2902:
65:
1702:
688:
2903:
1740:
Standard French contrasts up to 13 oral vowels and up to 4 nasal vowels. The schwa (in the center of the diagram next to this paragraph) is not necessarily a distinctive sound. Even though it often merges with one of the mid front rounded vowels, its patterning suggests that it is a separate phoneme
5219:
Emphatic stress is used to call attention to a specific element in a given context such as to express a contrast or to reinforce the emotive content of a word. In French, this stress falls on the first consonant-initial syllable of the word in question. The characteristics associated with emphatic
5174:
Word stress is not distinctive in French, so two words cannot be distinguished based on stress placement alone. Grammatical stress is always on the final full syllable (syllable with a vowel other than schwa) of a word. Monosyllables with schwa as their only vowel
5200:
The difference between stressed and unstressed syllables in French is less marked than in
English. Vowels in unstressed syllables keep their full quality, regardless of whether the rhythm of the speaker is syllable-timed or mora-timed (see
3375:
elsewhere. However, some speakers make a clear distinction, and it exhibits special phonological behavior that warrants considering it a distinct phoneme. Furthermore, the merger occurs mainly in the French of France; in Quebec,
2925:
While there is much variation among speakers in France, a number of general tendencies can be observed. First of all, the distinction is most often preserved in word-final stressed syllables such as in these minimal pairs:
2887:
is sometimes no longer maintained in
Parisian French, which leads some researchers to reject the idea of two distinct phonemes. However, the back is always maintained in Northern French, but only in final open syllables,
964:, but and are considered dialectal. The most common pronunciation is as a default realisation, complemented by a devoiced variant in the positions before or after a voiceless obstruent or at the end of a sentence. See
4539:('snout'). They can be dealt with in different ways, as by adding appropriate contextual conditions to the glide formation rule or by assuming that the phonemic inventory of French includes underlying glides or rising
3024:
The difference in quality is often reinforced by a difference in length (but the difference is contrastive in final closed syllables). The exact distribution of the two vowels varies greatly from speaker to speaker.
4454:
The glides , , and appear in syllable onsets immediately followed by a full vowel. In many cases, they alternate systematically with their vowel counterparts , , and such as in the following pairs of verb forms:
1590:
A few cases of gemination do not correspond to double consonant letters in the orthography. The deletion of word-internal schwas (see below), for example, can give rise to sequences of identical consonants:
3155:
distinguish them mainly through increased lip rounding of the former, but many speakers use only the latter phoneme, especially most speakers in northern France such as Paris (but not farther north, in
995:
may also be palatalised to . Velar palatalisation has traditionally been associated with the working class, though recent studies suggest it is spreading to more demographics of large French cities.
745:
are dentalised laminal alveolar (commonly called 'dental'), pronounced with the blade of the tongue very close to the back of the upper front teeth, with the tip resting behind lower front teeth.
5316:
The information question intonation is a rapid fall-off from a high pitch on the first word of a non-yes/no question, often followed by a small rise in pitch on the last syllable of the question.
3472:
On the other hand, it is pronounced word-internally when it follows more pronounced consonants that cannot be combined into a complex onset with the initial consonants of the next syllable:
1666:
Many words in French can be analyzed as having a "latent" final consonant that is pronounced only in certain syntactic contexts when the next word begins with a vowel. For example, the word
5249:
For words that begin with a vowel, emphatic stress falls on the first syllable that begins with a consonant or on the initial syllable with the insertion of a glottal stop or a
4496:
The glides in the examples can be analyzed as the result of a glide formation process that turns an underlying high vowel into a glide when followed by another vowel:
5923:
5765:
s in French, but evidence from speaker to speaker and sometimes within the speech of a single speaker is too contradictory to give empirical support to this claim".
2630:
Although the mid vowels contrast in certain environments, there is a limited distributional overlap so they often appear in complementary distribution. Generally,
3502:, word-final schwa is always elided before another vowel and at the ends of verses. It is pronounced before a following consonant-initial word. For example,
5205:). Moreover, words lose their stress to varying degrees when pronounced in phrases and sentences. In general, only the last word in a phonological phrase (
3664:('teacher'), variation in vowel length is entirely allophonic. Vowels can be lengthened in closed, stressed syllables, under the following two conditions:
2563:
In contrast with the mid vowels, there is no tense–lax contrast in close vowels. However, non-phonemic lax (near-close) appear in Quebec as allophones of
4432:
in syntactic combinations with a following word that begins with a vowel. For example, compare the pronunciation of the unstressed subject pronoun, in
52:
6998:
5450:
370:(resyllabification) in which word-final and word-initial consonants may be moved across a syllable boundary, with syllables crossing word boundaries:
1556:
varies by speaker and gives rise to widely varying stylistic effects. In particular, the gemination of consonants other than the liquids and nasals
1460:('he was dying'). In some other words, most modern speakers have reduced to , such as "il pourrait" ('he could'). Other verbs that have a double
3615:→ ('give it to me') for which schwa deletion would normally apply (giving *), and it counts as a full syllable for the determination of stress.
7040:
6025:
2827:
has been lost in the southern half of France, where these two sounds are found only in complementary distribution. The phonemic oppositions of
105:
64:
4613:('bee'). Schane (1968) proposes an abstract analysis deriving postvocalic from an underlying lateral by palatalization and glide conversion (
3139:
The phonetic qualities of the back nasal vowels differ from those of the corresponding oral vowels. The contrasting factor that distinguishes
3163:
In some dialects, particularly that of Europe, there is an attested tendency for nasal vowels to shift in a counterclockwise direction:
3147:
is the extra lip rounding of the latter according to some linguists, and tongue height according to others. Speakers who produce both
7706:
7307:
3395:
The main characteristic of French schwa is its "instability": the fact that under certain conditions it has no phonetic realization.
297:
5889:
Les voyelles nasales du français parisien moderne. Aspects linguistiques, sociolinguistiques et perceptuels des changements en cours
6588:
3521:) in closed syllables. In such contexts in inflectional and derivational morphology, schwa usually alternates with the front vowel
1748:
The table below primarily lists vowels in contemporary
Parisian French, with vowels only present in other dialects in parentheses.
5799:
3237:
In the
Provence and Occitanie regions, nasal vowels are often realized as oral vowels before a stop consonant, thus reviving the
5841:'cup', but for others the reverse is true. There are also, of course, those who use the same vowel, either or , in both words".
4527:('to nail'). Some sequences of glide + vowel can be found after obstruent-liquid onsets, however. The main examples are , as in
6677:
5351:
7312:
7275:
6917:
6894:
6841:
6781:
6730:
6710:
6651:
6578:
6542:
6439:
5896:
671:
3431:
Word-final schwas are optionally pronounced if preceded by two or more consonants and followed by a consonant-initial word:
6560:
788:
6449:
2617:
765:
678:
644:
577:
4503:
This process is usually blocked after a complex onset of the form obstruent + liquid (a stop or a fricative followed by
3792:
The following table presents the pronunciation of a representative sample of words in phrase-final (stressed) position:
7033:
6687:
773:
6993:
3594:
that do not exhibit the behaviour described above may be better analysed as corresponding to the stable, full vowel
2595:. Laxing always occurs in stressed closed syllables, but it is also found in other environments to various degrees.
133:
7142:
5736:
609:
584:
5307:
The continuation pattern is a rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a rhythm group (typically a phrase).
7543:
7530:
7069:
6079:
3309:
1833:
570:
161:
34:
1485:, the resulting word is sometimes pronounced with a geminate and similarly for the variants of the same prefix
7741:
7094:
5331:
3524:
2803:
2795:
1874:
1868:
123:
5220:
stress include increased amplitude and pitch of the vowel and gemination of the onset consonant, as mentioned
7701:
7666:
7297:
7084:
7026:
5346:
3379:
3321:
3191:
in this case. According to one source, the typical phonetic realization of the nasal vowels in Paris is for
1840:
616:
290:
228:
100:
4406:
Though a more prominent feature of Quebec French, phrase-medial devoicing is also found in
European French.
344:
in which word-final consonants are not pronounced unless they are followed by a word beginning with a vowel;
7287:
7240:
7079:
3516:
3370:
3297:
1882:
1854:
1731:
602:
6926:
Wells, J.C. (1989), "Computer-Coded
Phonemic Notation of Individual Languages of the European Community",
6697:
6493:
Chitoran, Ioana (2002), "A perception-production study of
Romanian diphthongs and glide-vowel sequences",
5621:
5617:
5298:
5149:
5144:
5126:
5118:
5113:
5095:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4586:
4548:
4544:
4508:
4504:
4497:
4443:
4436:
4421:
4399:
4392:
In Quebec French, close vowels are often devoiced when unstressed and surrounded by voiceless consonants:
4385:
4376:
4358:
4354:
4313:
4279:
4245:
4211:
4177:
4145:
4111:
4077:
4058:
4030:
3996:
3968:
3934:
3906:
3872:
3853:
3819:
3779:
3775:
3753:
3749:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3649:
3645:
3633:
3626:
3612:
3595:
3583:
3572:
3563:
3547:
3538:
3507:
3489:
3480:
3464:
3455:
3437:
3423:
3407:
3360:
3346:
3335:
3253:
3249:
3242:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3093:
3084:
3075:
3066:
3054:
3029:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2984:
2975:
2964:
2955:
2944:
2935:
2909:
2884:
2880:
2868:
2864:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2809:
2789:
2782:
2778:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2655:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2568:
2564:
2535:
2530:
2513:
2508:
2491:
2486:
2462:
2457:
2440:
2435:
2418:
2413:
2396:
2391:
2369:
2364:
2347:
2342:
2325:
2320:
2303:
2298:
2281:
2276:
2259:
2254:
2237:
2232:
2215:
2210:
2193:
2188:
2171:
2166:
2149:
2144:
2127:
2122:
2105:
2100:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1690:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1557:
1437:
consonants are relatively rare in the pronunciation of such words. The following cases can be identified.
1410:
1405:
1388:
1383:
1366:
1361:
1353:
1340:
1335:
1318:
1313:
1296:
1291:
1272:
1267:
1252:
1247:
1230:
1225:
1210:
1205:
1188:
1183:
1168:
1163:
1146:
1141:
1126:
1121:
1104:
1099:
1084:
1079:
1062:
1057:
1042:
1037:
992:
988:
984:
976:
972:
961:
919:
908:
901:
897:
893:
886:
877:
864:
860:
853:
849:
841:
811:
801:
797:
779:
759:
753:
749:
742:
731:
392:
48:
44:
5625:
4366:
1889:
1803:
6740:
5310:
The finality pattern is a sharp fall in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a declarative statement.
