632:
580:
371:
40:
620:
648:
1137:
1995:
608:
1122:
2003:
379:
51:
1792:
703:
664:
6241:
4761:
2102:) in a serving of fruit (see key at upper right). The amount of vitamin C (as percent RDA) is plotted on the x–axis and the amount of potassium (K), in mg on the y–axis. Bananas are high in value for fiber and potassium, and oranges for fiber and vitamin C. (Apricots are highest in potassium; strawberries are rich in vitamin C.) Watermelon, providing low levels of both K and vitamin C and almost no fiber, is of least value for the three
242:
4795:
747:
159:
2094:
2189:
680:
4778:
2402:
2416:
1110:
1306:
631:
1282:
3090:
1162:
includes grapes, currants, cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines), tomatoes, chili peppers, and bananas, but excludes certain fruits that are called "-berry" by culinary custom or by common usage of the term – such as strawberries and raspberries. Berries may be formed from one or more carpels (i.e., from
710:
Consistent with the three modes of fruit development, plant scientists have classified fruits into three main groups: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple (or composite) fruits. The groupings reflect how the ovary and other flower organs are arranged and how the fruits develop, but they are
2017:
of fruits – fleshy (simple) fruits from apples to berries to watermelon; dry (simple) fruits including beans and rice and coconuts; aggregate fruits including strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, pawpaw; and multiple fruits such as pineapple, fig, mulberries – are commercially valuable as human
1559:
Fruits may incorporate tissues derived from other floral parts besides the ovary, including the receptacle, hypanthium, petals, or sepals. Accessory fruits occur in all three classes of fruit development – simple, aggregate, and multiple. Accessory fruits are frequently designated by the hyphenated
1886:
Some fruits present their outer skins or shells coated with spikes or hooked burrs; these evolved either to deter would-be foragers from feeding on them or to serve to attach themselves to the hair, feathers, legs, or clothing of animals, thereby using them as dispersal agents. These plants are
2168:
Fruits and vegetables should be kept separate from raw foods like meat, poultry, and seafood, as well as from utensils that have come in contact with raw foods. Fruits and vegetables that are not going to be cooked should be thrown away if they have touched raw meat, poultry, seafood, or eggs.
488:), or it may form a hard outer covering (as in nuts). In some multi-seeded fruits, the extent to which a fleshy structure develops is proportional to the number of fertilized ovules. The pericarp typically is differentiated into two or three distinct layers; these are called the
529:
the attachment of other floral parts – there are parts (including petals, sepals, and stamens) that fuse with the ovary and ripen with it. For such a case, when floral parts other than the ovary form a significant part of the fruit that develops, it is called an
2137:. Fruit consumption is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases. Regular consumption of fruit is generally associated with reduced risks of several diseases and functional declines associated with aging.
579:
473:, while the second sperm enters the central cell forming the endosperm mother cell, which completes the double fertilization process. Later, the zygote will give rise to the embryo of the seed, and the endosperm mother cell will give rise to
2374:
shells is used for brushes, doormats, floor tiles, insulation, mattresses, sacking, and as a growing medium for container plants. The shell of the coconut fruit is used to make bird houses, bowls, cups, musical instruments, and souvenir
2060:
Typically, many botanical fruits – "vegetables" in culinary parlance – (including tomato, green beans, leaf greens, bell pepper, cucumber, eggplant, okra, pumpkin, squash, zucchini) are bought and sold daily in fresh produce markets and
139:
normally means the seed-associated fleshy structures (or produce) of plants that typically are sweet or sour and edible in the raw state, such as apples, bananas, grapes, lemons, oranges, and strawberries. In botanical usage, the term
4020:
468:
grows from the (deposited) pollen through the stigma down the style into the ovary to the ovule. Two sperm are transferred from the pollen to a megagametophyte. Within the megagametophyte, one sperm unites with the egg, forming a
647:
390:. Typically formed from the ovary, it surrounds the seeds; in some species, however, other structural tissues contribute to or form the edible portion. The pericarp may be described in three layers from outer to inner, i.e., the
2097:
Comparing fresh fruits for fiber, potassium (K), and vitamin C. Each disk-point refers to a 100 g (3.5 oz) serving of the fresh fruit named. The size of the disk represents the amount of fiber (as percentage of the
1853:, where fruits set without fertilization. Parthenocarpic fruit-set may (or may not) require pollination, but most seedless citrus fruits require a stimulus from pollination to produce fruit. Seedless bananas and grapes are
619:
2164:
All fruits and vegetables should be rinsed before eating. This recommendation also applies to produce with rinds or skins that are not eaten. It should be done just before preparing or eating to avoid premature spoilage.
