (1988) along with Billington (1973), the leading full-scale biography.
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Dan Moos, "Reclaiming the Frontier: Oscar Micheaux as Black Turnerian,"
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American Historical Association. Annual report ... for the year 1903.
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Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press; Reissue edition, 2016.
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1020:
Whose American Revolution Was It?: Historians Interpret the Founding
675:
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937:
711:," presidential address before the American Historical Association
181:
1527:
Frederick Jackson Turner: Wisconsin’s Historian of the Frontier.
1516:
American Frontier and Western Issues: A Historiographical Review
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edited by Wilbur R. Jacobs. University of Nebraska Press, 1965.
150:
1346:
The Frontier Thesis: Valid Interpretation of American History?
1599:
1379:
An Uncommon Professor: Frederick Jackson Turner at Wisconsin
1257:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
340:
The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin
156:
The Character and Influence of the Indian Trade in Wisconsin
1422:
Writing Western History: Essays On Major Western Historians
1301:. "Claims and Prospects of Western History: a Roundtable."
2857:
1079:, vol. 47, no. 3 (Sep. 1968), p. 230. Article Stable URL:
1509:
Creating the West: Historical Interpretations, 1890-1990.
932:
Allan G. Bogue, "Frederick Jackson Turner Reconsidered,"
748:
Edited by Ray Allen Billington. Huntington Library, 1970.
139:
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of the late 20th century represented the myth of rugged
1480:
On Turner's Trail: 100 Years of Writing Western History
661:
Turner, Frederick Jackson. Edwards, Everett E. (comp.)
651:- student of Turner at Harvard; later a noted historian
729:"The significance of the section in American history."
1473:
The Progressive Historians: Turner, Beard, Parrington
1460:
Hofstadter, Richard. "Turner and the Frontier Myth",
1353:
Frederick Jackson Turner: Historian, Scholar, Teacher
909:"How the Myth of the American Frontier Got Its Start"
3180:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
467:
in Chicago during the World's Columbian Exposition (
461:
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
447:
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
268:
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
1017:Alfred F. Young and Gregory H. Nobles, ed. (2011).
1360:Frederick Jackson Turner: Strange Roads Going Down
1348:(1966). The major attacks and defenses of Turner.
645:– historian of West Virginia and student of Turner
3210:Presidents of the American Historical Association
1393:, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 157–176
1386:, vol. 78, no. 4 (Summer 1995), pp. 276–293.
1181:Richard W. Slatta, "Taking Our Myths Seriously."
846:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
551:could serve to "harden (the German) character."
3141:
739:The Significance of Sections in American History
624:, where he had been a research associate at the
497:The Significance of Sections in American History
1330:, Vol. 50, No. 1. (June, 1963), pp. 3–27.
902:
900:
884:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
843:
973:American Antiquarian Society Members Directory
608:
547:believed that the German campaign to colonize
2843:
1622:
1228:National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum
603:National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum
459:was developed in a scholarly paper of 1893, "
396:, and in 1911 he was elected a fellow of the
1373:, vol. 31, no. 1 (Sep 1947), pp. 70–83.
1367:The Turner Thesis: A Historian's Controversy
1247:This article incorporates material from the
897:
758:, vol. 19, no. 1 (Sep 1935) pp. 91–102.
734:, vol. 8, no. 3 (Mar 1925) pp. 255–280.
3235:Members of the American Antiquarian Society
1092:
392:In 1907 Turner was elected a member of the
277:
2850:
2836:
1629:
1615:
1571:Works by or about Frederick Jackson Turner
334:in 1890 with a thesis on the fur trade in
315:. While there, Turner was a member of the
42:
1204:. The Organization of American Historians
620:Frederick Jackson Turner died in 1932 in
408:(1920) was a collection of older essays.
1328:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review
907:Woodard, Colin (January–February 2023).
797:. Portage, WI. March 16, 1932. p. 1
791:"Was Famed as Educator and as Historian"
579:for an author's first scholarly book on
512:Turner's ideas influenced many types of
3225:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
1551:A biography of Frederick Jackson Turner
1489:, vol. 11, no. 3 (July 1980), 307–322.
1418:
1168:Weizman, Eyal (25 April 2024) "Diary."
1077:California Historical Society Quarterly
998:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences
993:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter T"
906:
507:
19:For other people of the same name, see
3220:University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
3142:
1402:Methods in Social Science: A Case Book
785:
783:
781:
779:
2831:
1610:
1081:https://www.jstor.org/stable/25154299
518:University of Chicago Divinity School
398:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1475:(1968); detailed critique of Turner.
