Klemens von Metternich

1870: 2983: 1950: 3171: 4898: 5131: 4822: 3279:. He also enjoyed a visit from Frederick William IV, though the King irritated Metternich by appearing to cultivate him as a tool against Schwarzenberg. In September Metternich returned to Vienna, entertained along the way by various German princes keen to entertain the focus of Prussian intrigue. Metternich was reinvigorated, dropped his nostalgia, and lived in the present for the first time in a decade. Franz Josef asked for his advice on numerous issues (though he was too headstrong to be much influenced by it), and both of the two emerging factions in Vienna courted Metternich; even Tsar Nicholas called on him during a state visit. Metternich was not keen on the new Foreign Minister, 8605: 4919: 3007:) had become a mere curiosity. Little, too, was heard of his proposals to hold a congress in Germany. A separate attempt to strengthen the influence of ambassadors stationed in Vienna was also rejected. This set the tone for the rest of Metternich's chancellorship. His illness had, it seemed to others, broken his love of being in office. Over the next decade, his wife prepared quietly for his retirement or death in office. Metternich's work during the early 1840s was dominated again by Hungary and, more generally, questions of national identity within the diverse Austrian Empire. Here, Metternich "showed acute perception". His Hungarian proposals came far too late, however, as 4933: 4665: 4036: 2884:. He occupied Parma and Modena, however (both ruled by Habsburgs), and eventually did cross into Papal territory. As a result, Italy was pacified by the end of March. He authorised troop withdrawal from the Papal States in July, but by January 1832 they were back to put down a second rebellion. By now Metternich was ageing noticeably: his hair was grey and his face drawn and sunken, although his wife still enjoyed his company. In February 1832 a daughter, also Melanie, was born; in 1833 a son, Klemens, though he died aged two months; in October 1834 a second son, Paul; and in 1837 his third with Melanie, Lothar. Politically, Metternich had a new adversary, 2258:

to the new diet; its president would be Emperor Francis himself. Despite criticism from within Austria, Metternich was pleased with the outcome and the degree of control it granted Habsburgs, and, through them, himself. Certainly, Metternich was able to use the diet to his own ends on numerous occasions. The arrangement was similarly popular with most German representatives. A summation treaty was signed on 19 June (the Russians signed a week later), bringing the Vienna Congress officially to an end. Metternich himself had left on 13 June for the front line, prepared for a lengthy war against Napoleon. Napoleon, however, was defeated decisively at the

5058: 2099:. By contrast and to Metternich's pleasure, Alexander was ill-mannered and often insulting. Despite the opportunities, little diplomacy took place; instead, all that was firmly agreed was that proper discussions would take place at Vienna, with a date tentatively set for 15 August. When the Tsar tried to postpone it to October Metternich agreed but effected conditions that prevented Alexander from exercising any advantage due to his de facto control of Poland. Metternich was eventually reunited with his family in Austria in the middle of July 1814, having stopped for a week in France to soothe fears surrounding Napoleon's wife Marie Louise, now the 5024: 4762: 4099:

hid Austria's true weakness. When it came to choosing a set of sound principles, wrote Taylor, "most men could do better while shaving." The result was that Metternich was no captivating diplomat: Taylor described him as "the most boring man in European history". Not only were his failures limited to foreign affairs, critics argue: at home he was equally powerless, failing to effect even his own proposals for administrative reform. In contrast, those who have attempted to rehabilitate Metternich describe him as "unquestionably master of diplomacy", someone who perfected and indeed shaped the nature of diplomacy in his era. In a similar vein,

4562: 4686: 3061: 2946:. Despite the widespread opinion that Ferdinand was a "ghost of a monarch", Metternich valued legitimacy highly and worked to keep the government running. He soon accompanied Ferdinand on his first meeting with Tsar Nicholas and the King of Prussia, again at Teplitz. Ferdinand was overwhelmed, especially as the delegations paraded into Prague. Overall, however, it was an untroubled meeting. The next few years passed relatively peacefully for Metternich: diplomatic incident was limited to the occasional angry exchange with Palmerston and Metternich's failure to be a mediator between the British and Russians over their 2451:

Francis, he was warmly greeted by the Catholic towns along the Rhine as he progressed towards Aachen. He had arranged in advance for newspapers to cover the first peacetime congress of its kind. As discussions began, Metternich pushed for the withdrawal of allied troops from France and means for preserving the unity of the European powers. The former was agreed almost immediately, but the latter agreement extended only to maintaining the Quadruple Alliance. Metternich rejected the Tsar's idealistic plans for (among other things) a single European army. His own recommendations to the Prussians for greater controls on

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influence over the German Federal Diet. He also informed the press they could no longer publicise the minutes of Diet meetings, only its rulings. In January 1825 he began to worry about his wife Eleonore's health and he reached her sickbed in Paris shortly before her death on 19 March. Mourning sincerely for her, he also took the opportunity to dine with the Paris elite. An aside he made about the Tsar there was reported back and did not enhance his reputation. He left Paris for the last time on 21 April and was joined by the Emperor in Milan after arriving on 7 May. He declined the Pope's invitation to become a

1902:, a post which had been vacant since the time of Kaunitz. Metternich increasingly worried that Napoleon's retreat would bring with it disorder that would harm the Habsburgs. A peace had to be concluded soon, he believed. Since Britain could not be coerced, he sent proposals to France and Russia only. These were rejected, though, after the battles of Battle of Lützen (2 May) and Battle of Bautzen (20–21 May), a French-initiated truce was called. Starting in April Metternich began to "slowly and reluctantly" prepare Austria for war with France; the armistice provided Austria time for fuller complete mobilisation. 5040: 4877: 416: 5074: 4926: 5105: 4856: 2685: 4990: 2719: 11944: 1817:. Metternich would later seek to distance himself from the marriage by claiming it was Napoleon's own idea, but this is improbable; in any case, he was happy to claim responsibility at the time. By 7 February Napoleon had agreed and the pair were married by proxy on 11 March. Marie Louise left for France soon after and Metternich followed by a different route and unofficially. The trip was designed, Metternich explained, to transport his family (stranded in France by the outbreak of war) home and to report to the Austrian Emperor about Marie Louise's activities. 2271: 1998:). Metternich was delighted when Frankfurt was retaken in early November and, in particular, by the deference the Tsar showed Francis at a ceremony organised there by Metternich. Diplomatically, with the war drawing to a close, he remained determined to prevent the creation of a strong, unified German state, even offering Napoleon generous terms in order to retain him as a counterweight. On 2 December 1813 Napoleon agreed to talk, though these talks were delayed by the need for the participation of a more senior British diplomat, ( 1729: 2913:. There were fears of the Empire's total collapse, by which Austria stood to gain little. Metternich therefore proposed multilateral support for the Ottomans and a Viennese Congress to sort out details, but the French were evasive and the British refused to support any congress held in Vienna. By the summer of 1833 Anglo-Austrian relations had hit a new low. With Russia Metternich was more confident of exerting influence. He was mistaken, however, and left to observe from afar Russian intervention in the region culminating in the 2183:) by implying Austria could match Russia militarily. Despite the blunder, Francis refused to dismiss his foreign minister, and political crisis rocked Vienna throughout November, culminating in a declaration by Tsar Alexander that Russia would not compromise in its claim on Poland as a satellite kingdom. The Coalition rejected this utterly, and the agreement seemed further off than ever. During the stand-off, it seems that Alexander even went as far as to challenge Metternich to a duel. However, Tsar Alexander soon did a rapid 1798: 4460: 4416: 5007: 6019: 2404:. Though alarmed by developments he noted that many of Francis' concessions were still not in practice. But Metternich was optimistic and made another plea for decentralisation on 29 August. After this failed, Metternich decided to broaden his efforts into general administrative reform to avoid the appearance of favouring the Italians over the rest of the Empire. While working on this, he returned to Vienna on 12 September 1817 to be immediately caught up in the organisation of his daughter Maria's marriage to Count 63: 2534: 4973: 2418: 2853:), the resignation of Wellington in London, and calls for constitutionality in Germany. He wrote with sombre and "almost morbid relish" that it was the "beginning of the end" of Old Europe. Nonetheless, he was heartened by the fact that the July Revolution had made a Franco-Russian alliance impossible and that the Netherlands had called an old-style congress of the sort he enjoyed so much. The 1830 convocation of the Hungarian Diet was also more successful than past ones, crowning Archduke Ferdinand as 4741: 4079:. For example, particularly after WWII, historians were more likely to defend Metternich's policies as reasonable attempts to achieve his goals, chiefly the balance of power in Europe. Sympathetic historians point out that Metternich correctly foresaw and worked to prevent Russian dominance in Europe, succeeding where his successors would fail 130 years later. As argued by Srbik, Metternich himself pursued legality, cooperation, and dialogue, and therefore helped ensure thirty years of peace, the " 5155: 4707: 2902: 2710:. Despite the seclusion, he received constant reports, including those of ominous developments in the Ottoman Empire, where the Greek revolt was rapidly being crushed by Ibrahim Ali of Egypt. He also had to deal with the fallout from St. Petersburg where the Tsar, although unable to convene a full congress, had talked with all the major ambassadors. By mid-May it was clear the allies could not decide on a course of action and, as such, the Holy Alliance was no longer a viable political entity. 1531:. The marriage was arranged by Metternich's mother and introduced him to Viennese society. This was undoubtedly part of the motivation for Metternich, who demonstrated less affection for her than she for him. Two conditions were imposed by the father of the bride, Prince Kaunitz: first, the still youthful Eleonore was to continue to live at home; and second, Metternich was forbidden from serving as a diplomat as long as the Prince was still alive. Their daughter Maria was born in January 1797. 4481: 5088: 3974: 1320: 1074: 4953: 5183: 11968: 4604: 2546: 3069: 1584:. He chose Dresden in late January 1801, and his appointment was officially announced in February. Metternich summered in Vienna, where he wrote his "Instructions", a memorandum showing a much greater understanding of statesmanship than his earlier writing. He visited the Königswart estate in the autumn before taking up his new position on 4 November. The subtleties of the memorandum were lost on the Saxon court, which was headed by the retiring 2138: 1833: 1824:. The concessions he won were trivial, however: a few trading rights, delay in the payment of the war indemnity, restitution of some estates belonging to Germans in the Austrian service, including the Metternich family's, and the lifting of a 150,000-man limit on the Austrian army. The last was particularly welcomed as a sign of increased Austrian independence, although Austria could no longer afford an army greater than the limit prescribed. 3300: 11956: 3986: 2597: 1086: 4624: 8493: 4802: 4645: 1677: 2118: 3263:, a city cheaper to live in and closer to continental affairs. They arrived in October, staying overnight in the Hotel Bellevue. With revolution subsiding, Metternich was hopeful they would return to Vienna. Their stay in fact lasted over 18 months while Metternich waited for an opportunity to re-enter Austrian politics. It was a pleasant enough (and cheap) stay, first in the Boulevard de l'Observatoire and later in the 4519: 8481: 2793:. Metternich worried that further intervention would topple the Ottoman Empire, upsetting the balance so carefully created in 1815. To his relief, the new British Prime Minister Wellington and his cabinet were equally fearful of giving Russia the upper hand in the Balkans. After another round of his proposals for congresses was rejected, Metternich stood back from the Eastern Question, watching as the 2638:

aware this was politically impossible for the British. Metternich's adversary at the Russian court, Kapodistrias, retired from service there; however, by the end of April there was a new threat: Russia now determined to intervene in Spain, action Metternich described as "utter nonsense". He played for time, convincing his ally Castlereagh to come to Vienna for talks before a scheduled congress in

2654:. He returned to Vienna in early January 1823 and remained until September; after Verona, he travelled much less than before, partly because of his new post as Chancellor and partly because of his declining health. He was buoyed by the arrival of his family from Paris in May. He shone once more in Viennese society. Politically, the year was one of disappointments. In March the French crossed the 2789:(b.1783), became Metternich's second wife. She was only twenty, and their marriage, a small affair at Hetzendorf (a village just outside Vienna), drew considerable criticism considering their difference in status. She belonged to the lower nobility, but Antoinette's grace and charm soon won over Viennese society. The same day British, Russian and French forces destroyed the Ottoman fleet at the 1857:

he would slowly distance Austria from the French cause, while avoiding alliance with either Prussia or Russia, and remaining open to any proposal that would secure a place for the combined Bonaparte-Habsburg dynasty. This was driven by concern that if Napoleon were defeated, Russia and Prussia would stand to gain too much. Napoleon was intransigent, however, and the fighting (now officially the

3287:, though Buol did not. In the meantime Metternich's health was slowly failing, and he was a more peripheral figure after the death of his wife Melanie in January 1854. In a brief resurgence of energy in early 1856, he busied himself in arrangements for a marriage between his son Richard and his granddaughter Pauline (Richard's step-sister's daughter) and undertook more travel. The 3133:

soon after midday. The Chancellor had troops sent into the streets while also announcing a prearranged and minimal concession. In the afternoon the crowd turned hostile, and a division of troops opened fire on it, killing five. The mob was now truly incited, as the liberals were joined by underprivileged Viennese set on wreaking havoc. The students offered to form a pro-government

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were considerable in light of the weakness of his negotiating position. Meanwhile, his detractors argued that he could have done much to secure Austria's future, and he was deemed a stumbling block to reforms in Austria. Metternich was also a supporter of the arts, taking a particular interest in music; he knew some of the most eminent composers in Europe at the time including

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war. Metternich tried two tacks: to intrigue for the removal of the British Foreign Secretary and to attempt (vainly) to build up cross-power bloc agreements. Palmerston did indeed leave office in November, but only temporarily and not by any of Metternich's attempts. Large-scale war, however, had been avoided and the Quadruple Alliance was beginning to disintegrate.

3093:, France and Austria were forced into backing breakaway cantons. The pair proposed a conference, but the government crushed the revolt. It was a major blow to Metternich's prestige, and his opponents in Vienna called it evidence of his incompetence. In January 1848 Metternich predicted trouble in Italy during the year ahead. He acted on this by dispatching an envoy, 2369:

fiscal policy and monitoring the spread of liberalism in Germany and nationalism in Italy. Personally, he was shaken in November by the death of Julie Zichy-Festetics. Two years later he wrote that his "life ended there," and his old frivolity took some time to return. The only consolation was July's news that Metternich was to receive new estates along the Rhine at

11932: 2833:. He returned to Vienna a month later, still worried by the "chaos in London and Paris" and his declining ability to prevent it. Hearing Nesselrode was due to take the waters at Karlsbad, he met him there in late July. He berated the quiet Nesselrode, but no offence was taken. The two arranged a second meeting in August. In the interim Metternich heard of France's 1982:, Metternich allowed Austria to remain uncommitted over the future of France, Italy, and Poland. He was still confined, however, by the British, who were subsidizing Prussia and Russia (in September Metternich requested subsidies for Austria as well). Meanwhile, the Coalition forces took the offensive. On 18 October 1813 Metternich witnessed the successful 2583:

for the future of Italy. He was relieved when able to create a Court Chancellor and Chancellor of State on 25 May, a post left vacant since the death of Kaunitz in 1794. He was also pleased at the renewed (if fragile) closeness between Austria, Prussia and Russia; however, it had come at the expense of the Anglo-Austrian entente.

1385:). Metternich's education was handled by his mother, heavily influenced by their proximity to France; Metternich spoke French better than German. As a child he went on official visits with his father and, under the direction of Protestant tutor John Frederick Simon, was tutored in academic subjects, swimming, and horsemanship. 3218:, for four months. The younger children joined them in the summer. He followed events in Austria from afar, famously denying ever having erred; in fact, he declared the turmoil in Europe to be a vindication of his policies. In Vienna, a hostile post-censorship press continued to attack him; in particular, they accused him of 2150:, two hours to the south. When he heard they had reached Vienna he journeyed to meet them and encouraged them to go with him back to Baden. They declined, and four meetings were held in the city itself. In these, the representatives agreed on how the Congress would operate and, to Metternich's delight, named his own aide 2746:, whom he had met twice in 1825. Back in Vienna, in mid-December, he heard of the death of Tsar Alexander with mixed feelings. He had known the Tsar well and was reminded of his own frailty, although the death potentially wiped the soured diplomatic slate clean. Moreover, he could claim credit for foreseeing the liberal 3227: 3283:, but thought him sufficiently incompetent that he would be impressionable. Metternich's advice was of varying quality; nonetheless, some of it was usefully insightful, even in modern issues. Now deaf, Metternich wrote endlessly, particularly for an appreciative Franz Josef. He wanted Austrian neutrality in the 2498:. The Karlsbad conference opened on 6 August and ran for the rest of the month. Metternich overcame any opposition to his proposed "group of anti-revolutionary measures, correct and preemptory", although they were condemned by outsiders. Despite censure Metternich was very pleased with the result, known as the 1692:, freeing Metternich to assume the post of Ambassador to the Russian Empire. He never made it to Russia, as need had arisen for a new Austrian at the French court. Metternich was approved for the post in June 1806. He enjoyed being in demand and was happy to be sent to France on a generous salary of 90,000 4098:

have questioned how much influence Metternich actually wielded. Robin Okey, a critic of Metternich, noted that even in the realm of foreign affairs Metternich "had only his own persuasiveness to rely on", and this degraded over time. By this interpretation, his task was to create a "smokescreen" that

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the mass of Europeans yearned for security, quiet, and peace, and regarded liberal abstractions as repugnant or were utterly indifferent to them. The best of all patterns of government, he insisted, was autocratic absolutism, upheld by a loyal army, by a submissive, decently efficient bureaucracy and

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if their demands were met. Ludwig was eager to accept and told Metternich he must resign, to which he reluctantly agreed. After sleeping in the Chancellery he was advised to either take back his resignation or leave the city. After Ludwig sent him a message to the effect that the government could not

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was gaining a reputation as a liberal nationalist, counterbalancing Metternich and Austria; at the same time, the Empire experienced unemployment and rising prices as a result of poor harvests. Metternich was bemused at the outcry from Italians, the Pope, and Palmerston when he ordered the occupation

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just three days later. It proved too much, and Metternich was taken ill. After a delay for recovery, Metternich condensed his proposals for Italy into three documents he submitted to Francis, all dated 27 October 1817. The administration would remain undemocratic, but there would be a new Ministry of

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On the division of formerly French-occupied Poland and Germany, Metternich was more confined by the interests of the Allies. After two failed proposals, advanced by the Prussians, the issue was postponed until after a peace treaty had been signed. Elsewhere, Metternich, like many of his counterparts,

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Austria's allies saw the declaration as an admission that Austria's diplomatic ambitions had failed, but Metternich viewed it as one move in a much longer campaign. For the rest of the war he strove to hold the Coalition together and, as such, to curb Russian momentum in Europe. To this end he won an

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in 1809. Stadion tendered his resignation as Foreign Minister in the aftermath, and the emperor immediately offered the post to Metternich. Metternich, worried that Napoleon would seize on this to demand harsher peace terms, instead agreed to become a minister of state (which he did on 8 July) and to

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in this role until 1799 when the congress was finally wound down. During this period Eleonore had chosen to live with Metternich at Rastatt: and gave birth to sons Francis (February 1798) and, shortly after the end of the Congress, Klemens (June 1799). Much to Metternich's anguish, Klemens died after

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were organised, calling for greater freedom, transparency, and representation. Students were involved in several demonstrations, culminating on 13 March when they cheered the imperial family but voiced anger at Metternich. After a customary morning, Metternich was called to meet with Archduke Ludwig

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in 1830. By the end of 1832, they had clashed on virtually every issue. "In short," Metternich wrote, "Palmerston is wrong about everything". Mostly, Metternich was annoyed by his insistence that under the 1815 agreements Britain had the right to oppose Austria's tightening of university controls in

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in the middle of March, Metternich had the Tsar at hand, who agreed to send 90,000 men to the frontier in a show of solidarity. Concerns grew in Vienna that Metternich's policy was too expensive. He responded that Naples and Piedmont would pay for stability; nonetheless, he, too, was clearly worried

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on 18 December. For once it was Metternich playing the liberal, vainly urging Francis to give the region some autonomy. Metternich spent four months in Italy, endlessly busy and suffering chronic inflammation of the eyelids. He tried to control Austrian foreign policy from Milan and when there was a

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on 3 May and captured Naples less than three weeks later. Metternich then was able to delay a decision on the future of the country until after Vienna. Discussions about Germany would drag on until early June when a joint Austrian-Prussian proposition was ratified. It left most constitutional issues

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and the Allies began preparations for renewed fighting. On 25 March they signed a treaty committing each to send 150,000 men with little sign of their prior divisive stances. After the military commanders left, the Vienna Congress settled down to serious work, fixing the boundaries of an independent

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on 14 March 1812. He also supported a period of moderate censorship, aimed at preventing provocation of the French. Requiring that only 30,000 Austrian troops fight alongside the French, the alliance treaty was more generous than the one Prussia had signed a month earlier; this allowed Metternich to