1560:
is "generally considered affected or pedantic". Examples of stylistically marked pronunciations include
7679:
7215:
7165:
7099:
7074:
1903:
980:
942:
651:
501:
6983:
6975:
2785:
are found in closed syllables ending in , and only is found in closed monosyllables before , , and .
7840:
7388:
7317:
7175:
7155:
6969:
6077:
3522:
3514:
3385:
3377:
3368:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3269:
2801:
2793:
2615:
2609:
2607:
1915:
1810:
1729:
840:. Some speakers who have difficulty with this consonant realise it as a sequence or replace it with
786:
771:
763:
351:
6507:
6469:
7845:
7711:
7393:
7327:
7292:
6589:"Sound Change and Articulatory Release: Where and Why are High Vowels Devoiced in Parisian French?"
5313:
The yes/no intonation is a sharp rise in pitch occurring in the last syllable of a yes/no question.
3203:, suggesting that the first two are unrounded open vowels that contrast by backness (like the oral
1819:
738:
508:
283:
170:
73:
6376:
Anderson, Stephen R. (1982), "The
Analysis of French Shwa: Or, How to Get Something for Nothing",
4589:, but the analysis is not always adequate because of the existence of possible minimal pairs like
7555:
7438:
7408:
7373:
7160:
7104:
7089:
5356:
934:
623:
533:
517:
7018:
366:
7809:
7596:
7403:
7302:
6502:
6464:
5303:
French intonation differs substantially from that of
English. There are four primary patterns:
3104:
may become if the word in question loses its stress within the extended phonological context:
1553:
434:
189:
30:
6287:
Mora-timed speech is frequent in French, especially in Canada, where it is very much the norm.
7453:
7420:
7413:
7322:
7235:
7230:
3294:('mute e'), is a mid-central vowel with some rounding. Many authors consider its value to be
1526:
938:
631:
540:
464:
457:
138:
5989:
7799:
7661:
7571:
7550:
7460:
7448:
7443:
7187:
7170:
3760:
When such syllables lose their stress, the lengthening effect may be absent. The vowel of
1568:
549:
471:
233:
6812:
5620:, as the vowel has become more open in recent times and is noticeably different from oral
3782:, however, it is still pronounced with a long vowel even in an unstressed position, as in
8:
7789:
7696:
7674:
7631:
7616:
7581:
7525:
7470:
7465:
7334:
7220:
7197:
7137:
6855:"Linguistic change and diffusion: Description and explanation in sociolinguistic dialect"
5336:
3579:
783:
557:
128:
6604:
6348:
Adams, Douglas Q. (1975), "The
Distribution of Retracted Sibilants in Medieval Europe",
1433:
Although double consonant letters appear in the orthographic form of many French words,
90:
7686:
7495:
7430:
7425:
7380:
7339:
7127:
7053:
6943:
6874:
6830:
6817:
6624:
6520:
6482:
6393:
6365:
5963:
5341:
3032:
is much rarer in unstressed syllables, but it can be encountered in some common words:
2991:
There are certain environments that prefer one open vowel over the other. For example,
2085:
479:
424:
214:
195:
184:
95:
7586:
5796:
4269:
4251:
3331:
3037:
1440:
The geminate pronunciation is found in the future and conditional forms of the verbs
7814:
7779:
7764:
7748:
7736:
7721:
7691:
7651:
7621:
7601:
7591:
7535:
7515:
7505:
7490:
7475:
7360:
7355:
7282:
7252:
7247:
7225:
7207:
7202:
7192:
7182:
6947:
6913:
6890:
6878:
6854:
6837:
6777:
6726:
6706:
6683:
6647:
6628:
6574:
6556:
6538:
6435:
5892:
5326:
4554:
Glide formation normally does not occur across morpheme boundaries in compounds like
3387:
3271:
1847:
1542:
1518:
845:
735:
595:
526:
429:
353:
114:
6821:
6791:
6524:
6486:
5207:
4260:
4183:
4083:
3660:
7794:
7726:
7716:
7656:
7646:
7641:
7626:
7611:
7606:
7520:
7510:
7262:
7150:
7132:
7122:
6935:
6866:
6807:
6799:
6755:
6635:
6616:
6512:
6474:
6413:
6385:
6357:
5250:
5224:. Emphatic stress does not replace, but occurs in tandem with, grammatical stress.
4585:('sun'). There again, one can formulate a derivation from an underlying full vowel
4415:
4285:
3862:
3554:
A three-way alternation can be observed, in a few cases, for a number of speakers:
3534:
3062:
1661:
1562:
1548:
1510:
930:
444:
419:
414:
347:
337:
261:
256:
6803:
6596:
Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Science, San Francisco
4201:
4101:
3983:
3940:
3399:
That is usually the case when it follows a single consonant in a medial syllable:
3045:
2940:
2703:
7804:
7784:
7769:
7731:
7636:
7576:
7500:
7485:
7480:
7270:
7257:
6904:
6770:
6720:
6669:
6532:
6428:
5803:
4609:
4303:
3949:
3559:
3403:
3342:
2631:
1827:
1536:
1372:
836:
830:
824:
451:
439:
322:
314:
271:
223:
166:
81:
17:
6639:
3921:
3912:
3722:
3681:
2960:
2914:
2731:
2668:
2375:
2243:
2177:
1502:
1152:
200:
7819:
7774:
6850:
4603:
4581:
4328:
4319:
4294:
4117:
3958:
3878:
3825:
3687:
3654:
3476:
3183:
for which it becomes more open like , resulting in a merger of Standard French
2918:(pasta) . The distinction is still clearly maintained in many dialects such as
2890:
2759:
2725:
2717:
2662:
2639:
2055:
is phonologically distinct, its phonetic quality tends to coincide with either
1963:
1862:
1448:
1442:
950:
238:
156:
147:
7008:
7003:
6939:
6870:
6620:
6516:
6478:
6026:
Timbre du schwa en français et variation régionale : un étude comparative
3179:
shifts to or . Also, in some regions, there also is an opposite movement for
3071:
2843:
in terminal open syllables have been lost in almost all of France, but not in
2133:
1464:
orthographically in the future and conditional are pronounced with a simple :
965:
692:
7834:
6673:
6551:
Detey, Sylvain; Durand, Jacques; Laks, Bernard; Lyche, Chantal, eds. (2016),
6086:
5837:
5831:
5613:
4476:
4425:
4337:
4235:
4226:
4217:
4126:
4036:
4002:
3974:
3887:
3843:
3834:
3762:
3744:
3734:
3728:
3419:
3303:
3280:
3008:
2951:
2931:
2919:
2753:
2745:
2739:
2697:
1769:
1603:('him/her/it') is also realised as a geminate when it appears after another
660:
563:
494:
16:
For assistance with IPA transcriptions of French for Knowledge articles, see
5521:
5519:
4597:
4591:
4564:
4488:
4464:
4192:
4160:
4151:
4135:
4092:
4045:
4020:
4011:
3896:
3289:
3089:
2859:
2519:
2497:
2468:
2446:
2402:
2331:
2287:
2221:
2155:
1668:
1416:
1394:
1346:
1324:
1278:
1258:
1216:
1194:
1110:
1090:
1068:
954:
946:
873:
868:
687:
177:
4579:
The glide can also occur in syllable coda position, after a vowel, as in
3449:
verbs, however, the schwa is sometimes deleted even after two consonants:
6418:
5189:
3716:
3016:
2980:
2971:
2853:
2711:
2541:
2424:
2309:
2003:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1955:
1948:
1935:
1797:
1789:
1782:
1764:
1477:
1302:
1236:
1174:
1132:
1048:
882:
808:
330:
266:
5740:
5516:
1675:('two') is pronounced in isolation or before a consonant-initial word (
6450:"From hiatus to diphthong: the evolution of vowel sequences in Romance"
5870:
5868:
5866:
5183:
5177:
4067:
3770:, in which the word is phrase-final and therefore stressed, but not in
3604:
2353:
2265:
2199:
2111:
1993:
1940:
1897:
1774:
1434:
7013:
6397:
6369:
3694:
All vowels are lengthened if followed by one of the voiced fricatives—
914:
7049:
6760:
5737:"Phonétique et prononciation du français pour apprenants finnophones"
5451:
Phonological Variation in French: Illustrations from Three Continents
5202:
4540:
4523:, a word with a complex onset, does not trigger the glide formation:
3053:
Morphologically complex words derived from words containing stressed
1701:
1584:
819:
318:
6201:
5863:
3222:
In Quebec French, two of the vowels shift in a different direction:
2777:
among French phonologists, there are some exceptions. For instance,
6389:
6361:
5641:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5211:) retains its full grammatical stress (on its last full syllable).
4362:
3599:
2896:
2646:) are found in closed syllables. However, there are minimal pairs:
2080:
1024:
1013:
918:, 'wet l'), but in the modern standard variety, it has merged with
326:
40:
5779:
2606:
is somewhat debatable as it has been variously described as close
7048:
6999:
mp3 Audio Pronunciation of French vowels, consonants and alphabet
6741:"La loi de position ou de l'explication en phonologie historique"
6237:
6156:
6007:
5531:
5492:
5453:, edited by Randall Scott Gess, Chantal Lyche, Trudel Meisenburg.
4429:
3157:
2848:
2844:
1456:('he would die'), for example, contrasts with the imperfect form
958:
815:
488:
5398:
3629:('a rebel') must be pronounced with a full vowel in contrast to
3622:
are more subject to variation among speakers, but, for example,
1631:
can exhibit gemination of its first syllable-initial consonant:
1552:('illusion'). The pronunciation of such words, in many cases, a
6534:
Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students
5480:
5468:
5194:
3644:
Except for the distinction still made by some speakers between
3499:
2764:
696:
341:
5905:
5853:
5851:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5656:
5543:
1534:
Other cases of optional gemination can be found in words like
1116:'sweet' (food, feelings), 'gentle' (person), 'mild' (weather)
5694:
5692:
5690:
5434:
5432:
5430:
5388:
5386:
5384:
4519:
shows an alternation between and , the same suffix added to
4365:. A devoiced vowel may be followed by a sound similar to the
3265:
1705:
359:
7009:
French Consonants Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)
6225:
6168:
6043:
3679:, and the nasal vowels are lengthened before any consonant:
3506:
in ordinary speech, would in verse be pronounced , with the
5848:
5653:
3167:
tends to be more open and shifts toward the vowel space of
2040:
realised as central . Some dialects also feature a rounded
889:'law'), there are many cases where there is free variation.
