1268:, he lived to move on equal terms in the society of princes and statesmen, which would never have been the case had he been notoriously bought and sold. Yet that he was in the habit of receiving gifts from all and sundry who hoped for his backing is beyond dispute. Von Metternich was aware of them, and he never suspected von Gentz of writing or acting in consequence against his convictions. As a matter of fact, no man was more free or outspoken in his criticism of the policy of his employers than this apparently venal writer. The gifts and pensions were rather in the nature of subsidies than bribes. They were the recognition by various powers of the value of an ally whose pen had proved itself so potent a weapon in their cause.
210:
31:
1119:, where he drafted the king's proclamation and his letter to Napoleon. The writer was known, and it was in this connection that Napoleon referred to him as a ″wretched scribe named Gentz, one of those men without honour who sell themselves for money″. Von Gentz had no official mandate from the Austrian government, and whatever hopes he may have cherished of privately influencing the situation in the direction of an alliance between the two German powers were speedily dashed by the
833:
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1181:(1814–1815) a series of meetings to design a longterm peace plan for Europe, which meant he was state of affairs manager and head of protocol. His vast knowledge of men and affairs made him a power. He was under no illusion as to their achievements, and his memoir on the work of the Congress of Vienna is at once an incisive piece of criticism and a monument of his own disillusionment. He notes that at the Congress he received £22,000 through
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1156:, Stadion's successor, he had at the outset no high opinion, and it was not until 1812 that the two men had close relations that were to ripen into lifelong friendship. However, when von Gentz returned to Vienna as von Metternich′s adviser, he was no longer the fiery patriot who had sympathized and corresponded with Stein in the darkest days of German depression and, in fiery periods, called upon all
1263:
Von Gentz died in Vienna on June 19, 1832. He has been described as a mercenary of the pen, and no other such mercenary has ever carved out for himself a more remarkable career. To have done so would have been impossible, in spite of his brilliant gifts, had he been no more than the ″wretched scribe″
1176:
For ten years, from 1812 onward, von Gentz was in close touch with all the great affairs of
European history as a writer and diplomat. He was the right hand, confidant and adviser of von Metternich. He accompanied the chancellor on his journeys and was present at all the conferences that preceded and
1151:
In 1809, on the outbreak of war between
Austria and France, von Gentz was for the first time actively employed by the Austrian government under Stadion. He drafted the proclamation announcing the declaration of war (15 April) and during the continuance of hostilities his pen was ceaselessly employed.
1227:
In private life, von Gentz remained to the last a man of the world, but he was tormented with an exaggerated terror of death. He never saw his wife again since their parting at Berlin – she died in
December 1802, a few months after his departure. His relations with other women, mostly of the highest
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and to commerce. For a
Prussian official to venture to give uncalled-for advice to his sovereign was a breach of propriety not calculated to increase his chances of favour, but it gave von Gentz a conspicuous position in the public eye, which his brilliant talents and literary style enabled him to
1271:
It is, indeed, the very impartiality and objectivity of his attitude that make the writings of von Gentz such illuminating documents for the period of history which they cover. Allowance must of course be made for his point of view but less so perhaps than in the case of any other writer so
1272:
intimately concerned with the policies which he criticizes. Apart from their value as historical documents, von Gentz′s writings are literary monuments, classic examples of nervous and luminous German language prose and of French as a model for diplomatic style.
1163:
During the final stages of the campaign of 1814, he expressed the hope that von
Metternich would substitute Austria for Europe in his diplomacy and, despite his opposition to Napoleon and of France, secure an Austro-French alliance by maintaining the husband of
1064:, where he made the acquaintance of Pitt and Grenville, who were so impressed with his talents that in addition to large money presents, he was guaranteed an annual pension by the British government in recognition of the value of the services of his pen against
1075:
against every fresh advance of
Napoleonic dictatorial power and pretensions. With matchless sarcasm he lashed the nerveless policy of courts that suffered indignity with resignation. He denounced the recognition of Napoleon's imperial title and drew up a
1201:
However, the liberalism of his early years was gone, and he had become reconciled to von
Metternich's view that in an age of decay, the sole function of a statesman was to prop up mouldering institutions. It was the hand of the author of that offensive
1044:. Private affairs also combined to urge von Gentz to leave the Prussian service; mainly through his own action, a separation with his wife was arranged. In May 1802, accordingly, he took leave of his wife and left with his friend Adam MĂĽller for
1193:
gave him £600, accompanied by ″les plus folles promesses″; his diary is full of such entries. Yet he never made any secret of these gifts. Von Gentz did attend all the congresses and conferences that followed until the
1218:
the session of the Vienna conference of 1819, which decided to make the convocation of representative assemblies in the German states impossible, by enforcing the letter of
Article XIII of the Act of Confederation.