794:. Fleshy fruits do not split open, but they also are indehiscent and they may also rely on frugivores for distribution of their seeds. Typically, the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible
3292:
3250:
2685:
2624:
4276:
4057:"A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
2022:. They are used extensively in manufactured and processed foods (cakes, cookies, baked goods, flavorings, ice cream, yogurt, canned vegetables, frozen vegetables and meals) and beverages such as fruit juices and
537:
Because several parts of the flower besides the ovary may contribute to the structure of a fruit, it is important to understand how a particular fruit forms. There are three general modes of fruit development:
3717:
1906:
By developments of mutual evolution, the fleshy produce of fruits typically appeals to hungry animals, such that the seeds contained within are taken in, carried away, and later deposited (i.e.,
2042:
and similar processing is applied to other oil-bearing fruits and vegetables. Some fruits are available all year round, while others (such as blackberries and apricots in the UK) are subject to
3982:
2172:
All cut, peeled, or cooked fruits and vegetables should be refrigerated within two hours. After a certain time, harmful bacteria may grow on them and increase the risk of foodborne illness.
4339:
3948:
2723:
2495:
4161:
Yip, Cynthia Sau Chun; Chan, Wendy; Fielding, Richard (March 2019). "The
Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes with Burden of Diseases: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses".
4114:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies"
6071:
2161:. Fresh fruits and vegetables should be carefully selected; at the store, they should not be damaged or bruised; and precut pieces should be refrigerated or surrounded by ice.
3687:
1560:
term showing both characters. For example, a pineapple is a multiple-accessory fruit, a blackberry is an aggregate-accessory fruit, and an apple is a simple-accessory fruit.
4055:
Lim, Stephen S.; Vos, Theo; Flaxman, Abraham D.; Danaei, Goodarz; Shibuya, Kenji; Adair-Rohani, Heather; Amann, Markus; Anderson, H. Ross; Andrews, Kathryn G. (2012-12-15).
637:
Insertion point: There are three positions of insertion of the ovary at the base of a flower: I superior; II half-inferior; III inferior. The 'insertion point' is where the
3187:
2203:
Because fruits have been such a major part of the human diet, various cultures have developed many different uses for fruits they do not depend on for food. For example:
786:. Or the distribution process may rely upon the decay and degradation of the fruit to expose the seeds; or it may rely upon the eating of fruit and excreting of seeds by
3074:
120:
for the other; humans and many other animals have become dependent on fruits as a source of food. Consequently, fruits account for a substantial fraction of the world's
4297:
3983:
Angelino D, Godos J, Ghelfi F, Tieri M, Titta L, Lafranconi A, Marventano S, Alonzo E, Gambera A, Sciacca S, Buscemi S, Ray S, Galvano F, Del Rio D, Grosso G. (2019).
4626:
4564:
3759:
3593:
3052:
2574:
3631:
2918:
2877:
7175:
6076:
3658:
1036:
or drupe – the definitive characteristic of a drupe is the hard, "lignified" stone (sometimes called the "pit"). It is derived from the ovary wall of the flower:
3442:
7503:
779:; and the merging of several flowers, or a 'multiple' of flowers, results in a 'multiple' fruit. A simple fruit is further classified as either dry or fleshy.
7207:
144:
also includes many structures that are not commonly called 'fruits' in everyday language, such as nuts, bean pods, corn kernels, tomatoes, and wheat grains.
6277:
3709:
4212:
3518:
3480:
3330:
3015:
2533:
6209:
2977:
2118:. An overview of numerous studies showed that fruits (e.g., whole apples or whole oranges) are satisfying (filling) by simply eating and chewing them.
1545:. During the sequence of development, a progression of second, third, and more inflorescences are initiated in turn at the head of the branch or stem.
1158:
Berries are a type of simple fleshy fruit that issue from a single ovary. (The ovary itself may be compound, with several carpels.) The botanical term
1030:– the berry is the most common type of fleshy fruit. The entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens into a potentially edible "pericarp", (see below).
6464:
4693:
3368:
1922:
them, burying them in soil to retrieve later during the winter of scarcity; thereby, uneaten seeds are sown effectively under natural conditions to
4041:
3969:
1285:
Detail of the raspberry flower: there is a clustering of pistils at the center of the flower. (A pistil consists of stigma, style, and ovary.) The
1974:
Some fruits have evolved propulsive mechanisms that fling seeds substantial distances – perhaps up to 100 m (330 ft) in the case of the
625:
An apple is a simple, fleshy fruit. Key parts are the epicarp, or exocarp, or outer skin (not labelled); and the mesocarp and endocarp (labelled).
3651:
657:, flowers are produced in time-sequence along the stem. It is possible to see a progression of flowering, fruit development, and fruit ripening.
3116:
607:
6933:
1251:; rather, they split into segments with one or more seeds. They include a number of different forms from a wide range of families, including
3908:
6127:
4687:
2788:
2943:
2192:
4735:
6474:
4378:
2150:
1241:
are attached to the outside of the fruit-flesh; they appear to be seeds but each is actually an ovary of a flower, with a seed inside.