6569:
Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Kibbee, Douglas; Jenkins, Fred (2006),
6055:
5933:
5931:
5687:
5427:
5381:
1222:'under', 'on' (drugs), 'in' (packaging), 'within' (times)
362:) are elided (such as when final before an initial vowel);
6302:
6290:
6144:
5595:
5555:
5264:('It's terrible.'; emphatic stress on second syllable of
2567:
when the vowel is both phonetically short (so not before
7004:
French Vowels Demonstrated by a Native Speaker (youtube)
6031:
6314:
6269:
6213:
6134:
6132:
6117:
6105:
6093:
5928:
5813:
5811:
5629:
3608:, for example, always keeps its vowel in contexts like
6954:
Yaguello, Marina (1991), "Les géminées de M. Rocard",
5677:
5675:
748:
Word-final consonants are always released. Generally,
6792:"Phrase-medial vowel devoicing in spontaneous French"
5761:"Some phoneticians claim that there are two distinct
5583:
1728:. In the latter case, the outcome is an open central
6550:
6129:
5943:
5808:
5525:
3513:
Schwa cannot normally be realised as a front vowel (
39:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7014:
IPA chart of French phonology with audio recordings
6836:, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press,
6568:
6404:Berns, Janine (2013), "Velar variation in French",
6255:
6243:
6207:
6162:
6073:
6013:
5874:
5672:
5647:
5577:
5537:
5498:
5415:
3748:('pie') are pronounced with short vowels since the
3315:
1689:(→ 'two years'), the linking or liaison consonant
1599:('honesty'). The elided form of the object pronoun
333:, and three processes affecting word-final sounds:
6972:'s freely downloadable course on French phonology
6829:
6769:
6668:
6427:
5456:
5409:
6928:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6646:(in French), Louvain-la-Neuve: De Boeck Duculot,
6609:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
6495:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
5716:
5704:
5504:
4558:('semi-arid'). However, in colloquial registers,
3803:
2602:are consistently close , but the exact height of
7832:
6789:
6326:
6174:
3415:It is occasionally mute in word-final position:
1720:(especially in the northern half of France) and
53:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
6434:, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press,
5231:. ('It's perfectly true.'; no emphatic stress)
2912:phoneme is fronted to , but it is always long,
2693:mostly in closed monosyllables, such as these:
907:Some dialects of French have a palatal lateral
844:. It could be considered a separate phoneme in
6994:Large collection of recordings of French words
6790:Torreira, Francisco; Ernestus, Mirjam (2010),
6634:
6587:Fagyal, Zsuzsanna; Moisset, Christine (1999),
6448:Chitoran, Ioana; Hualde, José Ignacio (2007),
6447:
6231:
5486:
5474:
5288:(initial syllable with glottal stop insertion)
3318:state, more specifically, that it merges with
3252:, there is no attested tendency for the nasal
1587:region, as opposed to other southern accents.
7034:
6602:
6586:
6150:
5857:
5666:
5549:
5438:
5392:
3175:rises and rounds to (realised also as ) and
291:
6725:, Continuum International Publishing Group,
6603:Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993),
3586:→ ('brand'), which can also be pronounced .
380:
325:. Notable phonological features include its
6531:Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) ,
6530:
5911:
5698:
4052:
3990:
3928:
3100:Even in the final syllable of a word, back
2658:contrast in final-position open syllables:
1709:
1624:Gemination is obligatory in such contexts.
1308:'soft', 'weak' (stronger: person, actions)
7041:
7027:
6425:
6194:('king'), which contrasts with disyllabic
6049:
5924:Oral articulation of nasal vowel in French
5766:
5278:(initial syllable with liaison consonant )
3241:otherwise lost in other accents: quarante
2587:)' not only in the presence of the final
2479:
923:
298:
284:
6811:
6759:
6573:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
6506:
6468:
6417:
2571:) and in a closed syllable, so that e.g.
1736:between the two (not shown on the chart).
6953:
6849:
6662:Phonétisme et prononciations du français
6492:
6375:
6219:
6061:
5937:
5734:
5573:
5375:
4449:
2792:has been variously described as central
2024:and a distinction between an open front
1700:
686:
6705:, Melbourne: River Seine Publications,
5987:
5961:
4562:('if she') can be pronounced just like
3710:(not in combination)—or by the cluster
3445:In the future and conditional forms of
7833:
6912:, Ottawa: University of Ottawa Press,
6902:
6884:
6827:
6767:
6320:
6308:
6296:
6275:
6138:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6037:
5949:
5891:(in French). Museum Tusculanum Press.
5886:
5842:
5829:"For example, some have the front in
5817:
5635:
5601:
5589:
5561:
5299:Intonation (linguistics) § French
2895:
2773:Beyond the general rule, known as the
1481:combines with a base that begins with
933:has a wide range of realizations: the
7022:
6925:
6832:The Sounds of French: An Introduction
6738:
6718:
6403:
6347:
6266:are more frequently pronounced and .
5710:
5681:
5510:
5462:
5421:
4353:In Parisian French, the close vowels
3813:
3810:
3800:
3797:
3130:→ ('I went to the Vincennes woods').
2908:, but in final closed syllables, the
2552:† Not distinguished in all dialects.
1288:
770:but sometimes laminal denti-alveolar
6906:The Pronunciation of Canadian French
6722:A Critical Introduction to Phonetics
6695:
6659:
6332:
5722:
3510:enunciated at the end of each word.
2879:The phonemic contrast between front
2812:, in both cases becoming similar to
1628:
317:. This article discusses mainly the
43:. For the distinction between ,
6679:The Sounds of the World's Languages
6244:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6208:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6163:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
6014:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5875:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5648:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5578:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5538:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5499:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
5352:Phonologie du Français Contemporain
3772:Qu'est-ce qu'elle saute bien !
3353:in phrase-final stressed position:
3316:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006)
3226:→ , more or less as in Europe, but
2638:) are found in open syllables, and
2016:While some dialects feature a long
388:Meaning: "We left the window open."
23:Sound system of the French language
13:
6256:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006
6074:Fagyal, Kibbee & Jenkins (2006
5962:Lindsey, Geoff (15 January 2012).
5214:
5197:but otherwise may receive stress.
1264:'cabbage', 'lovely' (person, pet)
957:. These are all recognised as the
710: only in some educated speech
14:
7857:
6963:
6605:"Illustrations of the IPA:French"
6571:French: A Linguistic Introduction
5988:Lindsey, Geoff (22 August 2012).
3738:('book'). However, words such as
3256:to become central in any accent.
2591:but also in the tenseness of the
2584:
2002:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1914:
1902:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1818:
1809:
1802:
1452:('to die'). The conditional form
677:
670:
650:
643:
622:
615:
608:
601:
583:
576:
569:
548:
539:
532:
516:
507:
500:
478:
470:
463:
456:
374:An example of the above is this:
6985:Introduction to French Phonology
6977:Introduction to French Phonology
6748:Revue Québécoise de Linguistique
6186:The correspond to orthographic
5410:Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996)
5156:
5153:
5122:
5105:
5102:
5099:
4361:at the end of utterances can be
2576:
2032:, Parisian French features only
1627:Finally, a word pronounced with
1096:'all', 'anything' (possibility)
350:, in which certain instances of
63:
6889:, University of Calgary Press,
6776:, Cambridge, MA: M.I.T. Press,
6772:French Phonology and Morphology
6598:, vol. 1, pp. 309–312
6281:
6249:
6180:
6067:
6019:
5981:
5955:
5917:
5880:
5823:
5790:
5772:
5755:
5728:
5607:
5567:
4511:). For example, while the pair
3801:Vowel value in closed syllable
3768:Regarde comme elle saute !
3752:appears in clusters other than
3326:before high vowels and glides:
3134:
2558:
1712::225–226). Some speakers merge
863:correspond to the close vowels
382:On a laissé la fenêtre ouverte.
35:International Phonetic Alphabet
6958:, Paris: Seuil, pp. 64–70
6813:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-C810-3
6406:Linguistics in the Netherlands
6175:Torreira & Ernestus (2010)
5735:Kalmbach, Jean-Michel (2011).
5444:
5368:
5332:Phonological history of French
5221:
4424:) of a number of monosyllabic
3618:Cases of word-internal stable
2874:
2051:In Metropolitan French, while
716: usual in educated speech
134:Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts
1:
6987:(student & teacher texts)
6804:10.21437/Interspeech.2010-568
6699:Intonation Patterns of French
5362:
5347:Reforms of French orthography
5292:
2625:
407:Consonant phonemes of French
401:
6956:En écoutant parler la langue
6739:Morin, Yves-Charles (1986),
6232:Chitoran & Hualde (2007)
5887:Hansen, Anita Berit (1998).
5487:Grevisse & Goosse (2011)
5475:Grevisse & Goosse (2011)
4348:
3467:→ ('we will precipitate ').
3264:When phonetically realised,
2788:The Parisian realization of
1428:
818:of French, but it occurs in
7:
7276:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
6768:Schane, Sanford A. (1968),
6555:, Oxford University Press,
6537:(3rd ed.), Routledge,
6151:Fagyal & Moisset (1999)
5858:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5835:'breaks', and the back in
5667:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5550:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5439:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5393:Fougeron & Smith (1993)
5320:
4367:voiceless palatal fricative
3652:in rare minimal pairs like
3117:→ ('I went to the woods'),
2819:The phonemic opposition of
1607:to avoid misunderstanding:
987:, and more variably before
945:positional allophone , the
762:is usually apical alveolar
10:
7862:
6553:Varieties of Spoken French
6430:The Sound System of French
6341:
5780:"Les Accents des Français"
5296:
4439:('I am sleeping'), and in
4413:
4409:
3811:Non-lengthening consonant
3788:C'est une fête importante.
3590:Instances of orthographic
3504:une grande femme fut ici,
3211:in some accents), whereas
1925:
1742:
1659:
1655:
796:In current pronunciation,
752:are voiced throughout and
15:
7757:
7564:
7348:
7115:
7060:
6970:Foreign Service Institute
6940:10.1017/S0025100300005892
6871:10.1017/S0047404500004358
6621:10.1017/S0025100300004874
6517:10.1017/S0025100302001044
6479:10.1017/S095267570700111X
6426:Casagrande, Jean (1984),
5912:Collins & Mees (2013)
5797:Postériorisation du / a /
5699:Collins & Mees (2013)
5169:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4420:The final vowel (usually
4312:
4278:
4244:
4210:
4176:
4144:
4110:
4076:
4062:
4057:
4029:
3995:
3967:
3933:
3905:
3871:
3857:
3852:
3818:
3639:
3492:→ ('seven little ones').
3392:are still distinguished.