1134:
watering places, seemed to devote himself wholly to the pleasures of society, his fascinating personality gaining him a ready reception in those exalted circles that were to prove of use to him later on in
1143:, but he himself confessed to his friend MĂĽller (4 August 1806) that in the miserable circumstances of the time, his essay on the principles of a general pacification must be taken as a political poem.
1139:. However, though he published nothing, his pen was not idle, and he was occupied with a series of essays on the future of Austria and the best means of liberating Germany and redressing the balance of
1084:
against it. The formation of the coalition and the outbreak of war, for a while, raised his hopes despite his lively distrust of the competence of
Austrian ministers. Hopes were speedily dashed by the
1060:(6 December 1802), but it was not until 1809 that he was actively employed. Before returning to Berlin to make arrangements for transferring himself finally to Vienna, von Gentz paid a visit to
1160:
to free itself from foreign rule. Disillusioned and cynical but clear-sighted as ever, he was henceforth before all things an
Austrian, more Austrian, on occasion even than von Metternich.
1104:
of the actual political situation and was also prophetic in its suggestions as to how this should be retrieved: ″Through Germany Europe has perished; through Germany it must rise again″.
1487:
156:
and his ideas on the commandment of reason, from which all duties and obligations derive; did not prevent von Gentz from yielding to the taste for wine, women and gambling.
1152:
The peace of 1810 and the fall of Stadion once more dashed his hopes and, disillusioned and hellishly blasé, he once more retired to comparative inactivity at Prague. Of
1013:
892:. As a quick-witted young man, he greeted it with enthusiasm, but its subsequent developments cooled his ardour and he was converted to more conservative views by
1406:
925:
900:, the translation of which into German (1794) was his first literary venture. This was followed, the next year, by translations of works on the Revolution by
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1040:
governments, but it made his position as an official in Berlin impossible, as the Prussian government had no mind to abandon its attitude of cautious
1126:
The downfall of Prussia left Austria the sole hope of Germany and of Europe. Von Gentz, who from the winter of 1806 onwards divided his time between
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2918:
1214:. It was he who inspired the policy of repressing the freedom of the universities, and he noted in his diary as a day more important than that of
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followed the war. No political secrets were hidden from him, and his hand drafted all important diplomatic documents. He was secretary to the
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was especially remarkable. In 1797, at the instance of English statesmen, he published a translation of a history of French finance by
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He realized that the dominance of France could not be broken but by the union of Austria and Prussia, acting in concert with
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maintain. Moreover, he was from the first aware of the probable developments of the Revolution and of the consequences to
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in which, for five years he wrote, mainly on historical and political questions. He maintained the principles of British
715:
579:
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in England, extracts from which he had previously given in his journal. His literary output, all inspired by a moderate
152:, his intellect was sharpened and his zeal for learning quickened by the great thinker's influence. Nevertheless Kant′s
2719:
2338:
1502:
The Origin and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origin and Principles of the French Revolution.
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The Origin and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origin and Principles of the French Revolution,
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1485:
The Origin and Principles of the American Revolution, Compared with the Origin and Principles of the French Revolution
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467:
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124:. His father was an official, his mother was from the distinguished Berlin Huguenot family Ancillon and the aunt of
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519:
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founded by him in 1799 and 1800, which once more held up English institutions as the model, and he became in
798:
549:
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3615:
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1521:
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3321:
574:
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4251:
3791:
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1826:
1696:
1642:
1444:
1289:
584:
438:
141:
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145:
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1883:
1607:
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rank, were too numerous to record. However, passion tormented him to the end, and his infatuation for
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sneered at by Napoleon. Though by birth he belonged to the middle class in a country of hide-bound
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1255:, although this step would have made his political and social life in the Austrian Empire easier.