4234:
7471:
7295:
3679:
7121:
6479:
6270:
5943:
7708:
4717:
1502:. Each ('smallish') flower produces a single fruitlet, which, as all develop, all merge into one mass of fruit. Examples include
464:, which is the movement of pollen from the stamens to the stigma-style-ovary system within the flower-head. After pollination, a
1179:– the fruit has been described as a "leathery berry". In cultivated varieties, the seeds are diminished nearly to non-existence.
8874:
7146:
4508:, 1837: Hide it under thy cloak, say'st thou? Why, it will gleam through the holes, and make thee look like a jack-o'-lantern!
2752:
1963:
fruits can float thousands of miles in the ocean, thereby spreading their seeds. Other fruits that can disperse via water are
1163:
the simple or compound ovary) from the same, single flower. Seeds typically are embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary.
7263:
6923:
4674:
4659:
4558:
4478:
4451:
4413:
4372:
4333:
4270:
3753:
3625:
3587:
3556:
3512:
3474:
3436:
3404:
3362:
3324:
3286:
3244:
3181:
3084:
3046:
3009:
2971:
2912:
2871:
2844:
2813:
2717:
2679:
2618:
2568:
2527:
2489:
2439:
1539:
Progressive stages of multiple flowering and fruit development can be observed on a single branch of the Indian mulberry, or
4484:
4419:
4301:
8456:
8146:
8491:
7004:
6846:
6263:
4749:
4260:
3655:
3272:
3230:
2665:
2604:
1347:
Different types of aggregate fruits can produce different etaerios, such as achenes, drupelets, follicles, and berries.
356:). However, the fruit wall is thin and fused to the seed coat, so almost all the edible grain-fruit is actually a seed.
7199:
2645:
3782:
3426:
1125:
Strawberry, showing achenes attached to surface. Botanically, strawberries are not berries; they are classified as an
7167:
7061:
6133:
4585:
4526:
3909:
Aune D, Giovannucci E, Boffetta P, Fadnes LT, Keum N, Norat T, Greenwood DC, Riboli E, Vatten LJ, Tonstad S. (2017).
3158:
177:
Many common language terms used for fruit and seeds differ from botanical classifications. For example, in botany, a
4703:
1173:– in culinary terms, the tomato is regarded as a vegetable, but it is botanically classified as a fruit and a berry.
8889:
8311:
7014:
6881:
5028:
4832:
1941:. This mechanism increases dispersal distance away from the parent via wind. Other wind-dispersed fruit have tiny "
1221:
The strawberry, regardless of its appearance, is classified as a dry, not a fleshy fruit. Botanically, it is not a
641:
parts (a), the petals (p), and the sepals (s) all converge and attach to the receptacle (r). (Ovary=gynoecium (g).)
44:
8501:
8070:
7455:
7423:
5467:
3390:
1332:; together, they form a fruitlet. The ultimate (fruiting) development of the aggregation of pistils is called an
4441:
1474:, the receptacle, an accessory part, elongates and then develops as part of the fruit, making the blackberry an
521:
9021:
8556:
7106:
7091:
7034:
5948:
4220:
3825:
Holt, S. H.; Miller, J. C.; Petocz, P.; Farmakalidis, E. (September 1995). "A satiety index of common foods".
3502:
9036:
8960:
8793:
8201:
7636:
7548:
7327:
7191:
6958:
5398:
4323:
3464:
3314:
2999:
2517:
782:
To distribute their seeds, dry fruits may split open and discharge their seeds to the winds, which is called
212:
is the sweet- or not sweet- (even sour-) tasting produce of a specific plant (e.g., a peach, pear or lemon);
2961:
1247:
are dry fruits, though some appear to be fleshy. They originate from syncarpous ovaries but do not actually
7375:
6886:
6595:
6469:
6117:
5704:
5219:
447:
2707:
2475:
9005:
8055:
7415:
6533:
6388:
6199:
5953:
3352:
3137:
Smith, James P. (1977). Vascular Plant
Families. Eureka, Calif.: Mad River Press. ISBN 978-0-916422-07-3.