1046:https://www.jstor.org/stable/2562823
832:https://www.jstor.org/stable/4519357
342:, under the academic supervision of
1289:International Social Science Review
985:
776:
577:Organization of American Historians
543:Citing Turner's "frontier thesis,"
13:
3250:20th-century American male writers
3230:People from San Marino, California
3215:Pulitzer Prize for History winners
1558:at the Wisconsin Electronic Reader
1320:
858:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1980.tb01295.x
440:
251:. He was known primarily for his
14:
3261:
3170:American male non-fiction writers
1580:Works by Frederick Jackson Turner
1562:Works by Frederick Jackson Turner
1544:
1419:Etulain, Richard W., ed. (2002).
753:"Turner's Autobiographic Letter."
721:The Frontier in American History.
702:Social Forces in American History
597:In 2009 he was inducted into the
504:politics, economics and society.
411:As a professor of history at the
270:" included ideas that formed the
3165:20th-century American historians
3160:19th-century American historians
3078:
1587:
1487:The Western Historical Quarterly
1391:The Western Historical Quarterly
1355:. (1973). full-scale biography.
1198:"Frederick Jackson Turner Award"
812:
592:Langdon Street Historic District
406:The Frontier in American History
3200:Johns Hopkins University alumni
3195:Historians of the United States
3190:Historians of the American West
1639:American Historical Association
1536:, 64 (November 1995): 479–501.
1255:", which is licensed under the
1216:
1190:
1175:
1162:
1143:
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1117:
1086:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1037:
1010:
676:Rise of the New West, 1819–1829
655:
486:
465:American Historical Association
418:American Historical Association
369:American Historical Association
313:University of Wisconsin–Madison
245:University of Wisconsin-Madison
3205:People from Portage, Wisconsin
966:
943:
926:
872:
837:
820:
700:Turner, Frederick Jackson. "
590:is located in what is now the
573:Frederick Jackson Turner Award
374:The American Historical Review
371:as an officer and advisor for
16:American historian (1861–1932)
1:
1464:(1949) 18#4 pp. 433–443
1384:Wisconsin Magazine of History
1371:Wisconsin Magazine of History
1134:Journal of the Early Republic
961:Wisconsin Magazine of History
769:
756:Wisconsin Magazine of History
732:Wisconsin Magazine of History
695:American Journal of Sociology
49:
1457:, 89 (Summer 2014): 359–399.
1455:New Mexico Historical Review
1344:Billington, Ray Allen. ed,.
1303:Western Historical Quarterly
718:Turner, Frederick Jackson.
424:on numerous major projects.
394:American Antiquarian Society
384:, he accepted an offer from
7:
1586:(public domain audiobooks)
1500:, 100 (June 1995):697–716.
1339:America's Frontier Heritage
1281:Journal of American History
761:Turner, Frederick Jackson.
751:Turner, Frederick Jackson.
744:Turner, Frederick Jackson.
737:Turner, Frederick Jackson.
727:Turner, Frederick Jackson.
631:
609:Marriage, family, and death
10:
3266:
3240:Historians from California
3185:Harvard University faculty
2199:Robert Livingston Schuyler
1596:"Frederick Jackson Turner"
1498:American Historical Review
1439:Faragher, John Mack (ed.)
1274:Hall, Patricia Kelly, and
1268:
1224:"Hall of Great Westerners"
713:American Historical Review
670:Turner, Frederick Jackson.
444:
390:Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr.
18:
3245:Historians from Wisconsin
3087:
3076:
3036:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
2870:
2620:
2409:
2271:Bernadotte Everly Schmitt
2190:
2116:Arthur M. Schlesinger Sr.
1979:
1881:William Archibald Dunning
1785:Charles Francis Adams Jr.
1776:
1645:
1534:Pacific Historical Review
1404:(1931) pp. 353–367.
1023:. NYU Press. p. 25.
575:is given annually by the
501:Pulitzer Prize in History
349:
307:, and the development of
234:
213:
187:
177:
172:
162:
149:
118:
113:
109:
98:
79:
57:
41:
34:
3175:Environmental historians
3044:James Phinney Baxter III
2164:Kenneth Scott Latourette
1857:Frederick Jackson Turner
1556:Frederick Jackson Turner
1443:. New York: Holt, 1994.