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1100:, London, 1806). The last of von Gentz's works as an independent publicist, it was a masterly
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1977:
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1056:. The immediate result was the title of imperial councillor, with a yearly salary of 4000
564:
159:
When in 1785 he returned to Berlin, he received the appointment of secretary to the royal
8:
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The relations between England and Spain before the outbreak of war between the two powers
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403:
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1960:
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559:
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167:). During an illness, which kept him virtuous by confining him to his room, he studied
129:
109:
58:
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2487:
607:
163:, his brilliant talents soon gaining him promotion to the rank of councillor for war (
108:
he was one of the main forces behind the organisation, management and protocol of the
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Friedrich Gentz 1764–1832. Penseur post-Lumières et acteur du nouvel ordre européen.
1111:. He watched with interest the Prussian military preparations. At the invitation of
175:, gaining a mastery of these languages, which opened up for him opportunities for a
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and its results. Von Gentz used his enforced leisure to write a brilliant essay on
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1941:
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944:, was astounding, and it included an essay on the results of the discovery of the
888:
His interest in public affairs was, however, first aroused by the outbreak of the
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2285:
2047:
1998:
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388:
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168:
80:
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A Vindication of Europe and Great Britain from Misrepresentation and Aspersion,
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612:
529:
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Fragmente aus der neuesten Geschichte des politischen Gleichgewichts in Europa
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the mouthpiece of British policy towards the revolutionary aggressions of the
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1419:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 606–607.
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1008:(1801), regarded by many as Gentz's masterpiece; another important brochure,
1006:Über den Ursprung und Charakter des Krieges gegen die französische Revolution
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1989:
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2005:
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1982:
1967:
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1627:
1265:
1252:
933:
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554:
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1115:, he went at the outset of the campaign to the Prussian headquarters at
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2739:
2620:
2154:
1714:
1248:
1153:
997:
950:
Essai sur l'Ă©tat de l'administration des finances de la Grande-Bretagne
941:
307:
140:
as director general of the royal mint, the gifted boy was sent to the
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2019:
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1674:
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He gained recognition abroad and gifts of money from the British and
322:
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1454:
Secretary of Europe; the Life of Friedrich Gentz, Enemy of Napoleon,
920:. The knowledge that he displayed of the principles and practice of
30:
3997:
3980:
3126:
2923:
2834:
2585:
2465:
2400:
2310:
2236:
2209:
1972:
1834:
1752:
1462:
Friedrich Gentz, an Opponent of the French Revolution and Napoleon,
1057:
1010:
Von dem politischen Zustande von Europa vor und nach der Revolution
1004:, etc., a series of essays on contemporary politics. The first was
948:, and another, written in French, on the English financial system (
945:
709:
101:
1396:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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2180:
1793:
1757:
1131:
1072:
1037:
985:
974:
921:
125:
121:
54:
1048:. In Berlin, he had been intimate with the Austrian ambassador,
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1908:
1513:
1157:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1116:
1061:
1045:
937:
929:
917:
137:
76:
1508:
Friedrich von Gentz, German Publicist and Diplomat (1764-1832)
1299:
On the State of Europe Before and After the French Revolution,
3153:
1236:, forms the subject of some remarkable letters to his friend
3043:
2824:
2390:
1510:***Please note no wikilink is available to this article***
282:
1434:
European History Quarterly, Vol. III, No. 1, January 1973.
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1363:
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1359:
1334:
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1328:
1326:
1324:
1052:, whose good offices procured him an introduction to the
952:, London, 1800). Especially noteworthy, however, was the
100:(2 May 1764 – 9 June 1832) was a Prussian-Austrian
980:
Opposition to France was the inspiring principle of the
908:, and he also founded and edited a monthly journal, the
1356:
1321:
1171:
4198:
Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States
1449:
The Edinburgh Review, Vol. CXVII, January/April 1863.
148:
he got acquainted with the teachings and thinking of
968:, he urged upon the king the necessity for granting
1432:"The Political Conversion of Friedrich von Gentz,"
4299:
977:of the weakness and vacillations of her policy.
1471:Friedrich von Gentz, Defender of the Old Order,
1307:Fragments Upon the Balance of Power in Europe,
1023:
2152:
1529:
1506:Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th Edition (1902):
1465:Urbana-Champaign, Ill., The university, 1912.