2099:
1447:
108:. Edible fruits in particular have long propagated using the movements of humans and other animals in a
8301:
8020:
7511:
7447:
7287:
7255:
7029:
6943:
6578:
5933:
3396:
2130:
8351:
8206:
8166:
7604:
7495:
7479:
7024:
7019:
7009:
6712:
6675:
6355:
6083:
1942:
1523:
1086:(fused) fleshy fruit, a simple fruit, developing from a half-inferior ovary. Pomes are of the family
1478:
fruit. The strawberry is also an aggregate-accessory fruit, of which the seeds are contained in the
1229:
fruit, the latter term meaning the fleshy part is derived not from the plant's ovaries but from the
8929:
8904:
8783:
8281:
8171:
7580:
7096:
6911:
6754:
6438:
6393:
6221:
6066:
5116:
3171:
3112:
1114:
8486:
3985:"Fruit and vegetable consumption and health outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies"
9051:
8638:
8151:
7351:
7247:
7066:
6591:
6553:
6423:
6408:
6313:
2444:
2134:
2074:
1496:
A multiple fruit is formed from a cluster of flowers, (a 'multiple' of flowers) – also called an
1482:. Notably in all these examples, the fruit develops from a single flower, with numerous pistils.
370:
207:
4871:
2786:
1222:
1141:
9116:
8426:
8326:
8010:
7755:
7407:
7359:
7343:
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6866:
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6856:
6586:
6428:
6383:
6051:
5975:
4610:
4238:
3208:
2939:
519:
of the flower fall away as the fleshy fruit ripens. However, for simple fruits derived from an
31:
17:
8723:
6737:
5780:
4614:
4548:
3739:
3573:
3036:
2836:
2830:
2558:
9066:
8853:
8768:
8521:
8181:
7860:
7487:
7271:
6633:
6618:
6538:
6343:
6216:
4035:
3984:
3963:
3615:
2902:
2861:
1010:
423:
4362:
3786:
1526:, each flower in the cluster develops into a drupe; as the drupes expand, they develop as a
663:
9111:
8909:
8758:
8673:
8581:
8431:
8241:
8101:
7676:
7367:
7335:
7223:
7215:
7126:
7076:
6628:
6433:
5938:
5835:
5790:
5462:
5021:
4825:
3548:
2454:
1880:
1876:
1281:
442:
437:
5438:
1136:
427:
system, is centered in the flower-head, and it forms all or part of the fruit. Inside the
39:
8:
9026:
8955:
8753:
8511:
8506:
8496:
8481:
8471:
8401:
8381:
8336:
7990:
7850:
7668:
7531:
7383:
6801:
6484:
6454:
6403:
6108:
5653:
4974:
3910:
3745:
3579:
3278:
3236:
2671:
2610:
2023:
1929:
Other fruits have evolved flattened and elongated wings or helicopter-like blades, e.g.,
1522:. An inflorescence (a cluster) of white flowers, called a head, is produced first. After
1248:
1230:
986:
791:
783:
764:
Simple fruits are the result of the ripening-to-fruit of a simple or compound ovary in a
445:
produces an egg cell for the purpose of fertilization. (A female gametophyte is called a
8541:
8231:
8075:
2328:
are used as bird houses, cups, decorations, dishes, musical instruments, and water jugs.
2085:
is optimal for post-harvest storage, with the aim of extending and ensuring shelf life.
2073:
All fruits benefit from proper post-harvest care, and in many fruits, the plant hormone
1994:
8980:
8970:
8884:
8808:
8743:
8693:
8551:
8256:
8111:
7885:
7391:
7239:
7101:
7071:
6851:
6841:
6623:
6568:
6418:
6046:
5911:
5689:
5381:
5167:
5063:
4194:
4138:
4113:
4089:
4056:
4012:
3935:
2335:
2154:
1983:
293:(or sweet pepper), and tomato. Many spices are fruits, botanically speaking, including
4072:
249:
Examples of botanically classified fruit that are typically called vegetables include
8894:
8773:
8643:
8633:
8628:
8526:
8261:
8236:
8141:
8126:
8091:
8035:
7985:
7940:
7890:
7845:
7795:
7692:
7620:
7588:
7572:
7556:
7231:
7183:
6963:
6776:
6413:
6360:
6204:
5053:
5048:
4990:
4729:
4670:
4655:
4554:
4474:
4447:
4409:
4368:
4329:
4266:
4186:
4178:
4143:
4094:
4076:
4004:
3940:
3891:
3883:
3842:
3834:
3749:
3621:
3583:
3552:
3508:
3470:
3432:
3400:
3358:
3320:
3282:
3240:
3177:
3154:
3080:
3042:
3005:
2967:
2908:
2867:
2840:
2809:
2713:
2675:
2614:
2564:
2523:
2485:
2158:
1154:
in the middle of the flower. The fruit of this flower is an aggregation of follicles.
752:
4801:
4364:
Restoring
American Gardens: An Encyclopedia of Heirloom Ornamental Plants, 1640–1940
4198:
4016:
1121:
480:
As the ovules develop into seeds, the ovary begins to ripen and the ovary wall, the
9056:
9046:
8985:
8899:
8843:
8813:
8788:
8748:
8658:
8411:
8391:
8316:
8131:
7965:
7920:
7875:
7840:
7741:
7734:
7684:
7652:
7540:
7319:
7081:
6836:
6749:
6601:
5990:
5896:
5891:
5845:
5738:
5723:
5684:
5609:
5450:
5374:
5271:
5213:
4893:
4170:
4133:
4125:
4084:
4068:
3996:
3930:
3922:
3873:
2828:
2744:
2196:
2002:
1863:
1415:
1388:
875:
757:
534:. Examples of accessory fruits include apple, rose hip, strawberry, and pineapple.