2551:
2478:
2385:
2094:
2079:
2074:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1845:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1760:
1708:of Parisian French, from
1696:
1028:
1017:
1007:
1004:
892:Belgian French may merge
699:in the mid-20th century.
630:
621:
556:
487:
450:
411:
393:/ɔ̃alɛselafənɛːtʁəuvɛʁtə/
340:, a specific instance of
6903:Walker, Douglas (1984),
6885:Walker, Douglas (2001),
6828:Tranel, Bernard (1987),
3367:and that it merges with
3259:
2757:('good', feminine), vs.
2685:contrast with close-mid
2598:In Metropolitan French,
2044:, which has merged with
2036:and just one open vowel
1710:Collins & Mees (2013
1468:('he will be able to'),
867:. While there are a few
782:, it can be realised as
321:of all the varieties of
162:Articles and determiners
7308:Regional North American
5994:English Speech Services
5968:English Speech Services
5784:accentsdefrance.free.fr
5357:Quebec French phonology
5229:C'est parfaitement vrai
3458:→ ('you would guard'),
1682:→ 'two days'), but in
935:voiced uvular fricative
313:is the sound system of
31:phonetic transcriptions
7742:Dialects and varieties
7303:Received Pronunciation
7143:American Sign Language
6887:French Sound Structure
6798:, pp. 2006–2009,
6028:retrieved 14 July 2013
5836:
5830:
5193:, etc.) are generally
5188:
5182:
5176:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4580:
4563:
4535:('prey'), and , as in
4487:
4475:
4463:
4336:
4327:
4318:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4268:
4259:
4250:
4234:
4225:
4216:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4159:
4150:
4134:
4125:
4116:
4100:
4091:
4082:
4066:
4044:
4035:
4019:
4010:
4001:
3982:
3973:
3957:
3948:
3939:
3920:
3911:
3895:
3886:
3877:
3861:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3814:Lengthening consonant
3778:is distinguished from
3761:
3743:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3686:
3680:
3659:
3653:
3603:
3578:
3558:
3541:→ ('to harass'), with
3533:
3475:
3418:
3402:
3341:
3330:
3288:
3279:
3088:
3087:→ ('very rare', from
3070:
3061:
3044:
3036:
3015:
3007:
2979:
2970:
2959:
2950:
2939:
2930:
2913:
2889:
2858:
2852:
2758:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2724:
2716:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2667:
2661:
2540:
2518:
2496:
2467:
2445:
2423:
2401:
2374:
2352:
2330:
2308:
2286:
2264:
2242:
2220:
2198:
2176:
2154:
2132:
2110:
1737:
1667:
1575:Gemination of doubled
1567:
1561:
1554:spelling pronunciation
1547:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1517:
1509:
1501:
1476:
1447:
1441:
1415:
1393:
1371:
1345:
1323:
1301:
1277:
1257:
1235:
1215:
1193:
1173:
1151:
1131:
1109:
1089:
1067:
1047:
937:, also realised as an
881:
872:
835:
829:
823:
724:
381:
365:
28:This article contains
6682:, Oxford: Blackwell,
4450:Glides and diphthongs
3440:→ ('a closed door').
3248:Contrary to the oral
3171:(realised also as ),
2863:are still opposed as
1704:
924:Glides and diphthongs
690:
6419:10.1075/avt.30.02ber
5990:"Rebooting Buttocks"
5528:, pp. 131, 415.
5241:(emphatic stress on
3742:('(they) serve') or
3636:→ or ('a bounce').
3215:is much closer than
2967:→ ('paste, pastry')
2847:or in areas with an
1741:(see the subsection
852:('bread') vs. penne
124:Phonological history
7667:Proto-Indo-European
7313:White South African
6859:Language in Society
6719:Lodge, Ken (2009),
6311:, pp. 200–201.
6299:, pp. 194–200.
5914:, pp. 225–226.
5616:prefers the symbol
5604:, pp. 151–153.
5564:, pp. 149–150.
5526:Detey et al. (2016)
5337:Varieties of French
4446:('I am arriving').
3774:In accents wherein
3438:/yn(ə)pɔʁt(ə)fɛʁme/
3128:/ʒeeteobwɑdəvɛ̃sɛn/
2995:is preferred after
2800:and centralized to
2677:likewise, open-mid
2666:('was going'), vs.
2068:
1929:
1757:
1001:
408:
129:Oaths of Strasbourg
6696:Lian, A-P (1980),
6188:⟨oi⟩
6064:, pp. 544–46.
6052:, pp. 228–29.
6040:, pp. 88–105.
5802:2011-07-06 at the
5342:French orthography
5286:pouvantable !
5276:pouvantable !
4572:('you have') like
4531:('rain'), , as in
4402:→ ('university').
4379:→ ('Thank you.'),
4357:and the mid front
3285:('dropped e') and
3057:do not retain it:
2938:→ ('stain'), vs.
2066:
1927:
1755:
1738:
1583:is typical of the
1572:('intelligence').
1462:⟨rr⟩
1356:in modern French)
999:
880:'s/he rented' and
725:
406:
7828:
7827:
7318:Standard Canadian
7054:world's languages
6919:978-0-7766-4500-1
6896:978-1-55238-033-8
6843:978-0-521-31510-4
6783:978-0-262-19040-4
6732:978-0-8264-8873-2
6712:978-0-909367-21-3
6660:Léon, P. (1992),
6653:978-2-8011-1642-5
6636:Grevisse, Maurice
6580:978-0-521-82144-5
6544:978-0-415-50650-2
6441:978-0-87840-085-0
6323:, pp. 181–2.
6278:, pp. 57–60.
6210:, pp. 37–39.
6126:, pp. 49–51.
6114:, pp. 25–27.
6102:, pp. 98–99.
6050:Casagrande (1984)
5898:978-87-7289-495-9
5638:, pp. 51–60.
5552:, pp. 74–75.
5327:History of French
5167:
5166:
4601:('paycheck') and
4346:
4345:
3620:⟨e⟩
3592:⟨e⟩
3550:→ (' harasses').
3483:→ ('scoundrel'),
3462:nous brusquerons
3239:⟨n⟩
3069:→ ('aged', from
2851:substrate, where
2556:
2555:
2028:and an open back
2014:
2013:
2010:
2009:
1923:
1922:
1581:⟨n⟩
1577:⟨m⟩
1566:('addition') and
1546:('grammar'), and
1530:('irresponsible')
1472:('he will see').
1426:
1425:
968:and map at right.
966:French guttural r
859:The approximants
846:Meridional French
685:
684:
308:
307:
7853:
7841:French phonology
7680:Kerkrade dialect
7293:General American
7043:
7036:
7029:
7020:
7019:
6959:
6950:
6922:
6911:
6899:
6881:
6846:
6835:
6824:
6815:
6796:Interspeech 2010
6786:
6775:
6764:
6763:
6761:10.7202/602567ar
6745:
6735:
6715:
6704:
6692:
6670:Ladefoged, Peter
6665:
6656:
6631:
6599:
6593:
6583:
6565:
6562:978-0-19957371-4
6547:
6527:
6510:
6489:
6472:
6454:
6444:
6433:
6422:
6421:
6400:
6372:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6306:
6300:
6294:
6288:
6285:
6279:
6273:
6267:
6258::39). The words
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6189:
6184:
6178:
6172:
6166:
6160:
6154:
6148:
6142:
6136:
6127:
6121:
6115:
6109:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6083:
6071:
6065:
6059:
6053:
6047:
6041:
6035:
6029:
6023:
6017:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5985:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5974:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5935:
5926:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5884:
5878:
5877:, p. 33-34.
5872:
5861:
5855:
5846:
5827:
5821:
5815:
5806:
5794:
5788:
5787:
5776:
5770:
5767:Casagrande (1984
5759:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5743:on 10 March 2018
5739:. Archived from
5732:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5696:
5685:
5679:
5670:
5664:
5651:
5650:, pp. 25–6.
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5571:
5565:
5559:
5553:
5547:
5541:
5535:
5529:
5523:
5514:
5508:
5502:
5496:
5490:
5484:
5478:
5472:
5466:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5436:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5407:
5396:
5390:
5379:
5372:
5151:
5146:
5128:
5120:
5115:
5097:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4588:
4550:
4546:
4510:
4506:
4499:
4445:
4438:
4423:
4416:Elision (French)
4401:
4387:
4378:
4360:
4356:
4315:
4281:
4247:
4213:
4179:
4147:
4113:
4079:
4060:
4032:
3998:
3970:
3936:
3908:
3874:
3855:
3821:
3795:
3794:
3781:
3777:
3755:
3751:
3726:('sea/mother'),
3713:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3651:
3647:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3574:
3565:
3549:
3540:
3528:
3520:
3509:
3491:
3482:
3466:
3457:
3439:
3435:une porte fermée
3425:
3409:
3391:
3383:
3374:
3362:
3349:→ ('workshop'),
3348:
3337:
3325:
3313:
3301:
3275:
3255:
3251:
3244:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3129:
3116:
3103:
3095:
3086:
3077:
3068:
3056:
3031:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2978:→ ('rat'), vs.
2977:
2966:
2958:→ ('leg'), vs.
2957:
2946:
2937:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2886:
2882:
2870:
2866:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2784:
2780:
2729:('Rhodes'), vs.
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2657:
2653:
2645:
2637:
2632:close-mid vowels
2621:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2579:)' differs from
2578:
2570:
2566:
2537:
2532:
2515:
2510:
2493:
2488:
2464:
2459:
2442:
2437:
2420:
2415:
2398:
2393:
2371:
2366:
2349:
2344:
2327:
2322:
2305:
2300:
2283:
2278:
2261:
2256:
2239:
2234:
2217:
2212:
2195:
2190:
2173:
2168:
2151:
2146:
2129:
2124:
2107:
2102:
2069:
2065:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2006:
1988:
1980:
1972:
1958:
1951:
1930:
1926:
1918:
1906:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1813:
1806:
1792:
1785:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1735:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1662:Liaison (French)
1582:
1578:
1559:
1475:When the prefix
1463:
1412:
1407:
1390:
1385:
1368:
1363:
1355:
1342:
1337:
1320:
1315:
1298:
1293:
1274:
1269:
1254:
1249:
1232:
1227:
1212:
1207:
1190:
1185:
1170:
1165:
1148:
1143:
1128:
1123:
1106:
1101:
1086:
1081:
1064:
1059:
1044:
1039:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
983:to and before
978:
974:
963:
921:
910:
903:
899:
895:
888:
879:
866:
862:
855:
851:
843:
814:is not a native
813:
803:
800:is merging with
799:
792:
781:
777:
769:
761:
756:are unaspirated.
