Frederick II of Denmark

1034: 2233: 2242: 2995: 2492: 1505: 2988: 1869: 2955: 2859:, and in the correspondence and legislation he dictated to his secretaries he showed himself to be quick-witted and articulate. Frederik was also open and loyal, and had a knack for establishing close personal bonds with fellow princes and with those who served him. These qualities would make him an ideal politician. Indeed, Frederik would take the chief legacy of his father's kingship – the close symbiosis between king and aristocracy – to its logical limits, and simultaneously would bring Denmark to the height of its power and influence in European affairs. 1889:, where he introduced educational reforms in the 1570s and 1580s. Frederik increased the university's budget almost exponentially, expanding the size of its teaching staff and providing substantially higher salaries. While demanding higher educational standards from the priesthood, Frederick and his advisers provided more support for impoverished students. One hundred students, selected by the faculty, received room and board free of fee from the crown, each for a period of five years. Four especially promising students would be awarded the 2546: 5935: 1757: 2628: 1294: 300: 2113: 2394: 951: 864: 2519: 2716: 2655: 2427:. Their marriage was harmonious and happy. Sophie is consistently mentioned in Frederick's handwritten diary as "mynt Soffye", meaning "my Sophie" and she followed him through the country as the court was very mobile. Queen Sophie was a loving mother, nursing her children personally during their illnesses. When Frederick was sick with malaria in 1575, she personally nursed him and wrote many worried letters to her father about his progress. 2251: 42: 2968: 2727: 518: 2682: 2587: 1640: 2148:. In his youth and in the start of his reign this was a way for Frederick to get away from the Danish court and its formalities. However, in Frederick's later reign he began using hunting and feasting as a political tool. In the peacetime years of his reign, Frederick would maintain a peripatetic court, moving from residence to residence throughout the Danish countryside, spending a fair share of his time 1942: 1309:; in late 1569, after six years of war, the Council decided not to provide the king with further grants of taxation. The war had been costly, both in lives and in gold, but since 1565 Denmark-Norway had made no appreciable gains. The council had already asked Frederik to make peace, and he had made a half-hearted attempt to do so in 1568, but neither Frederik nor his 1422:, but most of his business with the council was done on a one-to-one basis. This ensured a very close personal bond with each member of the council while minimizing the opportunity for the council to oppose him as a full body. Frederik's personable disposition also helped, and so, too, did the informal nature of court life under Frederik II. The king 855:, he was perceived by his contemporaries as unlettered and illiterate. Both Frederick's father and mother looked with skepticism at the heir to the throne, and they kept him under the watchful eye of knowledgeable men as far as possible to prevent him from publicly speaking out. Neither did his father entrust Frederik with any administrative duties. 1101: 384:, and often been portrayed with skepticism and resentment, resulting in the prevailing portrait of Frederick as a man and as king: an unlettered, inebriated, brutish sot. This portrayal is, however, inequitable and inaccurate, and recent studies reappraise and acknowledge him as highly intelligent; he craved the company of 848:, this deranged spelling of Frederick's could only be seen as sloppy and laziness, given that the royal boy otherwise seemed smart enough. Time and time again, Frederick has been punished, probably not only by the teacher, but also by his strict mother, who would gladly step in if Svaning's teaching was not sufficient. 1739:)—but he did not shy away from making changes in the most minute liturgical matters. He stipulated the books that every parish priest should have in his library, set standardized times for worship services in the towns, and set minimal standards of competence for all preachers. Although Frederick interfered much in 361:. The remainder of Frederick II's reign was a period of tranquillity, in which king and nobles prospered. Frederick spent more time hunting and feasting with his councillors, and focused on architecture and science. During his reign, many building projects were begun, including additions to the royal castles of 2840:

Often described as wilful and impatient, he was easily moved to anger, and by his early twenties had exhibited a weakness for strong drink and an addiction to the hunt. These are the traits upon which Danish historians have most often focused, resulting in the prevailing portrait of Frederik as a man

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were temporarily suspended, and that they could talk and joke as they pleased without restraint. The Danish court of Frederick II may have appeared to be unsophisticated to outside observers, but the openness and bawdiness of court life served Frederik's political purposes. In 1585, he visited Norway

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had probably been expecting a lot from Frederick's schooling. The son was obviously bright and had a good memory. So much bigger has the disappointment, and the amazement, been when the teaching started. Frederick learned to write beautiful and clear letters, but when it came to reading and spelling,

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have expressed, that it is difficult to see how the reign, and especially the later reign, of Frederik II could be viewed as anything other than a resounding success. Frederick's character have throughout time been misinterpreted by Danish historians as unlettered, foolish and stupid; leaving state

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was suspected of nurturing Catholic sympathies, and in the religious era, a Lutheran Danish king could not in good conscience expose his child to Catholic influences. Another contributing factor has probably been the royal couple's concern by leaving the children too much out of sight in the tense

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and the professionalization of the central administration, coupled with the prominence of learned men within the king's inner circle, gave the court of Frederik II a uniquely refined and scholarly character that was lacking in his father's court. This, in turn, gave rise to increased intellectual

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The adversarial king–Council relationship improved relatively quickly however, and not because Frederik caved in to conciliar opposition. Rather, the two parties quickly learned to work together because their interests, and the Kingdom's, required that they did so. From an early time, the council

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I will sail over to the island from time to time and see your work in astronomy and chemistry, and gladly support your investigations, not because I have any understanding of astronomical matters ... but because I am your king and you my subject ... . I see it as my duty to support and promote

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Like many other contemporaries of his time, Frederick believed that the Book of Concord promoted discord, and not harmony. Ignoring Augustus's warnings that a Calvinist plot had taken root in Denmark's clergy, he banned the Concord from his lands in July 1580. Possession of the book, or even

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For all Frederick's egalitarian behaviour at his court, Frederick was acutely aware of his elevated status. Like most monarchs of his day, he sought to bolster his international reputation through a measure of ostentatious display, in his patronage of artists and musicians, as well as in the

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in his possession reverted to the Crown, and Frederik was careful to distribute out these properties among the leading members of the Council of the Realm. Throughout his reign, Frederik would reward his conciliar aristocracy generously. Fiefs were distributed on highly favourable terms.

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later stated: "Frederik II may have been a near illiterate (...) but nonetheless he was enlightened as few monarchs of his generation were. It is difficult to see how Danish historians for so long laboured under the impression that he was little better than a drunken fool".

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as a place where Brahe could conduct his experiments without distraction. Perhaps the king was driven, in part, by a desire to enhance Denmark's reputation among the great nations of Europe, but even so he demonstrated a finely tuned appreciation for intellectual talent.

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He (Frederick II) was robust and brutal, so hotheaded and gross in his whole way that it was striking even for his contemporaries. His penchant for overestimating himself and underestimating everyone else was a profound feature of him that made him highly ungracious and

2219:, however as she was not of princely birth, this was impossible. There is no evidence that either of them had any interest in entering a morganatic marriage and Anne Hardenberg was married six months after Frederick, after which there is no known contact between them. 388:, and in the correspondence and legislation he dictated to his secretaries he showed himself to be quick-witted and articulate. Frederick was also open and loyal, and had a knack for establishing close personal bonds with fellow princes and with those who served him. 2197:

were temporarily suspended, and that they could talk and joke as they pleased without restraint. The Danish court may have appeared unsophisticated to outside observers, but the openness and bawdiness of court life served Frederik's political purposes.

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in most matters of policy, but he also learned that it was possible to manipulate the council, even to bend it to his own will, without humiliating it or undermining its authority. He would later come to master this ability and use it extensively.

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composed the document. The Concord was extremely orthodox. Frederik II had already clashed with his old friend and companion Augustus over theological issues: in 1575, Augustus had complained profoundly about the Calvinist sentiments expounded by

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Frederik would soon learn how to play the constitutional game, that is required in a consensual monarchy, such as Denmark; namely to humour the Council without sacrificing his own royal interests. This meant showing generosity to the conciliar

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Negotiations to find a suitable royal bride were manifold during the 1560s, but mostly it came to nothing, often because Frederick strongly insisted on meeting the prospective bride before committing to her. The proposed matrimonies included:

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went along with the king. Frederik II, wisely, made no effort to exclude the council from the direction of the war, and though he retained chief operational control he entrusted much responsibility to his councillors, including Holger Ottesen

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was therefor done on a one-to-one basis. This ensured a very close personal bond with each member of the council while minimizing the opportunity for the council to oppose him as a body. Frederik's personable disposition undoubtedly helped.

1000:, who feared that in the Empire Frederick would develop ambitions that would exceed both his abilities and the resources of his kingdoms, and that the trip would ultimately drag Denmark-Norway into the maelstrom of German princely politics. 722:

It was the usual pedagogical view of the time that parents were so inclined to spoil their own children that the upbringing of the children should be delegated to other members of the family, typically the child's maternal grandparents. But

1142:, had failed to subjugate the peasant republic in 1500, but the Frederick's 1559-campaign was a quick and relatively painless victory for the Danish Kingdom. The brevity and low cost of the campaign were cold comforts to the members of the 1716:, and sometimes to protect preachers from the wrath of overbearing noblemen. Conversely, the king – and especially Frederik II – would see to it personally that unruly, incompetent, or disreputable priests lost their parishes, or he would 2304:

to the Oldenburg patrimony. The match never took place—Frederik was indifferent to it, many of the king's advisers opposed it, and Christina was none too cooperative – but it remained Christian III's fervent hope to the end of his

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pointed out, that Frederick "was not interested in dictating conscience", stating that "he wanted only to prevent useless religious disputes, disputes that could weaken the kingdom and leave it vulnerable to Catholic aggression".

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and, indeed, the whole expanse of waters lying between his Norwegian and Icelandic possessions. In 1583 he secured an agreement by which England made an annual payment for permission to sail there, and France later followed suit.

1053:. Frederick was not present at his father's bedside when he died, a circumstance that did not endear the new king, now King Frederick II of Denmark-Norway, to the councillors who had grown to appreciate and revere Christian. 1488:, took care of the domestic administration. Subsequently, government finances were put in order and Denmark-Norway's economy improved. One of the chief expedients of the improved state of affairs was the raising of the 2855:. Throughout his entire life he would struggle with his difficulty in reading and writing, and it embarrassed him immensely. But he was, as those close to him would attest, highly intelligent; he craved the company of 1150:

in particular. Friis had warned Frederick that a very real threat of conflict with Sweden loomed just over the horizon, but the king had not listened, and had not even consulted with the Council about the Ditmarschen.