318:
7905:
5785:
4713:
4000:
3541:
1847:
are valued for their seedlessness. In some species, seedlessness is the result of
9061:
9000:
8990:
8965:
8803:
8733:
8728:
8698:
8613:
8571:
8436:
8406:
8396:
8356:
8346:
8286:
8246:
8226:
8176:
8136:
8106:
8065:
8060:
7830:
7805:
7660:
7431:
7303:
7049:
6983:
6643:
6350:
6244:
6226:
6088:
5917:
5867:
5855:
5817:
5753:
5580:
5548:
5509:
5482:
5311:
5306:
5197:
5133:
5014:
4964:
4949:
4878:
4818:
4721:
4707:
4468:
4403:
3662:
2792:
2238:
2019:
1910:) at a distance from the parent plant. Likewise, the nutritious, oily kernels of
1828:
1554:
1441:
1421:
1286:
1276:
1226:
1129:
1126:
1079:
992:
815:
695:
378:
153:
82:
8975:
1407:
Some other broadly recognized species and their etaerios (or aggregations) are:
238:, lettuce, broccoli, and tomato). but some may be sweet-tasting (sweet potato).
50:
9106:
9083:
9078:
9073:
8763:
8738:
8713:
8546:
8386:
8366:
8331:
8276:
8266:
8216:
8211:
8121:
8096:
8050:
7995:
7960:
7945:
7915:
7910:
7835:
7820:
7800:
7790:
7564:
7463:
7311:
7279:
7044:
6953:
6680:
6518:
6505:
6459:
6318:
6138:
6103:
6056:
6038:
6002:
5758:
5585:
5563:
5529:
5504:
5487:
5477:
5472:
5354:
5172:
5157:
5111:
5106:
4969:
4959:
4918:
4861:
4174:
2379:
2214:
2213:
Many dry fruits are used as decorations or in dried flower arrangements (e.g.,
2065:
and carried back to kitchens, at home or restaurant, for preparation of meals.
1816:
1759:
1491:
1425:
1294:
1290:
1234:
1100:
1027:
947:
428:
258:
182:
171:
162:
An arrangement of fruits commonly thought of as culinary vegetables, including
113:
86:
3073:
Sinha, Nirmal; Sidhu, Jiwan; Barta, Jozsef; Wu, James; Cano, M. Pilar (2012).
2284:, as well as the biologically inactive chemical theabaine from which the drug
1791:
702:
417:
A fruit results from the fertilizing and maturing of one or more flowers. The
9100:
9031:
8934:
8833:
8718:
8683:
8668:
8536:
8516:
8476:
8466:
8451:
8421:
8416:
8371:
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6375:
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2054:
2043:
1896:
1849:
1498:
1186:
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1083:
851:
365:
326:
94:
1811:
Seedlessness is an important feature of some fruits of commerce. Commercial
8995:
8939:
8924:
8919:
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8818:
8708:
8703:
8608:
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6606:
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6333:
6328:
6169:
6159:
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5279:
5246:
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4190:
4147:
4098:
4008:
3944:
3878:
3861:
2600:
2291:
2050:
1975:
1832:
1755:
1671:
1663:
1641:
1515:
969:
775:. In contrast, a single flower with numerous pistils typically produces an
556:
542:
298:
294:
4589:
4518:
3895:
3846:
189:
that contains seeds, e.g., an orange, pomegranate, tomato or a pumpkin. A
8823:
8798:
8678:
8663:
8618:
8566:
8561:
8441:
8341:
8321:
8306:
8291:
8271:
8191:
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7815:
7054:
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6648:
6558:
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5985:
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5901:
5763:
5543:
5514:
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5408:
5256:
5096:
5091:
5076:
4908:
4866:
4699:
4519:"Grow Your Own Loofah Sponges at Home for Pennies (Yes, You Really Can!)"
3926:
2407:
2302:
2269:
2246:
2242:
2218:
2146:
2126:
2062:
1923:
1911:
1900:
1840:
1703:
1603:
1589:
1192:
1033:
929:
925:
915:
465:
461:
290:
191:
129:
121:
4652:
The Fruit
Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce, and Obsession
2180:
Fruit allergies make up about 10 percent of all food-related allergies.