755:
751:
744:
733:
727:Phonetic notes:
721:
715:
709:
703:
691:Distribution of
681:
674:
663:
654:
647:
638:
626:
619:
612:
605:
598:
587:
580:
573:
566:
552:
543:
536:
529:
520:
511:
504:
497:
482:
474:
467:
460:
409:
405:
394:
384:
357:
311:French phonology
300:
293:
286:
67:
60:
59:
50:
46:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7846:French language
7831:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7753:
7707:Scottish Gaelic
7560:
7404:Standard Modern
7344:
7151:Modern Standard
7111:
7056:
7047:
6966:
6920:
6909:
6897:
6851:Trudgill, Peter
6844:
6784:
6743:
6733:
6713:
6702:
6690:
6664:, Paris: Nathan
6654:
6591:
6581:
6563:
6545:
6508:10.1.1.116.1413
6470:10.1.1.129.2403
6452:
6442:
6344:
6339:
6331:
6327:
6319:
6315:
6307:
6303:
6295:
6291:
6286:
6282:
6274:
6270:
6254:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6230:
6226:
6220:Chitoran (2002)
6218:
6214:
6206:
6202:
6198:(' punctured').
6187:
6185:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6149:
6145:
6137:
6130:
6122:
6118:
6110:
6106:
6098:
6094:
6072:
6068:
6062:Anderson (1982)
6060:
6056:
6048:
6044:
6036:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6012:
6008:
5998:
5996:
5986:
5982:
5972:
5970:
5964:"Le FOOT vowel"
5960:
5956:
5948:
5944:
5938:Anderson (1982)
5936:
5929:
5922:
5918:
5910:
5906:
5899:
5885:
5881:
5873:
5864:
5856:
5849:
5828:
5824:
5816:
5809:
5804:Wayback Machine
5795:
5791:
5778:
5777:
5773:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5744:
5733:
5729:
5721:
5717:
5709:
5705:
5697:
5688:
5680:
5673:
5665:
5654:
5646:
5642:
5634:
5630:
5612:
5608:
5600:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5574:Yaguello (1991)
5572:
5568:
5560:
5556:
5548:
5544:
5536:
5532:
5524:
5517:
5509:
5505:
5497:
5493:
5485:
5481:
5473:
5469:
5461:
5457:
5449:
5445:
5437:
5428:
5420:
5416:
5408:
5399:
5391:
5382:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5323:
5301:
5295:
5239:faitement vrai.
5217:
5215:Emphatic stress
5172:
4452:
4418:
4412:
4351:
3805:
3658:('to put') vs.
3642:
3619:
3591:
3566:→ ('to call'),
3410:→ ('to call'),
3338:→ ('clarity'),
3276:), also called
3262:
3238:
3137:
2901:
2900:
2897:[avokɑ]
2877:
2775:loi de position
2743:('apple'), vs.
2707:('fast', verb),
2701:('young'), vs.
2640:open-mid vowels
2628:
2614:and near-close
2561:
1954:
1947:
1788:
1781:
1699:
1693:is pronounced.
1664:
1658:
1629:emphatic stress
1580:
1576:
1461:
1446:('to run') and
1431:
723:
719:
717:
713:
711:
707:
705:
704: not usual
701:
659:
636:
594:
562:
525:
493:
443:
433:
423:
404:
323:Standard French
304:
272:Help:IPA/French
207:
206:
194:
82:French language
58:
57:
56:
24:
21:
18:Help:IPA/French
12:
11:
5:
7859:
7849:
7848:
7843:
7826:
7825:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7744:
7734:
7729:
7724:
7719:
7714:
7712:Serbo-Croatian
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7614:
7609:
7604:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7546:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7488:
7483:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7417:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7398:
7397:
7396:
7391:
7383:
7378:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7363:
7358:
7352:
7350:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7295:
7290:
7280:
7279:
7278:
7273:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7244:
7243:
7238:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7218:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7190:
7185:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7113:
7112:
7110:
7109:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7072:
7067:
7061:
7058:
7057:
7046:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6990:
6989:
6981:
6965:
6964:External links
6962:
6961:
6960:
6951:
6923:
6918:
6900:
6895:
6882:
6865:(2): 215–246,
6847:
6842:
6825:
6787:
6782:
6765:
6754:(2): 199–231,
6736:
6731:
6716:
6711:
6693:
6688:
6674:Maddieson, Ian
6666:
6657:
6652:
6632:
6600:
6584:
6579:
6566:
6561:
6548:
6543:
6528:
6501:(2): 203–222,
6490:
6445:
6440:
6423:
6401:
6390:10.2307/413848
6384:(3): 534–573,
6373:
6362:10.2307/412855
6356:(2): 282–292,
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:
6325:
6313:
6301:
6289:
6280:
6268:
6248:
6236:
6224:
6222:, p. 206.
6212:
6200:
6179:
6167:
6155:
6143:
6128:
6116:
6104:
6092:
6066:
6054:
6042:
6030:
6018:
6006:
5980:
5954:
5942:
5940:, p. 537.
5927:
5916:
5904:
5897:
5879:
5862:
5847:
5822:
5807:
5789:
5771:
5754:
5727:
5715:
5703:
5701:, p. 225.
5686:
5671:
5652:
5640:
5628:
5606:
5594:
5592:, p. 150.
5582:
5566:
5554:
5542:
5530:
5515:
5503:
5491:
5479:
5467:
5455:
5443:
5426:
5424:, p. 288.
5414:
5412:, p. 192.
5397:
5380:
5376:Trudgill (1974
5366:
5364:
5361:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5297:Main article:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5289:
5279:
5269:
5247:
5246:
5232:
5216:
5213:
5208:mot phonétique
5171:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5055:
5054:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5019:
5018:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4983:
4982:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4910:
4909:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4838:
4837:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4801:
4800:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4764:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4728:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4595:('country') /
4494:
4493:
4481:
4469:
4451:
4448:
4426:function words
4414:Main article:
4411:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4390:
4389:
4380:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4325:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4300:
4298:
4291:
4289:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4266:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4248:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4221:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4198:
4196:
4189:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4166:
4164:
4157:
4155:
4148:
4142:
4141:
4139:
4132:
4130:
4123:
4121:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4098:
4096:
4089:
4087:
4080:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4064:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4042:
4040:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4017:
4015:
4008:
4006:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3980:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3944:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3918:
3916:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3893:
3891:
3884:
3882:
3875:
3869:
3868:
3866:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3840:
3838:
3831:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3806:open syllable
3804:Vowel value in
3802:
3799:
3758:
3757:
3692:
3641:
3638:
3588:
3587:
3576:
3575:→ ('I call'),
3567:
3552:
3551:
3542:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3484:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3459:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3365:
3364:
3363:→ ('say it'),
3351:
3350:
3339:
3261:
3258:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3118:
3098:
3097:
3079:
3051:
3050:
3042:
3022:
3021:
3013:
2989:
2988:
2968:
2948:
2876:
2873:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2750:
2736:
2722:
2715:('rock'), vs.
2708:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2654:and close-mid
2627:
2624:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2516:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2421:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2399:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2372:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2271:'this'/'that'
2269:
2262:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2137:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2067:Example words
2020:distinct from
2012:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1982:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1879:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1698:
1695:
1660:Main article:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1642:
1622:
1621:
1615:
1540:('syllable'),
1532:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1507:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1352:'gnu' (dated,
1350:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1178:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1094:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1000:Example words
997:
996:
969:
951:alveolar trill
927:
905:
890:
857:
805:
794:
757:
746:
739:denti-alveolar
718:
712:
706:
700:
695:(such as ) in
683:
682:
675:
668:
666:
664:
656:
655:
648:
641:
639:
634:
628:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
591:
590:
588:
581:
574:
567:
560:
554:
553:
546:
544:
537:
530:
522:
521:
514:
512:
505:
498:
491:
485:
484:
475:
468:
461:
454:
448:
447:
437:
427:
417:
412:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
391:In isolation:
389:
386:
372:
371:
363:
345:
306:
305:
303:
302:
295:
288:
280:
277:
276:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
251:
250:
244:
243:
242:
241:
236:
231:
226:
218:
217:
211:
210:
209:
208:
205:
204:
198:
192:
187:
180:
176:
174:
164:
159:
151:
150:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
118:
117:
111:
110:
109:
108:
103:
98:
93:
85:
84:
78:
77:
69:
68:
51:⟩, see
27:
26:
25:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7858:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7756:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7739:
7738:
7735:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7715:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7703:
7700:
7698:
7695:
7693:
7690:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7672:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7618:
7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7556:Luxembourgish
7554:
7552:
7549:
7545:
7544:Maastrichtian
7542:
7541:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7472:
7469:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7422:
7419:
7415:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7395:
7392:
7390:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7375:
7372:
7370:
7367:
7366:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7351:
7347:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7285:
7284:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7268:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7227:
7224:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7194:
7191:
7189:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7134:
7131:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7114:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7070:Orthographies
7068:
7066:
7063:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7051:
7044:
7039:
7037:
7032:
7030:
7025:
7024:
7021:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6980:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6957:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6937:
6933:
6929:
6924:
6921:
6915:
6908:
6907:
6901:
6898:
6892:
6888:
6883:
6880:
6876:
6872:
6868:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6839:
6834:
6833:
6826:
6823:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6788:
6785:
6779:
6774:
6773:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6737:
6734:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6717:
6714:
6708:
6701:
6700:
6694:
6691:
6689:0-631-19815-6
6685:
6681:
6680:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6658:
6655:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6640:Goosse, André
6637:
6633:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6614:
6610:
6606:
6601:
6597:
6590:
6585:
6582:
6576:
6572:
6567:
6564:
6558:
6554:
6549:
6546:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6480:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6451:
6446:
6443:
6437:
6432:
6431:
6424:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6402:
6399:
6395:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6379:
6374:
6371:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6346:
6345:
6334:
6329:
6322:
6321:Walker (2001)
6317:
6310:
6309:Tranel (1987)
6305:
6298:
6297:Tranel (1987)
6293:
6284:
6277:
6276:Schane (1968)
6272:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6252:
6246:, p. 39.
6245:
6240:
6234:, p. 45.
6233:
6228:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6204:
6197:
6193:
6183:
6176:
6171:
6165:, p. 27.
6164:
6159:
6152:
6147:
6141:, p. 46.
6140:
6139:Walker (2001)
6135:
6133:
6125:
6124:Tranel (1987)
6120:
6113:
6112:Walker (1984)
6108:
6101:
6100:Tranel (1987)
6096:
6089:
6088:
6084:, TLFi, s.v.