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home to address the kingdom's economy. The taking over of Danish administration and finances by the able councillor, provided a marked improvement for the national treasury. Councillors of experience, including

663:". In 1542, the Prince travelled around Denmark and was hailed by the people. In the Midsummer of 1548 Christian III and his son Frederick, in a fleet of 7 ships and together with 30 Danish nobles, sailed for 1828:, wife of Augustus. The Concord, he argued, contained "teachings which are foreign and alien to us and to our churches, could easily disrupt the unity which ... these kingdoms have hitherto maintained". 993:, and a host of other more prominent German Protestant princes. The experience nurtured in Frederik a lasting appreciation of the great complexity of German politics and a taste for all things military. 1331:

The council, in cutting off financial support, had hoped to coerce the king into ending the war. Frederik felt betrayed, and after some reflection, Frederick felt that the only honourable recourse was

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Frederick was, especially in his youth and unlike his father, belligerent and adversarial, aroused by honor and national pride, and so he began his reign auspiciously with a campaign under the aged

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In his later life, Frederik was fiscally cautious in all matters of state, but he gave an abundance of royal support when it was directed towards the life of the mind. Even after he dismissed

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Frederik II was more active than his late father in extending his royal authority into areas that the 1537 Ordinance had protected from secular power. Frederik consulted with members of the

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powers, and the relationship between Frederick and William was very positive, and they kept close confidential correspondence right up until Frederick's death. The marriage failed due to

902:, must have felt like a liberation for Frederick. He had finally escaped from the royal court with its tightly regulated existences and pious daily lives. Just outside the moats around 521: 1559:

The most visible area of expenditure, however, was the royal castles and the court itself. Frederick spent freely on the reconstruction of several royal residences and other cities:

3436: 732: 2377: 2369: 1471:, was recovered chiefly from higher taxation on both Danish and Norwegian farm properties. After state finances collapsed in the aftermath of the war, King Frederick II called 1406:. In the peacetime years, he maintained a rather peripatetic court, moving from residence to residence throughout the Danish countryside, spending a fair share of his time in 1993:

After an extensive education abroad, Tycho Brahe returned to Denmark not to pursue a career in state service as men of his blood typically did, but instead retreated to the

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Republic. The father of the newborn Frederik, Christian, although eldest son of the late king, was not automatically King of Denmark, as the kingship in Denmark was not

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those who had been punished by their superintendents for minor infractions. Protecting and disciplining the clergy was, after all, part of the king's obligation to the

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throne a confrontation appeared inevitable. Still, few councillors wanted war, and they preferred to wait until it was forced upon them, while Frederik preferred a

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was almost lost. During this war, King Frederick II led his army personally on the battlefield, but although with some small success, overall without much result.

2848:(1940–2008), after thorough archival studies, was one of the first historians in Denmark who, in his works, radically changed the view of the King Frederick II. 2193:

claimed that when dining at the court of Frederick II, he would frequently announce that 'the king is not at home', which signalled to his guests that all court

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He also tried to bring the Icelandic trade and fisheries into the hands of his own subjects instead of Englishmen and Germans and encouraged adventurers such as

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a period of affluence and growth followed in Danish-Norwegian history. The greater financial liquidity of the crown and the king's decreased dependence on the

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foremost among them, had feared a Swedish onslaught for several years, and after the succession of Frederick II's first cousin, the ambitious and unbalanced

716: 2821:, who in his opinion saved Denmark on the brink of abyss against the foolhardy young king and his German war-mad officers. This portrayal was continued by 1528:

for funding, while not meaning that Frederick was actively seeking to sidestep conciliar control, it did allow him to be less frugal than his late father,

1077: 7398: 1816:, who was his favourite divine, he also wanted to keep Augustus' friendship, and he therefor dismissed Hemmingsen – with honour – from his post at the 1446:

claimed that when dining at his court, Frederik would frequently announce that 'the king is not at home', which signalled to his guests that all court

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at the time. He enjoyed entertaining guests and throwing elaborate festivities, which were well known throughout Europe. During the same period, the

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and as king: an unlettered, inebriated, brutish sot, who virtually abdicated his responsibilities of king in favour of hunting and binge drinking.

894:, who was appointed the prince's court master. At the same time, political training began, which was put in the hands of the two driven noblemen 756:, diplomacy and war, was proposed and planned by the Danish Chancellor, it was not executed in full as the Danish Chancellor's relationship with 1929:

became his personal physician. Severinus wielded considerable influence among Paracelsian practitioners, following the publication of his Idea

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To which extent this educational program was followed is not known. In 1541, Frederick aged 7, he began his schooling. Frederick was appointed

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was developed into one of Europe's largest and most modern. As part of his efforts to strengthen the kingdoms, he provided much support for

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A good testimony of Frederik's stubborn resistance to all religious controversy can be found in his response to the late sixteenth-century

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and even another civil war. It played into the king's hands; the Council begging for his return to the throne and allowed him to summon a

7413: 7348: 1178:, leader of the German Chancery, died. Barby was not well liked in the Council of the Realm, but he was extreamly wealthy. The extensive 966:(reigned 1553–86). Some authors have later stated that Augustus was "the only strong emotional support" Frederick received in his youth. 5660: 3708: 2504: 1712:

Frederik II, repeatedly came to the defence of new parish priests whose congregations tried to force them to marry their predecessors'

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doctrine, Frederick mainly learning instructions in theology. While a princely educational program, which included learning the art of

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discussion of its contents, would be punished severely. The king burned his own personal copies, which were sent to him by his sister

7393: 2746: 1442:, treating them as his equal peers and companions rather than as political opponents or inferiors. The eighteenth-century chronicler 4385: 3970: 3839: 3533:, who, after thorough archival studies, were able to provide a real and contemporary historical description of the King's character. 7358: 330:, Frederick began his personal rule of Denmark-Norway at the age of 24. He inherited capable and strong realms, formed in large by 223: 2021:, brought his activities to the attention of Frederik and his court. At the king's insistence, Brahe took up a lectureship at the 1190:

campaign is best illustrated by the Danish central administration's performance in the greatest national crisis of the reign, the

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and of the facilities for its support, not merely for security purposes but also to aid Frederick's active endeavours to rid the

4572: 3866:"Frederik II of Denmark and Sophie of Mecklenburg – a Renaissance Star Couple. A German Royal Representational Form in Denmark?" 3410: 7383: 5792: 4912:

A philosophical path for Paracelsian medicine: the ideas, intellectual context, and influence of Petrus Severinus (1540/2-1602)

4681: 3891: 2189:, treating them as his peers and companions rather than as political opponents or inferiors. The eighteenth-century chronicler 1784:, was an attempt to promote unity among the German Lutheran princes. As a unifier, however, the Concord was an abject failure. 1160:

invested much power in Frederick, as they had no desire to go back to the destructive near-anarchy of the pre-civil war years.

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of 24 May 1567 by the insane King Eric XIV in Sweden, eventually helped stabilize the situation in Denmark-Norway. After King

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and other chivalry exercises. He was to have 10–15 young men for company both in his studies and in his chivalrous exercises.

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had quarreled over a mutual property exchange. Failing to compromise matters with the King, Oxe had fled to Germany in 1558.

5761: 5048:"On Tycho's Island: Tycho Brahe and His Assistants, 1570–1601 On Tycho's Island: Tycho Brahe and His Assistants, 1570–1601" 2640: 1825: 1398:

During the eighteen remaining years of his reign, Frederik would come to drew extensively on the lessons he learned in the

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through various gifts and concessions, which he did in grand style. Shortly before the signing of his coronation charter (

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DFH, i. 78–80; Colding, Studier, 68–77; Peder Enevoldsen, 'Lensreformerne i Danmark 1557–96', HTD, 81 (1981–82), 343–98

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As protector of the church and therefore of the clergy, Frederick frequently intervened in disputes between clergy and

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This portrayal is, however, unfair and inaccurate, and thanks to the research of Frede P. Jensen it has been redrawn.

406:. In the first ten years after the wedding, they had seven children, and are described as inseparable and harmonious. 7101: 5840: 5597: 5019: 4868: 4820: 4438: 4030: 3562: 3006: 986: 7338: 6503: 6476: 5817: 5801: 5650: 3702: 3316: 2580: 495: 228: 5192: 2405: 2398: 2381: 395: 170: 6960: 5783: 5748: 2667: 2356: 2057:

in 1579, for example, he made sure that the theologian still had a gracious salary and the opportunity to study.

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as well as a number of powerful noblemen from the old nobility, there were a majority to support the established

1698:, so the king was the final authority in matters that could not be settled by the bishops alone. As his father, 1039:

Coronatio Regis et equitum auratorum creatio, Hafniæ, post gestum bellum Dithmarsicum, eadem æstate, 20. Augusti

7388: 6085: 4091: 3468: 3290: 2994: 2491: 2157: 1976: 1415: 1386: 1348: 1143: 587: 5215: 3745: 2558: 1544:. The increased revenues likewise enabled Frederik to undertake the construction of Denmark's first national 779:

Wolfgang von Utenhof proposed an educational program for the young Prince Frederick. He was to have a Danish

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The only political education that Frederik received came from his close friendship with his brother-in-law,

632:, a document which all former Danish Kings must sign, and which regulates the relationship between king and 7378: 7094: 6205: 5833: 1521: 1464: 1399: 1306: 1245: 1235: 1191: 636:, he reduced the nobility's power, and established that the first son of the king should always be seen as 626:, royal power had now returned to Denmark, and in such a way that the king could set his own terms. In his 414: 354: 5383:

Studier i Danmarks politiske historie i slutningen af Christian III.s og begyndelsen af Frederik III.s tid

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individually and informally, in their home regions. As was required of the Danish King, he did summon the

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The interests of Frederik II and his intellectual circle of wise men were more wide-ranging than that of

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Alvej og kongevej studier i samfaerdselsforhold og vejenes topografi i det 16. og 17. århundrede ;

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in 1597, Brahe supervised the first publicly funded scientific research institute in European history.

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Wad, Gustav Ludvig (1893). "Letter from Herluf Trolle to Frederick II of Denmark (23 December 1562)".

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Frederik II learned a great deal about kingship during the war with Sweden. He learned to include the

7293: 7278: 7117: 6947: 6387: 6354: 6081: 2363: 6612: 679:, received by Prince Frederik on his ship. The entire Norwegian nobility had been summoned to Oslo. 7283: 7249: 7224: 7209: 7075: 7069: 6927: 6909: 6884: 6869: 6649: 6442: 6435: 6360: 6340: 6305: 6284: 6066: 5737: 5706: 5300: 3132: 2863: 2789:, who composed his inner circle of intellectuals, and they had many interests, including medicine, 2285: 2054: 2022: 1922: 1910: 1886: 1817: 1732: 1699: 1604: 1597: 1529: 1379: 1046: 1017: 997: 833: 822: 764: 757: 700: 688: 619: 607: 537: 487: 437: 331: 268: 99: 5638: 4662: 424:, after which the battles changed character. It became a competition to see who could trace their 7288: 7273: 7254: 7239: 7234: 7219: 7199: 7063: 6914: 6899: 6894: 6879: 6831: 6382: 6347: 6326: 6319: 6298: 6270: 6090: 5882: 5856: 5812: 5727: 5713: 4529:"Christian III, Peder Oxe and the 1557 Meeting of the Great Council: Royal Purges and Succession" 3106: 2754: 2539: 2038: 1485: 1382:, that let Denmark-Norway save face but also show limits of Danish and Norwegian military power. 599: 381: 109: 56: 7418: 7317: 7298: 7244: 7229: 7204: 7189: 7179: 6904: 6889: 6864: 6821: 6809: 6576: 6392: 6333: 6312: 6277: 6256: 6221: 6100: 6047: 6014: 3995: 3074: 3048: 2987: 2959: 2413: 2345: 2033:. As a fiefholder, he turned out to be a minor disaster, but the observatory at his residence, 571: 541: 6371: 1566:(near Slagelse, Sjælland), was one of Frederick's favourite hunting-castles. He later died at 338:, after which Denmark-Norway saw a period of economic recovery and of a great increase in the 7194: 7169: 6826: 6799: 6263: 6159: 6061: 6037: 3226: 2605: 2454:-Falster so well that her son could borrow money from her on several occasions for his wars. 2409: 2328: 1985: 1964: 1894: 1336: 1139: 5864: 7353: 7343: 7139: 6711: 6684: 6042: 6029: 5999: 5907: 5301:"Nogle Breve fra Frederik IIs Dronning Sofie til hendes Fader, hertug Ulrich af Meklenborg" 2937: 2929: 2814: 2785:

However, this is incorrect, and Frederick was highly intelligent. He craved the company of

2349: 2338: 2293: 2263: 2117: 1608: 784: 644: 370: 89: 5649: 3701: 1492:. Oxe, as lord treasurer, reduced the national debt considerably and redeemed portions of 1293: 1226:. His brother Magnus was later made titular King of Livonia, as a vassal of Tsar Ivan IV. 1092:. Week-long and elaborate celebrations are said to have taken place after the coronation. 8: 6659: 6654: 6629: 6033: 6024: 5989: 4528: 3870:

ICO Iconographisk Post. Nordisk tidskrift för bildtolkning – Nordic Review of Iconography

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The necessity of maintaining order within the church meant that royal interference into

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It was only at the age of 20 in 1554 that Frederik was allowed to hold his own court at

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had not chosen a successor, and now Denmark had, for more than a year, functioned as an

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Frederik II and the Protestant cause: Denmark's role in the Wars of Religion, 1559–1596

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Frederik II and the Protestant cause: Denmark's role in the Wars of Religion, 1559–1596

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Collections of a descriptive catalogue of portraits of Danish, Norwegian and Holsteins

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individually and informally, in their own home regions. Most of his business with the

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The substantially warmer relationship between king and Council of the Realm after the

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Samlinger over en beskrivende Catalog over Portraiter af Danske, Norske og Holstenere

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complications, as Frederick did not want to appear as an obvious supporter of one of

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The conflict damaged his relationship with his noble councillors; however, the later

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in 1579. Frederik was not nearly so receptive to August's promotion of the Concord.

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could choose to pick another member of the royal family as king if they so decided.

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of Denmark was coming to an end (just three days after Frederick's birth his father

380:

Frederick has to a great extent been overshadowed by his popular, long-reigning son

6985: 6734: 6706: 6582: 6552: 6546: 5943: 5894: 5059: 4386:"Frederik 2 – Udforsk slottet – Kronborg Slot – Slotte og haver – Kongelige Slotte" 3971:"Dansesalen - Udforsk slottet - Kronborg Slot - Slotte og haver - Kongelige Slotte" 3585: 2925: 2921: 2811: 2798: 2766: 2545: 2121: 2050: 1926: 1853: 1837: 1813: 1805: 1744: 1468: 1317: 919: 780: 699:, who was born in 1532, and Frederik from 1534, the group of siblings consisted of 6723: 5130: 1374:, King Eric's successor, refused to accept a peace favoring Denmark-Norway in the 1170: 1057: 628: 7154: 6755: 6679: 6644: 6624: 6619: 6600: 6570: 6564: 6541: 6531: 5959: 5901: 5633: 5629: 5442: 5241: 4669: 2901: 2851:

Frederik was indeed no great scholar, owing largely to the fact that he was very

2697: 2627: 2512: 2431: 1967:. Tyge Brahe came from the highest ranks of the Danish ruling elite: his father, 1773: 1761: 1663: 1509: 1481: 1356: 929: 799: 633: 623: 603: 591: 533: 525: 469: 445: 410: 392: 335: 218: 5934: 1756: 903: 879: 867: 610:

finally became victorious, and was proclaimed King of a new Protestant Denmark.

6606: 2905: 2190: 1998: 1918: 1545: 1443: 1264: 358: 339: 312: 5417: 5322:. Gyldendal. pp. See Chapter 12, Kærlighed, chapter 24, Private notater. 4626: 2005:

experimented with the manufacture of paper and glass and maintained a private

1627:

elaborate ceremonies staged for royal weddings and other public celebrations.

1603:

In 1560 Frederick converted the North Sealand farm Hillerødsholm into a great

736:

political situation that prevailed in the first ten years of Frederik's life.

7332: 7184: 6815: 6536: 5655: 5576: 5549: 5518: 5390: 5285: 5117: 5073: 5029: 5012:

On Tycho's island: Tycho Brahe, science, and culture in the sixteenth century

4649: 4448: 4307: 4135: 3877: 3697: 2731: 2701: 2324: 2112: 1812:

Syntagma institutionum christianarum (1574). Though Frederik tried to defend

1800: 1667: 1654:

Frederick II had claimed naval supremacy in 'the king's sound', as he called

1585:, one of the largest schools of its kind in Norway, is named after Frederick. 1378:, the ongoing war dragged on until it was ended by a status quo peace in the 1367: 1287: 1241: 1131: 1100: 656: 637: 346: 4929: 4878: 4830: 3572: 6980: 6779: 6664: 6402: 5888: 4040: 2568: 2393: 2085: 2062: 2026: 1740: 1687: 1280: 1203: 1187: 1127: 1104: 845: 810: 745: 350: 125: 47: 4960: 4275:

Enevældens kroninger. Syv salvinger – ceremoniellet, teksterne og musikken

1647: 950: 936:). It is not known whether this title was ever officially decreed to him. 428:

the furthest, and who could construct the most formidable castles. In the

366: 6397: 3944: 3919: 2267: 2058: 2006: 2002: 1960: 1945: 1792: 1769: 1615: 1582: 1574: 1352: 1252: 1165: 1147: 1110:

Within weeks of Christian's passing, Frederick joined with his uncles in

1061: 973:, took Frederik under his wing, chaperoning him on a trip throughout the 772: 753: 749: 744:

Frederik's education, although profound and thorough, was focused on the

595: 579: 575: 403: 4550: 4363: 4118:

Reforming the north: the kingdoms and churches of Scandinavia, 1520–1545

1921:: in 1571 he appointed Johannes Pratensis to the medical faculty of the 1619: 863: 528:, a period of Danish instability that would shape Frederick's childhood. 374: 7033: 6995: 6407: 5994: 5919: 5355: 4247: 2739: 2719: 2518: 2178: 2037:, drew students from all over Europe. From 1576 until his expulsion by 1968: 1898: 1841: 1691: 1567: 1563: 1537: 1493: 1489: 1477: 1431: 1344: 1340: 1332: 1065: 1050: 982: 945: 776: 652: 583: 565: 545: 441: 82: 7086: 5825: 5501:

A history of Scandinavia: Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland

5064: 5047: 2775: 2153: 1655: 1632: 1525: 1411: 1268: 7159: 7134: 6760: 6740: 6728: 6696: 6674: 6461: 3668: 3610:

Danmarks Historien, Christoffersen Peder, Gyldendals Forlag, side 298

2822: 2818: 2794: 2715: 2654: 2194: 2186: 2078: 2070: 2034: 2018: 2010: 1994: 1959:, common to contemporary sovereigns, sped the rise of the astronomer 1956: 1882: 1845: 1788: 1695: 1675: 1671: 1639: 1472: 1447: 1439: 1009: 425: 5592:] (in Danish). Copenhagen: Politikens Forlag. pp. 120–124. 5097: 4711: 977:

in 1557–58. Here Frederik made the acquaintance of the new emperor,

802:, French and other languages, and when he got older he had to learn 7149: 7043: 7000: 6750: 2868: 2852: 2694: 2612: 2301: 2141: 2129: 1914: 1809: 1643: 1593: 1589: 1513: 1452: 1360: 1154: 1111: 852: 818: 814: 791: 788: 553: 483: 433: 362: 288: 41: 5559:

Denmark, 1513–1660: the rise and decline of a Renaissance monarchy

4914:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Cophenhagen. 2250: 2211:

As a young man, Frederick II had desired to marry the noblewoman,

907: 7264: 2967: 2856: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2726: 2704:, Tsar of Russia, but died before the marriage could take place. 2681: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2412:, and also his own first half-cousin, through their grandfather, 2182: 2174: 2170: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 1952: 1849: 1435: 1427: 1423: 1407: 1284: 1277: 1215: 803: 517: 418: 385: 253: 2430:

After Frederick's death Sophie was granted a 'Dowager-pension' (

1674:, and backing for a bold but unsuccessful attempt to reach east 1088:

assisting, symbolizing the relationship between the kingdoms of

7125: 7038: 7013: 6495: 5356:"293 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / V. Bind. Faaborg – Gersdorff)" 5336: 5195:[Frederik II and the threat from the Catholic powers]. 4504: 4248:"289 (Dansk biografisk Lexikon / V. Bind. Faaborg – Gersdorff)" 2886: 2586: 2380:, but Frederick was instead interested in Elizabeth's daughter 2074: 2017:

in November 1572, published at the behest of the rigshofmester

1972: 1857: 1777: 1717: 1541: 1532:, had been. Considerable funds were devoted to an expansion of 1347:. The king, still unmarried, had no heir, and consequently the 1325: 1321: 914: 899: 883: 871: 775:

with which all their children naturally grew up. In March 1538

728: 676: 672: 503: 1941: 1240:

King Frederick's competition with Sweden for supremacy in the

675:. The royal reception included Danish nobles holding fiefs in 2332: 1713: 1706: 1135: 939: 795: 429: 5664:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–51. 4465: 2388: 2300:, would settle the claimant disputes, and possibly even add 2120:) one of Frederick's favourite hunting-castles. Painting at 1670:, a half-share in ships captured on unlawful passage to the 1630: 695:

children grew up in the bosom of the family. In addition to

6594: 5913: 3777:"Poul Grinder-Hansen: Frederik 2. Danmarks renæssancekonge" 3712:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2757:

later built a large monument in honour of his late father.

2534:(later also King James I of England). They had 7 children. 2066: 2030: 1179: 887: 783:, but he also had to work with and be inspected daily by a 664: 5009: 2152:. This allowed him the opportunity to meet members of the 2025:

in 1574, and two years later he was granted the island of

1702:, put it, kings were the 'father to the superintendents'. 1556:'), connecting the larger towns and the royal residences. 1410:. This allowed him the opportunity to meet members of the 996:

This was most troubling to Frederick's father, the ageing

409:

Frederick was committed to becoming the mightiest king in

5444:

Breve til og fra Herluf Trolle og Birgitte Gjøe (1. bind)

3920:"Kronborg Slot Helsingør Hamlets Castle Elsinore Denmark" 3557:(1. ed.). København: Politikens Forlag. p. 12. 3002:

Coat of arms of Frederick as King of Denmark and Norway.

2810:

The negative portrayal of Frederik II was founded by the

2311:: Throughout the 1560s, a marriage between Frederick and 2215:, who had served as a lady-in-waiting to his mother, the 969:

Augustus, who was the husband of Frederik's elder sister

886:, but under the supervision of the middle-aged lensman (' 4642:

Kronborgs bastioner. En fortifikationshistorisk studie.

1836:

Frederik II's 'Marriage Ordinance' of 1582, inspired by

711:, to distinguish him from Christian III's half-brother, 398:. Their relationship is regarded as one of the happiest 5463: 1780:

divines and sponsored by Frederik II's brother-in-law,

1214:. King Frederick II largely tried to avoid conflict in 5556: 5451: 4858: 4810: 2982: 2805: 2574:

Christian had at least 5 other illegitimate children.