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and its ally France. Though Metternich was able to secure the replacement of Buol with his friend Rechberg, who had helped him so much in 1848, involvement in the war itself was now beyond his capacity. Even a special task given to him by Franz Josef in June 1859—to draw up secret papers addressing

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slowly turned away, much to the annoyance of Alexander. Metternich believed for several months afterward that he had gained a unique level of influence over the Tsar. Meanwhile, he renewed the conservative program he had outlined at Karlsbad five years before and sought to further increase Austrian

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was signed on 30 May. Now free, Metternich accompanied Tsar Alexander to England; Wilhelmine, who had followed Metternich to Paris, also made the crossing. A triumphant Metternich filled his four weeks with revelry, re-establishing his reputation and that of Austria; he was also awarded an honorary

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Nevertheless, the Allies were not faring well, and although a statement of general war aims that included many nods to Austria was secured from Russia, Britain remained distrustful and generally unwilling to give up the military initiative she had fought 20 years to establish. Despite this, Francis

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The Dresden meeting revealed that Austria's influence in Europe had reached its lowest point, and Metternich was now bent on re-establishing that influence by using what he considered strong ties with all sides in the war, proposing general peace talks headed by Austria. Over the next three months,

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and left England in September 1794. On arrival, he found an exiled and powerless government in a headlong retreat from the latest French advance. In October a revitalised French army swept into Germany and annexed all of the Metternich estates except Königswart. Disappointed, and affected by strong

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Metternich has been both praised and heavily criticized for the policies he pursued. His supporters pointed out that he presided over the "Austrian system" when international diplomacy helped prevent major wars in Europe. His qualities as a diplomat were commended, some noting that his achievements

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Britain and Austria both wished to avoid war, but the British Foreign Secretary Canning wanted an autonomous Greek state. This would be the topic of mediation with the Ottomans. Metternich, on the other hand, was resolutely opposed to courting instability by redrawing any borders in Eastern Europe

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now officially part of Austria, the Europe-wide Polish dissident movement was now worked actively against the "Metternich system" that had overridden the rights enshrined in 1815. Britain and France appeared similarly outraged, although calls for Metternich's resignation were ignored. For the next

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pledging support. However, Tsar Nicholas sent Metternich a message from St Petersburg challenging Vienna's claim to diplomatic centrality. Metternich worked so furiously that he fell ill, spending the next five weeks resting at Johannisberg. The Austrians lost the initiative, and Metternich had to

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between Britain, France, Spain and Portugal. This alliance of liberals was such an affront to Austrian values that Palmerston wrote he "should like to see Metternich's face when he reads our treaty". It did indeed draw bitter condemnation, mostly because it provided the occasion for an outbreak of

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in October. The warmness of Metternich's welcome was sweetened by his promise to settle in part Austria's financial debts to Britain. The earlier Anglo-Austrian entente was thus restored, and the pair agreed that they would support the Austrian position concerning the Balkans. Metternich went away

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were similarly angered by their exclusion from all but the full Congress, especially since Metternich was determined to give the latter grouping as little power as possible. As a result, the Big Six became the Preliminary Committee of the Eight, whose first decision was that the congress itself be

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that Russia had imposed on Napoleon in their absence, but Metternich was reluctant to oppose them and on 11 April signed the treaty. Thereafter he focused on safeguarding Austrian interests in the forthcoming peace; asserting Austria's influence in Germany over that of Prussia; and undoing Russian

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they agreed on general peace demands and set out a process by which Austria could enter the war on the Coalition side. Shortly afterwards Metternich was invited to join Napoleon at Dresden, where he could put the terms directly. Though no reliable record of their meeting on 26 June 1813 exists, it

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Particularly during the remainder of the nineteenth century, Metternich was heavily criticised, decried as the man who prevented Austria and the rest of central Europe from "developing along normal liberal and constitutional lines". Had Metternich not stood in the way of "progress", Austria might

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of the United Kingdom. Buol, however, was growing more resentful of Metternich's advice, particularly about Italy. In April 1859 Franz Josef came to ask him about what should be done in Italy. According to Pauline, Metternich begged him not to send an ultimatum to Italy, and Franz Josef explained

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in 1840, which furthered the growing paralysis at the heart of Austrian government. Metternich now struggled to enforce even the level of censorship he desired. There were no major challenges to the regime from outside. Italy was quiet, and neither Metternich's attempt to lecture the new Prussian

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to Vienna in February 1822 for talks with Metternich. Metternich soon convinced the "conceited and ambitious" Russian to let him dictate events. In return Austria promised to support Russia in enforcing its treaties with the Ottomans if the other alliance members would do likewise; Metternich was

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He visited the family estate at Königswart and then Frankfurt in late August to encourage the member states of the German Confederation to agree on procedural issues. Metternich could also now visit Koblenz for the first time in 25 years and his new estate at Johannisberg. Travelling with Emperor

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The uncharacteristic gap between the views of Metternich and his emperor was eased only by the active compromise of proposals. Metternich returned to Vienna on 28 May 1816 after almost a year's absence. Professionally, the rest of 1816 passed quietly for the tired Minister, who was concerned with

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in January 1814. Quarrels with Tsar Alexander, particularly over the fate of France This rivalry intensified in January, prompting Alexander to storm out. He therefore missed the arrival of Castlereagh in mid-January. Metternich and Castlereagh formed a good working relationship and then met with

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insufficient powers to negotiate. At the informal discussions held in lieu of the conference, Caulaincourt implied that Napoleon would not negotiate until an allied army threatened France itself. This convinced Metternich, and, after an ultimatum Metternich issued to France went unheeded, Austria

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at their first meeting posed immediate problems. Far more worrying was Tsar Nicholas, whose estimation of the Habsburg dynasty and Austria was low. After an impromptu tour of Italy in 1845, the Tsar unexpectedly stopped in Vienna. Already in a bad mood, he was an awkward guest, though in between

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threatened to bring the Ottoman Empire to the brink of collapse. Wanting a strong Ottoman Empire to counterbalance Russia, Metternich opposed all forms of Greek nationalism. Before Alexander returned to Russia, Metternich secured his agreement not to act unilaterally and would write to the Tsar,

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to discuss intervention with Ferdinand. Metternich found himself able to dominate Laibach more than any other congress, overseeing Ferdinand's rejection of the liberal constitution he had agreed to only months before. Austrian armies left for Naples in February and entered the city in March. The

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in October to discuss these events. He need not have worried: the Tsar gave way and accepted a compromise proposal of moderate interventionism laid down in the Troppau Protocol. Still worried by Kapodistrias' influence over the Tsar, he laid down his conservative principles in a long memorandum,

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to negotiate on Tsar Alexander's behalf, Metternich briefly turned his attention to quelling anti-Habsburg feeling in Italy. Around the same time, he learnt that the Duchess of Sagan was courting the Tsar. Disappointed, and exhausted by social rounds, Metternich let his guard drop, angering Tsar

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and accepting bribes, prompting an investigation. Metternich was eventually cleared of the more extreme charges, and searches for evidence of the lesser ones came up empty-handed. (In all likelihood Metternich's large expense claims were merely a product of the necessities of early 19th-century

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was signed in September 1829. Though he publicly criticised it for being too harsh on Turkey, privately he was satisfied with its leniency and promise of Greek autonomy, making it a buffer against Russian expansion rather than a Russian satellite state. Metternich's private life was filled with

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was a fine social event but diplomatically less successful. Supposedly concerned with Italy, the Congress had to focus on Spain instead. Austria urged non-intervention, but it was the French that carried the day with their proposal for a joint invasion force. Prussia committed men, and the Tsar

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The rest of 1820 was filled with liberal revolts to which Metternich was expected to respond. Ultimately, the Austrian Foreign Minister was torn between following through on his conservative pledge (a policy favoured by the Russians) and keeping out of a country in which Austria had no interest

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to Brussels soon after the congress broke up, and although he could not stay more than a few days, the pair exchanged letters for the next eight years. He arrived in Vienna on 11 December 1818 and was finally able to spend considerable time with his children. He entertained the Tsar during the

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With the new consensus, the major issues concerning Poland and Germany were settled in the second week of February 1815. Austria gained land in the partition of Poland and prevented the Prussian annexation of Saxony, but was forced to accept Russian dominance in Poland and increasing Prussian

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into Austria. The most pressing issue was Hungary, where Metternich remained reluctant to support the centrist (but still nationalist) Széchenyi. His hesitancy is "a sad commentary on his declining powers of political presence". At court Metternich increasingly lost power to the rising star

2762:) and enlisted his help to charm Nicholas. Despite this, the first 18 months of Nicholas' reign did not go well for Metternich: firstly, the British were chosen over the Austrians to oversee Russian-Ottoman talks; and, as a result, Metternich could exercise no influence over the resulting 1538:. Initially his father, who headed the imperial delegation, took him as a secretary while ensuring that, when proceedings officially started in December 1797, he was named the representative of the Catholic Bench of the College of the Counts of Westphalia. A bored Metternich remained at 3158:. Metternich's daughter Leontine joined them on 21 March and suggested England as a haven; agreeing, Metternich, Melanie and 19-year-old Richard set out, leaving the younger children with Leontine. Metternich's resignation had been met with cheering in Vienna, and even the Viennese 3320:

the event of Franz Josef's death—was now too taxing. Shortly afterwards Metternich died in Vienna on 11 June 1859, aged 86, and the last great figure of his generation. Almost everyone of note in Vienna came to pay tribute; in the foreign press, his death went virtually unnoticed.

2692:

The Tsar's dual proposal for the St Petersburg meetings, a settlement of the Eastern Question favourable to Russia and limited autonomy for three Greek principalities, was a pairing unpalatable to the other European powers, and potential attendees like British Foreign Secretary

2933:

were reached that shaped a new conservative league to uphold the existing order in Turkey, Poland, and elsewhere. Metternich left happy; his sole disappointment was having to commit to being tougher on Polish nationalists. Almost immediately, he heard of the creation of the

2145:

In the autumn of 1814, the heads of the five reigning dynasties and representatives from 216 noble families began gathering in Vienna. Before ministers from the "Big Four" (the Coalition allies of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia) arrived, Metternich stayed quietly in

1231:

and to a lesser extent Prussia. This marked the high point of Austria's diplomatic importance and thereafter Metternich slowly slipped into the periphery of international diplomacy. At home, Metternich held the post of Chancellor of State from 1821 until 1848 under both

2248:

The latter soon began to come to a head. Austria had solidified its control over Lombardy-Venetia and extended its protection to provinces nominally under the control of Francis' daughter Marie Louise. On 18 April Metternich announced that Austria was formally at

2482:. After a short delay, Metternich decided that if the German governments would not act against this perceived problem, Austria would have to compel them. He called an informal conference in Karlsbad and sounded out Prussian support beforehand by meeting with 2806:

for many months, Metternich's son Viktor, then a junior diplomat, died on 30 November 1829. Consequently, he spent Christmas alone and depressed, worried by the draconian methods of some of his fellow conservatives and by the renewed march of liberalism.

3209:

for a fortnight until they found a permanent residence. Metternich largely enjoyed his time in London: the Duke of Wellington, now nearly eighty, tried to keep him entertained, and there were also visits from Palmerston, Guizot (now also in exile) and

3258:

and his government. Leontine wrote to Vienna trying to encourage this contact, and in August Metternich received a warm letter from Franz Joseph; sincere or not, it buoyed Metternich considerably. From mid-August Melanie began to push for a move to

2409:

Justice and four new chancellors. Each with local remits, including one for "Italy". Importantly, the divisions would be regional, not national. In the end, Francis accepted the revised proposals, albeit with several alterations and restrictions.

2171:

postponed to 1 November. In fact, it would soon be postponed again, with only a minor commission beginning work in November. In the meantime, Metternich organised a controversially vast array of entertainments for the delegates including himself.

2022:. The Tsar remained unaccommodating however, demanding a push into the centre of France; but he was too preoccupied to object to Metternich's other ideas, like a final peace conference in Vienna. Metternich did not attend talks with the French at 1931:

in July and run until 20 August. In agreeing to this Metternich had ignored the Reichenbach Convention, and this angered Austria's Coalition allies. The Conference of Prague would never properly meet since Napoleon gave his representatives

3003:

accept that London would be the new centre of negotiations over the Eastern Question. Just three weeks after its creation, Metternich's European League of Great Powers (his diplomatic response to aggressive moves by French Prime Minister

12118: 2766:. France too began to drift away from Metternich's non-interventionist position. In August 1826 Russian Foreign Minister Nesselrode rejected a proposal by Metternich to convene a congress to discuss the events that eventually led to the 2072:

on 24 March and now, after a deliberate delay, he left for the French capital on 7 April. On 10 April he found a city at peace and, much to his annoyance, largely in the control of Tsar Alexander. The Austrians disliked the terms of the

3127:

On 3 March Kossuth gave a fiery speech in the Hungarian Diet, calling for a constitution. It was not until 10 March that Metternich appeared concerned about events in Vienna, where there were now threats and counter-threats flying. Two

1736:

In a memorable event, Metternich argued with Napoleon at Napoleon's 39th birthday celebrations in August 1808 over the increasingly obvious preparations for war on both sides. Soon after, Napoleon refused Metternich's attendance at the

2322:, and the artworks it had plundered. It also accepted an army of occupation, numbering 150,000. In the meantime a separate treaty, proposed by Alexander and redrafted by Metternich, had been signed on 26 September. This created a new 1913:

and began an affair with her that lasted several months. No other mistress ever achieved such influence over Metternich as Wilhelmine, and he would continue to write to her after their separation. Meanwhile, French Foreign Minister

3238:, on the south coast of England where the tranquillity of life contrasted greatly with revolutionary Europe left behind. Parliamentary figures, particularly Disraeli, travelled down to visit them, as did Metternich's former friend 2509:

and Bavaria to abandon his plans to reform the German Confederation. He now regretted having so quickly forced through its original constitution five years before. Nevertheless, he held ground on other issues and the Conference's

3267:

area—filled with visits from politicians, writers, musicians and scientists. For Metternich, however, the tedium and homesickness only increased. In March 1851 Melanie induced him to write to the new political force in Vienna,

2219:

and within an hour had met with both the Tsar and the King of Prussia. Metternich wanted no rash change of course, and at first, there was little impact on the Congress. Finally, on 13 March the Big Five declared Napoleon an

1849:

give both Britain and Russia assurances that Austria remained committed to curbing Napoleonic ambitions. He accompanied his sovereign for a final meeting with Napoleon at Dresden in May 1812 before Napoleon embarked upon the

1696:

a year. After an arduous trip he took up residence in August 1806, being briefed by Baron von Vincent and Engelbert von Floret, whom he would retain as a close adviser for two decades. He met French foreign minister Prince

2959:, particularly in his proposals to increase military budgets. After his failed attempt in 1836 to force constitutional reform (which would have afforded him greater influence)—largely thwarted by the more liberally minded 2317:

was concluded on 20 November. Metternich was of the opinion, that France should not be dismembered. He was therefore happy with the result. France lost only a little land along its eastern borders, seven hundred million

5914:

When Buol signed an alliance with the Western powers in December 1855—albeit one that did not commit troops—Metternich would have noted with regret how Buol had broken the bonds with Russia he had cultivated for so

2861:, who came from a Magyar family the Metternichs had long known, was agreed upon. The announcement caused far less consternation in Vienna than Metternich's previous bride, and they were married on 30 January 1831. 2478:

Christmas season and spent twelve weeks monitoring Italy and Germany before setting off with the Emperor on the third trip to Italy. The trip was cut short by the assassination of the conservative German dramatist

1377:, won during the 17th century. At this time Metternich's father, described as "a boring babbler and chronic liar" by a contemporary, was the Austrian ambassador to the courts of the three Rhenish electors (Trier, 3040:

in 1815. After months of negotiations with Prussia and Russia, Austria annexed the city in November 1846. Metternich regarded it as a personal victory, but it was an act of dubious utility: not only were Polish

1877:

Metternich was much less keen on turning against France than many of his contemporaries (though not the Emperor), and he favoured his own plans for a general settlement. In November 1813 he offered Napoleon the

1716:

of July 1807 Metternich saw that Austria's position in Europe was much more vulnerable but believed the accord between Russia and France would not last. In the meantime he found the new French Foreign Minister,

1400:. At this time he was described by Simon as "happy, handsome and lovable", though contemporaries would later recount how he had been a liar and a braggart. Metternich left Strasbourg in September 1790 to attend 2233:

The ministers and representatives of the German princes sent to the congress continue to sing the praises of Prince Metternich.... They admire the tact and circumspection with which he has handled the German

1869: 1660:. Metternich's now almost impossible task was to convince Prussia to join the coalition against Bonaparte. Their eventual agreement was not due to Metternich, however, and after the coalition's defeat at the 1882:, which would allow Napoleon to remain Emperor but would reduce France to its "natural frontiers" and undo its control of most of Italy, Germany, and the Netherlands. Napoleon, victorious at the Battles of 5742: 4315:

Lothar Stephan August Klemens Maria (13 September 1837 – 2 October 1904), married firstly on 21 April 1868 to Karoline Anna Rosalie Johanna Reittner, and secondly on 5 June 1900 to Countess Františka

1988: 3109:, Metternich was cautious, still thinking domestic revolution unlikely. He was described by a Saxon diplomat as, in the words of biographer Musulin, "having shrunk to a shadow of his former self". 1894:

and the Allies had withdrawn the offer. By early 1814, as they were closing in on Paris, Napoleon agreed to the Frankfurt proposals, too late, and he rejected the new, harsher terms then proposed.

4278:

Paul Klemens Lothar, 3rd Prince Metternich (14 October 1834 – 6 February 1906), married on 9 May 1868 to his cousin Countess Melania Zichy-Ferraris de Zich und Vásonykeö. They had three children:

1471: 2514:

was highly reactionary, much as Metternich had envisaged it. He remained in Vienna until the close in May 1820, finding the whole affair a bore. On 6 May he heard of the death of his daughter

2038:

You have no idea what sufferings the people at headquarters impose upon us! I cannot stand it much longer and the Emperor Francis is already ill. are all mad and belong in the lunatic asylum.

2893:

Germany, as Metternich had done again in 1832. Metternich also worried that if future congresses were held in Britain, as Palmerston wanted, his own influence would be significantly reduced.

2665:

too pro-French, and there was trouble between Austria and several German states over why they had not been included at Verona. Furthermore, Metternich, in discrediting the Russian diplomat

2578:

Congress was adjourned but, forewarned or by luck, Metternich kept representatives of the powers close at hand until the revolt was put down. As a result, when similar revolts broke out in

1442:(1792–7) and making Metternich's further study in Mainz impossible. Now in the employment of his father, he was sent on a special mission to the front. Here he led the interrogation of the 4064:

might never have happened. Instead, Metternich chose to fight an overwhelmingly fruitless war against the forces of liberalism and nationalism. Heavy censorship was just one of a range of

2647:

pledged 150,000. Metternich worried about the difficulties of transporting such numbers to Spain and about French ambitions, but still pledged (if only moral) support for the joint force.

4220:

Princess Elisabeth Pauline Georgine Marie Notgera of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg (31 October 1886 – 2 October 1976), married on 19 November 1910 to Prince Viktor III of

8085: 3011:

had already led the rise of strong Hungarian nationalism. Metternich's support for other nationalities was patchy since he only opposed those that threatened the unity of the Empire.

12123: 3028:

criticisms of Austria he reassured Metternich that Russia was not about to invade the Ottoman Empire again. Two months later their countries were required to work together over the

3185:

After an anxious journey of nine days during which they were honoured in some towns and refused entry to others, Metternich, his wife, and son Richard arrived in the Dutch city of

8066: 4075:

On the other hand, Metternich's diplomacy and statesmanship became the focus of praise in the twentieth century from more favourably inclined historians, particularly biographer

12113: 12048: 5901:

Several biographers accept the young Pauline's testimony that it was actually Wilhemine who visited. This contradicts, however, the established date of Wilhemine's death—1839 (

3036:. Metternich authorised the occupation of the city and the use of troops to restore order in surrounding areas, intent on undoing the pseudo-independence that had been granted 2998:

broke out in 1839 he was anxious to re-establish Austria's diplomatic credentials. He quickly gathered representatives in Vienna, whence on 27 July they issued a communiqué to

2730:

would help get approval for financial reform. In fact, the Diet of 1825 to 1827 saw 300 sessions filled with criticism of how the Empire had eroded the historic rights of the

1600:, a publicist who would serve Metternich as both confidant and critic for the next thirty years. He also established links with important Polish and French political figures. 3046:

two years, Ferdinand could not abdicate in favour of his nephew without a regency; Metternich believed Austria would need him in the interim to hold the government together.