6081:
6075:
6070:
6063:
6058:
6051:
6046:
6039:
6038:Tranel (1987)
6034:
6027:
6022:
6016:, p. 59.
6015:
6010:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5969:
5965:
5958:
5952:, p. 88.
5951:
5950:Tranel (1987)
5946:
5939:
5934:
5932:
5925:
5920:
5913:
5908:
5900:
5894:
5890:
5883:
5876:
5871:
5869:
5867:
5860:, p. 74.
5859:
5854:
5852:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5833:
5826:
5820:, p. 64.
5819:
5818:Tranel (1987)
5814:
5812:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5793:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5768:
5764:
5758:
5742:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5700:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5684:, p. 84.
5683:
5678:
5676:
5669:, p. 73.
5668:
5663:
5661:
5659:
5657:
5649:
5644:
5637:
5636:Walker (1984)
5632:
5626:
5615:
5614:John C. Wells
5610:
5603:
5602:Tranel (1987)
5598:
5591:
5590:Tranel (1987)
5586:
5580:, p. 51.
5579:
5575:
5570:
5563:
5562:Tranel (1987)
5558:
5551:
5546:
5540:, p. 42.
5539:
5534:
5527:
5522:
5520:
5512:
5507:
5501:, p. 47.
5500:
5495:
5488:
5483:
5476:
5471:
5465:, p. 44.
5464:
5459:
5452:
5447:
5441:, p. 75.
5440:
5435:
5433:
5431:
5423:
5418:
5411:
5406:
5404:
5402:
5395:, p. 79.
5394:
5389:
5387:
5385:
5377:
5374:Map based on
5371:
5367:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5324:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5300:
5287:
5285:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5238:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5223:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5180:
5179:
5163:
5159:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5130:
5125:
5117:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4927:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4802:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4730:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4640:
4629:
4626:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4576:(' killed').
4575:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4552:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4501:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4417:
4407:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4393:
4384:
4381:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4018:
4016:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3809:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3785:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3764:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3740:(ils) servent
3737:
3736:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3718:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3684:
3683:
3667:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3637:
3632:
3625:
3616:
3611:
3610:donnez-le-moi
3607:
3606:
3601:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3546:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3518:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3500:versification
3488:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3465:/nubʁyskəʁɔ̃/
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3381:
3372:
3359:
3358:dis-le !
3356:
3355:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3304:Geoff Lindsey
3299:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3273:
3267:
3257:
3246:
3235:
3220:
3161:
3159:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2983:
2982:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2920:Quebec French
2917:
2916:
2904:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2872:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2846:
2817:
2805:
2797:
2786:
2776:
2767:', the city).
2766:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2694:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2633:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2596:
2582:
2574:
2550:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2386:Nasal vowels
2384:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2208:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2049:
2005:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1937:
1931:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1733:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1614:('He ate it')
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1586:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1527:irresponsable
1524:
1522:('illegible')
1521:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1003:
991:. Word-final
982:
970:
967:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
925:
917:
916:
906:
891:
885:
884:
876:
875:
870:
869:minimal pairs
858:
847:
839:
838:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
817:
810:
806:
795:
790:
785:
775:
767:
758:
747:
740:
737:
730:
729:
728:
722: general
698:
694:
689:
680:
676:
673:
669:
667:
665:
662:
658:
657:
653:
649:
646:
642:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
618:
614:
611:
607:
604:
600:
597:
593:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
565:
561:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
528:
524:
523:
519:
515:
513:
510:
506:
503:
499:
496:
492:
490:
486:
481:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
459:
455:
453:
449:
446:
441:
438:
436:
431:
428:
426:
421:
418:
416:
413:
410:
396:
390:
387:
385:
383:
377:
376:
375:
369:
368:
364:
361:
355:
349:
346:
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
301:
296:
294:
289:
287:
282:
281:
279:
278:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
253:
252:
249:
246:
245:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
216:
213:
212:
202:
199:
197:
196:passé composé
193:
191:
188:
186:
182:
181:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
152:
149:
146:
145:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
121:
120:
119:
116:
113:
112:
107:
104:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
91:Langues d'oïl
89:
88:
87:
86:
83:
80:
79:
75:
71:
70:
66:
62:
61:
54:
42:
38:
36:
32:
19:
7810:West Frisian
7597:Massachusett
7368:
7095:Prepositions
7064:
6984:
6976:
6955:
6934:(1): 31–54,
6931:
6927:
6905:
6886:
6862:
6858:
6831:
6795:
6771:
6751:
6747:
6721:
6698:
6678:
6661:
6644:Le Bon usage
6643:
6615:(2): 73–76,
6612:
6608:
6595:
6570:
6552:
6533:
6498:
6494:
6460:
6456:
6429:
6412:(1): 13–27,
6409:
6405:
6381:
6377:
6353:
6349:
6328:
6316:
6304:
6292:
6283:
6271:
6263:
6259:
6251:
6239:
6227:
6215:
6203:
6195:
6191:
6182:
6170:
6158:
6146:
6119:
6107:
6095:
6085:
6069:
6057:
6045:
6033:
6021:
6009:
5997:. Retrieved
5993:
5983:
5971:. Retrieved
5967:
5957:
5945:
5919:
5907:
5888:
5882:
5843:Tranel (1987
5825:
5792:
5783:
5774:
5762:
5757:
5745:. Retrieved
5741:the original
5730:
5725:, p. ?.
5718:
5711:Morin (1986)
5706:
5682:Lodge (2009)
5643:
5631:
5609:
5597:
5585:
5569:
5557:
5545:
5533:
5511:Berns (2013)
5506:
5494:
5482:
5470:
5463:Wells (1989)
5458:
5446:
5422:Adams (1975)
5417:
5370:
5302:
5283:
5281:
5273:
5271:
5266:épouvantable
5265:
5259:
5257:
5248:
5243:parfaitement
5242:
5236:
5234:
5228:
5218:
5206:
5199:
5173:
5161:
5136:
5132:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5051:
5047:
5043:
5015:
5011:
5007:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4634:Onset glide
4607:('abbey') /
4578:
4573:
4569:
4568:('sky'), or
4559:
4555:
4553:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4502:
4495:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4453:
4440:
4433:
4419:
4405:
4400:/ynivɛʁsite/
4396:
4391:
4383:Allez !
4382:
4373:
4352:
4168:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3771:
3767:
3759:
3739:
3732:('crisis'),
3643:
3630:
3623:
3617:
3609:
3589:
3569:
3553:
3544:
3512:
3503:
3497:
3486:
3461:
3453:tu garderais
3452:
3446:
3434:
3426:→ ('door').
3394:
3366:
3357:
3352:
3286:
3277:
3263:
3247:
3236:
3221:
3162:
3138:
3135:Nasal vowels
3125:de Vincennes
3122:
3121:J'ai été au
3120:
3110:
3109:J'ai été au
3108:
3099:
3081:
3052:
3027:
3023:
2990:
2987:→ ('short')
2924:
2878:
2818:
2787:
2774:
2772:
2629:
2597:
2580:
2572:
2562:
2559:Close vowels
2503:'yesterday'
2359:'his'/'her'
2095:Oral vowels
2050:
2015:
1747:
1739:
1683:
1676:
1665:
1651:('horrible')
1646:
1644:
1641:('terrific')
1636:
1635:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1612:Il l'a mangé
1611:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1595:('inside'),
1592:
1589:
1574:
1569:intelligence
1533:
1514:('immortal')
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1439:
1432:
955:alveolar tap
947:uvular trill
912:
848:, e.g. pain
726:
379:
373:
367:enchaînement
331:nasal vowels
310:
309:
247:
201:passé simple
139:Anglo-Norman
106:Francophonie
47:and ⟨
29:
7540:Limburgish
7421:Greenlandic
7298:New Zealand
7231:Northern Wu
7085:Determiners
7065:Phonologies
7050:Phonologies
6333:Lian (1980)
6087:appellation
5723:Léon (1992)
5576:, cited in
5253:consonant.
4388:→ ('Go!').
3766:is long in
3685:('dough'),
3613:/dɔneləmwa/
3584:/apelasjɔ̃/
3580:appellation
3487:sept petits
3456:/tyɡaʁdəʁɛ/
3115:/ʒeeteobwɑ/
3041:('castle'),
2999:and before
2947:→ ('task')
2875:Open vowels
2721:('hoarse'),
2480:Semi-vowels
2086:Orthography
1597:l'honnêteté
1454:il mourrait
981:palatalised
979:may become
939:approximant
929:The French
922:. See also
809:velar nasal
632:Approximant
267:Aspirated h
215:Orthography
185:conjugation
7835:Categories
7800:Vietnamese
7671:Ripuarian
7662:Portuguese
7572:Macedonian
7551:Lithuanian
7461:Hindustani
7288:Australian
7241:Historical
7188:Belarusian
7080:Adjectives
5363:References
5293:Intonation
4556:semi-aride
4541:diphthongs
4397:université
3691:('sings').
3624:un rebelle
3545:il harcèle
3498:In French
3012:('three'),
2735:(' lurk'),
2626:Mid vowels
2408:'without'
2048:in Paris.
1677:deux jours
1620:('He ate')
1618:Il a mangé
1506:('innate')
1458:il mourait
1378:'kung-fu'
1005:Voiceless
953:, and the
856:('quill').
820:loan words
693:guttural r
402:Consonants
397:Together:
234:Circumflex
190:morphology
7790:Ukrainian
7697:Sardinian
7675:Colognian
7632:Old Saxon
7617:Norwegian
7582:Maldivian
7526:Latgalian
7471:Icelandic
7466:Hungarian
7454:Samaritan
7335:Esperanto
7221:Cantonese
7198:Bulgarian
7166:Levantine
7138:Afrikaans
6948:145148170
6879:145148233
6629:249404451
6503:CiteSeerX
6465:CiteSeerX
6463:: 37–75,
6457:Phonology
6076::63) for
5747:2 October
5489:, §33, b.
5477:, §32, b.
5203:isochrony
4637:Examples
4349:Devoicing
3634:/œ̃ʁəbɔ̃/
3631:un rebond
3627:/œ̃ʁəbɛl/
3570:j'appelle
3548:/ilaʁsɛl/
3490:/sɛtpəti/
3306:suggests
3199:and for
3085:/ʁaʁisim/
3082:rarissime
3049:('past').