2128:

Frederick's areas of interest did not consist only of

1451:

for the first and only time as king, but only went to

1244:

broke out into open warfare in 1563, the start of the

4606:. Copenhagen: C. A. Reitzel. pp. CLXXVI–CLXXVII. 2765:

Many recent historians, such as Poul Grinder-Hansen,

1936: 1012:(1520–1575), had been raised to Councillor of State ( 787:, who was to be a reliable and sobering man from the 667:, where Frederick was hailed as heir apparent to the 659:

and successor to the throne, granting him the title "

598:

and after subsequent risings in favour of the former

548:, which traditionally ruled the kingdom with the king 5525: 4639: 2738:

King Frederick II died on 4 April 1588, aged 53, at

4433:. Den danske historiske forening. pp. 286–94. 2136:ones. Frederick is known very well for his love of 1709:, even when the issues involved were trivial ones. 544:, died on 10 April the year before, but the Danish 4909: 4020: 3529:Thanks in large part to the research of historian 2867:activity throughout the realm. Literature, mostly 2450:. The Dowager Queen Sophie managed her estates in 5100:The Lord of Uraniborg: a Biography of Tycho Brahe 4686:(Familien Sørensens Hjemmeside – og Rejseholdet)" 4616: 2874: 2734:in the Christian I's Chapel (Chapel of the Magi). 2107: 2044: 1963:to international renown as a pioneer in Europe's 1267:. Despite its initial opposition to the war, the 910:, which offered a young man all-out experiences. 719:who was born in 1546 and named after her mother. 7330: 4428: 4323:Danmarks Konger: fra Christian I til Christian X 4300:Norges historie: fremstillet for det norske folk 4297: 4115: 2288:strongly advocated a marriage alliance with the 2164: 1690:affairs was unavoidable. There was no longer an 1155:Early relationship with the Council of the Realm 874:, where Frederick spent much of his later youth. 353:. However, after miscalculating the cost of the 5193:"Frederik 2. og truslen fra de katolske magter" 5098:Thoren, Victor E.; Christianson, J. R. (1991). 2871:, blossomed in the second half of the century. 1681: 1666:, to whom he gave a monopoly of trade with the 760:deteriorated before the education could begin. 691:secured control of Denmark and Norway, his and 5503:. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. 5317: 5213: 5144: 2092:As Frederick is alleged to have said to Brahe: 1776:. The 'Concord', which was written by leading 1316:The war developed into an extremely expensive 1305:Only one constitutional crisis emerged during 1218:and consolidated amicable relations with Tsar 1202:From his predecessor, Frederick inherited the 727:didn't want to send the children away when in 440:that became widely recognized abroad, and its 311:(1 July 1534 – 4 April 1588) was King of 7102: 6477: 5841: 5641:at the website of the Royal Danish Collection 5380: 5275: 4272: 3996:"Frederik 2. ♔ 1559-1588 - Kongernes Samling" 2676:John of Denmark, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein 1614:In 1561, Frederik II developed and fortified 1206:. In 1560, he installed his younger brother, 219:Anne, Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland 5872: 5498: 5132:Anne Corfitzdatter Hardenberg of Helsingborg 4320: 3863: 2604:He became Ulrich II as Administrator of the 2319:, was heavily considered. Frederick and the 1596:from a medieval fortress into a magnificent 1229: 1197: 540:became King of Denmark). The previous king, 463: 27:King of Denmark and Norway from 1559 to 1588 5651:"Frederick II. of Denmark and Norway" 5483:The Ancestry of Charles II, King of England 4092:"Frederick II | king of Denmark and Norway" 3703:"Frederick II. of Denmark and Norway" 2376:, introduced Frederick to the 17-years-old 2284:: Throughout the 1550s, Frederick's father 1876: 1351:had good reason to fear another leaderless 954:Frederick II's close friend and companion, 655:, where they formally proclaimed Frederick 613: 7109: 7095: 6484: 6470: 5848: 5834: 5430:. København: J.H. Schultz. pp. 29–30. 5416:Strunk, Christian Adolph Frederik (1882). 2993: 2986: 2680: 2653: 2626: 2585: 2544: 2517: 2490: 2323:wanted to strengthen relations with other 2084:Frederik himself picked out the island of 1917:one. Frederik had a strong proclivity for 1095: 940:Travels to Germany with his brother-in-law 913:While spending many of his youth years in 643:On 30 October 1536 Christian convened the 40: 7027: 5485:(American Society of Genealogists, 2012). 5298: 5063: 5045: 4601: 3552: 2745:Frederick was buried on 5 August 1588 in 2462:Frederick and Sophie had seven children: 2389:Marriage to Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 2065:as a 'free fief', but also several other 1499: 1339:in the hands of the councillors, he left 1064:) and on 20 August 1559 Frederick II was 6974: 6941: 6858: 6793: 6427:indicates Danish monarchs who were also 6213: 6182: 6151: 6122: 5982: 5951: 5606: 5584:Scocozza, Benito (1997). "Frederik 2.". 5583: 5532:Frederick II: Denmark's Renaissance King 5481:Neil D. Thompson and Charles M. Hansen, 5469: 5457: 5134:(Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership) 4783:Derry, T. K. (Thomas Kingston), page 101 4748:Derry, T. K. (Thomas Kingston), page 102 4737:Derry, T. K. (Thomas Kingston), page 100 4025:. London: Garnstone Press. p. 156. 3774: 3696: 2725: 2714: 2540:Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway 2505:Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2392: 2348:, but to no avail, and was later made a 2111: 1940: 1867: 1787:August had recently purged his court of 1755: 1638: 1503: 1292: 1099: 1032: 949: 862: 640:, and succeed his father automatically. 516: 224:Christian IV, King of Denmark and Norway 214:Elizabeth, Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg 7399:People of the Northern Seven Years' War 7116: 6524: 5855: 5278:Illustreret Danmarkshistorie for Folket 4505:Norsk biografisk leksikon – Frederik II 4431:Danmarks konflikt med Sverige 1563–1570 3657:Derry, T. K. (Thomas Kingston), page 98 3646:Derry, T. K. (Thomas Kingston), page 99 3600:Derry, T. K. (Thomas Kingston), page 89 2730:Sepulchral monument of Frederick II by 2722:were King Frederick II of Denmark died. 2557:He married firstly on 27 November 1597 2421:Ulrich III, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 2414:Frederick I, King of Denmark and Norway 2222: 1248:, the dominating conflict of his rule. 1056:On 12 August 1559 Frederick signed his 14: 7331: 6491: 5590:Politiken's book about Danish monarchs 5415: 5402: 5400: 5320:Frederik II – Danmarks Renæssancekonge 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5190: 5177: 5175: 5093: 5091: 5041: 5039: 4980: 4978: 4955: 4953: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4888: 4854: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4806: 4804: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4769: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4621:Akad. Forl. pp. 164–207, 244–57. 4514: 4512: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4460: 4458: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4410: 4408: 4406: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4228:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 4-page 5 4223: 4221: 4214:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 4-page 4 4198:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 4-page 3 4182:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 4-page 2 4152:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 4-page 1 4080:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 3-page 9 4054:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 3-page 2 3864:Bach-Nielsen, Carsten (29 June 2015). 3828:Grinder-Hansen, Poul, section 3-page 1 3792: 3790: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3721: 3719: 3390: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3148: 3038: 3034: 1458: 1016:). During the spring of 1557, Oxe and 7090: 6465: 5829: 5528:Frederik 2.: Danmarks renæssancekonge 5217:Frederik 2.: Danmarks renæssancekonge 5147:Frederik 2 – Danmarks Renæssancekonge 4209: 4207: 4205: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4147: 4145: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4061: 3914: 3912: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3466: 3456: 3452: 3440: 3434: 3424: 3408: 3398: 3394: 3378: 3372: 3362: 3346: 3336: 3332: 3320: 3314: 3304: 3288: 3278: 3274: 3250: 3240: 3224: 3214: 3210: 3198: 3192: 3182: 3166: 3156: 3152: 3136: 3130: 3120: 3104: 3094: 3090: 3078: 3072: 3062: 3046: 3042: 2530:She married on 23 November 1589 King 2201: 1897:so long as the recipient returned to 1831: 474:Frederick was born on 1 July 1534 at 7409:Children of Christian III of Denmark 5644: 5609:Frederik II and the Protestant Cause 5214:Grinder-Hansen, Poul (29 May 2013). 5145:Grinder-Hansen, Poul (29 May 2013). 4604:Frederik den Andens Statshusholdning 4551:"Oxe, Peder, 1520–75, Rigshofmester" 4023:The book of kings: a royal genealogy 3692: 3690: 3411:Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 3024:Ancestors of Frederick II of Denmark 2879: 2641:John Adolf, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp 1863: 1735:—the so-called 'most learned ones' ( 841:the royal student was "a disaster". 234:Augusta, Duchess of Holstein-Gottorp 186: 5440: 5397: 5385:. Nyt nordisk forlag—Arnord Busck. 5311: 5260: 5172: 5088: 5036: 5010:Christianson, John Robert. (2003). 4975: 4950: 4936: 4885: 4849: 4837: 4801: 4787: 4764: 4752: 4509: 4480: 4455: 4417: 4403: 4364:"Magnus, Konge af Lifland, 1540–83" 4232: 4218: 4116:Larson, James L. (2 January 2014). 3787: 3763: 3716: 3437:Catherine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 3169:John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg 2806:Classical and more recent portrayal 2710: 2404:On 20 July 1572, he was married to 1971:til Knudstrup, was a fiefholder in 1573:In 1567, King Frederick II founded 898:and Erik Rosenkrantz. The years in 574:and his son Christian were staunch 323:from 1559 until his death in 1588. 24: 7414:Royalty and nobility with dyslexia 7349:People from Haderslev Municipality 5353: 4245: 4202: 4186: 4170: 4156: 4142: 4070: 4058: 3909: 3816: 3579: 2206: 2185:, and even with visiting European 2001:, where he and his maternal uncle 1937:Alchemy, astrology and Tycho Brahe 1751: 1579:Frederik II Upper Secondary School 1028: 707:, who was born in 1545 and called 532:At the time of Frederick's birth, 413:, and for several years he fought 244:John, Prince of Schleswig-Holstein 25: 7430: 5616: 5586:Politikens bog om danske monarker 4577:(Danish Kings and their History)" 3687: 3007:Knight of the Order of the Garter 2666:She married on 12 September 1602 2217:Dowager Queen Dorothea of Denmark 522:The Siege of Copenhagen 1535-1536 334:after the civil war known as the 7394:16th-century monarchs of Denmark 5933: 5447:. Copenhagen: Gustab Ludvig Wad. 3317:Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 2966: 2953: 2885:1554 – 1 January 1559 (While in 2249: 2240: 2231: 1872:Frederick II in his later years. 