1253:Frederick Jackson Turner
1136:(1993) 13#2 pp. 205–16.
707:August 18, 2013, at the
649:Thomas Perkins Abernethy
599:Hall of Great Westerners
586:Turner's former home in
549:German South West Africa
534:Cumberland Presbyterians
495:essays are collected in
435:
382:University of California
328:Johns Hopkins University
317:Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity
278:Early life and education
261:Midwestern United States
241:Frederick Jackson Turner
221:Thomas Perkins Abernethy
136:Johns Hopkins University
36:Frederick Jackson Turner
2892:Vernon Louis Parrington
2383:Lynn Townsend White Jr.
2132:William Linn Westermann
2108:James Westfall Thompson
2068:Charles Howard McIlwain
1865:William Milligan Sloane
1678:William Frederick Poole
1351:Billington, Ray Allen.
1337:Billington, Ray Allen.
1170:London Review of Books.
1155:(2002) 36#3 pp. 357–81
1152:African American Review
1066:Hall and Ruggles, 2004.
741:. New York: Holt, 1932.
481:American exceptionalism
420:, he collaborated with
413:University of Wisconsin
195:University of Wisconsin
126:University of Wisconsin
2948:Charles McLean Andrews
2693:Laurel Thatcher Ulrich
2092:William Scott Ferguson
1969:Charles McLean Andrews
1425:. U. of Nevada Press.
978:March 4, 2016, at the
795:Portage Daily Register
402:the Huntington Library
105:, Sectional hypothesis
2916:Bernadotte E. Schmitt
2578:Caroline Walker Bynum
2570:John Henry Coatsworth
2351:Robert Roswell Palmer
2156:Thomas J. Wertenbaker
2036:Herbert Eugene Bolton
2020:Evarts Boutell Greene
2012:James Harvey Robinson
1945:Charles Homer Haskins
1921:William Roscoe Thayer
1734:Richard Salter Storrs
1686:Charles Kendall Adams
1471:Hofstadter, Richard.
1411:May 11, 2010, at the
1291:2002 77(1–2): 47–57.
724:New York: Holt, 1920.
430:environmental history
288:Andrew Jackson Turner
247:until 1910, and then
3060:Roy Franklin Nichols
2956:Andrew C. McLaughlin
2685:Gabrielle M. Spiegel
2538:William Leuchtenburg
2319:Roy Franklin Nichols
2255:Walter Prescott Webb
2180:Samuel Eliot Morison
2004:James Henry Breasted
1953:Edward Potts Cheyney
1937:Jean Jules Jusserand
1889:Andrew C. McLaughlin
1849:Albert Bushnell Hart
1710:James Burrill Angell
1654:Andrew Dickson White
1283:2004 91(3): 829–846.
1187:(2001) 40#3 pp. 3–5.
1123:Scharff et al, 2000.
934:The History Teacher,
913:Smithsonian Magazine
643:Charles Henry Ambler
638:Edward Alsworth Ross
622:Pasadena, California
508:Influence and legacy
469:Chicago World's Fair
344:Herbert Baxter Adams
167:Herbert Baxter Adams
91:Pasadena, California
2932:Frederick J. Turner
2900:Fred Albert Shannon
2506:Natalie Zemon Davis
2215:Louis R. Gottschalk
2148:Sidney Bradshaw Fay
2140:Carlton J. H. Hayes
2060:Michael Rostovtzeff
1996:Henry Osborn Taylor
1988:Dana Carleton Munro
1913:Worthington C. Ford
1905:George Lincoln Burr
1841:George Burton Adams
1833:J. Franklin Jameson
1793:Alfred Thayer Mahan
1525:Ridge, Martin, ed.
1305:2000 31(1): 25–46.
1297:Scharff, Virginia,
1184:Journal of the West
1098:"The Old Frontiers"
615:Jackson Turner Main
530:Disciples of Christ
463:", read before the
422:J. Franklin Jameson
293:Ralph Waldo Emerson
114:Academic background
2908:Claude H. Van Tyne
2884:Samuel Flagg Bemis
2701:Barbara D. Metcalf
2653:Jonathan D. Spence
2645:James M. McPherson
2490:William H. McNeill
2442:John Hope Franklin
2434:William J. Bouwsma
2335:John King Fairbank
2279:Samuel Flagg Bemis
2084:Laurence M. Larson
1873:Theodore Roosevelt
1817:John Bach McMaster
1750:George Park Fisher
1702:William Wirt Henry
1637:Presidents of the
1514:Nichols, Roger L.