2894:(lawyer)
2883:and back
2749:('palm'),
2672:('gone');
2650:open-mid
2569:/v,z,ʒ,ʁ/
2249:'sister'
1949:unrounded
1828:Close-mid
1783:unrounded
1593:là-dedans
1585:Languedoc
1543:grammaire
1519:illisible
1466:il pourra
1429:Geminates
1330:'we, us'
943:voiceless
941:, with a
911:(French:
871:(such as
784:retroflex
778:. Before
564:voiceless
558:Fricative
495:voiceless
378:Written:
319:phonology
248:Phonology
7687:Romanian
7496:Japanese
7449:Tiberian
7444:Biblical
7431:Hawaiian
7426:Gujarati
7389:Standard
7381:Galician
7369:Parisian
7340:Estonian
7271:Standard
7216:Mandarin
7212:Chinese
7176:Tunisian
7171:Moroccan
7156:Egyptian
7128:Acehnese
7100:Pronouns
7075:Grammars
6853:(1974),
6822:14248950
6676:(1996),
6642:(2011),
6525:10104718
6487:14947405
6378:Language
6350:Language
6190:, as in
5800:Archived
5321:See also
5262:antable.
4973:rt, quat
4941:, statuq
4492:('kill')
4480:('rent')
4468:('deny')
4444:/ʒ‿aʁiv/
4441:j'arrive
4363:devoiced
4286:emprunte
3798:Phoneme
3602:pronoun
3600:enclitic
3573:/ʒ‿apɛl/
3539:/aʁsəle/
3535:harceler
3481:/ɡʁədɛ̃/
3347:/atəlje/
3336:/nɛtəte/
3302:, while
3243:/kaʁɑ̃t/
3020:('gas').
2583:'small (
2575:'small (
2525:'eight'
2474:'brown'
2381:'dough'
2315:'silly'
2293:'under'
2227:'those'
2205:'known'
2183:'party'
2139:'fairy'
2075:Example
1964:Open-mid
1863:Open-mid
1745:below).
1687:/døz‿ɑ̃/
1684:deux ans
1649:vantable
1563:addition
1549:illusion
1511:immortel
1470:il verra
1435:geminate
1422:'wheel'
1367:/kuŋ.fu/
1284:'cheek'
1180:'crazy'
1158:'taste'
1054:'louse'
1029:Example
1018:Example
926:, below.
822:such as
741:, while
435:Postalv.
425:Alveolar
327:uvular r
224:Alphabet
171:personal
167:Pronouns
96:Dialects
74:a series
72:Part of
45:/ /
41:Help:IPA
7815:Yiddish
7780:Turkish
7765:Tagalog
7749:Swedish
7737:Spanish
7722:Slovene
7692:Russian
7652:Persian
7622:Occitan
7602:Medumba
7592:Marathi
7536:Latvian
7516:Kurdish
7506:Konkani
7491:Italian
7476:Ingrian
7435:Hebrew
7409:Ancient
7394:Bernese
7385:German
7365:French
7361:Finnish
7356:Faroese
7283:English
7253:Cornish
7248:Chukchi
7226:Hokkien
7208:Catalan
7203:Burmese
7193:Bengali
7183:Avestan
7147:Arabic
7052:of the
6979:(audio)
6342:Sources
5258:C'est é
5251:liaison
5195:clitics
5046:, fruct
4756:, extén
4683:sse, Él
4610:abeille
4560:si elle
4437:/ʒədɔʁ/
4434:je dors
4410:Elision
4377:/mɛʁsi/
4355:/i,y,u/
4304:emprunt
4270:réponds
4252:réponse
3950:joyeuse
3564:/apəle/
3560:appeler
3424:/pɔʁtə/
3408:/apəle/
3404:appeler
3343:atelier
3332:netteté
3230:→ and
3195:, for
3158:Belgium
3038:château
2849:Arpitan
2845:Belgium
2835:and of
2808:before
2644:/ɛ,œ,ɔ/
2636:/e,ø,o/
2565:/i,y,u/
2452:'twig'
2337:'fate'
2161:'does'
1956:rounded
1790:rounded
1770:Central
1761:
1680:/døʒuʁ/
1656:Liaison
1639:midable
1537:syllabe
1400:'wolf'
1373:kung-fu
1242:'shoo'
1138:'neck'
1008:Voiced
985:/i,e,ɛ/
971:Velars
959:phoneme
915:mouillé
865:/i,y,u/
861:/j,ɥ,w/
837:kung-fu
831:smoking
825:camping
816:phoneme
754:/p,t,k/
750:/b,d,ɡ/
736:laminal
732:/n,t,d/
489:Plosive
430:Palatal
348:elision
338:liaison
262:Liaison
257:Elision
239:Braille
229:Reforms
157:Adverbs
148:Grammar
115:History
101:Creoles
33:in the
7795:Uyghur
7727:Somali
7717:Slovak
7657:Polish
7647:Pashto
7642:Ottawa
7627:Ojibwe
7612:Nepali
7607:Navajo
7521:Kyrgyz
7511:Korean
7439:Modern
7400:Greek
7374:Quebec
7328:Middle
7267:Dutch
7263:Danish
7161:Hejazi
7133:Adyghe
7123:Abkhaz
6946:
6916:
6893:
6877:
6840:
6820:
6780:
6729:
6709:
6686:
6650:
6627:
6577:
6559:
6541:
6523:
6505:
6485:
6467:
6438:
6398:413848
6396:
6370:412855
6368:
6264:abbaye
5999:14 May
5973:14 May
5895:
5282:C'est
5272:C'est
5235:C'est
5170:Stress
4828:rre, d
4754:illant
4720:tre, t
4631:Vowel
4604:abbaye
4582:soleil
4525:clouer
4430:elided
4374:Merci.
4329:quinze
4320:teinte
4295:grunge
4261:éponge
4184:appâte
4118:bourse
4084:débute
3959:joyeux
3879:faites
3826:habite
3688:chante
3661:maître
3655:mettre
3640:Length
3598:. The
3477:gredin
3361:/dilə/
2891:avocat
2765:Beaune
2760:Beaune
2726:Rhodes
2718:rauque
2663:allait
2573:petite
2547:'yes'
2463:/bʁœ̃/
2441:/bʁɛ̃/
2430:'his'
2172:/fɛːt/
2090:Gloss
1928:Nasal
1706:Vowels
1697:Vowels
1558:/mnlʁ/
1449:mourir
1443:courir
1200:'you'
1074:'mud'
1032:Gloss
1021:Gloss
949:, the
931:rhotic
878:/lu.a/
720:
714:
708:
702:
697:Europe
661:labial
596:voiced
527:voiced
445:Uvular
420:Dental
415:Labial
342:sandhi
315:French
76:on the
49:
7805:Welsh
7785:Ubykh
7770:Tamil
7732:Sotho
7702:Scots
7637:Oromo
7587:Māori
7577:Malay
7531:Latin
7501:Kiowa
7486:Irish
7481:Inuit
7414:Koine
7258:Czech
7105:Verbs
7090:Nouns
6944:S2CID
6910:(PDF)
6875:S2CID
6818:S2CID
6744:(PDF)
6703:(PDF)
6625:S2CID
6592:(PDF)
6521:S2CID
6483:S2CID
6453:(PDF)
6394:JSTOR
6366:JSTOR
6196:troua
6090:for .
6082:]
6078:[
5838:tasse
5832:casse
5378::220)
5222:above
5133:illou
5078:antér
5052:oueux
5016:ouons
5002:/wɔ̃/
4997:/ɥɔ̃/
4992:/jɔ̃/
4935:illau
4857:/wɛ̃/
4852:/ɥɛ̃/
4847:/jɛ̃/
4760:, Ass
4748:/wɑ̃/
4743:/ɥɑ̃/
4738:/jɑ̃/
4687:rd, p
4570:tu as
4543:like
4537:groin
4533:proie
4529:pluie
4521:cloue
4517:louer
4498:/nie/
4477:louer
4386:/ale/
4359:/e,ɛ/
4338:teint
4236:pends
4227:genre
4218:pende
4202:appât
4127:bouse
4102:début
4037:sotte
4003:saute
3984:œuvre
3975:jeune
3941:jeûne
3888:faire
3844:habit
3835:livre
3763:saute
3745:tarte
3735:livre
3729:crise
3519:]
3515:[
3420:porte
3312:]
3308:[
3300:]
3296:[
3281:caduc
3266:schwa
3260:Schwa
3094:/ʁɑʁ/
3067:/ɑʒe/
3046:passé
3028:Back
3009:trois
2965:/pɑt/
2956:/pat/
2952:patte
2945:/tɑʃ/
2941:tâche
2936:/taʃ/
2932:tache
2806:]
2802:[
2798:]
2794:[
2754:bonne
2746:paume
2740:pomme
2704:jeûne
2698:jeune
2620:]
2616:[
2612:]
2608:[
2600:/i,u/
2581:petit
2514:/ɥit/
2492:/jɛʁ/
2419:/sɔ̃/
2397:/sɑ̃/
2370:/pɑt/
2326:/sɔʁ/
2238:/sœʁ/
2117:'if'
2072:Vowel
1936:Front
1798:Close
1765:Front
1756:Oral
1743:Schwa
1734:]
1730:[
1724:with
1716:with
1354:/ɡnu/
896:with
887:/lwa/
854:/pɛn/
850:/pɛŋ/
791:]
787:[
780:/f,ʒ/
776:]
772:[
768:]
764:[
743:/s,z/
637:plain
452:Nasal
440:Velar
360:schwa
178:Verbs
37:(IPA)
7820:Zuni
7775:Taos
6914:ISBN
6891:ISBN
6838:ISBN
6778:ISBN
6727:ISBN
6707:ISBN
6684:ISBN
6648:ISBN
6575:ISBN
6557:ISBN
6539:ISBN
6436:ISBN
6262:and
6260:pays
6001:2016
5975:2016
5893:ISBN
5845::48)
5769::20)
5749:2016
5618:/æ̃/
5260:pouv
5162:illu
5150:/jy/
5139:han
5127:/wu/
5119:/ju/
5096:/œ̃/
5088:oueu
5086:r, l
5082:r, s
5074:/wœ/
5069:/ɥœ/
5064:/jœ/
5048:ueux
5044:ieux
5038:/wø/
5033:/ɥø/
5028:/jø/
5012:uons
4987:/ɔ̃/
4965:/wɔ/
4960:/ɥɔ/
4955:/jɔ/
4929:/wo/
4924:/ɥo/
4919:/jo/
4904:le,
4900:n, h
4893:/wi/
4888:/ɥi/
4883:/ji/
4842:/ɛ̃/
4836:tte
4832:l, m
4820:/wɛ/
4815:/ɥɛ/
4810:/jɛ/
4798:ouer
4788:janv
4784:/we/
4779:/ɥe/
4774:/je/
4762:ouan
4758:uant
4733:/ɑ̃/
4726:ouas
4716:acar
4712:/wɑ/
4707:/ɥɑ/
4702:/jɑ/
4681:illa
4675:/wa/
4670:/ɥa/
4665:/ja/
4615:/lj/
4598:paye
4592:pays
4565:ciel
4549:/wa/
4547:and
4545:/ɥi/
4513:loue
4500:→ .