1435:
9041:
8879:
8848:
8778:
8688:
8653:
8648:
8603:
8461:
8446:
8251:
8161:
7727:
7644:
7519:
7039:
6968:
6948:
6806:
6786:
6563:
6398:
6014:
6007:
5997:
5980:
5663:
5658:
5594:
5386:
5233:
5192:
5086:
4995:
4923:
4784:
3029:
2429:
2386:
2382:
are used as decorative beads for jewelry, garments, and ritual objects.
2254:
2153:
recommends proper fruit handling and preparation to reduce the risk of
2082:
2027:
2014:
1968:
1954:
1907:
1888:
1844:
1824:
1747:
1715:
1707:
1683:
1627:
1623:
1519:
1471:
1383:
1359:
1244:
1210:
1206:
965:
878:– follicles are formed from a single carpel, and opens by one suture: (
819:
809:
787:
638:
597:) over a 7.5-month period, from bud formation in early winter to fruit
453:
405:
Fruit that bears a prominent pointed terminal projection is said to be
322:
226:
101:
59:
55:
4767:
4129:
3710:"How Edible Arrangements Sold $ 500 Million Of Fruit Bouquets In 2013"
3113:"A tomato is actually a fruit — but it's a vegetable at the same time"
2866:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. Chapter 9: Flowers and Reproduction.
8858:
8361:
8030:
7935:
7628:
6973:
6831:
6771:
6122:
6019:
5748:
5553:
5534:
5445:
5369:
5289:
5241:
5182:
5162:
5101:
4883:
4470:
Natural Dyes and Home Dyeing: A Practical Guide with over 150 Recipes
2481:
2357:
2339:
2295:
2285:
2241:
and shrubs are often cultivated for their colorful fruits, including
2115:
2039:
1979:
1964:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1892:
1695:
1675:
1667:
1649:
1615:
1528:
1503:
1455:
1202:
1151:
919:
855:
825:
590:
562:
516:
474:
418:
353:
262:
117:
109:
63:
3860:
Brown, L.; Rosner, B.; Willett, W. W.; Sacks, F. M. (January 1999).
2049:
Fruits are also used for socializing and gift-giving in the form of
549:(while having one or more separate, unfused, carpels); they are the
241:
8838:
7086:
6917:
6821:
6305:
6286:
6164:
6154:
6098:
6093:
5860:
5733:
5709:
5626:
5296:
5081:
4933:
3911:"Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of cardiovascular disease"
2310:
2281:
2262:
2226:
2207:
2103:
2078:
2031:
2007:
1919:
1915:
1879:
applied to their seeds. Dispersal is achieved by wind or water, by
1854:
1812:
1773:
1725:
1679:
1645:
1611:
1511:
1431:
1376:
1353:
1087:
951:
933:
883:
879:
795:
746:
683:
598:
330:
306:
286:
250:
235:
217:
158:
4810:
2093:
1109:
317:, but the edible produce of rhubarb is actually the leaf stalk or
8914:
7748:
7612:
6727:
6523:
5349:
5344:
5261:
5251:
4928:
2371:
2353:
2331:
2277:
2258:
2222:
2188:
2125:, and may help to control body weight and aid reduction of blood
2122:
2018:
food. They are eaten both fresh and as jams, marmalade and other
1960:
1737:
1619:
1467:
1400:
1324:; it develops from a single flower that presents numerous simple
1320:
1260:
1256:
1075:
1037:
975:
865:
735:
310:
278:
254:
3862:"Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis"
2829:
Rost, Thomas L.; Weier, T. Elliot; Weier, Thomas Elliot (1979).
850:– an achene-like fruit derived from the individual florets in a
679:
7950:
6978:
6811:
6791:
6705:
6700:
6611:
5802:
5694:
5614:
5568:
5558:
5519:
5457:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5037:
4903:
4898:
4856:
2361:
2318:
2306:
1861:
plant that is produced by fertilization, a phenomenon known as
1858:
1820:
1800:
1777:
1711:
1699:
1659:
1607:
1479:
1411:
1395:
1364:
1329:
1325:
1310:
1252:
1238:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1041:
979:
911:
905:
893:
869:
847:
841:
805:
771:
719:
687:
512:
470:
337:
270:
186:
167:
90:
70:
2519:
Encyclopedic
Dictionary of Plant Breeding and Related Subjects
908:: botanically, the peanut is the seed of a legume, not a nut).
100:
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as
8623:
6796:
6766:
6695:
6026:
5960:
5882:
5850:
5807:
5699:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5619:
5604:
5573:
5152:
5143:
4888:
4743:
4213:"Nutrition for Everyone: Fruits and Vegetables – DNPAO – CDC"
4112:
Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (2014).
3466:
2415:
2346:
2325:
2314:
2273:
2250:
2234:
2035:
1934:
1836:
1796:
1769:
1751:
1733:
1729:
1691:
1687:
1637:
1585:
1507:
1463:
1371:
1298:
1289:
is the apical (at the apex) nodule that receives pollen; the
1264:
1214:
1104:
1067:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1001:
959:
937:
887:
861:
829:
731:
723:
691:
613:
The parts of a flower, showing the stigma-style-ovary system.