1820:

Instead, Metternich stayed six months, entrusting his office in Vienna to his father. He set about using the marriage, and flattery, to renegotiate the terms set out in the

3242:(Melanie led a reconciliation between the two). Expecting a visit from Metternich's daughter Leontine and her own daughter Pauline, the family moved to a suite of rooms at 1844:

reintroduced had failed. Convinced that a much weakened Austria should avoid another invasion by France, he rejected the advances of Tsar Alexander and instead concluded

3214:, who enjoyed his political conversation. The sole disappointment was that Victoria herself did not acknowledge his presence in the capital. The trio leased a house, 44 3097:

to Italy; by resurrecting his 1817 plans for an Italian chancellery; and by arranging various contingency plans with the French. In late February Austrian field marshal

7987:

Relacíon de títulos nobiliarios vacantes, y principales documentos que contiene cada expediente que, de los mismos, se conserva en el Archivo del Ministerio de Justicia

6138: 3254:. Metternich was showing his age, and his frequent fainting was cause for worry. The ex-Chancellor was also depressed by the lack of communication from the new Emperor 2845:: that panic was needless unless the new government showed territorial ambitions in Europe. Although pleased by this, Metternich's mood was soured by news of unrest in 8865: 1760:. Metternich continued to oppose a war with France and pointed out that the government in Vienna only needed to wait, as Napoleon had no plans for his own succession. 12133: 12068: 2982: 2925:

in September 1833. The former meeting went well: Metternich still felt able to dominate the Prussians, despite their rising economic prominence in Europe through the

2425:

Metternich's primary focus remained on preserving unity among the Great Powers of Europe and hence his own power as mediator. He was also concerned by liberal-minded

2229:, and ratifying earlier agreements over Poland. By late April only two major issues remained, the organisation of a new German federation and the problem of Italy. 12128: 4140:

Franz Karl Viktor Ernst Lothar Clemens Joseph Anton Adam (12 January 1803 – 30 November 1829); he had one illegitimate son with Claire Clemence Henriette Claudine

2447:

to treat the rheumatic tension in his back. It was a pleasant month-long trip, although it was there he received news of the death of his father at the age of 72.

1652:, and the Tsar kept Metternich informed of Russian policy. By autumn of 1804 Vienna decided on action entered into in August 1805 when the Austrian Empire (as the 3275:

In May 1851 Metternich left for his Johannisberg estate, which he had last visited in 1845. That summer Metternich enjoyed the company of Prussian representative

2361:, was heavily criticised for his absence. His enemies could not capitalise on this, however. Stadion was occupied by his work as finance minister and the Empress 1588:, a man with little political initiative. Despite the boredom of the court, Metternich enjoyed the light-hearted frivolity of the city and took up a mistress, 1840:

When Metternich returned to Vienna in October 1810, he was no longer as popular. His influence was limited to foreign affairs, and his attempts to get a full

11820: 2842: 2345:

of regular diplomatic meetings. With Europe at peace, the Austrian flag now flew over 50 percent more land than when Metternich had become Foreign Minister.

3147: 2642:, although Castlereagh died by suicide on 12 August. With Castlereagh dead and relations with the British weakening, Metternich had lost a useful ally. The 2742:

to perform ceremonial duties and to observe. He was alarmed by the growth of Hungarian national sentiment and wary of the growing influence of nationalist

1435:. In March 1792 Francis succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor and was crowned in July, affording Metternich a reprise of his earlier role of Ceremonial Marshal. 8469:(Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2019). A major scholarly work presenting Metternich as a thwarted innovator in the national industrial policy. 4750: 4359:

Karl Otto Arnold (12 December 1861 – 5 September 1926), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 6 July 1907 to Countess Maria Hedwig Ida Leopolda Hermenegilde of

1166: 86: 1358: 1224:

that divided post-Napoleonic Europe amongst the major powers. For his service to the Austrian Empire, he was given the title of Prince in October 1813.

2103:. His return to Vienna was celebrated by an occasional cantata that included the line "History holds thee up to posterity as a model among great men". 1596:. In January 1803 Metternich and his wife had a child whom they named Viktor. In Dresden Metternich also made a number of important contacts including 3272:, to ask if he might return if he promised not to interfere in public affairs. In April he received an affirmative reply, authorised by Franz Joseph. 2876:

and appealed to France for help. Their former rulers appealed for help from Austria, but Metternich was anxious not to march Austrian troops into the

2056:

put the Coalition back on the offensive. By this time Metternich was tiring of trying to hold the Coalition together, and even the British-engineered

1873:

The meeting between French emperor Napoleon I and Austrian diplomat Marquess Klemens von Metternich in the Marcolini Palace in Dresden on 26 June 1813

1741:. Metternich was later glad to hear from Talleyrand that Napoleon's attempts at the Congress to get Russia to invade Austria had proved unsuccessful. 12153: 4016: 2770:

in Portugal. The Austrian Foreign Minister accepted this with "surprising resilience". On 29 March 1827 Metternich spoke and attended the funeral of

1116: 12108: 11509: 10541: 5767: 4261:(18 January 1805 – 3 March 1854), daughter of Count Ferenc Franz Zichy de Zich et Vásonkeö (1777–1839) and his wife, Countess Marie Wilhelmine von 1357:, the archbishop-elector of Trier and the past employer of his father. He was the eldest son and had one older sister Pauline (1772–1855), wife of 2841:. Instead, Metternich met with Nesselrode as planned and, while the Russian rejected his plan to restore the old Alliance, the pair agreed on the 2669:, instead renewed the Tsar's former suspicion of him. Worse came in late September: while accompanying the Emperor to a meeting with Alexander at 12148: 12098: 4372:

Johannes Hubertus Xaverius (23 February 1867 – 19 July 1945), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 19 November 1901 to Princess Martha Elisabeth Maria

4030: 1778:

lead negotiations with the French on the understanding that he would replace Stadion as Foreign Minister at a later date. During peace talks at

7778: 7736: 5766:

There is some confusion over why Metternich was selected. Napoleon said he wanted "a Kaunitz", and whether he literally meant someone from the

4389:

Countess Maria Giulia Sidonia von Blome (29 December 1873 – 7 January 1939), married in 1906 to Count Joseph von Plaz. They had three children.

3076:

Though Metternich was tiring, memoranda kept pouring forth from his chancellery. Despite this, he did not foresee the building crisis. The new

1899: 415: 4068:

instruments of state available to him that also included a large spy network. Metternich opposed electoral reform, criticising Britain's 1832

12053: 9158: 5166: 4810: 4292: 2199:

that could stand up to Prussia. He also assisted the Swiss Committee and worked on a myriad of smaller issues, like navigation rights on the

1927:

seems it was a stormy but effective meeting. The agreement was finally reached as Metternich was about to leave: peace talks would start in

12138: 10181: 3806: 2889: 1685: 906: 192: 8497: 2326:

centered on Russia, Prussia and Austria; it was a document Metternich neither pushed for nor wanted, given its vaguely liberal sentiments

2159: 1263:, Metternich was keen to maintain the balance of power, particularly by resisting Russian territorial ambitions in Central Europe and the 11223: 10578: 4653: 1999: 1794:). In early 1810 Metternich's earlier affair with Junot became public but, because of Eleonore's understanding, the scandal was minimal. 1154: 8312: 7985: 5857:

Metternich succeeded in preventing proposals for a French-led invasion only by rendering Tsar Alexander fearful of a French conspiracy (

1462:, ostensibly on official business helping Viscount Desandrouin, the Treasurer-General of the Austrian Netherlands, to negotiate a loan. 12073: 12058: 10644: 8063: 3055: 2885: 2207:

on 8 February brought him more time to devote to these congressional issues as well as private discussions about southern Italy, where

1782:, Metternich put forward pro-French proposals to save the Austrian monarchy. Napoleon, however, disliked his position on the future of 1637:, the title of Prince, and a seat in the Imperial Diet. In the ensuing diplomatic reshuffle Metternich was appointed ambassador to the 1519:

criticism of his father's policies, he joined his parents in Vienna in November. On 27 September 1795 he married Countess Eleonore von

2294:. Metternich rose to become the foremost conservative statesman in Europe, his scrutiny lasted until 1848. The Habsburg rulers of the 12038: 10573: 8656: 4281:

Klemens II Wenzel Lothar Michal Felix (Richard), 4th Prince Metternich (9 February 1869 – 13 May 1930), married on 4 October 1905 to

2706:. Early in July the court dispersed and Metternich visited his daughters Leontine (fourteen) and Hermine (nine) in the quiet town of 2196: 7596: 4316: 4094:

Critical views presuppose Metternich had the ability to shape Europe favorably but chose not to. More modern critiques like that of

4050:

Historians agree on Metternich's skill as a diplomat and his dedication to conservatism. According to Arthur May, he believed that:

2155: 2126: 1949: 1698: 1227:

Under his guidance, the "Metternich system" of international congresses continued for another decade as Austria aligned itself with

12063: 10536: 5778: 4349:

Otto Paul Julius Gustav (18 May 1829 – 24 August 1906), Lensgraf von Blome; married on 1 September 1858 to Joséphine, Countess von

4120: 2995: 2759: 2122: 1787: 1528: 4382:

Countess Anna Maria von Blome (11 February 1871 – 9 January 1960), married in 1896 to Franz August Joseph Maria, Count von und zu

4214:

Franz Albert Otto Richard Notger (2 September 1879 – 9 May 1895), Hereditary Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg.

4207:

Sophie Marie Antoinette Leontine Melanie Julie (17 May 1857 – 11 January 1941), married 24 April 1878 to Prince Franz-Albrecht of

11783: 9074: 8743: 8604: 8485: 2673:, Metternich fell ill with a fever. He could not continue and had to make do with brief talks with the Russian Foreign Minister, 1447: 148: 4221: 2026:, as he wanted to stay with Alexander. The talks stalled, and, after a brief advance, Coalition forces had to retreat after the 11029: 10369: 8530: 2910: 2348:

Metternich now returned to the question of Italy, making his first visit to the country in early December 1815. After visiting

1560:

shook up diplomatic circles, and the promising Metternich was now offered a choice between three ministerial positions: to the

1861:) continued. Austria's alliance with France ended in February 1813, and Austria then moved to a position of armed neutrality. 12043: 8449: 8404: 8372: 8341: 8207: 4782: 4282: 4103:

argues that Metternich's "smokescreen" may well have served a purpose in furthering a relatively coherent set of principles.

4009: 2956: 1967: 1910: 1109: 140: 4217:

Moritz Joseph Richard Notger (5 May 1885 – 4 October 1911), Hereditary Prince of Oettingen-Oettingen in Oettingen-Spielberg.

1644:

He arrived in Prussia at a critical juncture in European diplomacy, soon growing worried about the territorial ambitions of

11642: 10585: 9971: 8738: 8302: 7879: 4288: 2658: 2175: 1915: 7921: 2052:

Metternich continued negotiations with the French envoy Caulaincourt through early to mid March 1814, when victory at the

1801:

Metternich was influential in bringing about the marriage of Napoleon to Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria. Painting by

10919: 9079: 9038: 8559: 7556: 7548: 5781:, who had been ambassador to France from 1750 until 1753, this worked in favour of Metternich, the husband of a Kaunitz ( 4091:

also give Metternich credit for his more liberal ideals, even if they weighed relatively little in his overall policies.

3856: 3720: 2798:

grief. In November 1828 his mother died, and in January 1829 Antoinette died, five days after giving birth to their son,

1689: 956: 820: 4865: 4291:, 5th Prince Metternich (26 May 1917 – 21 September 1992), married on 6 September 1941 to Princess Tatiana Hilarionovna 4272:(27 February 1832 – 16 November 1919), married on 20 November 1853 to Count Jozsef Zichy de Zich et Vásonykeö. No issue. 10342: 9961: 9053: 9043: 8718: 7774:

Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri

7628:[Chronological list of knights of the Order of the Holy Spirit from its origin to its extinction (1578–1830)]. 4159: 4152: 3779: 3312: 2677:. At the Czernowitz talks, in Metternich's absence, an impatient Tsar asked for a congress in the then Russian capital 2515: 2440: 2439:). As he had earlier envisaged, by April 1818 Britain had drawn up, and Metternich pushed through, proposals to have a 879: 2979:) were consuming much of his resources at a time when he had four young children to support, causing him more stress. 2681:

to discuss the Eastern Question. Metternich, wary of letting the Russians dominate affairs, could only play for time.

2384:. There was delay upon their arrival, and Metternich spent the time travelling around Italy again. He visited Venice, 12078: 12013: 10474: 9716: 9151: 9048: 8753: 8723: 8678: 8254: 8226: 7995: 7720: 7626:"Liste chronologique des chevaliers de l'ordre du Saint-Esprit depuis son origine jusqu'à son extinction (1578–1830)" 6741: 6716: 6297: 5732: 5079: 4428: 3608: 3170: 2850: 708: 10352: 10347: 10313: 2914: 2530:

when she died on 20 July. This prompted Eleonore and the remaining children to leave for the cleaner air of France.

2429:' increasing influence over Tsar Alexander and the continual threat of Russia annexing large areas of the declining 1721:

unaccommodating and struggled to negotiate a satisfactory settlement over the future of several French forts on the

1534:

After Metternich's studies in Vienna, the Prince's death in September 1797 allowed Metternich to participate in the

1252:

that lasted until 1851, he returned to the Viennese court, only this time to offer advice to Ferdinand's successor,

12088: 12083: 12008: 9665: 8551: 8167: 4240: 4002: 3811: 3660: 3332: 2918: 2483: 2195:

influence in Germany. Metternich now focused on getting the various German states to cede historic rights to a new

1102: 911: 760: 432: 10337: 8266:"Creating a Statesman: The Early Life of Prince Clemens von Metternich and its Effect on his Political Philosophy" 1523:(1775–1825), daughter of Ernst Christoph, Fürst von Kaunitz-Rietberg (1737–1797) and Princess Maria Leopoldine zu 11998: 11243: 8613: 8574: 4450: 2738:. Metternich complained that it "interfered with time, customs and daily life", as he was forced to travel to 2562: 2083: 1845: 1362: 1276: 7959: 2650:

He lingered in Verona until 18 December, then spending some days in Venice with the Tsar and then by himself in

12093: 12023: 11795: 9012: 8921: 8820: 8768: 5066: 3630: 3250:, the composer; and Dorothea de Dino, sister of Metternich's former lover Wilhemine of Sagan; and former lover 2362: 2074: 2068:

with Marie Louise as regent, and Paris fell on 30 March. Military manoeuvres had forced Metternich westward to

1923: 1810: 1585: 1413: 1401: 1393: 1217: 1209: 730: 172: 11504: 11059: 5154: 2443:, then a Prussian frontier town, six months later. Meanwhile, Metternich was advised to go to the spa town of 1918:

remained elusive, though Metternich did manage to discuss the state of affairs with the Tsar on 18–19 June at

1665: 1423:, receiving a more conservative education than at Strasbourg, a city unsafe to return to due to the unfolding 12018: 11845: 11667: 10442: 10408: 9312: 8666: 7527: 5097: 4727: 4539: 4485: 4262: 4158:

Leontine Adelheid Maria Pauline (18 June 1811 – 16 November 1861), married on 8 February 1835 to Count Moric

3939: 3690: 3280: 3269: 2971:. Decision making ground to a halt. Entertaining and maintaining his estates at Johannisberg, Königswart and 2771: 2491: 1937: 1752:

was hostile to Austria and a military conflict with France would have to be fought on two fronts between the

1630: 1561: 1409: 1350: 1039: 790: 68: 10391: 6411: 2557:(favoured by the British). He chose "sympathetic inactivity" on Spain but, much to his dismay and surprise, 12033: 11238: 11215: 9144: 8936: 8631: 7757: 5772: 5121: 4116: 2930: 2617:

again and again, asking him not to intervene. For extra support he met with Viscount Castlereagh (now also

2215:

army. On 7 March Metternich was awakened with the news that Napoleon had escaped from his island prison of

1520: 1455: 1354: 11094: 10944: 4303:

Pauline Felix Maria (6 January 1880 – 19 May 1960), married on 5 May 1906 to Prince Maximilian Theodor of

4035: 3715: 2060:

did not help. In the absence of the Prussians and Russians the Coalition agreed to the restoration of the

2023: 1791: 815: 12103: 11874: 11414: 11253: 11019: 9809: 9449: 9319: 9265: 9115: 8693: 8569: 5885: 5049: 4999: 4767: 4233:

Antoinette Pascalina (20 April 1862 – 5 August 1890), married on 11 July 1885 to Count Georg Wilhelm von

4186: 3725: 3579: 3094: 2794: 2490:

in July. Metternich carried the day, using a recent attempt on the life of the Chief Minister of Nassau,

2377: 2100: 1706: 1557: 1503: 1260: 825: 679: 204: 2282:

had been defeated. Metternich published reform proposals. He envisaged the preservation of the existing

2090:

was anxious to provide the renewed French monarchy with the resources to maintain control. The generous

12143: 11922: 11625: 11228: 11129: 10484: 9981: 9506: 9230: 9190: 9022: 8773: 8728: 8594: 8523: 5929: 5828: 5803: 5116: 4982: 4941: 4826: 4437: 4343: 4335: 3816: 3789: 3784: 3311:

In this way, much to Metternich's disappointment and to Franz Josef's embarrassment, Austria began the

3098: 2758:

to establish the first contact with Nicholas. Metternich was also friendly with the British envoy (the

2549:

A contemporary lithograph mocking the new restrictions on the press and free expression imposed by the

2191:, and for the first time allowed Talleyrand to participate in all Big Four (now Big Five) discussions. 1858: 1749: 1657: 1593: 1535: 1439: 1213: 916: 889: 884: 17: 10324: 8503: 7802: 1919: 1883: 1725:. Over the following months the reach of Austrian policy, and Metternich's own reputation, increased. 12028: 11469: 11014: 10568: 10521: 10202: 9770: 9733: 9511: 9007: 8733: 8134: 4907: 4350: 4177:

Hermine Gabriele (Henrietta) Marie Eleonore Leopoldine (1 September 1815 – December 1890), unmarried.

3554: 3255: 3106: 2964: 2935: 2838: 2786: 2609: 2370: 2338: 2162:

learned of these decisions, they were incensed that agreements were negotiated by the Big Four only.

2079: 2013:

to celebrate Christmas with his wife's family before travelling to the new Coalition headquarters at

1850: 1613: 654: 9434: 4861: 3910: 2526:, he heard that his eldest daughter Maria had also contracted the disease. He was at her bedside in 2506: 2505:

At the conference in Vienna later in the year, Metternich found himself constrained by the Kings of

1702: 1010: 11790: 11479: 10489: 10318: 9675: 9526: 9521: 9422: 9245: 9195: 8641: 5754: 5045: 4961: 4773: 4572: 4500: 4339: 4269: 3821: 3794: 3506: 3408: 3375: 3134: 2960: 1887: 1790:. He soon regained influence, however, on 8 October, as Foreign Minister (and additionally that of 1511: 1483: 1443: 1389: 1253: 1181: 1141: 921: 894: 606: 508: 475: 385: 11573: 8301: 4072:. In short, he locked himself into an embittered battle against "the prevailing mood of his age". 2976: 2278:

From 1815 onward, statesmen in Europe focused on averting the threat of social revolution because

11740: 11379: 10929: 10788: 10654: 9998: 9993: 9711: 9657: 9462: 8986: 8976: 8708: 7960:"Caballeros Grandes-Cruces existentes en la Real y Distinguida Orden Española de Carlos Terceros" 7674: 5016: 4925: 4674: 4193:

von Leykam (1781–1830) and his wife, Lucia Antonia Caputo dei Marchesi della Petrella (b. 1783):

3934: 3350: 3223:

diplomacy.) Meanwhile, as he was denied his pension, Metternich was ironically reliant on loans.

2968: 2618: 1814: 1718: 1693: 1543:

only a few days, and Francis soon contracted a lung infection from which he would never recover.

1458:, later looking back on these as substantial lessons about warfare. In early 1794 he was sent to 1034: 450: 11344: 10272: 10093: 9740: 9635: 8713: 5831:, while Austria favoured keeping the Bonaparte-Habsburg dynasty, if not under Napoleon himself ( 5802:

would return to being free cities, and more generally the end of direct French control over the

4147:

Roger Armand Viktor Maurice, Baron von Aldenburg (21 October 1827 – 14 October 1906), unmarried.

4127:

Maria Leopoldina (17 January 1797 – 24 July 1820), married on 15 September 1817 to Count Jozsef

1821: 11840: 11233: 11169: 11149: 10974: 10899: 10853: 10612: 10417: 10230: 10157: 10145: 10083: 9883: 9824: 9573: 9543: 9480: 9472: 9357: 9255: 9240: 8584: 8297: 7697: 7625: 5135: 4695: 4581: 4509: 4201: 4197: 4169: 4165: 3889: 3380: 3206: 3151: 2987: 2943: 2922: 2799: 2755: 2699: 2314: 2091: 1507: 1405: 1237: 989: 480: 177: 115: 7904: 6421: 4200:, 2nd Prince Metternich (7 January 1829 – 1 March 1895), married on 13 June 1856 to his niece 4141: 2329:

Representatives from most of the European states eventually signed, with the exception of the

1180:

in 1773 as the son of a diplomat, Metternich received a good education at the universities of

12003: 11805: 11687: 11489: 11184: 10823: 10622: 10511: 10248: 10138: 10076: 9752: 9516: 9407: 9365: 9225: 9220: 9200: 9058: 8830: 8661: 8516: 8118: 8104: 8046: 8025: 7944: 7846: 7842: 7657: 5888:

only a fortnight later, but it was Rome he had pinpointed as the epicentre of future trouble(

5811: 5139: 5032: 4918: 4633: 4612: 3844: 3549: 3453: 3060: 3015: 2743: 2661:, undoing the "moral solidarity" established at Verona. Likewise, Metternich thought the new 2180: 2078:

ascendancy. For these reasons he ensured that the Italian provinces of Lombardy and Venetia,

1975: 1745: 1649: 1604:

Count Metternich is young but by no means maladroit. We shall see how he shapes up in Berlin.