1324:were ravaged by the Swedes, and 496:Magnus I, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 298: 229:Ulrik, Prince-Bishop of Schwerin 7359:16th-century Norwegian monarchs 5557:Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2011). 5492: 5475: 5434: 5409: 5374: 5347: 5343:Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon 5292: 5234: 5207: 5184: 5163: 5138: 5124: 5003: 4961:"Life and Times of Tycho Brahe" 4903: 4859:Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2004). 4811:Lockhart, Paul Douglas (2004). 4776: 4741: 4730: 4704: 4674: 4656: 4633: 4610: 4595: 4565: 4543: 4521: 4498: 4378: 4356: 4347: 4338: 4329: 4314: 4291: 4277:. Forlaget Falcon. p. 11. 4266: 4109: 4084: 4047: 4014: 3988: 3963: 3937: 3884: 3857: 3832: 3738: 3523: 2978: 2895:1 January 1559 – 4 April 1588: 2668:Christian II, Elector of Saxony 2600:Bishop of the old Schleswig see 1951:Frederik II's fascination with 1774:the Formula and Book of Concord 1313:was willing to concede defeat. 1297:Frederick II of Denmark-Norway 1008:In 1552, Steward of the Realm, 906:was the lively trading town of 498:. His mother was the sister of 478:, the son of Duke Christian of 182: 5102:. Cambridge University Press. 5014:. Cambridge University Press. 4273:Monrad Møller, Anders (2012). 3661: 3650: 3639: 3613: 3604: 3593: 3546: 3469:Catherine of Pomerania-Wolgast 3291:John V, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg 2875:Title, style, honours and arms 2639:She married on 30 August 1596 2108:Hunting, drinking and feasting 2045:Character as patron of science 1600:castle, between 1574 and 1585. 1393: 13: 1: 7384:Burials at Roskilde Cathedral 5873: 5526:Grinder-Hansen, Poul (2013). 5318:Grinder-Hansen, Poul (2013). 4863:. Leiden: Brill. p. 77. 4815:. Leiden: Brill. p. 78. 4640:NORN, Otto Creemers. (1954). 4325:. Nationaltidene. p. 14. 3840:"Frederik 2. - Kronborg Slot" 3539: 3005:Coat of arms of Frederick as 2670:. The marriage was childless 2559:Anne Catherine of Brandenburg 2503:She married on 19 April 1590 2406:Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 2399:Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 2165:Informal nature of court life 1418:once annually to meet at the 851:Because of Frederick's heavy 682: 171:Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow 77:1 January 1559 – 4 April 1588 5305:Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift 5220:(in Danish). Gyldendal A/S. 5046:West, Mary Lou (2001–2008). 3775:Frandsen, Karl-Erik (2013). 2951:Summer 1561 – 4 April 1588: 2769:, Thomas Kingston Derry and 2755:King Christian IV of Denmark 2606:Prince-Bishopric of Schwerin 2116:Hillerødsholm Castle (later 1682:Relationship with the Church 1003: 985:, his son and heir apparent 739: 357:, he pursued a more prudent 7: 5561:. Oxford University Press. 5181:Lockhart, Paul D., page 119 5169:Lockhart, Paul D., page 118 4910:Shackelford, Jole. (2004). 4321:Bølling, Hans (1944–1945). 4021:McNaughton, Arnold (1973). 3627:(in Danish). 1 October 2011 3015: 2964:April 1579 – 4 April 1588: 2891:Frederick, Prince of Scania 2419:Sophie was the daughter of 2339:Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots 2102:Frederick II to Tycho Brahe 1904: 1893:, which paid all costs for 1782:Augustus, Elector of Saxony 1618:Castle with materials from 1430:, and drank with his noble 1376:Treaties of Roskilde (1568) 1259:(reigned 1560–1568) to the 956:Augustus, Elector of Saxony 858: 828: 239:Hedwig, Electress of Saxony 10: 7435: 7404:People of the Livonian War 7374:People from Denmark–Norway 6222:Christopher III of Bavaria 6048:Valdemar II the Victorious 5406:Lockhart, Paul D., page 79 4947:Lockhart, Paul D., page 80 4900:Lockhart, Paul D., page 78 4846:Lockhart, Paul D., page 71 4798:Lockhart, Paul D., page 70 4773:Lockhart, Paul D., page 67 4761:Lockhart, Paul D., page 66 4617:Wittendorff, Alex (1973). 4602:Grundtvig, Johann (1876). 4553:. Dansk biografisk Lexikon 4518:Lockhart, Paul D., page 41 4495:Lockhart, Paul D., page 40 4414:Lockhart, Paul D., page 39 4366:. Dansk biografisk Lexikon 4353:Lockhart, Paul D., page 38 4335:Lockhart, Paul D., page 37 4302:. Aschehoug. p. 123. 4167:Lockhart, Paul D., page 35 4067:Lockhart, Paul D., page 28 3735:Lockhart, Paul D., page 36 3553:Scocozza., Benito (1988). 3384: 3375:Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 3268: 3142: 3036: 2611:He married Lady Catherine 2009:. Brahe's treatise on the 1534:the Danish-Norwegian fleet 1233: 1194:(1563–70) against Sweden. 1072:in Copenhagen by a Danish 1049:died on 1 January 1559 at 964:Elector Augustus of Saxony 943: 917:, he became known as the " 794:. The prince had to learn 771:was imbued with a fervent 586:, which consisted of many 492:Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 467: 279:Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg 203: 128:Castle, Haderslev, Denmark 7307: 7263: 7124: 7055: 7012: 6959: 6926: 6843: 6778: 6502: 6420: 6369: 6244: 6235: 6204: 6173: 6144: 6113: 5973: 5942: 5931: 5863: 5809: 5759: 5734: 5724: 5711: 5703: 5698: 5671: 5246:Dansk Biografisk Leksikon 5191:Jensen, Frede P. (1993). 5149:. Gyldendal. p. 55. 4986:"Jørgen (Thygesen) Brahe" 4429:Jensen, Frede P. (1982). 4298:Bugge, Alexander (1916). 3454: 3446: 3418: 3396: 3392: 3356: 3334: 3326: 3298: 3276: 3272: 3234: 3212: 3204: 3176: 3154: 3150: 3114: 3092: 3084: 3056: 3040: 2992: 2985: 2945: 2817:in his 1906 biography of 2760: 2364:Albert V, Duke of Bavaria 1901:to finish his doctorate. 1522:Northern Seven Years' War 1508:King Frederick II builds 1465:Northern Seven Years' War 1438:, and even with visiting 1400:Northern Seven Years' War 1251:The leading councillors, 1246:Northern Seven Years' War 1236:Northern Seven Years' War 1230:Northern Seven Years' War 1198:Relationship with Livonia 1192:Northern Seven Years' War 981:(reigned 1558–64) at his 464:Early years and education 355:Northern Seven Years' War 294: 284: 274: 264: 252: 196: 164: 149: 132: 119: 115: 105: 95: 81: 73: 55: 39: 34: 7318:Kristján X (Christian X) 6741:Magnus VI the Law-mender 5362:(in Danish). p. 293 5299:Frederica, J.A. (1892). 4531:. historisktidsskrift.dk 3798:"Frederik 2., 1534–1588" 3517: 3133:Christian III of Denmark 2864:University of Copenhagen 2571:. They had 12 children. 2507:. They had 10 children. 2457: 2344:He had also wooed Queen 2055:University of Copenhagen 2023:University of Copenhagen 1979:, as was Tyge's brother 1923:University of Copenhagen 1887:University of Copenhagen 1877:University of Copenhagen 1818:University of Copenhagen 1733:University of Copenhagen 1467:, some 1.1 million 1380:Treaty of Stettin (1570) 1023: 823:University of Copenhagen 614:Proclaimed heir apparent 502:, the first wife of the 488:Christian III of Denmark 342:authority of the Crown. 269:Christian III of Denmark 7339:Frederick II of Denmark 7014:III. Independent Norway 6697:Haakon II Broadshoulder 5661:Encyclopædia Britannica 5607:Lockhart, Paul (2004). 5354:Bricka, Carl Frederik. 4684:Frederik II (1559–1588) 4668:21 January 2008 at the 4468:. Store norske leksikon 4246:Bricka, Carl Frederik. 4096:Encyclopedia Britannica 4000:www.kongernessamling.dk 3750:www.roskildehistorie.dk 3709:Encyclopædia Britannica 3349:Dorothea of Brandenburg 3253:Frederick II of Denmark 3107:Dorothea of Brandenburg 2643:. They had 8 children. 2561:. They had 7 children. 2408:, a descendant of King 2321:Danish Council of State 1925:, and in the same year 1486:Christoffer Valkendorff 1359:to consider additional 1096:Conquest of Ditmarschen 6928:II. Independent Norway 5632:at the website of the 5381:Colding, Poul (1939). 5276:Fabricius, A. (1914). 3896:www.historie-online.dk 3075:Frederick I of Denmark 3049:Christian I of Denmark 2960:Order of Saint Michael 2838: 2735: 2723: 2435: 2401: 2397:Wife of Frederick II, 2346:Elizabeth I of England 2125: 2105: 1948: 1881:Frederick was a great 1873: 1765: 1651: 1517: 1500:Constructions in reign 1463:The great cost of the 1320:in which the areas of 1302: 1212:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek 1107: 1042: 959: 933: 875: 529: 450:Danish-Norwegian fleet 18:Frederik II of Denmark 7389:Knights of the Garter 7265:Possession of Denmark 6712:Haakon III Sverresson 6685:Eystein II Haraldsson 6660:Sigurd I the Crusader 6509:Foreign and non-royal 6504:I. Independent Norway 6191:Eric VII of Pomerania 6020:Eric II the Memorable 5754:(in condominial rule) 5628:14 March 2015 at the 5499:Derry, T. K. (2008). 3227:Margaret of Thuringia 2827: 2799:Paul Douglas Lockhart 2767:Paul Douglas Lockhart 2729: 2718: 2563:He married secondly, 2396: 2378:Margaret of Pomerania 2370:Margaret of Pomerania 2177:, and drank with his 2115: 2094: 1965:Scientific Revolution 1944: 1931:medicinæ philosophicæ 1871: 1759: 1745:Paul Douglas Lockhart 1642: 1507: 1343:to go hunting in the 1337:letter of resignation 1296: 1234:Further information: 1103: 1036: 953: 944:Further information: 866: 773:Lutheran Christianity 763:Life at the court of 578:and adherents to the 520: 468:Further information: 396:Sophie of Mecklenburg 7126:Possession of Norway 6729:Haakon IV Haakonsson 6630:Magnus II Haraldsson 6517:monarchs in brackets 6101:Valdemar IV Atterdag 6038:Valdemar I the Great 5534:]. : Gyldendal. 5307:. Tredie Række: 1–8. 5280:. pp. 182–183. 5197:Historisk Tidsskrift 3802:danmarkshistorien.dk 3669:"Frederiksborg Slot" 2815:Troels Frederik Lund 2782:in the countryside. 2747:Christian I's chapel 2700:(Xenia) daughter of 2693:He was betrothed to 2532:James VI of Scotland 2486:Elizabeth of Denmark 2425:Elizabeth of Denmark 2374:Elizabeth of Denmark 2350:Knight of the Garter 2294:Christina of Denmark 2264:Mary, Queen of Scots 2223:Possible matrimonies 2158:Council of the Realm 2118:Frederiksborg Castle 2077:to fund his work at 1977:Council of the Realm 1975:and a member of the 1919:Paracelsian medicine 1772:statement of faith, 1416:Council of the Realm 1387:Council of the Realm 1349:Council of the Realm 1269:Council of the Realm 1210:(1540–1583), in the 1144:Council of the Realm 645:estates of the realm 620:King Christian III's 602:, a period known as 594:. After a period of 584:Council of the Realm 566:Council of the Realm 546:Council of the Realm 514:, his future rival. 