586:
508:
504:
485:
457:.) After double fertilization, the ovules will become seeds.
432:
349:
341:
302:
282:
231:
221:
200:
163:
125:
4728:
3824:
2401:
1305:
386:
The outer layer, often edible, of most fruits is called the
6816:
6761:
6717:
6638:
5877:
5872:
5524:
5364:
5339:
5334:
5318:
5177:
4913:
3388:
2367:
1593:
1541:
1071:
1063:
1053:
996:
897:
837:
833:
712:
654:
572:
form from many flowers – i.e., an inflorescence of flowers.
345:
314:
266:
105:
78:
4667:
Bioactive Foods in
Promoting Health: Fruits and Vegetables
3041:. New York: Columbia University Press. 1991. p. 209.
132:) have acquired extensive cultural and symbolic meanings.
5797:
5359:
5006:
4550:
Design
Paradigms: A Sourcebook for Creative Visualization
2030:, wine). Spices like vanilla, black pepper, paprika, and
1978:– via explosive dehiscence or other such mechanisms (see
1930:
1926:
and grow a new plant some distance away from the parent.
1297:, which is the basal part that contains the seed-forming
955:
941:
901:
274:
7176:
An Essay on
Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty
2606:
On Food and
Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen
1023:
Types of fleshy simple fruits, (with examples) include:
4690:
at bioimages.Vanderbilt.edu (archived 18 February 2007)
3859:
3680:"Best Gift Baskets for the Holidays - Consumer Reports"
2110:
Various culinary fruits provide significant amounts of
1867:, which requires normal pollination and fertilization.
2808:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 258.
7208:
Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes
3783:"Fruits and Vegetables Post-Harvest Care: The Basics"
2896:
2894:
2081:. Therefore, maintaining most fruits in an efficient
1875:
Variations in fruit structures largely depend on the
1532:
organ, merging into a multiple fleshy fruit called a
1318:
An aggregate fruit is also called an aggregation, or
801:
Types of dry simple fruits, (with examples) include:
4696:
at bioimages.Vanderbilt.edu (archived 25 April 2017)
3989:
International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition
2397:
2121:
The dietary fiber consumed in eating fruit promotes
1857:, and seedlessness results from the abortion of the
460:
Ovules are fertilized in a process that starts with
4446:. University of South Carolina Press. p. 221.
4443:
Gardens and Historic Plants of the Antebellum South
4054:
2955:
2953:
1998:
A selection of fruit for sale in a market in France
216:
are hard, oily, non-sweet plant produce in shells (
3540:
2891:
1795:The fruit of a pineapple includes tissue from the
1351:For example, the Ranunculaceae species, including
4163:Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
3669:, published 6 October 2022, accessed 25 June 2023
3350:
3169:
3072:
2803:
1563:
1293:is the stem-like column that extends down to the
1195:– berries with a rind and a juicy interior: most
9098:
4111:
2950:
2210:fruits provide a wax often used to make candles;
808:– most commonly seen in aggregate fruits (e.g.,
4504:Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Great Carbuncle", in
4160:
6285:
4665:Watson, R. R., and Preedy, V.R. (2010, eds.).
374:Pomegranate fruit – whole and piece with arils
6934:Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine
6271:
5022:
4826:
4258:
3812:The Biochemistry of Fruits and Their Products
3351:Agusti, Manuel; Primo-Millo, Eduardo (2020).
2832:Botany: a brief introduction to plant biology
711:not evolutionarily relevant as diverse plant
6128:International Association for Plant Taxonomy
4040:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3968:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3748:. Chapter 6: A Survey of Common Vegetables.
2552:
2550:
1375:species, including raspberry: an etaerio of
882:); also commonly seen in aggregate fruits: (
694:. Each flower will become a blackberry-like
566:(having two or more carpels fused together).
313:is often called a fruit when used in making
3420:
3418:
3416:
674:
195:is a type of fruit (and not a seed), and a
6278:
6264:
5029:
5015:
4833:
4819:
4235:"Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America"
3866:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3389:Spiegel-Roy, P.; E.E. Goldschmidt (1996).
3110:
2904:Plants Systematics: An Integrated Approach
2595:
2593:
2591:
2114:and water, and many are generally high in
1815:of bananas and pineapples are examples of
43:Various fruits arranged at a stall at the
7472:Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows
7296:Thirty-nine Reasons Why I Am a Vegetarian
4710:from California Rare Fruit Growers, Inc.)
4137:
4088:
3934:
3877:
3803:
3785:. Crosstree Techno-visors. Archived from
3382:
3357:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 219–244.