1378: 944: 649: 553: 10939: 8185: 8098: 8040: 8019: 7938: 7836: 7821: 7815: 7651: 2684: 2565:

to accept a new constitution. Metternich reluctantly agreed to attend the Russian-initiated

1641:, being notified of this in February 1803 and taking his position in November of that year. 1510:

in the audience who went to spy on England for the French. Metternich was nominated the new

1427:, which had begun in 1789. In the summers he worked with his father, who had been appointed 11993: 11988: 11893: 11763: 11544: 10357: 10260: 10150: 9920: 9842: 9600: 9215: 8810: 8539: 7582: 4903: 4882: 4833: 4718: 4670: 4111:

Metternich's children, grandchildren and great-grandchildren are (names are untranslated):

4065: 3896: 3758: 3385: 3365: 3288: 3020: 2830: 2751: 2613: 2426: 2096: 2034:. This relieved Metternich's fears that an overconfident Alexander might act unilaterally. 2027: 1974:. He also succeeded in getting the three allied monarchs (Alexander, Francis and Prussia's 1661: 1577: 1515: 1499: 1482:

on several occasions and dined with a number of influential British politicians, including

1432: 1292: 1256:. Having outlived his generation of politicians, Metternich died at the age of 86 in 1859. 1233: 996: 858: 485: 465: 110: 4225: 4189:, Countess von Beylstein (15 August 1806 – 17 January 1829), daughter of Christoph Ambros 3705: 3143: 3085:

in the summer of 1847. Despite securing French agreement for the first time in years from

2154:

secretary to the negotiations of the "Big Six" (the Big Four plus France and Spain). When

1979: 805: 8: 11905: 11869: 11608: 11581: 11554: 11034: 10969: 10634: 10629: 10499: 10437: 9986: 9699: 9395: 9370: 9260: 9235: 9205: 9105: 9100: 9095: 8891: 8698: 8651: 8636: 8621: 5110: 4806: 4649: 4530: 4469: 4324: 4208: 3978: 3645: 3544: 3539: 3413: 3370: 3316: 3251: 3033: 2857:

with little dissent. Moreover, by November his betrothal to 25-year-old Countess Melanie

2777:

On 5 November 1827 Baroness Antoinette von Leykam, daughter of diplomat Christoph Ambros

2763: 2574: 2566: 2538: 2479: 2254: 2151: 2031: 1958: 1933: 1879: 1732:

Napoleon receiving von Vincent at Erfurt, a congress Metternich was not allowed to attend

1589: 1524: 1451: 1420: 1382: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1185: 1177: 1170: 1078: 745: 644: 639: 513: 470: 389: 236: 31: 9583: 7751: 2405: 11884: 11857: 11835: 11825: 11778: 11692: 11682: 11672: 11454: 11339: 11248: 11134: 11114: 10793: 10722: 10504: 10430: 10425: 10162: 10115: 9976: 9728: 9704: 9342: 9210: 8956: 8946: 8875: 8840: 8683: 8172: 7730: 5807: 5012: 4712: 4566: 4465: 4244: 3700: 3635: 3501: 3486: 3438: 3403: 3029: 2790: 2735: 2731: 2643: 2601: 2358: 2259: 2130: 2112: 2057: 1986:

and, two days later, he was rewarded for his "wise direction" with the rank of prince (

1773:

Now back in Austria, Metternich witnessed first hand the Austrian army's defeat at the

1738: 1713: 1645: 1638: 1609: 1221: 1193: 800: 735: 601: 586: 538: 503: 400: 11549: 10110: 8901: 8508: 3748: 3246:

on 23 April 1849. Visitors included Wellington, who still watched out for Metternich;

3086: 2718: 2064:. Francis rejected a final plea from Napoleon that he would abdicate in favour of his 1890:, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December he had been defeated at the 1323: 848: 11800: 11677: 11613: 11529: 11409: 11389: 11359: 11329: 11319: 11294: 11289: 11104: 11089: 11074: 11044: 10949: 10879: 10766: 10639: 10526: 10220: 9927: 9852: 9538: 9390: 9270: 9120: 9110: 8931: 8911: 8763: 8445: 8400: 8368: 8337: 8285: 8277: 8250: 8222: 8203: 8100:

Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch für die Herzogthümer Anhalt-Dessau und Anhalt-Köthen: 1851

7991: 7716: 6737: 6712: 6293: 5028: 4937: 4691: 4548: 4360: 4328: 4080: 4039:

Sculpture in Thorvaldsens Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark. Sculptor: Bertel Thorvaldsen (

3929: 3650: 3598: 3511: 3276: 3264: 3211: 3202: 2747: 2634: 2452: 2212: 2188: 1983: 1954: 1891: 1653: 1487: 1424: 1392:, matriculating on 12 November. While a student he was for some time accommodated by 1346: 1296: 1197: 1189: 1188:. Metternich rose through key diplomatic posts, including ambassadorial roles in the 1158: 1029: 750: 698: 611: 404: 240: 35: 12119:

Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta

7687: 4590: 1728: 11936: 11735: 11730: 11591: 11474: 11444: 11419: 11354: 11349: 11324: 11284: 11124: 11049: 11004: 10924: 10884: 10808: 10560: 10196: 10167: 10105: 10100: 10068: 10063: 10051: 10046: 9870: 9765: 9307: 8941: 8855: 8850: 8835: 8815: 8789: 8703: 8688: 6709:

The Congress of Vienna and Its Legacy: War and Great Power Diplomacy After Napoleon

5700: 5680: 4995: 4957: 4491: 4234: 3882: 3680: 3496: 3443: 3340: 3247: 2881: 2678: 2573:

The Congress disbanded in the third week of December, and the next step would be a

2550: 2511: 2499: 2435: 2283: 1971: 1841: 1797: 1774: 1308: 1271:

and strove to prevent the breakup of the Austrian Empire, for example, by crushing

982: 780: 596: 543: 440: 11661: 11369: 11119: 10120: 9789: 9564: 8265: 7576: 4243:(27 June 1870 – 25 October 1963), unmarried; she adopted Prince Franz Albrecht of 2837:, which deeply shocked him and theoretically posed the need for a congress of the 2270: 11972: 11910: 11586: 11534: 11434: 11424: 11314: 11279: 11179: 11164: 11099: 11054: 10894: 10813: 10783: 10688: 10649: 10516: 10282: 9908: 9670: 9621: 9289: 8981: 8951: 8870: 8758: 8424: 8331: 8197: 8070: 7772: 7531: 5746: 5198: 4421: 4304: 4095: 4069: 4061: 3949: 3529: 3491: 3481: 3291:

came to visit, as did Bismarck, and on 16 August 1857, he entertained the future

3243: 3239: 3139: 2854: 2834: 2817: 2782: 2674: 2533: 2474: 2342: 2295: 2187:

and agreed to the division of Poland. He also softened in regard to the Germanic

2061: 1597: 1428: 1397: 1300: 1162: 1049: 629: 591: 581: 264: 73: 62: 47: 11559: 11459: 10999: 9944: 9329: 9280: 7673:(1851), "Von Seiner Majestät dem Könige Friedrich Wilhelm III. ernannte Ritter" 3956: 2570:

including an attack on the free press and the initiative of the middle classes.

2417: 1470: 1056: 11960: 11815: 11758: 11702: 11635: 11519: 11494: 11464: 11429: 11364: 11309: 11304: 11299: 11024: 10994: 10979: 10914: 10889: 10848: 10712: 10028: 9847: 9797: 9689: 9647: 9490: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8916: 8906: 8748: 8589: 8563: 4932: 4746: 4524: 4076: 3990: 3903: 3875: 3753: 3670: 3569: 3090: 3024: 3004: 2999: 2951: 2727: 2694: 2666: 2558: 2527: 2430: 2376:

In June 1817 Metternich was required to escort the emperor's newlywed daughter

2334: 2250: 2147: 2053: 1802: 1626: 1569: 1264: 1228: 1090: 1003: 975: 853: 770: 669: 11069: 3655: 3564: 2713: 1648:, newly the leader of France. This fear was shared by the Russian court under 755: 664: 11982: 11948: 11864: 11697: 11499: 11449: 11399: 11334: 11194: 11189: 11154: 11144: 11079: 10989: 10934: 10909: 10771: 10707: 9902: 9723: 8860: 8845: 8825: 8794: 8646: 8462:(Pilsen: University of West Bohemia Press, 2013) major scholarly study 1032pp 8316:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 301–307. 8307: 8289: 8281: 5968: 4168:(25 February 1836 – 28 September 1921), married on 13 June 1856 to her uncle 4088: 4084: 3944: 3826: 3710: 3675: 3559: 3534: 3428: 3113:

I am no longer anybody... I have nothing more to do, nothing more to discuss.

3068: 3008: 2494:

to win agreement for the conservative program now known as the Convention of

2323: 2208: 1408:, where he performed the largely honorific role of Ceremonial Marshal to the 1044: 926: 810: 775: 659: 634: 528: 9485: 2633:

Over Christmas, the Tsar wavered more than Metternich had expected and sent

1809:

One of Metternich's first tasks was to push for the marriage of Napoleon to

1506:. It was at one of these concerts where he recognized his one-time teacher, 1370: 11830: 11810: 11768: 11598: 11539: 11484: 11404: 11384: 11374: 11159: 11139: 11109: 11009: 10964: 10959: 10904: 10858: 10833: 10697: 10265: 10214: 10056: 9760: 9612: 9439: 9428: 9347: 9302: 9167: 9002: 8896: 8673: 8579: 7671:

Liste der Ritter des Königlich Preußischen Hohen Ordens vom Schwarzen Adler

5207: 5187: 4886: 4258: 3640: 3574: 3458: 3219: 3215: 3178: 3077: 2877: 2858: 2803: 2767: 2662: 2519: 2444: 2330: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2226: 1634: 1495: 1491: 1319: 1288: 740: 674: 558: 9628: 4295:; he died without issue and the title of Prince Metternich became extinct. 4128: 2901: 2541:

in 1819 was an opportunity for Metternich to fight against the opposition.

1676: 1474:

Countess Eleonore of Kaunitz-Rietberg (1775–1825), Metternich's first wife

1130:

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein

11852: 11773: 11745: 11725: 11630: 11394: 11174: 11064: 11039: 10954: 10843: 10828: 10818: 10761: 10756: 10734: 10717: 10702: 10681: 10676: 10297: 10291: 10238: 10008: 9950: 9864: 9837: 9694: 9682: 9605: 9590: 9385: 9250: 8926: 8420: 8360: 5751:

Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar Fürst von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein

5182: 5093: 3743: 3695: 3665: 3433: 3418: 3284: 3226: 3174: 3102: 2305:

Metternich was back with coalition allies in Paris, once more discussing

2299: 2291: 2179:

Alexander during negotiations over Poland (then ruled by Napoleon as the

2065: 1757: 1722: 1419:

Between the end of 1790 and summer of 1792 Metternich studied law at the

1304: 1272: 843: 795: 765: 533: 518: 11967: 8042:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Hessen: für das Jahr ... 1857

4392:

Countess Maria Karola von Blome (16 January 1877 – 19 July 1951), a nun.

2608:

In 1821, while Metternich was still at Laibach with Tsar Alexander, the

2459:

Today the greatest evil- and therefore the most immediate -is the press.

1625:

To compensate for the loss of the Metternich's ancestral estates in the

11274: 11269: 10984: 10838: 10803: 10744: 10661: 10362: 10243: 9777: 9337: 9125: 8120:

Hof- und Adreß-Handbuch des Fürstenthums Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen: 1844

5202: 3448: 3292: 2926: 2670: 1573: 1565: 1479: 1280: 1268: 548: 8060:

Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach

7923:

Collezione delle leggi e de' decreti reali del regno delle Due Sicilie

4060:

have reformed, dealt better with its problems of nationality, and the

3197:, where they waited to hear the results of a demonstration by English 2942:

On 2 March 1835, Emperor Francis died, succeeded by his epileptic son

2726:

In the early 1820s, Metternich had advised Francis that convening the

2545: 2274:

Map of Europe, highlighting the Holy Alliance, formed in 1815, in 1840

1970:, was confirmed supreme commander of the Coalition forces rather than 1201: 11879: 11514: 10863: 10798: 10617: 10531: 10494: 10452: 10380: 10128: 10018: 10003: 9915: 9891: 9814: 9642: 9548: 9297: 8626: 5194: 4100: 3463: 3299: 3194: 3190: 3181:

commemorating one of Metternich's London residences during his exile.

3155: 3042: 2994:

Metternich had long predicted a new crisis in the East, and when the

2947: 2739: 2707: 2622: 2596: 2455:

was equally hard for other powers such as Britain to support openly.

2287: 2137: 1905:

In June, Metternich left Vienna to personally handle negotiations at

1832: 1779: 1744:

In a report to Stadion, Metternich the ambassador concluded that the

1220:

that sent Napoleon into exile and led the Austrian delegation at the

1200:. One of his first assignments as Foreign Minister was to engineer a 1150: 563: 8323:

Napoleon and the World War of 1813: Lessons in Coalition Warfighting

5795: 3037: 11620: 11603: 10749: 10546: 10457: 10208: 10088: 10023: 9933: 9859: 9832: 9595: 9457: 9375: 5062: 4190: 3850: 3260: 3235: 3198: 3189:. They stayed until Metternich regained his strength, then reached 3159: 3129: 2846: 2778: 2655: 2579: 2397: 2279: 2167: 2141:

The national boundaries within Europe set by the Congress of Vienna

2010: 1906: 1249: 1245: 1205: 950: 7749: 7524: 4338:(29 September 1810 – 29 May 1829), married on 1 May 1828 to Otto, 4247:(born 1920; son of her niece Elisabeth), who assumed the title of 2950:

dispute. He also put effort into bringing new technology like the

2412: 2239:

From the report of an agent of the Austrian intelligence service (

2117: 1994: 1909:

in Bohemia. When he arrived he benefitted from the hospitality of

1748:

had been relegated and that Austria's situation had worsened. The

1438:

In the meantime France had declared war on Austria, beginning the

1361:. At the time of his birth, the family possessed a ruined keep at 11524: 11084: 10739: 10671: 10462: 10330: 10254: 9939: 9896: 9803: 9416: 9380: 8492: 7604:

Almanach Royal pour l'année 1814 : présenté à S.M. par Testu

5799: 5130: 4978: 4842: 4629: 4373: 3082: 2905:

Metternich in a painting thought to date to between 1835 and 1840

2896: 2873: 2626: 2495: 2487: 2389: 2381: 2019: 1786:, and Metternich was gradually displaced from the proceedings by 1753: 1629:

when the French Republic annexed the west bank of the Rhine, the

1581: 1539: 1459: 1374: 1366: 1327: 232: 4366:

Countess Maria Sophie von Blome (23 November 1864 – died young).

2225:

Netherlands, formalising proposals for a loose confederation of

10729: 9531: 9136: 8480: 4608: 4379:

Countess Maria Adeline von Blome (21 August 1868 – died young).

3186: 2869: 2651: 2639: 2630:

happy, not least because he had met Dorothea Lieven once more.

2523: 2349: 2221: 2163: 1953:

Karl von Schwarzenberg and the three allied monarchs after the

1928: 1783: 1341:(1746–1818), a diplomat who had passed from the service of the 1241: 260: 5806:; the return of annexed Prussian territory; the return of the 5715: 4369:

Louis Pius Blome (1 December 1865 – 1930), Lensgraf von Blome.

3014:

At the Conference of State Metternich lost his principal ally

2929:. The latter was more strained but, as Nicholas warmed, three 2829:

In May Metternich took a much-needed holiday on his estate at

1412:. There, under the wing of his father, he met with the future 27:

Austrian diplomat, foreign minister and Chancellor (1773–1859)

10776: 8178:. Translated by Peter Ryde. London: Darton, Longman and Todd. 4801: 4182: 4134:

Franz Karl Johann Georg (21 February 1798 – 3 December 1799).

3304: 3162:

welcomed the end of Metternich's era of social conservatism.

2972: 2963:—Metternich was forced to share more power with Kolowrat and 2865: 2703: 2401: 2385: 2373:, only 25 miles (40 km) from his birthplace at Koblenz. 2353: 2200: 2069: 2014: 2006: 1656:

was in the process of becoming) began its involvement in the

1153:

statesman and diplomat who was at the center of the European

8353:

European Diplomatic History 1789–1815: France against Europe

7919: 4751:

Senator Grand Cross of the Constantinian Order of St. George

4356:

Countess Marie-Clementine Blome (23 June 1860 – died young).

4300:

Emilie Marie Felicitas (24 February 1873 – 20 January 1884).

3234:

In mid-September, the family moved to 42 Brunswick Terrace,

3105:

as disturbances spread. Despite this and hearing of renewed

1388:

In the summer of 1788, Metternich began studying law at the

10666: 10447: 10013: 7906:

Almanacco reale del Regno delle Due Sicilie: per l'anno ...

5724: 5709: 4383: 3423: 2714:

Hungarian Diets, Alexander I's death, and problems in Italy

2393: 2365:, a fierce critic of Metternich's policies, died in April. 2216: 2204: 1527:(1741–1795), a granddaughter of former Austrian chancellor 523: 8084:(1837), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 8021:

Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1854

7008: 6765: 4289:

Paul II Alphonse Klemens Lothar Filip Neri Felix Nikomedes

2921:

at Teplitz and accompany Francis to meet Tsar Nicholas at

8429:(1968) 352 pp. of primary sources in English translation. 7838:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1858

5827:

At this time, the Russians favoured a new monarchy under

5721: 1410:

Catholic Bench of the College of the Counts of Westphalia

12124:

Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great

8442:

Metternich, the German Question and the Pursuit of Peace

5810:

to Austria; and the dissolution of the French-dominated

5431:

Klemens, 1st Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein

5246:

8. Dietrich Philipp Adolf, Count of Metternich-Winneburg

8538: 8219:

Waterloo New Perspectives: the Great Battle Reappraised

8082:

Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha

7630:

Annuaire-bulletin de la Société de l'Histoire de France

7408: 3205:

in London, where they stayed in the Brunswick Hotel in

3138:

guarantee his safety, Metternich left for the house of

2337:. Shortly afterwards, a separate treaty reaffirmed the 2286:

and to this end the continuous authority of legitimate

2005:

Before talks could begin, Coalition armies crossed the

1978:) to follow him and their armies on campaign. With the 1465: 1337:

on 15 May 1773 to Franz Georg Karl Count of Metternich-

12114:

Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary

12049:

People from the Austrian Empire of the Napoleonic Wars

6427: 4312:

Maria Emilia Stephanie (22 March 1836 – 12 June 1836).

4166:

Pauline Klementine Marie Walburga Sándor de Szlavnicza

11920: 11821:

Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States

8460:

Metternich, the Great Powers and the Eastern Question

8139:

J.C.Mikan | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science"

8032: 7940:

Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1856

5733: 5718: 5519:

13. Baroness Maria Franziska Josefa von Ulm zu Erbach

5406:

11. Baroness Isabella Maria Theresia Raitz von Frentz

4249:

Prince of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Metternich-Sándor

2561:

led a revolt in Naples in early July and forced King

2009:

on 22 December. Metternich retired from Frankfurt to

1212:. Soon after, he engineered Austria's entry into the 7578:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1827

6367: 6340: 5712: 5598:

7. Baroness Maria Anna Franziska Eleonore von Andlau

4119:(10 October 1775 – 19 March 1825), granddaughter of 2774:

whom he may have met during the Congress of Vienna.