510:, and the mother of 349:, which reconquered 90:Copenhagen Cathedral 7379:Protestant monarchs 7118:Monarchs of Iceland 6948:Christian Frederick 6761:Haakon VI Magnusson 6756:Magnus VII Ericsson 6702:Magnus V Erlingsson 6670:Magnus IV the Blind 6655:Eystein I Magnusson 6645:Magnus III Barefoot 6625:Harald III Hardrada 6547:Harald II Greycloak 6206:Palatinate-Neumarkt 6086:Eric Christoffersen 6000:Canute IV the Saint 5857:Monarchs of Denmark 5646:Bain, Robert Nisbet 3945:"Kronborg | lex.dk" 3195:Anna of Brandenburg 2973:Order of the Garter 2898:By the Grace of God 2862:The rebirth of the 2442:and the islands of 2372:: Frederick's aunt 2357:Emperor Ferdinand I 2313:William of Orange's 2187:foreign dignitaries 2097:something like this 1762:The Book of Concord 1729:theological faculty 1459:Financial situation 1440:foreign dignitaries 1045:Frederick's father 989:(emperor 1564–76), 813:, a reputed Danish 476:Haderslevhus Castle 444:was the largest in 391:In 1572, Frederick 371:Frederikborg Castle 7364:Dukes of Schleswig 7309:Kingdom of Iceland 6766:Olaf IV Haakonsson 6751:Haakon V Magnusson 6718:Guttorm Sigurdsson 6640:Haakon Toresfostre 6450:monarch of Iceland 6436:monarch of England 6429:monarchs of Norway 6057:Eric IV Plough-tax 6052:Valdemar the Young 5990:Sweyn II Estridsen 5895:Harald I Bluetooth 5678:House of Oldenburg 5242:"Günther | lex.dk" 4663:Fredrikstad museum 4390:kongeligeslotte.dk 3975:kongeligeslotte.dk 3924:www.helsingorby.dk 3844:kongeligeslotte.dk 2934:Count of Oldenburg 2812:cultural historian 2751:Roskilde Cathedral 2736: 2724: 2622:Augusta of Denmark 2402: 2282:Renata of Lorraine 2260:Renata of Lorraine 2202:Youth and marriage 2126: 2061:received not only 1949: 1874: 1832:Marriage Ordinance 1797:orthodox Lutherans 1766: 1652: 1605:Renaissance castle 1518: 1404:Eric XIV of Sweden 1372:John III of Sweden 1303: 1299:attacking Älvsborg 1224:Treaty of Mozhaysk 1208:Magnus of Holstein 1108: 1090:Denmark and Norway 1078:Nicolaus Palladius 1070:Church of Our Lady 1043: 960: 876: 582:, however, in the 564:. Noblemen of the 530: 494:, the daughter of 438:Renaissance castle 422:Erik XIV of Sweden 404:Renaissance Europe 393:married his cousin 328:House of Oldenburg 313:Denmark and Norway 159:, Zealand, Denmark 157:Roskilde Cathedral 145:, Zealand, Denmark 7369:Dukes of Holstein 7326: 7325: 7084: 7083: 7051: 7050: 7008: 7007: 6961:Union with Sweden 6955: 6954: 6922: 6921: 6839: 6838: 6774: 6773: 6746:Eric II Magnusson 6707:Sverre Sigurdsson 6691:Magnus Haraldsson 6680:Inge I Haraldsson 6620:Magnus I the Good 6589:Olaf II the Saint 6577:Eiríkr Hákonarson 6565:Olaf I Tryggvason 6559:Haakon Sigurdsson 6542:Haakon I the Good 6532:Harald I Fairhair 6518: 6459: 6458: 6443:monarch of Sweden 6416: 6415: 6231: 6230: 6200: 6199: 6169: 6168: 6140: 6139: 6109: 6108: 5969: 5968: 5929: 5928: 5824: 5823: 5810:Succeeded by 5756: 5725:Succeeded by 5623:The Royal Lineage 5568:978-0-19-927121-4 5541:978-87-02-08108-4 5510:978-0-8166-3799-7 5329:978-87-02-13569-5 5227:978-87-02-13569-5 5156:978-87-02-13569-5 5109:978-0-511-66541-7 5065:10.1063/1.1404849 4963:. reformation.org 4921:978-87-7289-817-9 4284:978-87-88802-29-0 4127:978-1-107-68945-9 3514: 3513: 3510: 3509: 3013: 3012: 2918:Duke of Schleswig 2880:Titles and styles 2797:and theology. As 2708: 2707: 2663:26 November 1641 2649:Hedwig of Denmark 2592:30 December 1578 2554:28 February 1648 2524:12 December 1574 2438:), consisting of 2309:Juliana of Nassau 2290:House of Lorraine 2013:that appeared in 1891:stipendium regium 1864:Areas of interest 1265:preemptive strike 1220:Ivan IV of Russia 1176:Andreas von Barby 1124:military campaign 991:William of Orange 975:Holy Roman Empire 817:and professor of 703:, born 1540, and 673:Kingdom of Norway 661:Prince of Denmark 600:King Christian II 306: 305: 143:Antvorskov Castle 16:(Redirected from 7426: 7111: 7104: 7097: 7088: 7087: 7025: 7024: 6986:Charles III John 6972: 6971: 6939: 6938: 6856: 6855: 6791: 6790: 6735:Haakon the Young 6724:Inge II Bårdsson 6583:Sweyn Haakonsson 6553:Harald Bluetooth 6522: 6521: 6508: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6242: 6241: 6211: 6210: 6180: 6179: 6149: 6148: 6120: 6119: 6097: 6030:Sweyn III Grathe 5980: 5979: 5949: 5948: 5937: 5875: 5870: 5869: 5850: 5843: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5762:Duke of Holstein 5752: 5735:Preceded by 5704:Preceded by 5694: 5687: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5653: 5612: 5611:. Boston: Brill. 5603: 5580: 5553: 5522: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5448: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5429: 5413: 5407: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5351: 5345: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5315: 5309: 5308: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5273: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5170: 5167: 5161: 5160: 5142: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5095: 5086: 5085: 5067: 5043: 5034: 5033: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4996: 4990:Den Store Danske 4982: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4957: 4948: 4945: 4934: 4933: 4907: 4901: 4898: 4883: 4882: 4856: 4847: 4844: 4835: 4834: 4808: 4799: 4796: 4785: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4762: 4759: 4750: 4745: 4739: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4688:. Archived from 4678: 4672: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4644:pp. 19–37. 4637: 4631: 4630: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4579:. 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Frederik II's 1037:20 August 1559: 892:Ejler Hardenberg 709:John the Younger 604:the Count's Feud 588:Catholic bishops 490:and Norway) and 326:A member of the 302: 207: 190: 188: 184: 139: 44: 32: 31: 21: 7434: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7425: 7424: 7423: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7322: 7303: 7259: 7120: 7115: 7085: 7080: 7076:Swedish monarch 7070:English monarch 7047: 7023: 7004: 6970: 6951: 6937: 6918: 6854: 6835: 6789: 6770: 6665:Harald IV Gille 6601:Haakon Ericsson 6571:Sweyn Forkbeard 6537:Eric I Bloodaxe 6516: 6510: 6507: 6506: 6498: 6490: 6460: 6455: 6412: 6375: 6365: 6248: 6227: 6196: 6165: 6136: 6105: 6095: 6072:Eric V Klipping 6010:Eric I Evergood 5965: 5960:Magnus the Good 5938: 5925: 5859: 5854: 5820: 5815: 5799: 5790: 5781: 5771: 5769: 5757: 5751: 5740: 5730: 5721: 5714:King of Denmark 5709: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5634:Danish Monarchy 5630:Wayback Machine 5619: 5600: 5569: 5542: 5511: 5495: 5490: 5489: 5480: 5476: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5379: 5375: 5365: 5363: 5352: 5348: 5341: 5337: 5330: 5316: 5312: 5297: 5293: 5274: 5261: 5251: 5249: 5240: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5212: 5208: 5189: 5185: 5180: 5173: 5168: 5164: 5157: 5143: 5139: 5129: 5125: 5110: 5096: 5089: 5044: 5037: 5022: 5008: 5004: 4994: 4992: 4984: 4983: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4959: 4958: 4951: 4946: 4937: 4922: 4908: 4904: 4899: 4886: 4871: 4857: 4850: 4845: 4838: 4823: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4788: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4719: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4692:on 19 July 2011 4680: 4679: 4675: 4670:Wayback Machine 4661: 4657: 4638: 4634: 4615: 4611: 4600: 4596: 4586: 4584: 4583:on 29 July 2010 4571: 4570: 4566: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4548: 4544: 4534: 4532: 4527: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4481: 4471: 4469: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4441: 4427: 4418: 4413: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4369: 4367: 4362: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4319: 4315: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4271: 4267: 4257: 4255: 4244: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4203: 4196: 4187: 4180: 4171: 4166: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4128: 4120:. p. 435. 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4066: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4033: 4019: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3979: 3977: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3928: 3926: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3900: 3898: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3826: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3773: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3744: 3743: 3739: 3734: 3717: 3695: 3688: 3678: 3676: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3619: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3580: 3565: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3531:Frede P. Jensen 3528: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3018: 2981: 2965: 2952: 2948: 2902:King of Denmark 2882: 2877: 2846:Frede P. Jensen 2837: 2834: 2808: 2774:affairs to his 2771:Frede P. Jensen 2763: 2713: 2598:He became last 2513:Anne of Denmark 2497:25 August 1573 2460: 2440:Nykøbing Castle 2410:John of Denmark 2391: 2274: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2225: 2213:Anne Hardenberg 2209: 2207:Anne Hardenberg 2204: 2167: 2110: 2104: 2101: 2073:, and farms in 2047: 1983: 1939: 1907: 1879: 1866: 1834: 1754: 1752:Book of Concord 1684: 1664:Magnus Heinason 1637: 1510:Kronborg Castle 1502: 1482:Arild Huitfeldt 1461: 1396: 1238: 1232: 1200: 1157: 1126:to conquer the 1098: 1082:Jens Skielderup 1031: 1029:Proclaimed King 1026: 1006: 948: 942: 934:Fyrste af Skåne 926:princeps Scaniæ 861: 831: 742: 715:. Youngest was 685: 622:victory in the 616: 592:Catholic Church 472: 466: 446:Northern Europe 432:he constructed 415:exhausting wars 400:royal marriages 248: 201: 200: 192: 180: 176: 173: 160: 155: 141: 137: 124: 88: 69: 57:King of Denmark 51: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7432: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7411: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7314: 7312: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7294:Frederick VIII 7291: 7286: 7281: 7279:Christian VIII 7276: 7270: 7268: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7152: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7131: 7129: 7122: 7121: 7114: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7091: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7078: 7072: 7066: 7064:Danish monarch 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7029: 7022: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6976: 6969: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6950: 6945: 6943: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6920: 6919: 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6860: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6845:Denmark–Norway 6841: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6788: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6675:Sigurd II Munn 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6650:Olav Magnusson 6647: 6642: 6637: 6635:Olaf III Kyrre 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6607:Sweyn Knutsson 6591: 6586: 6567: 6562: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6528: 6526: 6519: 6500: 6499: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6466: 6457: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6446: 6439: 6432: 6421: 6418: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6390: 6388:Frederick VIII 6385: 6379: 6377: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6355:Christian VIII 6351: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6323: 6316: 6309: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6274: 6267: 6260: 6252: 6250: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6217: 6215: 6208: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6194: 6186: 6184: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6155: 6153: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6126: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6106: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6082:Christopher II 6079: 6077:Eric VI Menved 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6045: 6040: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5995:Harald III Hen 5992: 5986: 5984: 5977: 5971: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5955: 5953: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5922:(Harthacanute) 5917: 5910: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5886: 5879: 5877: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5853: 5852: 5845: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5821: 5811: 5808: 5758: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5723: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5699:Regnal titles 5696: 5695: 5675: 5672: 5667: 5666: 5656:Chisholm, Hugh 5642: 5636: 5618: 5617:External links 5615: 5614: 5613: 5604: 5598: 5581: 5567: 5554: 5540: 5523: 5509: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5487: 5474: 5472:, p. 181. 