1478:Jacobs, Wilbur R.
1376:Cronon, E. David.
1259:but not under the
963:2002 86(1): 10–23.
956:2017-08-16 at the
626:Huntington Library
588:Madison, Wisconsin
386:Harvard University
284:Portage, Wisconsin
255:. He trained many
249:Harvard University
205:Huntington Library
200:Harvard University
72:Portage, Wisconsin
3137:
3136:
2996:Marcus Lee Hansen
2980:Frank Luther Mott
2825:
2824:
2677:Barbara Weinstein
2418:Richard B. Morris
2375:Thomas C. Cochran
2247:William L. Langer
1897:H. Morse Stephens
1825:Simeon E. Baldwin
1801:Henry Charles Lea
1758:James Ford Rhodes
1566:Project Gutenberg
1507:Nash, Gerald D.
1449:978-0-8050-3298-7
1365:Burkhart, J. A. "
1030:978-0-8147-9710-5
690:Washington, 1904.
681:Project Gutenberg
365:Marcus Lee Hansen
238:
237:
68:November 14, 1861
21:Frederick Jackson
3257:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3082:
3071:
3068:Oliver W. Larkin
3063:
3055:
3047:
3039:
3031:
3023:
3015:
3007:
2999:
2991:
2983:
2975:
2972:Paul Herman Buck
2967:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2935:
2927:
2924:John J. Pershing
2919:
2911:
2903:
2895:
2887:
2879:
2852:
2845:
2838:
2829:
2828:
2818:
2808:
2800:
2792:
2789:Jacqueline Jones
2784:
2776:
2768:
2765:Mary Beth Norton
2760:
2757:Tyler E. Stovall
2752:
2744:
2736:
2733:Jan E. Goldstein
2728:
2725:Kenneth Pomeranz
2720:
2712:
2704:
2696:
2688:
2680:
2672:
2664:
2661:James J. Sheehan
2656:
2648:
2640:
2632:
2613:
2605:
2597:
2594:Joseph C. Miller
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2549:
2546:Frederic Wakeman
2541:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2474:Philip D. Curtin
2469:
2461:
2453:
2450:David H. Pinkney
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2343:C. Vann Woodward
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2311:Frederic C. Lane
2306:
2298:
2290:
2287:Carl Bridenbaugh
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2207:James G. Randall
2202:
2183:
2175:
2167:
2159:
2151:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2111:
2103:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2076:Guy Stanton Ford
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2044:Charles A. Beard
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1972:
1964:
1956:
1948:
1940:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1892:
1884:
1876:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1769:
1766:Edward Eggleston
1761:
1753:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1721:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1689:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1591:
1590:
1575:Internet Archive
1462:American Scholar
1436:
1358:Bogue, Allan G.
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1194:
1188:
1179:
1173:
1166:
1160:
1147:
1141:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1103:The New Republic
1090:
1084:
1073:
1067:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1041:
1035:
1034:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
997:
989:
983:
970:
964:
949:Allan G. Bogue,
947:
941:
936:(1994), p. 195.
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
904:
895:
894:
892:
890:
876:
870:
869:
841:
835:
824:
818:
817:
816:
810:
804:
802:
787:
683:
581:American history
545:Friedrich Ratzel
526:Church of Christ
499:, which won the
326:in history from
266:Turner's essay "
214:Notable students
163:Doctoral advisor
86:
67:
65:
51:
46:
32:
31:
25:Frederick Turner
3265:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3119:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3091:
3083:
3074:
3066:
3058:
3050:
3042:
3034:
3026:
3018:
3010:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2964:Van Wyck Brooks
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2876:Edward Channing
2874:
2866:
2856:
2826:
2821:
2814:Thavolia Glymph
2811:
2803:
2795:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2749:Patrick Manning
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2709:Anthony Grafton
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2669:Linda K. Kerber
2667:
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2629:Wm. Roger Louis
2627:
2616:
2608:
2600:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2568:
2560:
2554:Louise A. Tilly
2552:
2544:
2536:
2528:
2522:Louis R. Harlan
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2466:Gordon A. Craig
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2359:David M. Potter
2357:
2349:
2341:
2333:
2325:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2253:
2245:
2237:
2229:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2197:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2090:
2082:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2026:
2018:
2010:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1929:Edward Channing
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1791:
1783:
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1668:
1662:George Bancroft
1660:
1652:
1641:
1635:
1594:
1588:
1547:
1433:
1413:Wayback Machine
1395:online at JSTOR
1323:
1321:Further reading
1271:
1243:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1163:
1148:
1144:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1096:(May 7, 2008).