1701:

on 5 August and Napoleon himself five days later at

8303:"Metternich-Winneburg, Clemens Wenzel Lothar" 7553:

Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Kaiserthumes Österreich

7365: 6734:

Origins of the First World War: Revised 3rd Edition

5706: 5703: 3201:, planned for 10 April. On 20 April they landed at 1633:of 1803 brought Metternich's family new estates in 1283:and a wide-ranging spy network to suppress unrest. 30:"Metternich" redirects here. For other people, see 8184: 8171: 8090: 7984:Cifuentes, María Teresa Fernández-Mota de (1984). 7930: 5321:2. Franz Georg Karl, Count of Metternich-Winneburg 5298:9. Baroness Maria Franziska Schenck von Schmidburg 4241:Klementine Marie Melanie Sofie Leontine Crescentia 2990:by Prince Metternich in the Vienna Hofburg in 1839 2591: 2309:. After 133 days of negotiations, longer than the 1349:, and his wife Countess Maria Beatrix Aloisia von 8216: 6614: 5963:Caldwell, Wallace E.; Merrill, Edward H. (1964). 5575:14. Baron Johann Georg Baptist von Andlau-Birseck 5354:10. Baron Karl Friedrich Melchior von Kesselstatt 3072:Caricature on Metternich's escape from March 1848 1664:, Prussia disregarded the agreement and signed a 1333:Klemens Metternich was born into the old Rhenish 11980: 8038: 8011: 7964:Calendario Manual y Guía de Forasteros en Madrid 7799:Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden 5627:15. Anna Maria Katharina Truchsess von Wolhausen 2357:serious disagreement between the Empire and the 1922:. In talks which would later be ratified as the 1359:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 12129:Grand Crosses of the Order of Christ (Portugal) 6287: 5962: 5490:6. Baron Johann Friedrich Fridolin von Kageneck 4031:Historical assessment of Klemens von Metternich 3101:placed Austrian Italy (Lombardy-Venetia) under 2754:had to crush. Now 53, Metternich chose to send 2413:Aachen, Teplice, Karlsbad, Troppau, and Laibach 371:Franz Georg Karl, Count of Metternich-Winneburg 12134:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 12069:Members of the Württembergian Chamber of Lords 8191:(3rd ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 7902: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7834: 7817:Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1857 7711:Per Nordenvall (1998). "Kungl. Maj:ts Orden". 7710: 7694:The Knights of the Order of the Pour le Mérite 7689:Die Ritter des Ordens pour le mérite 1812–1913 7656:. l'Académie Imp. des Sciences. 1817. p. 6292:. Harvard University Press. pp. 224–225. 6053: 6051: 6049: 3296:that such an ultimatum had already been sent. 2897:Eastern Question revisited and peace in Europe 2702:of the church. There was also a short trip to 2341:and established through its sixth article the 1900:Grand-Chancellor of the Order of Maria Theresa 1353:(1755–1828). He was named in honour of Prince 1279:. At home, he pursued a similar policy, using 9775: 9152: 8524: 8096: 7936: 7828: 7355: 7353: 7340: 7338: 7336: 7282: 7280: 6731: 5269:4. Johann Hugo, Count of Metternich-Winneburg 4222:Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst-Breunner-Enkevoirth 4137:Klemens Eduard (10 June 1799 – 15 June 1799). 4055:police machine, and by trustworthy churchmen. 4010: 1836:Europe in 1812 after several French victories 1709:drew both Talleyrand and Napoleon eastwards. 1110: 10686: 9738: 9680: 9633: 9619: 9610: 9581: 8399:. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. 7896: 7807: 7743: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7311: 7309: 7307: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7231: 7229: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7113: 7111: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7057: 7055: 7042: 7040: 7038: 6998: 6996: 6994: 6992: 6967: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6929: 6927: 6899: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6820: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6812: 6799: 6797: 6795: 6782: 6780: 6755: 6753: 6706: 6678: 6676: 6674: 6627: 6625: 6623: 6598: 6596: 6594: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6520: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6512: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6493: 5082:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion 3954: 1686:Johann Philipp Stadion, Count von Warthausen 1054: 11224:European Conservatives and Reformists Party 8017: 7853: 7750:J ..... -H ..... -Fr ..... Berlien (1846). 7425: 7423: 7025: 7023: 6944: 6942: 6914: 6912: 6661: 6659: 6657: 6480: 6478: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6386: 6384: 6382: 6357: 6355: 6330: 6328: 6326: 6324: 6311: 6309: 6199: 6197: 6167: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6148: 6146: 6107: 6105: 6080: 6078: 6046: 5117:Grand Cross of the Military Order of Christ 4209:Oettingen-Oettingen und Oettingen-Spielberg 3165: 2864:In February 1831 rebels took the cities of 1494:. He also dined with the renowned composer 1365:, a castle at Winneberg, an estate west of 55:Prince of Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein 9159: 9145: 8531: 8517: 8504:Metternich's Political Profession of Faith 8439: 7735:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7653:Almanach de la cour: pour l'année ... 1817 7472: 7470: 7457: 7455: 7442: 7440: 7438: 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7350: 7333: 7277: 6868: 6866: 6535: 6533: 6401: 6399: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6122: 6120: 6036: 6034: 6009: 6007: 5172:Portrait of Klemens von Metternich in 1836 4446:Golden Civil Cross "For Merit" (1813/1814) 4017: 4003: 3230:Photograph of Prince Metternich in old age 3056:Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire 1966:early victory as an Austrian general, the 1813:rather than to the Tsar's youngest sister 1502:after seeing several of their concerts at 1204:with France that included the marriage of 1117: 1103: 61: 11718: 8657:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states 7983: 7536: 7494: 7304: 7258: 7241: 7226: 7197: 7185: 7152: 7123: 7108: 7079: 7067: 7052: 7035: 6989: 6954: 6924: 6890: 6842: 6809: 6792: 6777: 6750: 6671: 6644: 6642: 6640: 6620: 6591: 6574: 6557: 6545: 6509: 6490: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5467:12. Georg Sebastian Reinhard von Kageneck 3323: 3032:and a declaration of independence by the 2688:Office Prince Clemens von Metternich 1829 1944: 12154:People of the War of the First Coalition 8367:(1997 reprint ed.). London: Orion. 8333:The Habsburg Monarchy, c. 1765–1918 8296: 7770: 7696:] (in German). Vol. 2. Berlin: 7420: 7020: 6939: 6909: 6654: 6475: 6456: 6439: 6379: 6352: 6321: 6306: 6269: 6245: 6233: 6194: 6158: 6143: 6102: 6075: 6063: 5181: 4121:Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg 4034: 3298: 3225: 3169: 3067: 3059: 2981: 2900: 2717: 2683: 2595: 2544: 2532: 2416: 2333:(the Pope), the United Kingdom, and the 2269: 2136: 2116: 1948: 1868: 1831: 1796: 1727: 1675: 1529:Wenzel Anton, Prince of Kaunitz-Rietberg 1469: 1318: 12109:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria 9075:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy 8744:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 8426:Metternich's Europe: Selected Documents 8244: 8166: 8062:(1855), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 7813: 7685: 7482: 7467: 7452: 7435: 7414: 7396: 7377: 7327: 7286: 7014: 6863: 6771: 6530: 6396: 6257: 6177: 6117: 6057: 6031: 6004: 5377:5. Baroness Clara Luise von Kesselstatt 4719:Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order 4275:Klemens (21 April 1833 – 10 June 1833). 1590:Princess Katharina Bagration-Mukhranska 1454:commissioners. Metternich observed the 1132:(15 May 1773 – 11 June 1859), known as 342: 1831; died 1854) 321: 1827; died 1829) 300: 1795; died 1825) 161:8 October 1809 – 13 March 1848 149:Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire 14: 12149:Participants to the Congress of Vienna 12099:Chamberlains of the Emperor of Austria 11981: 8359: 8263: 7957: 7623: 7512: 7429: 7359: 7344: 7315: 7271: 7252: 7235: 7208: 7191: 7167: 7134: 7117: 7090: 7073: 7061: 7046: 7002: 6971: 6933: 6903: 6857: 6824: 6803: 6786: 6759: 6682: 6637: 6631: 6602: 6585: 6568: 6551: 6524: 6503: 6469: 6450: 6390: 6361: 6346: 6334: 6315: 6275: 6251: 6239: 6227: 6215: 6203: 6171: 6152: 6111: 6084: 6069: 6040: 6025: 6013: 5998: 5987: 5975: 5950: 5916: 5902: 5889: 5872: 5858: 5845: 5832: 5815: 5782: 5556: 5542:3. Countess Maria Beatrix von Kageneck 5448: 5444: 5434: 5335: 5237: 5233: 4783:Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit 3119: 2917:. He still arranged to meet with King 2821: 2465: 2240: 2044: 1898:created the Austrian Foreign Minister 1768: 1699:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 1617: 1556:The Holy Roman Empire's defeat in the 9140: 8512: 8397:Metternich and Austria: An Evaluation 8320: 8182: 8123:. Beck und Fränkel. 1844. p. 20. 7920:Escrito por Naples (Kingdom) (1818). 7753:Der Elephanten-Orden und seine Ritter 7606:(in French), Paris, 1814, p. 386 7146: 7102: 7029: 6948: 6918: 6884: 6836: 6665: 6484: 6417: 6373: 6263: 6188: 6126: 6096: 5981: 5753: 5626: 5616: 5612: 5600: 5597: 5587: 5574: 5564: 5560: 5544: 5541: 5531: 5518: 5508: 5504: 5492: 5489: 5479: 5466: 5456: 5452: 5428: 5418: 5405: 5395: 5391: 5379: 5376: 5366: 5353: 5343: 5339: 5323: 5320: 5310: 5297: 5287: 5283: 5271: 5268: 5258: 5245: 5241: 5201:from Brazil, belonging to the family 4144:, daughter of the 2nd Duc de Maillé: 3303:Cemetery Church of St. Wenceslaus in 2957:Franz Anton von Kolowrat-Liebsteinsky 2781:von Leykam (1777–1830) and his wife, 2106: 1911:Princess Wilhelmine, Duchess of Sagan 1551: 1140: 12054:Politicians from the Austrian Empire 9039:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) 8739:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 8467:Metternich: Strategist and Visionary 8394: 8381: 8350: 8329: 8195: 7884:(in Italian). 1858. pp. 222–224 7500: 7488: 7476: 7461: 7446: 7402: 7390: 7298: 7220: 7179: 6983: 6872: 6736:. Taylor & Francis. p. 23. 6694: 6648: 6539: 6433: 6405: 6290:Metternich: Strategist and Visionary 5067:Grand Cross of St. Gregory the Great 5050:Princely House Order of Hohenzollern 4429:Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen 4257:With Countess Melania Maria Antonia 4226:Duke of Ratibor and Prince of Corvey 4198:Richard Klemens Josef Lothar Hermann 2888:, who had taken over at the British 2129:and other European diplomats at the 2080:lost to French client states in 1805 1466:Marriage and the Congress of Rastatt 99:25 May 1821 – 13 March 1848 12139:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 9080:National Unity and Armed Forces Day 8235: 7990:(in Spanish). Ediciones Hidalguia. 7777:(in Italian). Eredi Botta. p. 7371: 5971:: The Greystone Press. p. 427. 5223:Ancestors of Klemens von Metternich 5098:Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion 4492:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour 4401: 4376:(1877–1925). They had one daughter. 4259:Zichy-Ferraris de Zich et Vásonykeö 3023:nor the boredom of the new British 2880:without authorisation from the new 1827: 1763: 1690:Foreign Minister of Austrian Empire 1684:In the ensuing reshuffle in Vienna 403:, minister of state, conservatism, 24: 9054:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) 9044:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) 8719:Second Italian War of Independence 8433: 8414: 7713:Kungliga Serafimerorden: 1748–1998 7698:Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn 5777:or merely someone in the style of 5122:Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword 3780:Alliance for the Future of Austria 3313:Second Italian War of Independence 2816:Metternich on hearing of France's 2811:My whole life's work is destroyed. 2787:Caputo dei Marchesi della Petrella 2516:Princess Klementine von Metternich 2265: 1792:Minister of the Imperial Household 1165:'s foreign minister from 1809 and 880:Alliance for the Future of Austria 205:Count Charles-Louis de Ficquelmont 25: 12165: 12074:Austrian people of German descent 12059:People of the Revolutions of 1848 9049:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) 8754:Third Italian War of Independence 8724:United Provinces of Central Italy 8679:First Italian War of Independence 8473: 8382:Sked, Alan (1983). "Metternich". 8270:The Gettysburg Historical Journal 8217:Hamilton-Williams, David (1996). 8168:Bertier de Sauvigny, Guillaume de 5080:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 5000:Grand Cross of the Southern Cross 4270:Melanie Marie Pauline Alexandrine 4115:With Countess Maria Eleonore von 3609:Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior 2851:United Kingdom of the Netherlands 709:Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior 87:Chancellor of the Austrian Empire 12039:Ambassadors of Austria to Norway 11966: 11954: 11942: 11930: 9166: 8603: 8491: 8479: 8365:Metternich: Councillor of Europe 8127: 8111: 8075: 8053: 7977: 7951: 7913: 7909:Stamp. Reale. pp. 400, 405. 7801:(1834), "Großherzogliche Orden" 7792: 7764: 7704: 7679: 7664: 7644: 7617: 7589: 7569: 7518: 7506: 5922: 5908: 5699: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5129: 5103: 5086: 5072: 5056: 5038: 5022: 5005: 4988: 4971: 4951: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4896: 4875: 4854: 4820: 4800: 4760: 4739: 4705: 4684: 4663: 4643: 4622: 4602: 4560: 4517: 4479: 4458: 4414: 4384:Eltz genannt Faust von Stromberg 3984: 3972: 3349: 3142:and then, with aid from friends 2919:Frederick William III of Prussia 2484:Frederick William III of Prussia 2464:Metternich to Gentz, June 1819 ( 1394:Prince Maximilian of Zweibrücken 1084: 1072: 449: 414: 12064:University of Strasbourg alumni 11244:International Monarchist League 8247:Vienna in the Age of Metternich 8238:The Age of Metternich 1814–1848 8160: 7321: 7292: 7214: 7173: 7140: 7096: 6977: 6878: 6830: 6725: 6700: 6688: 6608: 6281: 6221: 6209: 6132: 6090: 5895: 5878: 5864: 5851: 5838: 5821: 5788: 5760: 4908:Grand Cross of the White Falcon 4887:Grand Cross of the Ludwig Order 4451:Military Order of Maria Theresa 3315:against the combined forces of 2592:Hanover, Verona, and Czernowitz 1864: 1216:on the Allied side, signed the 339: 329:Countess Melanie Zichy-Ferraris 318: 297: 9013:Francis II of the Two Sicilies 8821:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour 8769:Italian entry into World War I 7597:"Chapitre V: Ordres de France" 5956: 5944: 5755:[ˈkleːmənsfɔnˈmɛtɐnɪç] 5692: 4811:Grand Cross of the Golden Lion 4540:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky 4331:(illegitimate, acknowledged): 4155:(30 August 1804 – 6 May 1820). 3857:Identitäre Bewegung Österreich 2363:Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este 2082:, were duly re-annexed as the 1456:siege and fall of Valenciennes 1142:[ˈkleːmensfɔnˈmɛtɐniç] 957:Identitäre Bewegung Österreich 308:Baroness Antoinette von Leykam 13: 1: 8866:Annibale Santore di Santarosa 5937: 4319:. No issue in both marriages. 4040: 3940:German nationalism in Austria 3150:, reached the family seat of 3064:Revolutions of 1848 in Europe 3049: 2586: 1546: 1314: 1040:German nationalism in Austria 374:Countess Beatrix von Kageneck 287:Princess Eleonore von Kaunitz 69:Portrait of Prince Metternich 12044:Foreign ministers of Austria 11239:International Democrat Union 8937:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi 8632:Revolutions during the 1820s 8440:Pásztorová, Barbora (2022). 7525:"A Szent István Rend tagjai" 4582:Grand Cross of the Red Eagle 4204:. They had three daughters: 4202:Pauline Sándor de Szlavnicza 3118:Metternich after resigning ( 3016:Count Karl von Clam-Martinic 1355:Clemens Wenceslaus of Saxony 1208:to the Austrian archduchess 1169:from 1821 until the liberal 7: 11254:Tradition, Family, Property 9116:Revisionism of Risorgimento 8694:Sicilian revolution of 1848 8575:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 8570:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 8249:. London: Faber and Faber. 7581:. Landesamt. 1827. p. 5674: 5214: 5033:Grand Cross of the Redeemer 4438:Knight of the Golden Fleece 4211:. They had three children: 4142:de Maillé de La Tour-Landry 3307:, Metternich's burial place 3095:Karl Ludwig von Ficquelmont 2421:Congress memorial in Aachen 2352:, his family joined him in 2158:and Spanish representative 2084:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 1941:declared war on 12 August. 1707:War of the Fourth Coalition 1592:, who bore him a daughter, 1558:War of the Second Coalition 1431:and effective ruler of the 10: 12170: 11626:Traditionalist Catholicism 9023:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz 8729:Expedition of the Thousand 8595:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 8196:Ford, Franklin L. (1971). 8143:Plants of the World Online 7958:Guerra, Francisco (1819), 7624:Teulet, Alexandre (1863). 5930:Aloys von Kaunitz-Rietberg 5804:Confederation of the Rhine 5550: 5446: 5329: 5235: 4942:Saxe-Ernestine House Order 4866:Knight of the Golden Eagle 4654:Knight of the Annunciation 4406: 4386:. They had three children. 4353:. They had nine children: 4336:Marie-Clementine Bagration 4283:Isabel de Silva y Carvajal 4028: 3790:Christian Party of Austria 3053: 2936:Quadruple Alliance of 1834 2911:invaded the Ottoman Empire 2473:Metternich travelled with 2110: 1859:War of the Sixth Coalition 1750:Confederation of the Rhine 1658:War of the Third Coalition 1440:War of the First Coalition 1214:War of the Sixth Coalition 890:Christian Party of Austria 357: 29: 11902: 11711: 11651: 11572: 11262: 11214: 11207: 10872: 10605: 10598: 10559: 10473: 10416: 10407: 10306: 10281: 10229: 10189: 10180: 10039: 9960: 9882: 9823: 9788: 9771:Italian school of elitism 9751: 9656: 9572: 9563: 9499: 9471: 9448: 9406: 9356: 9328: 9288: 9279: 9183: 9174: 9088: 9067: 9031: 9008:Franz Joseph I of Austria 8995: 8885:Literature and philosophy 8884: 8803: 8782: 8734:Dictatorship of Garibaldi 8612: 8601: 8550: 8351:Ross, Stephen T. (1969). 8039:Hessen-Darmstadt (1857). 7715:(in Swedish). Stockholm. 5614: 5606: 5581: 5562: 5558: 5525: 5506: 5498: 5473: 5454: 5450: 5412: 5393: 5385: 5360: 5341: 5337: 5304: 5285: 5277: 5252: 5239: 5160:Metternich's coat of arms 5140:Grand Cross of St. Joseph 5048:: Cross of Honour of the 4573:Knight of the Black Eagle 4501:Knight of the Holy Spirit 4317:Mittrowsky von Mittrowitz 4162:. They had one daughter: 2915:Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi 2625:of the United Kingdom in 2211:was said to be raising a 1851:French invasion of Russia 1846:an alliance with Napoleon 1450:and several accompanying 1404:'s October coronation in 1240:. After a brief exile in 1161:for three decades as the 422: 410: 395: 381: 364: 352: 278: 270: 246: 219: 214: 210: 198: 186: 165: 154: 147: 134: 124: 103: 92: 85: 81: 60: 45: 12079:Politicians from Koblenz 12014:Austrian Roman Catholics 11791:Catholic social teaching 8264:Nadeau, Ryan M. (2016). 8245:Musulin, Stella (1975). 8183:Cecil, Algernon (1947). 8174:Metternich and His Times 7771:Cibrario, Luigi (1869). 7686:Lehmann, Gustaf (1913). 7530:22 December 2010 at the 6288:Wolfram Siemann (2019). 5686: 5046:Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen 4962:Order of Albert the Bear 4843:Grandee of the 1st Class 4307:. They had one daughter. 4153:Klementine Marie Octavie 4106: 3822:The Reform Conservatives 3795:Freedom Party of Austria 3507:Federal State of Austria 3409:Catholic social teaching 3376:Conservative corporatism 3166:Exile, return, and death 2986:Reception of Grand Duke 1811:Archduchess Marie Louise 1671: 1512:Minister Plenipotentiary 1478:In England, he met King 1390:University of Strasbourg 1261:traditional conservative 1173:forced his resignation. 922:The Reform Conservatives 895:Freedom Party of Austria 607:Federal State of Austria 509:Catholic social teaching 476:Conservative corporatism 386:University of Strasbourg 48:His Most Serene Highness 12089:Conservatism in Austria 12084:Counter-revolutionaries 12009:Antisemitism in Austria 11741:Conservative liberalism 11229:European People's Party 8987:Francesco Saverio Salfi 8977:Gian Domenico Romagnosi 8313:Encyclopædia Britannica 8298:Phillips, Walter Alison 8236:May, Arthur J. (1963). 8069:5 December 2019 at the 7903:Napoli (Stato) (1857). 7835:Staat Hannover (1858). 5146: 5017:Order of Henry the Lion 4774:Knight of St. Januarius 4696:Knight of the Rue Crown 4675:House Order of Fidelity 3979:Conservatism portal 3935:Conservatism in Germany 3807:Catholic People's Party 3785:Austrian People's Party 3342:Conservatism in Austria 3281:Karl Ferdinand von Buol 2969:Secret State Conference 2931:Münchengrätz Agreements 2722:Diet of Hungary of 1830 2619:Marquess of Londonderry 2251:war with Murat's Naples 2075:Treaty of Fontainebleau 2043:Metternich to Stadion ( 1968:Prince of Schwarzenberg 1719:Jean-Baptiste Champagny 1448:Marquis de Beurnonville 1277:Austrian northern Italy 1218:Treaty of Fontainebleau 1079:Conservatism portal 1035:Conservatism in Germany 907:Catholic People's Party 885:Austrian People's Party 442:Conservatism in Austria 11999:Klemens von Metternich 11234:Identity and Democracy 10687: 9776: 9739: 9681: 9634: 9620: 9611: 9582: 9018:Klemens von Metternich 8585:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 8540:Unification of Italy ( 8498:Klemens von Metternich 8496:Quotations related to 8486:Klemens von Metternich 8202:. Hong Kong: Longman. 8097:Anhalt-Köthen (1851). 8045:. Staatsverl. p. 8024:. Guttenberg. p. 7943:. Waisenhaus. p. 7937:Hessen-Kassel (1856). 