5462: 5450: 5433: 5408: 5396: 5373: 5346: 5335: 5328: 5310: 5291: 5259: 5233: 5226: 5206: 5183: 5171: 5162: 5155: 5137: 5123: 5108: 5087: 5035: 5020: 5002: 4974: 4949: 4935: 4920: 4902: 4884: 4869: 4848: 4836: 4821: 4800: 4786: 4775: 4763: 4751: 4740: 4729: 4703: 4673: 4655: 4632: 4609: 4594: 4564: 4542: 4520: 4508: 4497: 4479: 4454: 4439: 4416: 4402: 4377: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4313: 4290: 4283: 4265: 4231: 4217: 4201: 4185: 4169: 4155: 4141: 4126: 4108: 4083: 4069: 4057: 4046: 4031: 4013: 3987: 3962: 3936: 3908: 3883: 3856: 3831: 3815: 3786: 3762: 3737: 3715: 3700:, ed. (1911). 3698:Chisholm, Hugh 3686: 3660: 3649: 3638: 3612: 3603: 3592: 3578: 3563: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3472: 3471: 3465: 3462: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3433: 3430: 3429: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3345: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3293: 3287: 3284: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3262: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3165: 3162: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3071: 3068: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3026: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2975: 2962: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2893: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2832: 2807: 2804: 2762: 2759: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2661: 2660:5 August 1581 2658: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2631: 2624: 2618: 2617: 2596: 2595:27 March 1624 2593: 2590: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2565:morganatically 2555: 2552: 2551:12 April 1577 2549: 2542: 2536: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2459: 2456: 2390: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2367: 2362:A daughter of 2360: 2355:A daughter of 2353: 2342: 2336: 2329:high political 2306: 2258: 2257: 2248: 2247: 2239: 2238: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2191:Ludvig Holberg 2166: 2163: 2109: 2106: 2099: 2046: 2043: 1938: 1935: 1906: 1903: 1878: 1875: 1865: 1862: 1833: 1830: 1753: 1750: 1741:ecclesiastical 1688:ecclesiastical 1683: 1680: 1636: 1631:Kronborg and " 1629: 1624: 1623: 1612: 1601: 1586: 1571: 1501: 1498: 1460: 1457: 1444:Ludvig Holberg 1395: 1392: 1231: 1228: 1199: 1196: 1156: 1153: 1097: 1094: 1086:superintendent 1084:two Norwegian 1074:superintendent 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1005: 1002: 941: 938: 860: 857: 830: 827: 825:, as teacher. 746:ecclesiastical 741: 738: 733:her own mother 725:Queen Dorothea 713:John the Elder 684: 681: 615: 612: 580:Lutheran cause 465: 462: 426:family history 359:foreign policy 304: 303: 296: 292: 291: 286: 282: 281: 276: 272: 271: 266: 262: 261: 256: 250: 249: 247: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 210: 208: 194: 193: 178: 174: 169: 168: 166: 162: 161: 153: 151: 147: 146: 140:(aged 53) 134: 130: 129: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 87:20 August 1559 85: 79: 78: 75: 71: 70: 63: 53: 52: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7431: 7420: 7419:Sons of kings 7417: 7415: 7412: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7319: 7316: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7284:Frederick VII 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7250:Christian VII 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7225:Frederick III 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:Christian III 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7180:Christopher I 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7151: 7148: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7112: 7107: 7105: 7100: 7098: 7093: 7092: 7089: 7077: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7054: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6973: 6967: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6925: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6910:Christian VII 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6885:Frederick III 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6870:Christian III 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6792: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6781: 6777: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6584: 6579: 6578: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6560: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6480: 6475: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6464: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6440: 6437: 6433: 6430: 6426: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6362: 6361:Frederick VII 6359: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6349: 6345: 6343: 6342: 6341:Christian VII 6338: 6336: 6335: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6315: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6306:Frederick III 6303: 6301: 6300: 6296: 6294: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6286: 6285:Christian III 6282: 6280: 6279: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6261: 6259: 6258: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6246:Senior branch 6243: 6240: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6143: 6133: 6132: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6112: 6102: 6099: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6067:Christopher I 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6025:Eric III Lamb 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6005:Olaf I Hunger 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5972: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5936: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5899: 5897: 5896: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5832: 5831: 5828: 5819: 5814: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5768: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5750: 5746: 5745: 5739: 5738:Christian III 5733: 5729: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5707:Christian III 5702: 5697: 5692: 5685: 5680: 5679: 5670: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5610: 5605: 5601: 5599:87-567-5772-7 5595: 5591: 5587: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5560: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5496: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5470:Lockhart 2004 5466: 5460:, p. 89. 5459: 5458:Lockhart 2004 5454: 5446: 5445: 5437: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5412: 5403: 5401: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5377: 5361: 5357: 5350: 5344: 5339: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5229: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5210: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5178: 5176: 5166: 5158: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5105: 5101: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5052:Physics Today 5049: 5042: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5021:0-521-00884-0 5017: 5013: 5006: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4944: 4942: 4940: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4906: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4870:90-04-13790-4 4866: 4862: 4855: 4853: 4843: 4841: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4822:90-04-13790-4 4818: 4814: 4807: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4779: 4770: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4738: 4733: 4717: 4716:Frederiksborg 4713: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4613: 4605: 4598: 4582: 4578: 4576: 4568: 4552: 4546: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4513: 4506: 4501: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4467: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4440:87-87462-19-2 4436: 4432: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4381: 4365: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4332: 4324: 4317: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4286: 4280: 4276: 4269: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4229: 4224: 4222: 4215: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4199: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4081: 4076: 4074: 4064: 4062: 4055: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4032:0-900391-19-7 4028: 4024: 4017: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3976: 3972: 3966: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3925: 3921: 3915: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3791: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3746:"Frederik II" 3741: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3720: 3711: 3710: 3704: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3674: 3673:Frederiksborg 3670: 3664: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3642: 3626: 3622: 3621:"Kongerækken" 3616: 3607: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3589:(Dansk Konge) 3588: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3564:87-567-4458-7 3560: 3556: 3549: 3545: 3532: 3526: 3522: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3460: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3421: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3296: 3295: 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2659: 2656: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2633:8 April 1580 2632: 2629: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2609: 2608:(1603–1624). 