1091:
1087:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
990:
986:
980:Wayback Machine
971:
967:
958:Wayback Machine
948:
944:
931:
927:
917:
915:
905:
898:
888:
886:
878:
877:
873:
842:
838:
825:
821:
811:
800:
798:
789:
788:
777:
772:
709:Wayback Machine
673:
658:
634:
611:
510:
489:
457:frontier thesis
453:
451:Frontier thesis
445:Main articles:
443:
441:Frontier thesis
438:
352:
301:Herbert Spencer
280:
272:frontier thesis
253:frontier thesis
230:
209:
145:
103:Frontier thesis
94:
88:
84:
75:
69:
63:
61:
53:
37:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3263:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3131:
3124:
3117:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3052:Bernard DeVoto
3048:
3040:
3032:
3028:Stephen Bonsal
3024:
3016:
3008:
3004:Margaret Leech
3000:
2992:
2984:
2976:
2968:
2960:
2952:
2944:
2936:
2928:
2920:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2859:Pulitzer Prize
2855:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2832:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2809:
2801:
2797:James H. Sweet
2793:
2785:
2781:Mary Lindemann
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2729:
2721:
2717:William Cronon
2713:
2705:
2697:
2689:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2606:
2602:Robert Darnton
2598:
2590:
2582:
2574:
2566:
2562:Thomas C. Holt
2558:
2550:
2542:
2534:
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2498:Carl N. Degler
2494:
2486:
2482:Arthur S. Link
2478:
2470:
2462:
2458:Bernard Bailyn
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2426:Charles Gibson
2422:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2387:
2379:
2371:
2367:Joseph Strayer
2363:
2355:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2307:
2303:Julian P. Boyd
2299:
2291:
2283:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2251:
2243:
2239:Dexter Perkins
2235:
2231:Lynn Thorndike
2227:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2124:Nellie Neilson
2120:
2112:
2104:
2096:
2088:
2080:
2072:
2064:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2028:Carl L. Becker
2024:
2016:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1961:Woodrow Wilson
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1742:James Schouler
1738:
1730:
1726:George F. Hoar
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1577:
1568:
1559:
1553:
1546:
1545:External links
1543:
1542:
1541:
1530:
1523:
1520:online edition
1512:
1505:
1494:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1458:
1451:
1437:
1432:978-0874175172
1431:
1416:
1406:online edition
1398:
1387:
1374:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1342:
1335:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1295:
1285:
1276:Steven Ruggles
1270:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1241:
1240:
1215:
1189:
1174:
1161:
1142:
1125:
1116:
1085:
1068:
1059:
1057:Hutton (2002).
1050:
1036:
1029:
1009:
984:
965:
942:
925:
896:
871:
836:
826:Martin Ridge.
819:
807:Newspapers.com
774:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
759:
749:
742:
735:
725:
716:
715:, 16: 217–233.
698:
697:, 13: 661–675.
691:
684:
671:
668:
657:
654:
653:
652:
646:
640:
633:
630:
610:
607:
538:Oscar Micheaux
514:historiography
509:
506:
488:
485:
442:
439:
437:
434:
351:
348:
322:He earned his
297:Charles Darwin
279:
276:
236:
235:
232:
231:
229:
228:
223:
217:
215:
211:
210:
208:
207:
202:
197:
191:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
153:
147:
146:
144:
143:
133:
122:
120:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
100:
99:Known for
96:
95:
89:
87:(aged 70)
83:March 14, 1932
81:
77:
76:
70:
59:
55:
54:
47:
39:
38:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3262:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3129:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:Complete list
3090:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3012:Esther Forbes
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2988:Carl Sandburg
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2853:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2773:J. R. McNeill
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Vicki L. Ruiz
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2586:Joyce Appleby
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:David Herlihy
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2399:Gordon Wright
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:Crane Brinton
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
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2223:Merle Curti
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1720:(1893–1894)
1718:Henry Adams
1712:(1892–1893)
1656:(1884–1885)
1249:Citizendium
1172:Page 43-45.
1094:Alan Taylor
889:October 29,
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309:cartography
226:Merle Curti
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918:January 6,
770:References
557:Disneyland
532:, and the
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178:Discipline
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