7841:. Berenberg. pp. 6732:Gordon Martel (2013). 6615:Hamilton-Williams 1996 5750: 5190: 5188:Metternichia principis 5136:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 4981:: Grand Cordon of the 4634:Knight of the Elephant 4613:Knight of the Seraphim 4325:Katharina Skavronskaya 4170:Richard von Metternich 4129:Esterházy von Galántha 4057: 4047: 3955: 3890:Salzburger Nachrichten 3812:Christian Social Party 3631:von Coudenhove-Kalergi 3324:Historians' assessment 3308: 3231: 3182: 3125: 3073: 3065: 2991: 2988:Alexander Nikolayevich 2906: 2827: 2800:Richard von Metternich 2723: 2689: 2605: 2553: 2542: 2471: 2422: 2315:second Treaty of Paris 2302:would avert the doom. 2275: 2246: 2142: 2134: 2121:Metternich alongside 2050: 1993: 1962: 1945:As a coalition partner 1924:Reichenbach Convention 1874: 1837: 1806: 1733: 1703:Château de Saint-Cloud 1681: 1666:treaty with the French 1623: 1475: 1444:French Minister of War 1339:Winneburg zu Beilstein 1330: 1134:Klemens von Metternich 1055: 990:Salzburger Nachrichten 912:Christian Social Party 731:von Coudenhove-Kalergi 52:Klemens von Metternich 12094:Counter-Enlightenment 12024:Austrian nationalists 11894:Small-c conservatives 11806:Counter-revolutionary 11796:Conservative feminism 11688:Counter-Enlightenment 11643:Traditionalist School 9059:Tricolour Flag Museum 8831:Federico Confalonieri 8662:Republic of San Marco 8321:Riley, J. P. (2013). 7555:, 1858, pp. 45, 7515:, p. Family tree 6707:Mark Jarrett (2013). 5886:erupted in revolution 5812:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 5779:the Prince of Kaunitz 5197:published a genus of 5185: 5015:: Grand Cross of the 4960:: Grand Cross of the 4940:: Grand Cross of the 4673:: Grand Cross of the 4510:Knight of St. Michael 4185:Maria Antoinette von 4052: 4038: 3845:Black-Yellow Alliance 3454:Political Catholicism 3302: 3229: 3173: 3111: 3071: 3063: 3054:Further information: 2985: 2967:as part of Austria's 2904: 2809: 2768:outbreak of civil war 2721: 2687: 2599: 2548: 2536: 2457: 2420: 2298:bet that the idea of 2273: 2231: 2181:Grand Duchy of Warsaw 2140: 2120: 2111:Further information: 2036: 1976:Frederick William III 1952: 1872: 1835: 1800: 1746:House of Hohenzollern 1731: 1679: 1602: 1473: 1322: 1149:, was a conservative 945:Black-Yellow Alliance 554:Political Catholicism 143:as Minister-President 12019:Austrian monarchists 11764:Anti-gender movement 11668:Bourbon Restauration 9921:National Catholicism 9636:Révolution nationale 9601:Integral nationalism 8714:Plombières Agreement 8488:at Wikimedia Commons 8330:Okey, Robin (2001). 8018:Württemberg (1854). 7820:. Heinrich. p. 7632:(in French) (2): 118 6060:, pp. xiii–xvii 5965:History of the World 5919:, pp. 328–340). 5892:, pp. 298–311). 5875:, pp. 236–237). 4904:Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach 4883:Grand Duchy of Hesse 4834:Order of Charles III 4728:Knight of St. George 4531:Knight of St. Andrew 4470:Knight of St. Hubert 4346:. They had one son: 4285:. They had one son: 4235:Waldstein-Wartenberg 4160:Sándor de Szlavnicza 3897:Tiroler Tageszeitung 3555:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 3386:Liberal conservatism 3366:Austrian nationalism 3289:King of the Belgians 3270:Prince Schwarzenberg 3154:forty miles away at 3152:Prince Liechtenstein 3107:revolution in France 3081:of Papal-controlled 3021:Frederick William IV 2996:Egyptian-Ottoman War 2795:Treaty of Adrianople 2614:Alexander Ypsilantis 2427:Ioannis Kapodistrias 2313:turmoil itself, the 2243:, pp. 147–148). 2097:University of Oxford 2095:law degree from the 2028:Battle of Montmirail 2000:Viscount Castlereagh 1957:, 1813 (painting by 1916:Hugues-Bernard Maret 1822:Treaty of Schönbrunn 1788:Prince Liechtenstein 1662:Battle of Austerlitz 1586:Frederick Augustus I 1578:Electorate of Saxony 1516:Austrian Netherlands 1500:Johann Peter Salomon 1433:Austrian Netherlands 997:Tiroler Tageszeitung 655:von Kuehnelt-Leddihn 486:Liberal conservatism 466:Austrian nationalism 12034:House of Metternich 11906:Conservatism portal 11870:Right-wing politics 11609:Jewish conservatism 11582:Christian democracy 10829:Social institutions 10635:Collective identity 10630:Class collaboration 10438:Clerico-nationalism 9987:Muscular liberalism 9320:Neoauthoritarianism 9106:Italian nationalism 9101:Italian irredentism 9096:Altare della Patria 8892:Giovanni Arrivabene 8699:Ten Days of Brescia 8652:Revolutions of 1848 8637:Revolutions of 1830 8622:Rimini Proclamation 8560:Kingdom of Sardinia 8395:Sked, Alan (2008). 7756:. Berling. p. 7017:, pp. 146–147. 6774:, pp. 129–131. 5953:, pp. 5–6, 339 5848:, pp. 161–168) 5111:Kingdom of Portugal 4832:Grand Cross of the 4807:Electorate of Hesse 4650:Kingdom of Sardinia 4427:Grand Cross of the 3414:Class collaboration 3371:Christian democracy 3252:Catherine Bagration 3034:Free City of Cracow 2843:Chiffon de Karlsbad 2764:Akkerman Convention 2575:congress at Laibach 2567:Congress of Troppau 2539:August von Kotzebue 2522:. Journeying on to 2480:August von Kotzebue 2255:Battle of Tolentino 2203:. The beginning of 2152:Friedrich von Gentz 2032:Battle of Montereau 1959:Johann Peter Krafft 1934:Armand Caulaincourt 1880:Frankfurt proposals 1769:Détente with France 1536:Congress of Rastatt 1525:Oettingen-Spielberg 1498:and his impresario 1452:National Convention 1421:University of Mainz 1343:Electorate of Trier 1335:House of Metternich 1178:House of Metternich 1171:Revolutions of 1848 514:Class collaboration 471:Christian democracy 390:University of Mainz 237:Electorate of Trier 32:House of Metternich 12104:Critics of atheism 11826:LGBTQ conservatism 11779:Black conservatism 11693:German Romanticism 11683:Conservative Order 11673:Congress of Vienna 11249:Muslim Brotherhood 11095:Corrêa de Oliveira 10794:Organized religion 10723:Complementarianism 9810:National Democracy 8957:Alessandro Manzoni 8947:Francesco Lomonaco 8876:Victor Emmanuel II 8841:Giuseppe Garibaldi 8684:Five Days of Milan 8552:Pre-unitary states 8465:Siemann, Wolfram. 8458:Šedivý, Miroslav. 7926:. Stamperia Reale. 7881:Almanacco di corte 7362:, pp. 328–340 7347:, pp. 319–327 7318:, pp. 312–319 7301:, pp. 128–129 7289:, pp. 305–306 7274:, pp. 298–311 7255:, pp. 286–295 7238:, pp. 279–283 7211:, pp. 271–279 7194:, pp. 264–270 7170:, pp. 255–264 7137:, pp. 245–253 7120:, pp. 241–245 7105:, pp. 227–228 7093:, pp. 232–240 7076:, pp. 227–230 7064:, pp. 225–227 7049:, pp. 218–224 7032:, pp. 211–212 7005:, pp. 212–219 6974:, pp. 203–212 6936:, pp. 198–202 6921:, pp. 200–202 6906:, pp. 186–198 6860:, pp. 180–185 6827:, pp. 169–180 6806:, pp. 161–168 6789:, pp. 156–161 6762:, pp. 150–156 6685:, pp. 146–149 6668:, pp. 169–175 6634:, pp. 139–146 6605:, pp. 133–139 6588:, pp. 130–133 6571:, pp. 123–129 6554:, pp. 118–123 6527:, pp. 107–117 6506:, pp. 103–107 6487:, pp. 134–135 6436:, pp. 341–44. 5808:Illyrian Provinces 5785:, pp. 44–47). 5193:In 1823, botanist 5191: 4791:Duke of Portella, 4713:Kingdom of Hanover 4567:Kingdom of Prussia 4549:Knight of St. Anna 4466:Kingdom of Bavaria 4449:Chancellor of the 4329:Princess Bagration 4077:Heinrich von Srbik 4048: 3991:Austria portal 3502:Congress of Vienna 3487:Austrian Civil War 3381:Green conservatism 3309: 3232: 3183: 3074: 3066: 3030:Galician slaughter 2992: 2907: 2849:(then part of the 2839:Quadruple Alliance 2791:Battle of Navarino 2760:Duke of Wellington 2756:Archduke Ferdinand 2732:Kingdom of Hungary 2724: 2690: 2644:Congress of Verona 2606: 2602:Congress of Verona 2554: 2543: 2441:Congress at Aachen 2423: 2359:Kingdom of Bavaria 2339:Quadruple Alliance 2276: 2260:Battle of Waterloo 2253:. Austria won the 2160:Don Pedro Labrador 2143: 2135: 2131:Congress of Vienna 2113:Congress of Vienna 2107:Congress of Vienna 2058:Treaty of Chaumont 1963: 1875: 1838: 1807: 1739:Congress of Erfurt 1734: 1714:Treaties of Tilsit 1682: 1680:Metternich, c.1808 1646:Napoleon Bonaparte 1639:Kingdom of Prussia 1570:Kingdom of Denmark 1552:Dresden and Berlin 1476: 1331: 1222:Congress of Vienna 1194:Kingdom of Prussia 1091:Austria portal 602:Congress of Vienna 587:Austrian Civil War 481:Green conservatism 401:Congress of Vienna 130:Office established 12144:Grandees of Spain 11918: 11917: 11801:Conservative wave 11754: 11753: 11678:Concert of Europe 11614:Religious Zionism 11568: 11567: 11203: 11202: 10640:Cultural heritage 10613:Ancestral worship 10594: 10593: 10555: 10554: 10403: 10402: 10221:Orthodox Peronism 10176: 10175: 9676:Historical School 9559: 9558: 9134: 9133: 9121:Southern question 8932:Vincenzo Gioberti 8912:Felice Cavallotti 8811:Massimo d'Azeglio 8764:Law of Guarantees 8484:Media related to 8451:978-3-11-076903-6 8406:978-1-4039-9114-0 8374:978-1-85799-868-9 8343:978-0-333-39654-4 8209:978-0-582-48346-0 8199:Europe, 1780–1830 6472:, pp. 96–102 6266:, pp. 98–101 5671: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5029:Kingdom of Greece 4938:Ernestine duchies 4692:Kingdom of Saxony 4586:13 September 1813 4577:13 September 1813 4486:Kingdom of France 4361:Stolberg-Stolberg 4351:Buol-Schauenstein 4081:Age of Metternich 4027: 4026: 3930:Austrian nobility 3599:Sex and Character 3512:Habsburg monarchy 3317:Piedmont-Sardinia 3277:Otto von Bismarck 3212:Benjamin Disraeli 3144:Charles von Hügel 2802:. After fighting 2748:Decembrist revolt 2635:Dmitry Tatishchev 2600:Cartoon from the 2453:freedom of speech 2189:Kingdom of Saxony 1984:Battle of Leipzig 1980:Treaty of Töplitz 1955:Battle of Leipzig 1938:Count of Narbonne 1892:Battle of Leipzig 1654:Habsburg monarchy 1488:Charles James Fox 1425:French Revolution 1369:, and another in 1198:Napoleonic France 1196:, and especially 1190:Kingdom of Saxony 1159:Concert of Europe 1147:Prince Metternich 1127: 1126: 1030:Austrian nobility 699:Sex and Character 612:Habsburg monarchy 426: 425: 405:Concert of Europe 241:Holy Roman Empire 36:Metternich (name) 16:(Redirected from 12161: 12029:Austrian princes 11971: 11970: 11959: 11958: 11957: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11926: 11875:Authoritarianism 11736:Communitarianism 11731:Clerical fascism 11716: 11715: 11592:Theoconservatism 11212: 11211: 11015:Kuehnelt-Leddihn 10824:Social hierarchy 10809:Private property 10692: 10603: 10602: 10414: 10413: 10197:Federal Peronism 10187: 10186: 9871:Pochvennichestvo 9848:Black-hundredism 9781: 9766:Historical Right 9744: 9686: 9639: 9625: 9616: 9587: 9584:Action Française 9570: 9569: 9286: 9285: 9181: 9180: 9161: 9154: 9147: 9138: 9137: 8942:Giacomo Leopardi 8922:Giuseppe Ferrari 8856:Bettino Ricasoli 8851:Giuseppe Mazzini 8836:Francesco Crispi 8816:Agostino Bertani 8790:Cockade of Italy 8774:Impresa di Fiume 8704:Belfiore martyrs 8689:Sortie on Mestre 8607: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8510: 8509: 8495: 8483: 8455: 8410: 8391: 8378: 8356: 8347: 8326: 8317: 8305: 8293: 8260: 8241: 8232: 8213: 8192: 8190: 8179: 8177: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8149: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8103:. Katz. p. 8094: 8088: 8079: 8073: 8057: 8051: 8050: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7966:(in Spanish): 48 7955: 7949: 7948: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7876: 7851: 7850: 7832: 7826: 7825: 7814:Sachsen (1857). 7811: 7805: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7734: 7726: 7708: 7702: 7701: 7683: 7677: 7668: 7662: 7661: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7601: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7545: 7534: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7479:, pp. 46–47 7474: 7465: 7459: 7450: 7449:, pp. 75–76 7444: 7433: 7427: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7357: 7348: 7342: 7331: 7325: 7319: 7313: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7275: 7269: 7256: 7250: 7239: 7233: 7224: 7223:, pp. 94–95 7218: 7212: 7206: 7195: 7189: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7121: 7115: 7106: 7100: 7094: 7088: 7077: 7071: 7065: 7059: 7050: 7044: 7033: 7027: 7018: 7012: 7006: 7000: 6987: 6981: 6975: 6969: 6952: 6946: 6937: 6931: 6922: 6916: 6907: 6901: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6861: 6855: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6807: 6801: 6790: 6784: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6669: 6663: 6652: 6651:, pp. 73–74 6646: 6635: 6629: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6589: 6583: 6572: 6566: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6528: 6522: 6507: 6501: 6488: 6482: 6473: 6467: 6454: 6453:, pp. 92–96 6448: 6437: 6431: 6425: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6394: 6393:, pp. 86–92 6388: 6377: 6371: 6365: 6364:, pp. 78–86 6359: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6337:, pp. 72–77 6332: 6319: 6318:, pp. 69–72 6313: 6304: 6303: 6285: 6279: 6278:, pp. 61–69 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6254:, pp. 56–61 6249: 6243: 6242:, pp. 47–56 6237: 6231: 6230:, pp. 44–47 6225: 6219: 6218:, pp. 40–44 6213: 6207: 6206:, pp. 37–40 6201: 6192: 6191:, pp. 85–87 6186: 6175: 6174:, pp. 31–37 6169: 6156: 6155:, pp. 27–31 6150: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6129:, pp. 78–79 6124: 6115: 6114:, pp. 25–27 6109: 6100: 6094: 6088: 6087:, pp. 22–25 6082: 6073: 6072:, pp. 16–22 6067: 6061: 6055: 6044: 6043:, pp. 12–16 6038: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6016:, pp. 10–12 6011: 6002: 5996: 5985: 5984:, pp. 72–73 5979: 5973: 5972: 5960: 5954: 5948: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5882: 5876: 5868: 5862: 5855: 5849: 5842: 5836: 5825: 5819: 5792: 5786: 5776: 5768:house of Kaunitz 5764: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5736: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5720: 5717: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5705: 5696: 5681:Metternich Stela 5229: 5228: 5220: 5219: 5199:flowering plants 5186:Illustration of 5169: 5157: 5134: 5133: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5011: 5009: 5008: 4996:Empire of Brazil 4994: 4992: 4991: 4983:Order of Leopold 4977: 4975: 4974: 4958:Ascanian duchies 4956: 4955: 4954: 4936: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4922: 4921: 4902: 4900: 4899: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4860: 4858: 4857: 4825: 4824: 4823: 4805: 4804: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4648: 4647: 4646: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4565: 4564: 4563: 4523: 4521: 4520: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4420: 4418: 4417: 4402:Honours and arms 4117:Kaunitz-Rietberg 4083:". Authors like 4045: 4042: 4019: 4012: 4005: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3977: 3976: 3975: 3960: 3883:Neues Volksblatt 3817:Fatherland Front 3614: 3604: 3550:von Hofmannsthal 3497:Carlsbad Decrees 3444:Multiculturalism 3404:Austrian culture 3353: 3343: 3328: 3327: 3123: 2977:Mariánská Týnice 2882:Pope Gregory XVI 2825: 2744:István Széchenyi 2679:Saint Petersburg 2551:Carlsbad Decrees 2500:Carlsbad Decrees 2469: 2436:Eastern Question 2406:Joseph Esterházy 2378:Maria Leopoldina 2284:social hierarchy 2244: 2101:Duchess of Parma 2048: 1991: 1972:Tsar Alexander I 1842:Council of State 1828:As France's ally 1775:Battle of Wagram 1764:Foreign minister 1621: 1594:Marie-Clementine 1521:Kaunitz-Rietberg 1155:balance of power 1144: 1139: 1119: 1112: 1105: 1089: 1088: 1087: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1060: 983:Neues Volksblatt 917:Fatherland Front 714: 704: 650:von Hofmannsthal 597:Carlsbad Decrees 544:Multiculturalism 504:Austrian culture 453: 443: 428: 427: 418: 343: 341: 322: 320: 301: 299: 257: 255: 230: 228: 215:Personal details 201: 193:Count Warthausen 189: 159: 137: 127: 97: 65: 43: 42: 21: 12169: 12168: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12160: 12159: 12158: 11979: 11978: 11977: 11965: 11955: 11953: 11943: 11941: 11931: 11929: 11921: 11919: 11914: 11911:Politics portal 11898: 11750: 11707: 11653: 11647: 11587:Christian right 11564: 11490:Prat de la Riba 11258: 11199: 10868: 10814:Public morality 10784:Ordered liberty 10689:Noblesse oblige 10650:Culture of life 10645:Cultural values 10590: 10551: 10476: 10469: 10399: 10302: 10277: 10225: 10172: 10035: 9963: 9956: 9909:Carlo-francoism 9878: 9819: 9784: 9747: 9734:State Socialism 9652: 9622:Nouvelle Droite 9555: 9495: 9467: 9444: 9402: 9352: 9324: 9275: 9176: 9170: 9165: 9135: 9130: 9084: 9063: 9027: 8991: 8982:Antonio Rosmini 8952:Goffredo Mameli 8902:Giosuè Carducci 8880: 8871:Ruggero Settimo 8799: 8778: 8759:Capture of Rome 8608: 8599: 8546: 8537: 8476: 8452: 8436: 8434:Further reading 8417: 8415:Primary sources 8407: 8375: 8344: 8257: 8229: 8210: 8163: 8158: 8157: 8147: 8145: 8133: 8132: 8128: 8117: 8116: 8112: 8095: 8091: 8080: 8076: 8071:Wayback Machine 8058: 8054: 8037: 8033: 8016: 8012: 8002: 8000: 7998: 7982: 7978: 7969: 7967: 7956: 7952: 7935: 7931: 7918: 7914: 7901: 7897: 7887: 7885: 7878: 7877: 7854: 7833: 7829: 7812: 7808: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7769: 7765: 7748: 7744: 7728: 7727: 7723: 7709: 7705: 7684: 7680: 7669: 7665: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7622: 7618: 7609: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7575: 7574: 7570: 7561: 7559: 7547: 7546: 7537: 7532:Wayback Machine 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7475: 7468: 7460: 7453: 7445: 7436: 7428: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7378: 7374:, pp. 3–4. 7370: 7366: 7358: 7351: 7343: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7278: 7270: 7259: 7251: 7242: 7234: 7227: 7219: 7215: 7207: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7166: 7153: 7145: 7141: 7133: 7124: 7116: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7089: 7080: 7072: 7068: 7060: 7053: 7045: 7036: 7028: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001: 6990: 6982: 6978: 6970: 6955: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6925: 6917: 6910: 6902: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6864: 6856: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6810: 6802: 6793: 6785: 6778: 6770: 6766: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6730: 6726: 6719: 6705: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6681: 6672: 6664: 6655: 6647: 6638: 6630: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6592: 6584: 6575: 6567: 6558: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6531: 6523: 6510: 6502: 6491: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6457: 6449: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6416: 6412: 6404: 6397: 6389: 6380: 6372: 6368: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6322: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6286: 6282: 6274: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6234: 6226: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6195: 6187: 6178: 6170: 6159: 6151: 6144: 6139:Marriage record 6137: 6133: 6125: 6118: 6110: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6047: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5988: 5980: 5976: 5967:. Vol. 1. 5961: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5913: 5909: 5905:, p. 322). 5900: 5896: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5865: 5861:, p. 199). 5856: 5852: 5843: 5839: 5835:, p. 112). 5829:Jean Bernadotte 5826: 5822: 5793: 5789: 5770: 5765: 5761: 5741: 5734: 5702: 5698: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5677: 5672: 5217: 5211:in his honour. 5180: 5173: 5170: 5161: 5158: 5149: 5144: 5128: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5085: 5073: 5071: 5057: 5055: 5039: 5037: 5023: 5021: 5006: 5004: 4989: 4987: 4972: 4970: 4952: 4950: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4897: 4895: 4891:5 February 1820 4876: 4874: 4855: 4853: 4838:20 October 1817 4836:, with Collar, 4821: 4819: 4799: 4761: 4759: 4740: 4738: 4706: 4704: 4685: 4683: 4677:, in Diamonds, 4664: 4662: 4644: 4642: 4638:7 December 1814 4623: 4621: 4603: 4601: 4561: 4559: 4518: 4516: 4480: 4478: 4459: 4457: 4431:, in Diamonds, 4422:Austrian Empire 4415: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4305:Thurn und Taxis 4109: 4096:A. J. P. Taylor 4062:First World War 4043: 4033: 4023: 3985: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3964: 3963: 3925: 3917: 3916: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3840: 3832: 3831: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3626: 3618: 3617: 3612: 3602: 3593: 3585: 3584: 3525: 3517: 3516: 3492:Austrian Empire 3482:Austria-Hungary 3477: 3469: 3468: 3399: 3391: 3390: 3361: 3341: 3326: 3244:Richmond Palace 3240:Dorothea Lieven 3168: 3148:Johann Rechberg 3135:Academic Legion 3124: 3122:, p. 313). 3117: 3099:Joseph Radetsky 3091:Swiss Civil War 3087:François Guizot 3058: 3052: 2975:(together with 2965:Archduke Ludwig 2899: 2886:Lord Palmerston 2855:King of Hungary 2835:July Revolution 2826: 2824:, p. 246). 