2607: 2602:(1602–1624), 2601: 2597: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2527:2 March 1619 2526: 2523: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2500:19 June 1625 2499: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2479: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2463: 2455: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2286:Christian III 2283: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2269: 2266:(middle) and 2265: 2261: 2252: 2243: 2234: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2098: 2093: 2090: 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Moreover, 721: 686: 660: 648: 642: 627: 624:Count's Feud 617: 570: 554:Aristocratic 549: 531: 526:Count's Feud 486:(later King 473: 470:Count's Feud 417:against his 408: 390: 382:Christian IV 379: 351:Dithmarschen 344: 336:Count's Feud 325: 315:and Duke of 309:Frederick II 308: 307: 202: 138:(1588-04-04) 136:4 April 1588 126:Haderslevhus 110:Christian IV 48:Hans Knieper 46:Portrait by 35:Frederick II 29: 7354:1588 deaths 7344:1534 births 7311:(1918–1944) 7299:Christian X 7267:(1814–1918) 7245:Frederick V 7230:Christian V 7205:Frederick I 7190:Christian I 7128:(1262–1814) 6905:Frederick V 6890:Christian V 6865:Frederick I 6822:Christian I 6810:Christopher 6493:Monarchs of 6398:Frederik IX 6393:Christian X 6334:Frederick V 6313:Christian V 6278:Frederick I 6257:Christian I 6160:Margrethe I 6096:Interregnum 5806:(1587–1588) 5797:(1586–1587) 5788:(1559–1586) 5779:(1559–1580) 5686:1 July 1534 5248:(in Danish) 4718:(in Danish) 4254:(in Danish) 4002:(in Danish) 3951:(in Danish) 3804:(in Danish) 3675:(in Danish) 3555:Christian 4 2938:Delmenhorst 2869:theological 2857:learned men 2787:learned men 2776:councillors 2268:Elizabeth I 2195:formalities 2179:councillors 2130:theological 2059:Tycho Brahe 2007:observatory 1984: [ 1961:Tycho Brahe 1946:Tycho Brahe 1915:theological 1793:Philippists 1694:within the 1616:Skanderborg 1598:Renaissance 1583:Fredrikstad 1577:in Norway. 1575:Fredrikstad 1554:King's Road 1494:crown lands 1448:formalities 1432:councillors 1394:Later reign 1353:interregnum 1345:countryside 1341:the capital 1335:. With his 1274:Rosenkrants 1253:Johan Friis 1188:Ditmarschen 1166:aristocracy 1148:Johan Friis 1136:great-uncle 1128:Ditmarschen 1062:Magna Carta 979:Ferdinand I 785:chamberlain 754:stewardship 596:interregnum 576:Protestants 572:Frederick I 542:Frederick I 534:a civil war 524:during the 508:Gustav Vasa 386:learned men 340:centralised 123:1 July 1534 96:Predecessor 7333:Categories 7170:Margaret I 7155:Magnus VII 7034:Haakon VII 7028:Since 1905 6996:Charles IV 6981:Charles II 6515:, disputed 6511:rulers in 6408:Frederik X 6376:since 1863 6372:Glücksburg 5920:Canute III 5876:916 – 1042 5722:1559–1588 4627:1071371212 4575:Frederik 2 3781:Tidsskrift 3625:Kongehuset 3587:Frederik 2 3540:References 2740:Antvorskov 2720:Antvorskov 2325:Protestant 2134:scientific 2051:Hemmingsen 2015:Cassiopeia 2003:Sten Bille 1981:Axel Brahe 1969:Otte Brahe 1911:his father 1899:Copenhagen 1842:infidelity 1814:Hemmingsen 1789:Calvinists 1692:archbishop 1646:Castle in 1568:Antvorskov 1564:Antvorskov 1538:Baltic Sea 1520:After the 1490:Sound Dues 1478:Niels Kaas 1361:tax levies 1333:abdication 1051:Koldinghus 987:Maximilian 983:coronation 946:Grand Tour 798:, German, 777:Chancellor 693:Dorothea's 683:Upbringing 653:Copenhagen 558:hereditary 442:dance hall 436:, a large 332:his father 83:Coronation 7185:Charles I 7160:Haakon VI 7140:Magnus VI 7135:Haakon IV 6975:1814–1905 6942:Only 1814 6859:1524–1814 6816:Charles I 6794:1387–1523 6249:1448–1863 6237:Oldenburg 6214:1440–1448 6183:1397–1439 6175:Pomerania 6152:1376–1412 6145:Estridsen 6123:1376–1387 6043:Canute VI 5983:1047–1375 5975:Estridsen 5952:1042–1047 5914:Canute II 5908:Harald II 5865:Knýtlinga 5770:1559–1588 5766:Schleswig 5744:the Elder 5577:844083309 5550:859151055 5519:757764817 5391:581614588 5286:873940782 5118:776969800 5082:177365048 5074:0031-9228 5058:(8): 47. 5030:899038154 4995:15 August 4967:15 August 4650:562940392 4557:15 August 4535:15 August 4472:15 August 4449:185811858 4370:15 August 4308:911156583 4136:861358270 3878:2323-5586 2914:the Goths 2910:the Wends 2835:Erik Arup 2830:unlovable 2823:Erik Arup 2819:Peder Oxe 2795:astrology 2471:Portrait 2436:Livgeding 2169:The king 2079:Uraniborg 2071:canonries 2053:from the 2035:Uraniborg 2019:Peder Oxe 2011:supernova 1995:monastery 1957:astrology 1846:impotence 1743:affairs, 1696:hierarchy 1676:Greenland 1672:White Sea 1656:The Sound 1473:Peder Oxe 1469:rigsdaler 1140:King John 1010:Peder Oxe 1004:Peder Oxe 922:of Scania 740:Education 538:Christian 500:Catherine 480:Schleswig 419:archrival 411:the North 317:Schleswig 295:Signature 259:Oldenburg 106:Successor 7175:Eric III 7150:Haakon V 7044:Harald V 7001:Oscar II 6805:Eric III 6800:Margaret 6525:872–1387 6034:Canute V 5944:Fairhair 5883:Сanute I 5742:John II 5648:(1911). 5626:Archived 4930:56966680 4879:53485232 4831:53485232 4666:Archived 3573:68679580 3016:Ancestry 2926:Stormarn 2922:Holstein 2853:dyslexic 2833:— 2695:Tsarevna 2335:enemies. 2315:sister, 2302:Lorraine 2183:advisers 2146:feasting 2142:drinking 2100:— 1999:Herrevad 1933:(1571). 1905:Medicine 1858:outlawry 1810:treatise 1770:Lutheran 1737:højlærde 1648:Elsinore 1644:Kronborg 1620:Øm Abbey 1594:Elsinore 1590:Kronborg 1550:kongevej 1514:Elsinore 1453:Bohuslen 1436:advisers 1420:herredag 1257:Eric XIV 1130:, under 1112:Holstein 1018:the King 1014:Rigsraad 859:Malmøhus 853:dyslexia 838:Dorothea 829:Dyslexia 819:rhetoric 815:humanist 792:nobility 789:Holstein 769:Dorothea 750:lutheran 634:nobility 562:elective 512:Eric XIV 484:Holstein 434:Kronborg 375:Hillerød 367:Elsinore 363:Kronborg 321:Holstein 289:Lutheran 285:Religion 7165:Olaf IV 7145:Eric II 6991:Oscar I 6613:Ælfgifu 6513:italics 6425:Italics 6131:Olaf II 5902:Sweyn I 5775:John II 5658:(ed.). 5366:23 July 5252:24 July 4722:23 July 4395:23 July 4258:22 July 4101:22 July 4041:2155441 4006:23 July 3980:23 July 3955:23 July 3929:23 July 3901:23 July 3849:23 July 3808:21 July 3755:23 July 3679:23 July 3631:23 July 2791:alchemy 2780:hunting 2452:Lolland 2448:Falster 2444:Lolland 2333:Spain's 2317:Juliana 2270:(right) 2262:(left) 2175:feasted 2154:Council 2150:hunting 2138:hunting 2029:as his 1953:alchemy 1885:of the 1850:leprosy 1808:in the 1731:at the 1668:Faeroes 1542:pirates 1526:Council 1428:feasted 1412:Council 1408:hunting 1307:the war 1301:, 1563. 1285:Admiral 1278:Marshal 1216:Livonia 1122:, in a 1076:, with 1068:at the 1066:crowned 890:-man') 804:fencing 729:infancy 671:of the 649:Rigsdag 504:Swedish 458:culture 454:science 191: 179: 175: 66:more... 50:, 1581. 7195:John I 7059:Regent 7039:Olav V 6604:& 6598:& 6580:& 6574:& 6556:& 6496:Norway 6115:Bjälbo 5818:Philip 5802:Philip 5718:Norway 5689: 5596: 5575: 5565: 5548: 5538: 5517: 5507: 5426:] 5389: 5326: 5284: 5224: 5203:: 239. 5153: 5116: 5106: 5080: 5072: 5028: 5018: 4928: 4918: 4877: 4867: 4829: 4819: 4696:10 May 4648: 4625: 4587:10 May 4447: 4437: 4306: 4281: 4134: 4124: 4039: 4029: 3876: 3571: 3561: 2946:Orders 2906:Norway 2887:Scania 2778:to go 2761:Legacy 2698:Ksenia 2480:Notes 2477:Death 2474:Birth 2432:Danish 2382:Sophie 2298:Renata 2171:hunted 2075:Scania 1973:Scania 1883:patron 1856:, and 1795:, and 1718:pardon 1714:widows 1484:, and 1424:hunted 1326:Norway 1322:Scania 1283:, and 1242:Baltic 930:Danish 920:Prince 915:Scania 900:Scania 884:Scania 872:Scania 800:Danish 717:a girl 701:Magnus 687:While 677:Norway 669:Throne 618:After 560:, but 275:Mother 265:Father 204:Detail 185: 165:Spouse 150:Burial 61:Norway 7074:Also 7068:Also 7062:Also 6448:Also 6441:Also 6434:Also 6015:Niels 5784:Adolf 5773:with 5749:Adolf 5691:Died: 5684:Born: 5654:. In 5588:[ 5530:[ 5428:(PDF) 5422:[ 5078:S2CID 3518:Notes 2468:Name 2458:Issue 2305:days. 2067:fiefs 1988:] 1799:like 1778:Saxon 1707:laity 1402:with 1180:fiefs 1120:Adolf 1024:Reign 908:Malmö 796:Latin 651:) to 506:king 430:1570s 254:House 198:Issue 189:) 181:( 177: 74:Reign 6827:John 6595:Cnut 6264:John 6062:Abel 5816:and 5764:and 5747:and 5716:and 5594:ISBN 5573:OCLC 5563:ISBN 5546:OCLC 5536:ISBN 5515:OCLC 5505:ISBN 5387:OCLC 5368:2020 5324:ISBN 5282:OCLC 5254:2021 5222:ISBN 5151:ISBN 5114:OCLC 5104:ISBN 5070:ISSN 5026:OCLC 5016:ISBN 4997:2016 4969:2016 4926:OCLC 4916:ISBN 4875:OCLC 4865:ISBN 4827:OCLC 4817:ISBN 4724:2020 4698:2010 4646:OCLC 4623:OCLC 4589:2010 4559:2016 4537:2016 4474:2016 4445:OCLC 4435:ISBN 4397:2020 4372:2016 4304:OCLC 4279:ISBN 4260:2020 4132:OCLC 4122:ISBN 4103:2020 4037:OCLC 4027:ISBN 4008:2021 3982:2021 3957:2021 3931:2021 3903:2021 3874:ISSN 3851:2021 3810:2020 3757:2020 3681:2020 3633:2020 3569:OCLC 3559:ISBN 3467:15. 3409:14. 3347:13. 3289:12. 3225:11. 3167:10. 2936:and 2928:and 2912:and 2904:and 2613:Hahn 2446:and 2423:and 2181:and 2144:and 2132:and 2031:fief 1955:and 1826:Anne 1791:and 1434:and 1357:Diet 1261:Vasa 1118:and 1116:John 1080:and 971:Anne 888:Fief 844:For 836:and 767:and 748:and 705:John 697:Anna 665:Oslo 482:and 456:and 369:and 319:and 187:1572 133:Died 120:Born 59:and 5060:doi 3435:7. 3373:3. 3315:6. 3251:1. 3193:5. 3131:2. 3105:9. 3073:4. 3047:8. 2889:): 2749:at 2086:Ven 2063:Ven 2027:Ven 1997:at 1913:'s 1592:in 1581:in 1540:of 1512:at 1174:), 928:) ( 924:" ( 882:in 870:in 821:at 402:in 373:at 365:at 7335:: 6084:/ 6050:/ 6036:/ 6032:/ 5874:c. 5571:. 5544:. 5513:. 5399:^ 5358:. 5303:. 5262:^ 5244:. 5201:16 5199:. 5174:^ 5112:. 5090:^ 5076:. 5068:. 5056:54 5054:. 5050:. 5038:^ 5024:. 4988:. 4977:^ 4952:^ 4938:^ 4924:. 4887:^ 4873:. 4851:^ 4839:^ 4825:. 4803:^ 4789:^ 4766:^ 4754:^ 4714:. 4511:^ 4482:^ 4457:^ 4443:. 4419:^ 4405:^ 4388:. 4250:. 4234:^ 4220:^ 4204:^ 4188:^ 4172:^ 4158:^ 4144:^ 4130:. 4094:. 4072:^ 4060:^ 4035:. 3998:. 3973:. 3947:. 3922:. 3911:^ 3894:. 3868:. 3842:. 3818:^ 3800:. 3789:^ 3779:. 3765:^ 3748:. 3718:^ 3706:. 3689:^ 3671:. 3623:. 3567:. 3009:. 2932:, 2924:, 2920:, 2916:, 2908:, 2900:, 2793:, 2742:. 2567:, 2434:: 2416:. 2173:, 2140:, 2081:. 2069:, 1990:. 1986:da 1860:. 1852:, 1848:, 1844:, 1724:. 1678:. 1607:, 1552:(' 1496:. 1480:, 1455:. 1426:, 1363:. 1290:. 1276:, 1146:, 1138:, 1114:, 932:: 606:, 460:. 377:. 183:m. 68:) 7110:e 7103:t 7096:v 6737:) 6733:( 6720:) 6716:( 6693:) 6689:( 6616:) 6610:( 6485:e 6478:t 6471:v 6452:. 6445:. 6438:. 6431:. 5849:e 5842:t 5835:v 5602:. 5579:. 5552:. 5521:. 5393:. 5370:. 5332:. 5288:. 5256:. 5230:. 5159:. 5120:. 5084:. 5062:: 5032:. 4999:. 4971:. 4932:. 4881:. 4833:. 4726:. 4700:. 4682:" 4652:. 4629:. 4591:. 4573:" 4561:. 4539:. 4476:. 4451:. 4399:. 4374:. 4310:. 4287:. 4262:. 4138:. 4105:. 4043:. 4010:. 3984:. 3959:. 3933:. 3905:. 3880:. 3853:. 3812:. 3783:. 3759:. 3683:. 3635:. 3575:. 2940:. 2384:. 2366:. 2359:. 2352:. 2341:. 2124:. 1650:. 1635:" 1622:. 1611:. 1570:. 1516:. 1041:. 958:. 647:( 550:, 64:( 20:)

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Frederick II of Denmark

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