1210:on the freedom of the press that drafted the
1092:(Leipzig, 1806). Shortly afterwards appeared
1018:De l'Ä—tat de la France de la fin de l'an VIII
869:
3063:
2115:
2057:
2010:
1996:
1987:
1958:
1441:Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2017.
1071:From then on, he was engaged in a ceaseless
992:. In 1801, he ceased the publication of the
813:
3601:European Conservatives and Reformists Party
1146:
1098:Fragments on the Balance of Power in Europe
1536:
1522:
876:
862:
29:
4318:German politicians of the Napoleonic Wars
4095:
1474:The University of Wisconsin Press, 1941.
1401:
1377:
1350:
1338:
1027:
1275:
898:Reflections on the Revolution in France
104:and a writer. With Austrian chancellor
4358:Participants to the Congress of Vienna
4300:
1032:Friedrich von Gentz by Thomas Lawrence
996:because he disliked the regularity of
16:German diplomat and writer (1764–1832)
1517:
1000:. He issued instead, under the title
182:
4323:People from the Province of Silesia
1258:
1172:Diplomatic work, Congress of Vienna
964:on his accession (1797), in which,
13:
4348:Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium alumni
1424:
639:Alliance for the Future of Austria
14:
4374:
1478:
468:Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior
4328:Diplomats of the Austrian Empire
1543:
1446:"Diaries of Frederic Von Gentz,"
1389:
843:
831:
208:
132:. On his father′s transfer from
4338:University of Königsberg alumni
3621:International Monarchist League
1222:
916:against those of revolutionary
35:Portrait of Friedrich von Gentz
716:Identitäre Bewegung Österreich
1:
1314:
799:German nationalism in Austria
115:
3616:International Democrat Union
1456:Yale University Press, 1946.
7:
3631:Tradition, Family, Property
1024:Imperial councillor, Vienna
910:Neue deutsche Monatsschrift
142:Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium
10:
4379:
4003:Traditionalist Catholicism
1020:, appeared the same year.
649:Christian Party of Austria
4279:
4088:
4028:
3949:
3639:
3591:
3584:
3249:
2982:
2975:
2936:
2850:
2793:
2784:
2683:
2658:
2606:
2566:
2557:
2416:
2337:
2259:
2200:
2165:
2148:Italian school of elitism
2128:
2033:
1949:
1940:
1876:
1848:
1825:
1783:
1733:
1705:
1665:
1656:
1560:
1551:
1168:on the throne of France.
87:
65:
40:
28:
21:
4168:Catholic social teaching
1147:Assisting von Metternich
928:(1757–1842), an eminent
681:The Reform Conservatives
654:Freedom Party of Austria
366:Federal State of Austria
268:Catholic social teaching
235:Conservative corporatism
146:University of Königsberg
4363:Conservatism in Austria
4118:Conservative liberalism
3606:European People's Party
1416:Encyclopædia Britannica
1403:Phillips, Walter Alison
1251:and never converted to
1002:Beiträge zur Geschichte
838:Conservatism portal
794:Conservatism in Germany
666:Catholic People's Party
644:Austrian People's Party
201:Conservatism in Austria
3611:Identity and Democracy
3064:
2153:
2116:
2058:
2011:
1997:
1988:
1959:
1468:Sweet, Paul Robinson.
1286:Asbury Dickins, 1800 .
1033:
814:
749:Salzburger Nachrichten
671:Christian Social Party
490:von Coudenhove-Kalergi
154:categorical imperative
120:Von Gentz was born in
106:Klemens von Metternich
4271:Small-c conservatives
4183:Counter-revolutionary
4173:Conservative feminism
4065:Counter-Enlightenment
4020:Traditionalist School
1294:John Stockdale, 1803.
1247:Von Gentz remained a
1208:Frederick William III
1031:
962:Frederick William III
960:he addressed to King
704:Black-Yellow Alliance
313:Political Catholicism
4353:Writers from Wrocław
4141:Anti-gender movement
4045:Bourbon Restauration
2298:National Catholicism
2013:RĂ©volution nationale
1978:Integral nationalism
1407:Gentz, Friedrich von
1276:Works (translations)
1086:Battle of Austerlitz
982:Historisches Journal
970:freedom to the press
756:Tiroler Tageszeitung
414:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn
245:Liberal conservatism
225:Austrian nationalism
91:Publicist, statesman
4343:German male writers
4283:Conservatism portal
4247:Right-wing politics
3986:Jewish conservatism
3959:Christian democracy
3206:Social institutions
3012:Collective identity
3007:Class collaboration
2815:Clerico-nationalism
2364:Muscular liberalism
1697:Neoauthoritarianism
1353:, pp. 606–607.