4489:tuer
4472:loue
4465:nier
4314:/ɛ̃/
4280:/œ̃/
4246:/ɔ̃/
4212:/ɑ̃/
4193:rase
4161:rage
4152:rate
4136:bout
4093:juge
4046:mort
4021:saut
4012:rose
3922:rêve
3913:fête
3907:/ɛː/
3897:fait
3784:fête
3776:/ɛː/
3754:/vʁ/
3723:mère
3712:/vʁ/
3682:pâte
3650:/ɛː/
3648:and
3384:and
3290:muet
3254:/ɔ̃/
3245:→ .
3234:→ .
3232:/ɑ̃/
3228:/ɛ̃/
3224:/ɔ̃/
3217:/ɛ̃/
3213:/ɔ̃/
3207:and
3201:/ɔ̃/
3197:/ɑ̃/
3193:/ɛ̃/
3189:/ɑ̃/
3187:and
3185:/ɔ̃/
3181:/ɔ̃/
3177:/ɔ̃/
3173:/ɑ̃/
3169:/ɑ̃/
3165:/ɛ̃/
3153:/ɛ̃/
3151:and
3149:/œ̃/
3145:/ɔ̃/
3143:and
3141:/ɑ̃/
3123:bois
3111:bois
3096:→ ).
3090:rare
3076:/ɑʒ/
2997:/ʁw/
2985:/ʁɑ/
2976:/ʁa/
2961:pâte
2915:pâte
2869:/po/
2867:and
2865:/pɔ/
2860:peau
2857:and
2839:and
2831:and
2823:and
2781:and
2732:rôde
2689:and
2681:and
2669:allé
2536:/wi/
2520:huit
2498:hier
2469:brun
2458:/œ̃/
2447:brin
2436:/ɛ̃/
2414:/ɔ̃/
2403:sans
2392:/ɑ̃/
2376:pâte
2348:/sa/
2332:sort
2304:/so/
2288:sous
2282:/su/
2260:/sə/
2244:sœur
2222:ceux
2216:/sø/
2194:/sy/
2178:fête
2167:/ɛː/
2156:fait
2150:/fɛ/
2128:/fe/
2106:/si/
2046:/ɛ̃/
2042:/œ̃/
2018:/ɛː/
1994:Open
1941:Back
1898:Open
1775:Back
1718:/ɛ̃/
1714:/œ̃/
1673:/dø/
1669:deux
1579:and
1503:inné
1417:roue
1411:/ʁu/
1395:loup
1389:/lu/
1347:gnou
1341:/ɲu/
1325:nous
1319:/nu/
1297:/mu/
1279:joue
1273:/ʒu/
1259:chou
1253:/ʃu/
1231:/zu/
1217:sous
1211:/su/
1195:vous
1189:/vu/
1169:/fu/
1153:goût
1147:/ɡu/
1127:/ku/
1111:doux
1105:/du/
1091:tout
1085:/tu/
1069:boue
1063:/bu/
1043:/pu/
975:and
874:loua
807:The
802:/nj/
734:are
7758:T–Z
7565:M–S
7349:F–L
7323:Old
7236:Old
7116:A–E
6936:doi
6867:doi
6808:hdl
6800:doi
6756:doi
6617:doi
6513:doi
6475:doi
6414:doi
6386:doi
6358:doi
6192:roi
5622:/ɛ/
5237:par
5190:que
5160:feu
5145:/y/
5114:/u/
5084:ueu
5080:ieu
5059:/œ/
5050:, b
5023:/ø/
5014:, j
5010:, t
5008:ion
4977:r,
4950:/ɔ/
4937:, d
4914:/o/
4906:ouï
4878:/i/
4871:oin
4869:, s
4867:uin
4865:, j
4863:ien
4834:oue
4805:/ɛ/
4796:, j
4794:uer
4792:, m
4790:ier
4769:/e/
4724:, j
4722:uas
4697:/ɑ/
4691:re
4660:/a/
4653:/w/
4648:/ɥ/
4643:/j/
4625:).
4623:/j/
4619:/ʎ/
4587:/i/
4574:tua
4509:/ʁ/
4507:or
4505:/l/
4484:tue
4460:nie
4428:is
4422:/ə/
4178:/ɑ/
4169:rat
4146:/a/
4112:/u/
4078:/y/
4059:/ə/
4031:/ɔ/
3997:/o/
3969:/œ/
3935:/ø/
3873:/ɛ/
3863:été
3854:/e/
3820:/i/
3786:in
3780:/ɛ/
3750:/ʁ/
3717:mer
3708:/ʁ/
3704:/ʒ/
3700:/z/
3696:/v/
3677:/ɑ/
3673:/ø/
3669:/o/
3646:/ɛ/
3596:/œ/
3508:/ə/
3447:-er
3250:/ɔ/
3209:/ɑ/
3205:/a/
3160:).
3102:/ɑ/
3078:→ )
3072:âge
3063:âgé
3055:/ɑ/
3030:/ɑ/
3017:gaz
3001:/z/
2993:/ɑ/
2981:ras
2972:rat
2910:/ɑ/
2885:/ɑ/
2881:/a/
2854:pot
2841:/ø/
2837:/œ/
2833:/o/
2829:/ɔ/
2825:/e/
2821:/ɛ/
2814:/œ/
2810:/ʁ/
2790:/ɔ/
2783:/ø/
2779:/o/
2712:roc
2691:/ø/
2687:/o/
2683:/œ/
2679:/ɔ/
2656:/e/
2652:/ɛ/
2604:/y/
2593:/i/
2589:/t/
2542:oui
2531:/w/
2509:/ɥ/
2487:/j/
2425:son
2365:/ɑ/
2343:/a/
2321:/ɔ/
2310:sot
2299:/o/
2277:/u/
2255:/ə/
2233:/œ/
2211:/ø/
2189:/y/
2145:/ɛ/
2134:fée
2123:/e/
2101:/i/
2081:IPA
2061:/œ/
2059:or
2057:/ø/
2053:/ə/
2038:/a/
2034:/ɛ/
2030:/ɑ/
2026:/a/
2022:/ɛ/
1726:/ɑ/
1722:/a/
1691:/z/
1647:pou
1637:for
1497::
1495:ir-
1491:il-
1487:im-
1478:in-
1406:/ʁ/
1384:/l/
1362:/ŋ/
1336:/ɲ/
1314:/n/
1303:mou
1292:/m/
1268:/ʒ/
1248:/ʃ/
1237:zou
1226:/z/
1206:/s/
1184:/v/
1175:fou
1164:/f/
1142:/ɡ/
1133:cou
1122:/k/
1100:/d/
1080:/t/
1058:/b/
1049:pou
1038:/p/
1025:IPA
1014:IPA
993:/k/
989:/a/
977:/ɡ/
973:/k/
962:/r/
920:/j/
909:/ʎ/
902:/y/
900:or
898:/w/
894:/ɥ/
883:loi
842:/ɲ/
834:or
812:/ŋ/
798:/ɲ/
760:/l/
7837::
6942:,
6932:19
6930:,
6873:,
6861:,
6857:,
6816:,
6806:,
6794:,
6752:15
6750:,
6746:,
6672:;
6638:;
6623:,
6613:23
6611:,
6607:,
6594:,
6519:,
6511:,
6499:32
6497:,
6481:,
6473:,
6461:24
6459:,
6455:,
6410:30
6408:,
6392:,
6382:58
6380:,
6364:,
6354:51
6352:,
6131:^
5992:.
5966:.
5930:^
5865:^
5850:^
5810:^
5782:.
5689:^
5674:^
5655:^
5624::
5518:^
5429:^
5400:^
5383:^
5187:,
5184:de
5181:,
5178:ce
5157:—
5154:—
5137:Wu
5135:,
5131:ca
5123:—
5106:—
5103:—
5100:—
5090:r
4981:k
4979:wo
4975:uo
4971:io
4943:uo
4939:uo
4908:r
4902:ui
4898:yi
4830:ue
4826:ie
4752:va
4718:iâ
4689:oi
4685:ua
4679:pa
4621:→
4617:→
4551:.
4486:;
4474:;
4462:;
4369::
4068:le
4053:—
3991:—
3929:—
3714::
3706:,
3702:,
3698:,
3675:,
3671:,
3605:le
3529::
3314:.
3287:e
3278:e
3219:.
3003::
2922:.
2871:.
2816:.
2763:('
2622:.
2585:m.
2577:f.
2354:sa
2266:ce
2200:su
2112:si
2063:.
2004:ɑ̃
1986:ɔ̃
1981:)
1978:œ̃
1970:ɛ̃
1919:)
1878:)
1875:ɛː
1601:l'
1493:,
1489:,
913:l
828:,
774:l̪
766:l̺
483:)
329:,
7042:e
7035:t
7028:v
6938::
6869::
6863:3
6810::
6802::
6758::
6619::
6515::
6477::
6416::
6388::
6360::
6335:.
6177:.
6153:.
6080:e
6003:.
5977:.
5901:.
5786:.
5763:a
5751:.
5713:.
5513:.
5284:é
5274:é
5268:)
5245:)
5175:(
5042:m
5006:l
4969:N
4933:M
4861:b
4824:l
4515:/
4063:—
3858:—
3756:.
3720:/
3527:/
3525:ɛ
3523:/
3517:œ
3390:/
3388:ə
3386:/
3382:/
3380:ø
3378:/
3373:/
3371:œ
3369:/
3324:/
3322:ø
3320:/
3310:ɵ
3298:œ
3274:/
3272:ə
3270:/
3268:(
2804:ɞ
2796:ɞ
2642:(
2634:(
2618:ʏ
2610:y
1975:(
1916:ɑ
1913:(
1904:a
1890:ɔ
1883:œ
1872:(
1869:ɛ
1855:o
1848:ə
1841:ø
1834:e
1820:u
1811:y
1804:i
1732:ä
1645:é
1605:l
1483:n
904:.
804:.
793:.
789:ɭ
679:w
672:ɥ
652:j
645:l
624:ʁ
617:ʒ
610:z
603:v
585:ʃ
578:s
571:f
550:ɡ
541:d
534:b
518:k
509:t
502:p
480:ŋ
477:(
472:ɲ
465:n
458:m
442:/
432:/
422:/
358:(
356:/
354:ə
352:/
299:e
292:t
285:v
203:)
183:(
173:)
169:(
55:.
20:.
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