2818:July Revolution 2815: 2716: 2675:Karl Nesselrode 2594: 2589: 2475:Dorothea Lieven 2470: 2463: 2433:(the so-called 2415: 2343:Congress System 2296:Austrian Empire 2290:as well as the 2268: 2266:Paris and Italy 2245: 2238: 2115: 2109: 2092:Treaty of Paris 2062:Bourbon dynasty 2049: 2042: 1987: 1947: 1867: 1830: 1771: 1766: 1674: 1631:Imperial Recess 1622: 1608: 1598:Friedrich Gentz 1554: 1549: 1508:Andreas Hofmann 1468: 1429:plenipotentiary 1398:King of Bavaria 1345:to that of the 1324:Kynžvart Castle 1317: 1163:Austrian Empire 1137: 1123: 1085: 1083: 1073: 1071: 1064: 1063: 1025: 1017: 1016: 970: 962: 961: 940: 932: 931: 872: 864: 863: 839: 831: 830: 726: 718: 717: 712: 702: 693: 685: 684: 625: 617: 616: 592:Austrian Empire 582:Austria-Hungary 577: 569: 568: 499: 491: 490: 461: 441: 377: 348: 345: 337: 333: 330: 324: 316: 312: 309: 303: 295: 291: 288: 274:German Austrian 265:Austrian Empire 259: 253: 251: 231: 226: 224: 199: 187: 182: 160: 155: 135: 125: 120: 98: 93: 77: 74:Thomas Lawrence 56: 53: 50: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12167: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 12041: 12036: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12016: 12011: 12006: 12001: 11996: 11991: 11976: 11975: 11963: 11951: 11939: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11896: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11888: 11887: 11877: 11867: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11850: 11849: 11848: 11843: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11816:Ethnopluralism 11813: 11808: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11788: 11787: 11786: 11776: 11771: 11766: 11761: 11759:Anti-communism 11755: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11722: 11720: 11713: 11709: 11708: 11706: 11705: 11703:Ultra-royalism 11700: 11695: 11690: 11685: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11657: 11655: 11649: 11648: 11646: 11645: 11640: 11639: 11638: 11636:Ultramontanism 11633: 11623: 11618: 11617: 11616: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11584: 11578: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11497: 11492: 11487: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11372: 11367: 11362: 11357: 11352: 11347: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11317: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11266: 11264: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11220: 11218: 11209: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11117: 11112: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11012: 11007: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10987: 10982: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10897: 10892: 10887: 10882: 10876: 10874: 10870: 10869: 10867: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10849:State religion 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10774: 10769: 10759: 10754: 10753: 10752: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10726: 10725: 10715: 10713:Fundamentalism 10710: 10705: 10700: 10695: 10694: 10693: 10684: 10679: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10658: 10657: 10647: 10642: 10637: 10632: 10627: 10626: 10625: 10615: 10609: 10607: 10600: 10596: 10595: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10588: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10579:National Right 10576: 10565: 10563: 10557: 10556: 10553: 10552: 10550: 10549: 10544: 10542:Traditionalist 10539: 10534: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10487: 10481: 10479: 10471: 10470: 10468: 10467: 10466: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10445: 10440: 10435: 10434: 10433: 10422: 10420: 10411: 10405: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10398: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392:Perezjimenismo 10385: 10384: 10383: 10375: 10374: 10373: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10316: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10301: 10300: 10295: 10287: 10285: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10270: 10269: 10268: 10258: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10224: 10223: 10218: 10211: 10206: 10199: 10193: 10191: 10184: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10173: 10171: 10170: 10165: 10160: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10142: 10141: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10081: 10080: 10079: 10071: 10066: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10049: 10043: 10041: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10011: 10006: 10001: 9996: 9991: 9990: 9989: 9979: 9974: 9968: 9966: 9958: 9957: 9955: 9954: 9947: 9945:Neocatholicism 9942: 9937: 9930: 9925: 9924: 9923: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9906: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9862: 9857: 9856: 9855: 9850: 9840: 9835: 9829: 9827: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9800: 9798:Golden Liberty 9794: 9792: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9782: 9773: 9768: 9763: 9757: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9720: 9719: 9709: 9708: 9707: 9702: 9692: 9690:Ordoliberalism 9687: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9662: 9660: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9650: 9648:Ultra-royalism 9645: 9640: 9631: 9626: 9617: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9578: 9576: 9567: 9561: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9553: 9552: 9551: 9541: 9536: 9535: 9534: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9503: 9501: 9497: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9491:Neo-Ottomanism 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9454: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9443: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9425: 9420: 9412: 9410: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9366:Fundamentalist 9362: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9310: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9266:Traditionalist 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9208: 9203: 9198: 9193: 9187: 9185: 9178: 9172: 9171: 9164: 9163: 9156: 9149: 9141: 9132: 9131: 9129: 9128: 9123: 9118: 9113: 9108: 9103: 9098: 9092: 9090: 9086: 9085: 9083: 9082: 9077: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9035: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8999: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8990: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8972:Carlo Pisacane 8969: 8967:Silvio Pellico 8964: 8962:Ippolito Nievo 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8917:Vincenzo Cuoco 8914: 8909: 8907:Carlo Cattaneo 8904: 8899: 8894: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8881: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8823: 8818: 8813: 8807: 8805: 8801: 8800: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8786: 8784: 8780: 8779: 8777: 8776: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8749:Roman Question 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8670: 8669: 8667:Roman Republic 8664: 8659: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8618: 8616: 8610: 8609: 8602: 8600: 8598: 8597: 8592: 8590:Duchy of Parma 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8564:House of Savoy 8556: 8554: 8548: 8547: 8536: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8513: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8489: 8475: 8474:External links 8472: 8471: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8450: 8444:. De Gruyter. 8435: 8432: 8431: 8430: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8405: 8392: 8379: 8373: 8357: 8348: 8342: 8327: 8318: 8308:Chisholm, Hugh 8294: 8261: 8255: 8242: 8233: 8227: 8214: 8208: 8193: 8180: 8162: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8126: 8110: 8089: 8074: 8052: 8031: 8010: 7996: 7976: 7950: 7929: 7912: 7895: 7852: 7827: 7806: 7791: 7763: 7742: 7721: 7703: 7700:. p. 577. 7678: 7663: 7643: 7616: 7588: 7568: 7549:"Ritter-Orden" 7535: 7517: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7466: 7451: 7434: 7432:, pp. 1–4 7419: 7417:, p. 223. 7407: 7395: 7376: 7364: 7349: 7332: 7320: 7303: 7291: 7276: 7257: 7240: 7225: 7213: 7196: 7184: 7172: 7151: 7139: 7122: 7107: 7095: 7078: 7066: 7051: 7034: 7019: 7007: 6988: 6976: 6953: 6938: 6923: 6908: 6889: 6877: 6862: 6841: 6829: 6808: 6791: 6776: 6764: 6749: 6742: 6724: 6717: 6711:. I.B.Tauris. 6699: 6687: 6670: 6653: 6636: 6619: 6607: 6590: 6573: 6556: 6544: 6529: 6508: 6489: 6474: 6455: 6438: 6426: 6410: 6395: 6378: 6376:, p. 125. 6366: 6351: 6339: 6320: 6305: 6298: 6280: 6268: 6256: 6244: 6232: 6220: 6208: 6193: 6176: 6157: 6142: 6131: 6116: 6101: 6089: 6074: 6062: 6045: 6030: 6018: 6003: 6001:, pp. 5–8 5986: 5974: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5921: 5907: 5894: 5877: 5863: 5850: 5837: 5820: 5818:, p. 97). 5794:, namely that 5787: 5759: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5100: 5083: 5069: 5053: 5035: 5019: 5002: 4985: 4968: 4948: 4914: 4893: 4872: 4851: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4817: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4789: 4780: 4757: 4747:Duchy of Parma 4736: 4735: 4734: 4725: 4702: 4681: 4660: 4658:4 January 1815 4640: 4619: 4599: 4598: 4597: 4591:Pour le Mérite 4588: 4579: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4553:27 August 1813 4546: 4544:27 August 1813 4537: 4535:27 August 1813 4525:Russian Empire 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4498: 4476: 4455: 4454: 4453: 4447: 4444: 4435: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4380: 4377: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4357: 4327:, by marriage 4323:With Countess 4321: 4320: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4296: 4293:Wassiltchikova 4276: 4273: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4252: 4238: 4231: 4230: 4229: 4218: 4215: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4173: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4113: 4108: 4105: 4029:Main article: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3924:Related topics 3923: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3907: 3904:Wiener Zeitung 3900: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3876:Kleine Zeitung 3871: 3868: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3859: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3838: 3837: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3773: 3770: 3769: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3691:de Paula Maria 3688: 3686:von Metternich 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3605: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3446: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3346: 3345: 3337: 3336: 3325: 3322: 3256:Franz Joseph I 3248:Johann Strauss 3207:Hanover Square 3167: 3164: 3115: 3051: 3048: 3025:Queen Victoria 3005:Adolphe Thiers 2909:In 1831 Egypt 2898: 2895: 2890:Foreign Office 2859:Zichy-Ferraris 2813: 2785:Lucia Antonia 2728:Hungarian Diet 2715: 2712: 2695:George Canning 2667:Pozzo di Borgo 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2559:Guglielmo Pepe 2537:The murder of 2528:Baden bei Wien 2468:, p. 182) 2461: 2431:Ottoman Empire 2414: 2411: 2335:Ottoman Empire 2267: 2264: 2236: 2148:Baden bei Wien 2108: 2105: 2054:Battle of Laon 2047:, p. 116) 2040: 1946: 1943: 1866: 1863: 1829: 1826: 1803:Georges Rouget 1770: 1767: 1765: 1762: 1754:Weichsel river 1673: 1670: 1627:Moselle valley 1606: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1504:Hanover Square 1467: 1464: 1347:Imperial court 1316: 1313: 1267:. He disliked 1265:Ottoman Empire 1176:Born into the 1125: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1107: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1081: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1024:Related topics 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1007: 1004:Wiener Zeitung 1000: 993: 986: 979: 976:Kleine Zeitung 971: 968: 967: 964: 963: 960: 959: 954: 947: 941: 938: 937: 934: 933: 930: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 873: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 840: 837: 836: 833: 832: 829: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 791:de Paula Maria 788: 786:von Metternich 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 733: 727: 724: 723: 720: 719: 716: 715: 705: 694: 691: 690: 687: 686: 683: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 618: 615: 614: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 584: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 516: 511: 506: 500: 497: 496: 493: 492: 489: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 462: 459: 458: 455: 454: 446: 445: 437: 436: 424: 423: 420: 419: 412: 408: 407: 397: 393: 392: 383: 379: 378: 376: 375: 372: 368: 366: 362: 361: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 335: 331: 328: 327: 325: 314: 310: 307: 306: 304: 293: 289: 286: 285: 282: 280: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 248: 244: 243: 221: 217: 216: 212: 211: 208: 207: 202: 196: 195: 190: 184: 183: 181: 180: 175: 169: 167: 163: 162: 152: 151: 145: 144: 138: 132: 131: 128: 122: 121: 119: 118: 113: 107: 105: 101: 100: 90: 89: 83: 82: 79: 78: 66: 58: 57: 54: 51: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12166: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12047: 12045: 12042: 12040: 12037: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12015: 12012: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11986: 11984: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11962: 11952: 11950: 11940: 11938: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11901: 11895: 11892: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11865:Right realism 11863: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11847: 11846:United States 11844: 11842: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11836:Radical right 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11785: 11784:United States 11782: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11775: 11772: 11770: 11767: 11765: 11762: 11760: 11757: 11756: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11710: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11698:Holy Alliance 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11663: 11662:Ancien régime 11659: 11658: 11656: 11650: 11644: 11641: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11628: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11486: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11470:Pérez Jiménez 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11401: 11398: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11366: 11363: 11361: 11358: 11356: 11353: 11351: 11348: 11346: 11343: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11219: 11217: 11216:Organisations 11213: 11210: 11206: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10991: 10988: 10986: 10983: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10920:Chateaubriand 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10896: 10893: 10891: 10888: 10886: 10883: 10881: 10878: 10877: 10875: 10873:Intellectuals 10871: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10747: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10719: 10716: 10714: 10711: 10709: 10708:Family values 10706: 10704: 10701: 10699: 10698:Ethical order 10696: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10656: 10653: 10652: 10651: 10648: 10646: 10643: 10641: 10638: 10636: 10633: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10616: 10614: 10611: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10601: 10597: 10587: 10584: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10570: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10562: 10558: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10540: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10513: 10510: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10485:Compassionate 10483: 10482: 10480: 10478: 10472: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10450: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10441: 10439: 10436: 10432: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10419: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10409:North America 10406: 10394: 10393: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10372: 10371: 10366: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10326: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10309: 10305: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10293: 10289: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10263: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10204: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10182:Latin America 10179: 10169: 10166: 10164: 10161: 10159: 10156: 10152: 10149: 10148: 10147: 10144: 10140: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10085: 10082: 10078: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10058: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10044: 10042: 10038: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10010: 10007: 10005: 10002: 10000: 9999:One-nationism 9997: 9995: 9992: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9982:Compassionate 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9959: 9953: 9952: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9903:Carloctavismo 9900: 9899: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9889: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9873: 9872: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9830: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9805: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9787: 9780: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9767: 9764: 9762: 9759: 9758: 9756: 9754: 9750: 9743: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9724:Ritter School 9722: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9713: 9712:Revolutionary 9710: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9663: 9661: 9659: 9655: 9649: 9646: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9586: 9585: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9571: 9568: 9566: 9562: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9498: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9474: 9470: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9435:Shōwa Statism 9433: 9431: 9430: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9409: 9405: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9327: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9231:Paternalistic 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9207: 9204: 9202: 9199: 9197: 9194: 9192: 9191:Authoritarian 9189: 9188: 9186: 9184:International 9182: 9179: 9173: 9169: 9162: 9157: 9155: 9150: 9148: 9143: 9142: 9139: 9127: 9124: 9122: 9119: 9117: 9114: 9112: 9109: 9107: 9104: 9102: 9099: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9091: 9087: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9072: 9070: 9068:National days 9066: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8994: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8861:Aurelio Saffi 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8846:Daniele Manin 8844: 8842: 8839: 8837: 8834: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8826:Celso Ceretti 8824: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8795:Flag of Italy 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8775: 8772: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8647:Neo-Guelphism 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8619: 8617: 8615: 8611: 8606: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8561: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8543: 8534: 8529: 8527: 8522: 8520: 8515: 8514: 8511: 8505: 8502: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8408: 8402: 8398: 8393: 8389: 8385: 8384:History Today 8380: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8339: 8336:. Macmillan. 8335: 8334: 8328: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8262: 8258: 8256:0-571-09858-4 8252: 8248: 8243: 8239: 8234: 8230: 8228:0-471-05225-6 8224: 8220: 8215: 8211: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8194: 8189: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8175: 8169: 8165: 8164: 8144: 8140: 8138: 8130: 8122: 8121: 8114: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8093: 8087: 8083: 8078: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8056: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8035: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8014: 7999: 7997:9788400057800 7993: 7989: 7988: 7980: 7965: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7933: 7925: 7924: 7916: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7883: 7882: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7839: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7818: 7810: 7804: 7800: 7795: 7780: 7776: 7775: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7754: 7746: 7738: 7732: 7724: 7722:91-630-6744-7 7718: 7714: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7654: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7605: 7598: 7592: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7572: 7558: 7554: 7550: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7503:, p. 281 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7473: 7471: 7463: 7458: 7456: 7448: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7426: 7424: 7416: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7392: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7356: 7354: 7346: 7341: 7339: 7337: 7330:, p. 308 7329: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7310: 7308: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7281: 7273: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7254: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7193: 7188: 7181: 7176: 7169: 7164: 7162: 7160: 7158: 7156: 7149:, p. 234 7148: 7143: 7136: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7119: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7099: 7092: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7075: 7070: 7063: 7058: 7056: 7048: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7031: 7026: 7024: 7016: 7011: 7004: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6986:, p. 279 6985: 6980: 6973: 6968: 6966: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6951:, p. 207 6950: 6945: 6943: 6935: 6930: 6928: 6920: 6915: 6913: 6905: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6887:, p. 197 6886: 6881: 6875:, p. 303 6874: 6869: 6867: 6859: 6854: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6839:, p. 182 6838: 6833: 6826: 6821: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6813: 6805: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6788: 6783: 6781: 6773: 6768: 6761: 6756: 6754: 6745: 6743:9781317863847 6739: 6735: 6728: 6720: 6718:9780857735706 6714: 6710: 6703: 6697:, p. 302 6696: 6691: 6684: 6679: 6677: 6675: 6667: 6662: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6633: 6628: 6626: 6624: 6616: 6611: 6604: 6599: 6597: 6595: 6587: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6570: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6553: 6548: 6542:, p. 257 6541: 6536: 6534: 6526: 6521: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6505: 6500: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6486: 6481: 6479: 6471: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6408:, p. 221 6407: 6402: 6400: 6392: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6375: 6370: 6363: 6358: 6356: 6349:, p. 77. 