273:Class collaboration
230:Christian democracy
98:Friedrich von Gentz
23:Friedrich von Gentz
4333:German politicians
4203:LGBTQ conservatism
4156:Black conservatism
4070:German Romanticism
4060:Conservative Order
4050:Congress of Vienna
3626:Muslim Brotherhood
3472:CorrĂŞa de Oliveira
3171:Organized religion
3100:Complementarianism
2187:National Democracy
1490:2011-07-10 at the
1302:J. Hatchard, 1804.
1242:Varnhagen von Ense
1196:Congress of Verona
1179:Congress of Vienna
1066:Napoleon Bonaparte
1034:
926:François Divernois
850:Austria portal
361:Congress of Vienna
346:Austrian Civil War
240:Green conservatism
161:Generaldirectorium
130:Friedrich Ancillon
110:Congress of Vienna
59:Kingdom of Prussia
4295:
4294:
4178:Conservative wave
4131:
4130:
4055:Concert of Europe
3991:Religious Zionism
3945:
3944:
3580:
3579:
3017:Cultural heritage
2990:Ancestral worship
2971:
2970:
2932:
2931:
2780:
2779:
2598:Orthodox Peronism
2553:
2552:
2053:Historical School
1936:
1935:
1310:M. Peltier, 1806.
1232:, the celebrated
1012:, a criticism of
914:constitutionalism
890:French Revolution
886:
885:
789:Austrian nobility
458:Sex and Character
371:Habsburg monarchy
183:French Revolution
95:
94:
4370:
4252:Authoritarianism
4113:Communitarianism
4108:Clerical fascism
4093:
4092:
3969:Theoconservatism
3589:
3588:
3392:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
3201:Social hierarchy
3186:Private property
3069:
2980:
2979:
2791:
2790:
2574:Federal Peronism
2564:
2563:
2248:Pochvennichestvo
2225:Black-hundredism
2158:
2143:Historical Right
2121:
2063:
2016:
2002:
1993:
1964:
1961:Action Française
1947:
1946:
1663:
1662:
1558:
1557:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1459:Reiff, Paul. F.
1420:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1381:
1375:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1259:Death and legacy
1212:Carlsbad Decrees
878:
871:
864:
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846:
836:
835:
834:
819:
742:Neues Volksblatt
676:Fatherland Front
473:
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409:von Hofmannsthal
356:Carlsbad Decrees
303:Multiculturalism
263:Austrian culture
212:
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187:
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50:
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4288:Politics portal
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4084:
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3964:Christian right
3941:
3867:Prat de la Riba
3635:
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3191:Public morality
3161:Ordered liberty
3066:Noblesse oblige
3027:Culture of life
3022:Cultural values
2967:
2928:
2853:
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2286:Carlo-francoism
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2111:State Socialism
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1999:Nouvelle Droite
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1492:Wayback Machine
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1425:Further reading
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1054:Emperor Francis
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4136:Anti-communism
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2919:Traditionalist
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2322:Neocatholicism
2319:
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2206:
2204:
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2189:
2184:
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2175:Golden Liberty
2171:
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2140:
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2132:
2126:
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2113:
2108:
2103:
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2096:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
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2067:Ordoliberalism
2064:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2025:Ultra-royalism
2022:
2017:
2008:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1934:
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1918:
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1911:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1868:Neo-Ottomanism
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1479:External links
1477:
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1422:
1421:
1411:Chisholm, Hugh
1383:
1382:
1380:, p. 607.
1355:
1343:
1341:, p. 606.
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1260:
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1240:, the wife of
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1121:Battle of Jena
1113:Count Haugwitz
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783:Related topics
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73:(aged 68)
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4223:United States
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4213:Radical right
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3847:Pérez Jiménez
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3593:Organisations
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3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3297:Chateaubriand
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:Intellectuals
3248:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Family values
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Ethical order
3073:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Compassionate
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2786:North America
2783:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Latin America
2556:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:One-nationism
2374:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2359:Compassionate
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:Carloctavismo
2277:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:Ritter School
2099:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:Revolutionary
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
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1890:
1887:
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1879:
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1869:
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1851:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1812:ShĹŤwa Statism
1810:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1756:
1754:
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1732:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
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1710:
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1704:
1698:
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1691:
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1678:
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1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:Paternalistic
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:Authoritarian
1566:
1565:
1563:
1561:International
1559:
1556:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1534:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1398:public domain
1387:
1386:
1379:
1378:Phillips 1911
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1352:
1351:Phillips 1911
1347:
1340:
1339:Phillips 1911
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1320:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1244:(1830–1831).
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1230:Fanny Elssler
1220:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1050:Count Stadion
1047:
1043:
1039:
1030:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
902:Mallet du Pan
899:
895:
891:
879:
874:
872:
867:
865:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
841:
839:
829:
828:
827:
826:
818:
817:
812:
810:
807:
805:
804:Pan Germanism
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
780:
779:
772:
771:
767:
765:
764:
760:
758:
757:
753:
751:
750:
746:
744:
743:
739:
737:
736:
732:
731:
725:
724:
717:
714:
712:
711:
707:
705:
702:
701:
698:Organisations
695:
694:
687:
686:Team Stronach
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
662:
661:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
635:
627:
626:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
594:
593:
586:
585:von Vogelsang
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
520:von Hohenwart
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
481:
480:
470:
469:
465:
460:
459:
455:
454:
448:
447:
440:
439:von Vogelsang
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
386:
383:Intellectuals
380:
379:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
332:
331:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
288:Family values
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
260:
254:
253:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
222:
216:
215:
211:
207:
206:
203:
198:
197:
193:
189:
188:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
150:Immanuel Kant
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
88:Occupation(s)
86:
82:
78:
68:
64:
60:
56:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
4208:Para-fascism
4188:Elite theory
4146:Anti-Masonry
4037:
3976:Confucianism
3752:John Paul II
3527:Solzhenitsyn
3346:
3236:Subsidiarity
3211:Social order
2951:Centre Right
2767:
2745:
2700:
2667:
2643:Patrianovism
2630:
2592:Nacionalismo
2590:
2578:
2326:
2309:
2278:
2246:
2179:
2138:Berlusconism
2077:Cameralistic
1990:Maurrassisme
1817:State Shinto
1806:Nippon Kaigi
1804:
1792:
1680:Confucianism
1545:Conservatism
1496:Liberty Fund
1470:
1461:
1453:
1452:Mann, Golo.
1445:
1431:
1430:Bond, M. A.
1414:
1346:
1306:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1270:
1262:
1246:
1233:
1226:
1223:Private life
1203:
1200:
1175:
1166:Marie Louise
1162:
1150:
1125:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1070:
1035:
1017:
1009:
1005:
1001:
993:
981:
979:
965:
957:
953:
949:
909:
897:
887:
816:Ăśberfremdung
768:
761:
754:
747:
740:
733:
708:
659:
658:
633:
510:von Habsburg
504:
466:
456:
398:
318:Subsidiarity
164:
160:
158:
119:
97:
96:
71:(1832-06-09)
69:June 9, 1832
4313:1832 deaths
4308:1764 births
4230:Reactionary
4151:Aristocracy
4123:Corporatism
4103:Agrarianism
4008:Integralism
3702:Diefenbaker
3640:Politicians
3562:Tocqueville
3277:Buckley Jr.