6348: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6301: 6299:9780674743922 6295: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6272: 6265: 6260: 6253: 6248: 6241: 6236: 6229: 6224: 6217: 6212: 6205: 6200: 6198: 6190: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6173: 6168: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6121: 6113: 6108: 6106: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6079: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6042: 6037: 6035: 6027: 6022: 6015: 6010: 6008: 6000: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5970: 5969:United States 5966: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5931: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5898: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5830: 5824: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5791: 5784: 5780: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5739: 5738: 5729: 5695: 5691: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5653: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5620: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5603: 5595: 5594: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5547: 5539: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5511: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5487: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5476: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5389: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5333: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5249: 5243: 5231: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5221: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5178:Other honours 5168: 5163: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5084: 5081: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4915: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4769: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4620: 4618: 4617:12 April 1814 4614: 4610: 4600: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4558: 4554: 4551:, 1st Class, 4550: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4526: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4487: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4412: 4411: 4391: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4299: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4271: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4265:(1780–1866): 4264: 4260: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4089:Ernst B. Haas 4086: 4085:Peter Viereck 4082: 4078: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4037: 4032: 4020: 4015: 4013: 4008: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3959: 3958: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3945:Pan Germanism 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3842: 3839:Organisations 3836: 3835: 3828: 3827:Team Stronach 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3803: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3777: 3776: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3727: 3726:von Vogelsang 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661:von Hohenwart 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3588: 3581: 3580:von Vogelsang 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3527: 3524:Intellectuals 3521: 3520: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3460: 3457: 3455: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3429:Family values 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3387: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3372: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3301: 3297: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3228: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3163: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3121: 3114: 3110: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3070: 3062: 3057: 3047: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3009:Lajos Kossuth 3006: 3001: 2997: 2989: 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2961:Archduke John 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2903: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2750:the new Tsar 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2720: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2686: 2682: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2598: 2584: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2467: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2419: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2380:to a ship at 2379: 2374: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2325: 2324:Holy Alliance 2321: 2320:French francs 2316: 2312: 2308: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2252: 2242: 2235: 2230: 2228: 2227:Swiss cantons 2223: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Joachim Murat 2206: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2046: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2018:Alexander at 2016: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1942: 1939: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1903: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1871: 1862: 1860: 1854: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1818: 1816: 1815:Anna Pavlovna 1812: 1804: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1761: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1642: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1620:, p. 39) 1619: 1615: 1611: 1605: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1562:Imperial Diet 1559: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1472: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1396:, the future 1395: 1391: 1386: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:known as the 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1135: 1131: 1120: 1115: 1113: 1108: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1045:Pan Germanism 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1021: 1020: 1013: 1012: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1001: 999: 998: 994: 992: 991: 987: 985: 984: 980: 978: 977: 973: 972: 966: 965: 958: 955: 953: 952: 948: 946: 943: 942: 939:Organisations 936: 935: 928: 927:Team Stronach 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 908: 905: 904: 903: 902: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 877: 876: 868: 867: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 841: 835: 834: 827: 826:von Vogelsang 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 761:von Hohenwart 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 732: 729: 728: 722: 721: 711: 710: 706: 701: 700: 696: 695: 689: 688: 681: 680:von Vogelsang 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 627: 624:Intellectuals 621: 620: 613: 610: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 579: 573: 572: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 529:Family values 527: 525: 522: 520: 517: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 501: 495: 494: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 452: 448: 447: 444: 439: 438: 434: 430: 429: 421: 417: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 391: 387: 384: 380: 373: 370: 369: 367: 363: 360: 359: 355: 351: 326: 305: 284: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 266: 262: 249: 245: 242: 238: 234: 222: 218: 213: 209: 206: 203: 197: 194: 191: 185: 179: 176: 174: 171: 170: 168: 164: 158: 153: 150: 146: 142: 139: 133: 129: 123: 117: 114: 112: 109: 108: 106: 102: 96: 91: 88: 84: 80: 75: 71: 70: 64: 59: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12004:Anti-Masonry 11831:Para-fascism 11811:Elite theory 11769:Anti-Masonry 11660: 11599:Confucianism 11439: 11375:John Paul II 11150:Solzhenitsyn 10859:Subsidiarity 10834:Social order 10574:Centre Right 10390: 10368: 10323: 10290: 10266:Patrianovism 10253: 10215:Nacionalismo 10213: 10201: 9949: 9932: 9901: 9869: 9802: 9761:Berlusconism 9700:Cameralistic 9613:Maurrassisme 9440:State Shinto 9429:Nippon Kaigi 9427: 9415: 9303:Confucianism 9168:Conservatism 9017: 9003:Pope Pius IX 8897:Cesare Balbo 8804:Main leaders 8674:Quadrilatero 8580:Papal States 8542:Risorgimento 8541: 8500:at Wikiquote 8466: 8459: 8441: 8425: 8421:Walker, Mack 8396: 8387: 8383: 8364: 8361:Palmer, Alan 8352: 8332: 8325:. Routledge. 8322: 8311: 8273: 8269: 8246: 8237: 8218: 8198: 8186: 8173: 8161:Bibliography 8146:. Retrieved 8142: 8137:Metternichia 8136: 8129: 8119: 8113: 8099: 8092: 8081: 8077: 8059: 8055: 8041: 8034: 8020: 8013: 8001:. Retrieved 7986: 7979: 7968:, retrieved 7963: 7953: 7939: 7932: 7922: 7915: 7905: 7898: 7886:. Retrieved 7880: 7837: 7830: 7816: 7809: 7798: 7794: 7782:. Retrieved 7773: 7766: 7752: 7745: 7712: 7706: 7693: 7688: 7681: 7670: 7666: 7652: 7646: 7634:. Retrieved 7629: 7619: 7608:, retrieved 7603: 7591: 7577: 7571: 7560:, retrieved 7552: 7520: 7508: 7496: 7484: 7464:, p. 45 7415:Bertier 1962 7410: 7405:, p. 98 7398: 7393:, p. 43 7367: 7328:Musulin 1975 7323: 7294: 7287:Musulin 1975 7216: 7187: 7182:, p. 78 7175: 7142: 7098: 7069: 7015:Bertier 1962 7010: 6979: 6880: 6832: 6772:Bertier 1962 6767: 6733: 6727: 6708: 6702: 6690: 6617:, p. 47 6610: 6547: 6429: 6413: 6369: 6342: 6289: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6134: 6099:, p. 76 6092: 6065: 6058:Bertier 1962 6021: 5977: 5964: 5958: 5946: 5924: 5910: 5897: 5880: 5866: 5853: 5840: 5823: 5790: 5762: 5694: 5430: 5208:Metternichia 5206: 5192: 4965: 4945: 4912:20 June 1820 4911: 4890: 4869: 4846: 4837: 4814: 4792: 4786: 4777: 4768:Two Sicilies 4754: 4731: 4722: 4699: 4678: 4657: 4637: 4616: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4552: 4543: 4534: 4504: 4495: 4473: 4441: 4432: 4322: 4256: 4248: 4180: 4114: 4110: 4093: 4074: 4058: 4053: 4049: 3957:Überfremdung 3909: 3902: 3895: 3888: 3881: 3874: 3849: 3800: 3799: 3774: 3685: 3651:von Habsburg 3607: 3597: 3459:Subsidiarity 3310: 3274: 3233: 3220:embezzlement 3216:Eaton Square 3184: 3179:Eaton Square 3140:Count Taaffe 3126: 3112: 3078:Pope Pius IX 3075: 3013: 2993: 2941: 2923:Münchengrätz 2908: 2878:Papal States 2863: 2831:Johannisberg 2828: 2810: 2804:tuberculosis 2776: 2725: 2691: 2663:Pope Leo XII 2659:unilaterally 2649: 2632: 2607: 2572: 2555: 2520:tuberculosis 2504: 2472: 2458: 2449: 2434: 2424: 2375: 2371:Johannisberg 2367: 2347: 2331:Papal States 2328: 2311:Hundred Days 2304: 2277: 2262:on 18 June. 2247: 2232: 2197:Federal Diet 2193: 2184: 2173: 2144: 2088: 2051: 2037: 2004: 1964: 1904: 1896: 1876: 1865:As a neutral 1855: 1839: 1819: 1808: 1772: 1743: 1735: 1711: 1683: 1643: 1635:Ochsenhausen 1624: 1603: 1576:; or to the 1555: 1533: 1496:Joseph Haydn 1492:Edmund Burke 1484:William Pitt 1477: 1437: 1418: 1387: 1332: 1285: 1258: 1236:and his son 1226: 1210:Marie Louise 1175: 1146: 1133: 1129: 1128: 1057:Überfremdung 1009: 1002: 995: 988: 981: 974: 949: 900: 899: 874: 785: 751:von Habsburg 707: 697: 559:Subsidiarity 356: 250:11 June 1859 200:Succeeded by 156: 136:Succeeded by 94: 67: 40: 11994:1859 deaths 11989:1773 births 11853:Reactionary 11774:Aristocracy 11746:Corporatism 11726:Agrarianism 11631:Integralism 11325:Diefenbaker 11263:Politicians 11185:Tocqueville 10900:Buckley Jr. 10854:Stewardship 10844:Sovereignty 10819:Rule of law 10767:Conventions 10757:Nationalism 10735:Imperialism 10718:Gender role 10703:Familialism 10682:Meritocracy 10677:Aristocracy 10623:Traditional 10586:New Zealand 10490:Libertarian 10298:Pinochetism 10292:Gremialismo 10249:Integralism 10239:Bolsonarism 10203:Maurrasismo 10163:Switzerland 10116:Netherlands 10009:Thatcherism 9951:Noucentisme 9865:Slavophilia 9838:Eurasianism 9729:Romanticism 9695:Prussianism 9683:Neue Rechte 9591:Bonapartism 9450:South Korea 9396:Revisionist 9348:Principlist 9251:Reactionary 9246:Progressive 9196:Corporatist 8927:Ugo Foscolo 8709:Crimean War 8642:Young Italy 8003:14 November 7513:Palmer 1972 7491:, p. 2 7430:Palmer 1972 7360:Palmer 1972 7345:Palmer 1972 7316:Palmer 1972 7272:Palmer 1972 7253:Palmer 1972 7236:Palmer 1972 7209:Palmer 1972 7192:Palmer 1972 7168:Palmer 1972 7135:Palmer 1972 7118:Palmer 1972 7091:Palmer 1972 7074:Palmer 1972 7062:Palmer 1972 7047:Palmer 1972 7003:Palmer 1972 6972:Palmer 1972 6934:Palmer 1972 6904:Palmer 1972 6858:Palmer 1972 6825:Palmer 1972 6804:Palmer 1972 6787:Palmer 1972 6760:Palmer 1972 6683:Palmer 1972 6632:Palmer 1972 6603:Palmer 1972 6586:Palmer 1972 6569:Palmer 1972 6552:Palmer 1972 6525:Palmer 1972 6504:Palmer 1972 6470:Palmer 1972 6451:Palmer 1972 6391:Palmer 1972 6362:Palmer 1972 6347:Palmer 1972 6335:Palmer 1972 6316:Palmer 1972 6276:Palmer 1972 6252:Palmer 1972 6240:Palmer 1972 6228:Palmer 1972 6216:Palmer 1972 6204:Palmer 1972 6172:Palmer 1972 6153:Palmer 1972 6112:Palmer 1972 6085:Palmer 1972 6070:Palmer 1972 6041:Palmer 1972 6028:, p. . 6026:Nadeau 2016 6014:Palmer 1972 5999:Palmer 1972 5951:Palmer 1972 5917:Palmer 1972 5903:Palmer 1972 5890:Palmer 1972 5873:Palmer 1972 5859:Palmer 1972 5846:Palmer 1972 5833:Palmer 1972 5816:Palmer 1972 5783:Palmer 1972 5771: [ 5094:Netherlands 5052:, 1st Class 4946:August 1835 4862:Württemberg 4815:25 May 1817 4595:31 May 1842 4505:30 May 1825 4363:. No issue. 4237:. No issue. 4131:. No issue. 4070:Reform Bill 4044: 1770 3950:Remigration 3716:Starhemberg 3681:Schuschnigg 3625:Politicians 3434:Imperialism 3419:Clericalism 3285:Crimean War 3175:Blue plaque 3120:Palmer 1972 3103:martial law 2944:Ferdinand I 2822:Palmer 1972 2621:) and King 2563:Ferdinand I 2507:Württemberg 2466:Palmer 1972 2307:peace terms 2300:nationality 2292:rule of law 2241:Palmer 1972 2176:Castlereagh 2045:Palmer 1972 1688:became the 1650:Alexander I 1618:Palmer 1972 1275:revolts in 1273:nationalist 1254:Franz Josef 1238:Ferdinand I 1050:Remigration 816:Starhemberg 781:Schuschnigg 725:Politicians 534:Imperialism 519:Clericalism 271:Nationality 223:15 May 1773 188:Preceded by 178:Ferdinand I 141:Franz Anton 126:Preceded by 116:Ferdinand I 11983:Categories 11719:Ideologies 11654:background 11652:Historical 11440:Metternich 11415:Mannerheim 11290:Berlusconi 11020:La Mennais 10950:Dostoevsky 10925:Chesterton 10839:Solidarity 10804:Patriotism 10789:Organicism 10745:Monarchism 10662:Discipline 10606:Principles 10599:Philosophy 10387:Venezuela 10363:Fujimorism 10261:Monarchist 10244:Coronelism 10151:Monarchist 10139:Monarchist 10111:Luxembourg 10077:Monarchist 9972:Cameronism 9843:Monarchist 9778:Sanfedismo 9606:Legitimism 9507:Bangladesh 9486:Erdoğanism 9481:Democratic 9343:Monarchist 9338:Khomeinism 9126:Third Rome 8187:Metternich 7147:Cecil 1947 7103:Cecil 1947 7030:Cecil 1947 6949:Cecil 1947 6919:Cecil 1947 6885:Cecil 1947 6837:Cecil 1947 6666:Cecil 1947 6485:Cecil 1947 6420:, p. 6418:Riley 2013 6374:Cecil 1947 6264:Cecil 1947 6189:Cecil 1947 6127:Cecil 1947 6097:Cecil 1947 5982:Cecil 1947 5938:References 5928:Sister of 5203:Solanaceae 4966:March 1837 4066:repressive 3911:Österreich 3759:Tschugguel 3701:Rosenkranz 3592:Literature 3449:Organicism 3439:Monarchism 3398:Principles 3360:Ideologies 3293:Edward VII 3050:Revolution 3043:dissidents 2927:Zollverein 2752:Nicholas I 2740:Bratislava 2671:Czernowitz 2612:of Prince 2587:Chancellor 2492:Carl Ibell 2288:sovereigns 2234:committee. 2213:Neapolitan 2185:volte face 2156:Talleyrand 2127:Talleyrand 2123:Wellington 1712:After the 1574:Copenhagen 1566:Regensburg 1547:Ambassador 1480:George III 1414:Francis II 1402:Leopold II 1371:Königswart 1315:Early life 1281:censorship 1269:liberalism 1182:Strasbourg 1167:chancellor 1011:Österreich 859:Tschugguel 801:Rosenkranz 692:Literature 549:Organicism 539:Monarchism 498:Principles 460:Ideologies 254:1859-06-12 227:1773-05-15 18:Metternich 11937:Biography 11550:de Valera 11510:Salisbury 11455:Netanyahu 11410:Macdonald 11380:Kaczyński 11360:de Gaulle 11320:Churchill 11300:Bolsonaro 11285:Andreotti 11125:Santayana 11090:Oakeshott 11050:Mansfield 10930:Coleridge 10880:Bainville 10864:Tradition 10799:Orthodoxy 10618:Authority 10569:Australia 10532:Reaganism 10522:Old Right 10505:Tea Party 10495:Fusionism 10381:Herrerism 10343:Guatemala 10190:Argentina 10129:Miguelist 10125:Portugal 10004:Powellism 9928:Integrism 9916:Francoism 9892:Alfonsism 9815:Sarmatism 9705:Socialist 9643:Sarkozysm 9629:Orléanism 9549:Chiangism 9539:Singapore 9512:Hong Kong 9463:New Right 9391:Religious 9298:Chiangism 9256:Religious 9241:Pragmatic 9177:by region 9111:Redshirts 8996:Opponents 8627:Carbonari 8290:830314384 8282:2327-3917 8221:. Wiley. 7731:cite book 7501:Ford 1971 7489:Sked 1983 7477:Sked 1983 7462:Sked 1983 7447:Okey 2001 7403:Okey 2001 7391:Sked 1983 7299:Okey 2001 7221:Okey 2001 7180:Okey 2001 6984:Ford 1971 6873:Ford 1971 6695:Ford 1971 6649:Okey 2001 6540:Ford 1971 6434:Ross 1969 6406:Ford 1971 5743:‹See Tfd› 5195:J.C.Mikan 5013:Brunswick 4593:(civil), 4245:Hohenlohe 4101:Alan Sked 3749:Schönfeld 3738:Activists 3646:von Gentz 3545:von Hayek 3540:von Gentz 3464:Tradition 3203:Blackwall 3199:chartists 3195:The Hague 3191:Amsterdam 3160:commoners 3156:Feldsberg 3130:petitions 3089:over the 2948:Black Sea 2772:Beethoven 2708:Bad Ischl 2623:George IV 2512:Final Act 2024:Châtillon 1989:‹See Tfd› 1920:Opotschna 1780:Altenburg 1758:Inn river 1723:River Inn 1668:instead. 1610:Colloredo 1568:; to the 1406:Frankfurt 1363:Beilstein 1293:Beethoven 1234:Francis I 849:Schönfeld 838:Activists 746:von Gentz 645:von Hayek 640:von Gentz 564:Tradition 411:Signature 396:Known for 382:Education 258:(aged 86) 173:Francis I 157:In office 111:Francis I 95:In office 11973:Politics 11885:European 11621:Islamism 11604:Hindutva 11574:Religion 11545:Vajpayee 11535:Trujillo 11530:Thatcher 11520:Stolypin 11475:Pinochet 11390:Khomeini 11385:Khamenei 11355:Fujimori 11340:Dollfuss 11330:Disraeli 11295:Bismarck 11280:Adenauer 11208:Politics 11195:Voegelin 11165:Spengler 11135:Schlegel 11100:Peterson 11060:Menéndez 11035:Leontiev 11005:Karamzin 10980:Hitchens 10750:Royalism 10655:Pro-Life 10547:Trumpism 10512:Movement 10431:Trumpism 10426:Populism 10377:Uruguay 10370:Odriismo 10319:Colombia 10273:Populism 10209:Menemism 10135:Romania 10094:Populist 10089:Metaxism 10073:Georgia 9934:Mellismo 9860:Putinism 9833:Duginism 9741:Völkisch 9671:Hegelian 9666:Agrarian 9596:Gaullism 9527:Pakistan 9522:Malaysia 9458:Ilminism 9376:Kahanism 9236:Populist 9226:National 9221:Moderate 9201:Cultural 8614:Timeline 8363:(1972). 8300:(1911). 8170:(1962). 8067:Archived 7888:24 April 7636:24 March 7528:Archived 7372:May 1963 5737:-ər-nikh 5675:See also 5215:Ancestry 5063:Holy See 4340:Lensgraf 4263:Ferraris 4191:Freiherr 4183:Baroness 3851:Heimwehr 3706:Schüssel 3676:Nehammer 3636:Dollfuss 3560:Mannheim 3333:a series 3331:Part of 3261:Brussels 3236:Brighton 3116:— 3000:Istanbul 2952:railways 2847:Brussels 2814:— 2779:Freiherr 2736:nobility 2700:cardinal 2656:Pyrenees 2580:Piedmont 2462:— 2445:Karlsbad 2398:Florence 2280:Napoleon 2237:— 2174:Leaving 2168:Portugal 2041:— 2011:Breisgau 1992:German: 1936:and the 1907:Gitschin 1756:and the 1607:— 1351:Kageneck 1301:Paganini 1250:Brussels 1246:Brighton 1206:Napoleon 1151:Austrian 951:Heimwehr 806:Schüssel 776:Nehammer 736:Dollfuss 660:Mannheim 433:a series 431:Part of 358:See list 353:Children 166:Monarchs 104:Monarchs 11961:Austria 11923:Portals 11712:Related 11560:Zemmour 11525:Suharto 11505:Salazar 11435:Metaxas 11430:Menzies 11425:Maurras 11345:Erdoğan 11335:Dmowski 11310:Canning 11305:GW Bush 11175:Strauss 11145:Scruton 11140:Schmitt 11130:Savigny 11115:Rivarol 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The 1614:Thugut 1307:, and 1248:, and 1242:London 1229:Russia 1192:, the 875:Active 821:Taaffe 756:Haider 713:(1966) 703:(1903) 665:Müller 635:Burger 630:Berger 261:Vienna 76:, 1815 11540:Trump 11515:Smith 11495:Putin 11460:Orbán 11275:Adams 11180:Taine 11170:Stahl 11160:Spann 11120:Röpke 11110:Renan 11105:Ranke 11040:Lewis 10990:Iorga 10970:Gentz 10960:Evola 10955:Eliot 10935:Comte 10905:Burke 10777:Mores 10762:Norms 10527:Paleo 10500:Paleo 10307:Other 10283:Chile 10040:Other 9977:Civic 9884:Spain 9753:Italy 9717:Young 9517:India 9500:Other 9408:Japan 9290:China 9271:Ultra 9211:Green 9089:Other 8306:. 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Knowledge

Klemens von Metternich

Index