3231:Stewardship
3221:Sovereignty
3196:Rule of law
3144:Conventions
3134:Nationalism
3112:Imperialism
3095:Gender role
3080:Familialism
3059:Meritocracy
3054:Aristocracy
3000:Traditional
2963:New Zealand
2867:Libertarian
2675:Pinochetism
2669:Gremialismo
2626:Integralism
2616:Bolsonarism
2580:Maurrasismo
2540:Switzerland
2493:Netherlands
2386:Thatcherism
2328:Noucentisme
2242:Slavophilia
2215:Eurasianism
2106:Romanticism
2072:Prussianism
2060:Neue Rechte
1968:Bonapartism
1827:South Korea
1773:Revisionist
1725:Principlist
1628:Reactionary
1623:Progressive
1573:Corporatist
1266:aristocracy
1253:Catholicism
1191:Castlereagh
1187:Louis XVIII
1082:Louis XVIII
954:Denkschrift
934:naturalized
809:Remigration
575:Starhemberg
540:Schuschnigg
484:Politicians
293:Imperialism
278:Clericalism
51:May 2, 1764
4302:Categories
4096:Ideologies
4031:background
4029:Historical
3817:Metternich
3792:Mannerheim
3667:Berlusconi
3397:La Mennais
3327:Dostoevsky
3302:Chesterton
3216:Solidarity
3181:Patriotism
3166:Organicism
3122:Monarchism
3039:Discipline
2983:Principles
2976:Philosophy
2764:Venezuela
2740:Fujimorism
2638:Monarchist
2621:Coronelism
2528:Monarchist
2516:Monarchist
2488:Luxembourg
2454:Monarchist
2349:Cameronism
2220:Monarchist
2155:Sanfedismo
1983:Legitimism
1884:Bangladesh
1863:ErdoÄźanism
1858:Democratic
1720:Monarchist
1715:Khomeinism
1437:Cahen, R.
1315:References
1249:Protestant
1204:Memorandum
1183:Talleyrand
1042:neutrality
998:journalism
966:inter alia
958:Memorandum
942:liberalism
770:Ă–sterreich
618:Tschugguel
560:Rosenkranz
451:Literature
308:Organicism
298:Monarchism
257:Principles
219:Ideologies
177:diplomatic
165:Kriegsrath
116:Early life
47:1764-05-02
3927:de Valera
3887:Salisbury
3832:Netanyahu
3787:Macdonald
3757:Kaczyński
3737:de Gaulle
3697:Churchill
3677:Bolsonaro
3662:Andreotti
3502:Santayana
3467:Oakeshott
3427:Mansfield
3307:Coleridge
3257:Bainville
3241:Tradition
3176:Orthodoxy
2995:Authority
2946:Australia
2909:Reaganism
2899:Old Right
2882:Tea Party
2872:Fusionism
2758:Herrerism
2720:Guatemala
2567:Argentina
2506:Miguelist
2502:Portugal
2381:Powellism
2305:Integrism
2293:Francoism
2269:Alfonsism
2192:Sarmatism
2082:Socialist
2020:Sarkozysm
2006:Orléanism
1926:Chiangism
1916:Singapore
1889:Hong Kong
1840:New Right
1768:Religious
1675:Chiangism
1633:Religious
1618:Pragmatic
1554:by region
1405:(1911). "
1078:manifesto
1014:Hauterive
608:Schönfeld
597:Activists
505:von Gentz
404:von Hayek
399:von Gentz
323:Tradition
128:minister
4262:European
3998:Islamism
3981:Hindutva
3951:Religion
3922:Vajpayee
3912:Trujillo
3907:Thatcher
3897:Stolypin
3852:Pinochet
3767:Khomeini
3762:Khamenei
3732:Fujimori
3717:Dollfuss
3707:Disraeli
3672:Bismarck
3657:Adenauer
3585:Politics
3572:Voegelin
3542:Spengler
3512:Schlegel
3477:Peterson
3437:Menéndez
3412:Leontiev
3382:Karamzin
3357:Hitchens
3127:Royalism
3032:Pro-Life
2924:Trumpism
2889:Movement
2808:Trumpism
2803:Populism
2754:Uruguay
2747:Odriismo
2696:Colombia
2650:Populism
2586:Menemism
2512:Romania
2471:Populist
2466:Metaxism
2450:Georgia
2311:Mellismo
2237:Putinism
2210:Duginism
2118:Völkisch
2048:Hegelian
2043:Agrarian
1973:Gaullism
1904:Pakistan
1899:Malaysia
1835:Ilminism
1753:Kahanism
1613:Populist
1603:National
1598:Moderate
1578:Cultural
1488:Archived
1234:danseuse
1198:(1822).
1189:, while
1132:Bohemian
1130:and the
1038:Austrian
946:Americas
938:knighted
930:Genevese
710:Heimwehr
565:SchĂĽssel
535:Nehammer
495:Dollfuss
419:Mannheim
192:a series
190:Part of
179:career.
126:Prussian
102:diplomat
4089:Related
3937:Zemmour
3902:Suharto
3882:Salazar
3812:Metaxas
3807:Menzies
3802:Maurras
3722:ErdoÄźan
3712:Dmowski
3687:Canning
3682:GW Bush
3552:Strauss
3522:Scruton
3517:Schmitt
3507:Savigny
3492:Rivarol
3462:Novalis
3432:Maurras
3422:Maistre
3407:Le Play
3372:Johnson
3292:Carlyle
3287:Burnham
3262:Barruel
3149:Customs
3117:Loyalty
3049:Elitism
2938:Oceania
2825:Toryism
2735:Peruvia
2708:Uribism
2702:Rojismo
2632:Janismo
2545:Ukraine
2483:Iceland
2478:Hungary
2446:Finland
2441:Denmark
2429:Belgium
2424:Austria
2391:Toryism
2341:Kingdom
2317:Maurism
2274:Carlism
2230:Tsarism
2181:Kaczyzm
2035:Germany
1794:Minzoku
1758:Zionism
1593:Liberal
1552:Schools
1413:(ed.).
1400::
1216:Leipzig
1109:Britain
1073:polemic
994:Journal
986:Germany
975:Prussia
922:finance
906:Mounier
660:Defunct
630:Parties
613:Sellner
570:Stadler
429:Schoeck
335:History
173:English
134:Breslau
122:Breslau
55:Breslau
4218:Europe
3877:Reagan
3862:Powell
3822:Mobutu
3797:Marcos
3777:Le Pen
3747:Horthy
3742:Harper
3727:Franco
3692:Chiang
3567:Uvarov
3532:Sowell
3457:Nisbet
3452:Newman
3447:MĂĽller
3402:Le Bon
3377:JĂĽnger
3352:Haller
3342:Fardid
3322:Dávila
3317:Cortés
3272:Bonald
3267:Belloc
3107:Honour
2914:Social
2854:States
2852:United
2820:Social
2795:Canada
2744:
2730:Panama
2725:Mexico
2691:Belize
2608:Brazil
2535:Sweden
2523:Serbia
2498:Norway
2461:Greece
2434:Rexism
2406:Social
2339:United
2202:Russia
2167:Poland
1951:France
1942:Europe
1921:Taiwan
1909:Ziaism
1850:Turkey
1748:Jewish
1735:Israel
1638:Social
1583:Fiscal
1409:". In
1394:
1158:Europe
1141:Europe
1137:Vienna
1128:Prague
1117:Erfurt
1102:exposé
1062:London
1058:gulden
1046:Vienna
932:exile
918:France
634:Active
580:Taaffe
515:Haider
472:(1966)
462:(1903)
424:MĂĽller
394:Burger
389:Berger
169:French
138:Berlin
77:Vienna
3917:Trump
3892:Smith
3872:Putin
3837:Orbán
3652:Adams
3557:Taine
3547:Stahl
3537:Spann
3497:Röpke
3487:Renan
3482:Ranke
3417:Lewis
3367:Iorga
3347:Gentz
3337:Evola
3332:Eliot
3312:Comte
3282:Burke
3154:Mores
3139:Norms
2904:Paleo
2877:Paleo
2684:Other
2660:Chile
2417:Other
2354:Civic
2261:Spain
2130:Italy
2094:Young
1894:India
1877:Other
1785:Japan
1667:China
1648:Ultra
1588:Green
1494:, at
1238:Rahel
1185:from
894:Burke
728:Media
603:Feigl
525:Klaus
434:Spann
4235:Neo-
3857:Pitt
3842:Park
3827:Modi
3772:Kohl
3442:More
3387:Kirk
3362:Hume
3044:Duty
2840:Pink
2830:Blue
2715:Cuba
2396:High
1707:Iran
1658:Asia
936:and
904:and
555:Raab
530:Kurz
500:Figl
283:Duty
171:and
66:Died
41:Born
4257:New
3932:Zia
3782:Lee
3647:Abe
2894:Neo
2835:Red
2401:Red
2371:Neo
1800:Neo
1763:Neo
1690:New
1685:Neo
1206:to
1080:of
1016:'s
956:or
896:'s
136:to
4304::
1358:^
1323:^
1123:.
1068:.
194:on
112:.
79:,
57:,
1537:e
1530:t
1523:v
1498:.
877:e
870:t
863:v
49:)
45:(
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