2940:"Sporophore from Encyclopædia Britannica"
2547:
1314:unripe capsule fruit; an aggregate fruit.
477:, a nutritive tissue used by the embryo.
325:seeds are often given fruit names, e.g.,
147:
7122:World Esperantist Vegetarian Association
6072:International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)
4688:Images of fruit development from flowers
4553:. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 162–63.
3814:. London & New York: Academic Press.
3809:
3707:
3582:. Chapter 7: A Survey of Common Fruits.
3538:
3413:
3312:
2997:
2959:
2806:Botany: an introduction to plant biology
2560:Botany: An Introduction to Plant Biology
2515:
2187:
2092:
2001:
1993:
1790:
1548:
1304:
1280:
1135:
1120:
1108:
745:
701:
678:
435:. Here begins a complex sequence called
377:
369:
240:
157:
49:
38:
7709:You Are What You Eat: A Twin Experiment
4466:
4439:
3656:A guide to British fruit and vegetables
3613:
3547:. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. p.
3176:. Rastogi Publication. pp. 2–134.
3145:
3143:
3076:Handbook of Fruits and Fruit Processing
3038:Evolutionary trends in flowering plants
2859:
2709:CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences
2588:
2563:. Jones and Bartlett. pp. 271–72.
2556:
2477:CRC Dictionary of Agricultural Sciences
2467:
2345:The fibrous core of the mature and dry
1438:; fruit is an aggregation of follicles.
1150:showing the many pistils making up the
872:: botanically, neither is a true nut.).
14:
9099:
7147:List of vegetarian and vegan companies
4300:. The Morton Arboretum. Archived from
3827:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
3500:
3462:
2378:The hard and colorful grain fruits of
1444:; fruit is an aggregation of capsules.
1185:– berries with skin that is hardened:
585:The development sequence of a typical
484:, may become fleshy (as in berries or
27:Seed-bearing part of a flowering plant
7264:Behind the Scenes in Slaughter-Houses
6924:Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme
6259:
5010:
4814:
4398:
4360:
4342:from the original on January 30, 2024
3915:International Journal of Epidemiology
3780:
3737:
3571:
3424:
3319:. Taylor & Francis. p. 282.
3270:
3228:
3163:
3119:from the original on 15 February 2020
3104:
3004:. Taylor & Francis. p. 123.
2900:
2705:
2663:
2599:
2473:
2440:List of countries by fruit production
1870:
1450:; fruit is an aggregation of achenes.
944:): botanically, these are true nuts).
8875:Ben & Esther's Vegan Jewish Deli
8457:A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
4750:
4609:
4588:. The Coconut Museum. Archived from
4546:
4328:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 155.
3773:
3140:
2966:. Taylor & Francis. p. 16.
2088:
1883:, and by interactions with animals.
1804:
1780:, pineapple, blackberry, strawberry
1475:
1466:attached to the receptacle. In some
1462:because each pistil is like a small
776:
569:
531:
492:(outer layer, also called epicarp),
4840:
4205:
2755:from the original on 8 October 2014
1270:
1189:, including gourds, squash, melons.
1009:Fruits in which part or all of the
24:
7200:Reasons for not Eating Animal Food
4644:
2907:. Science Publishers. p. 83.
2646:Supreme Court of the United States
1786:
1485:
25:
9128:
7168:On Abstinence from Eating Animals
7062:North American Vegetarian Society
6077:ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)
4954:
4681:
4321:
3617:Spices, Condiments and Seasonings
3507:. Timber Press. pp. 162–64.
3431:. Timber Press. pp. 198–99.
3153:. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
1016:is fleshy at maturity are termed
550:
8890:Green Elephant Vegetarian Bistro
7015:Christian Vegetarian Association
6240:
6239:
4793:
4776:
4759:
3469:. Timber Press. pp. 93–95.
2946:from the original on 2011-02-22.
2777:. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
2751:. Western Australian Herbarium.
2414:
2400:
2100:recommended daily allowance, RDA
822:: botanically, it is not a nut).
741:
662:
646:
630:
618:
606:
578:
7424:Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone
4694:Fruit and seed dispersal images
4629:from the original on 2024-01-30
4603:
4578:
4567:from the original on 2024-01-30
4540:
4529:from the original on 2023-01-02
4511:
4498:
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4023:from the original on 2024-01-30
3976:
3951:from the original on 2017-10-06
3902:
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3762:from the original on 2024-01-30
3731:
3720:from the original on 2022-05-21
3701:
3690:from the original on 2021-06-02
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3634:from the original on 2024-01-30
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3596:from the original on 2024-01-30
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3521:from the original on 2024-01-30
3494:
3483:from the original on 2024-01-30
3456:
3445:from the original on 2024-01-30
3371:from the original on 2021-10-28
3344:
3333:from the original on 2024-01-30
3306:
3295:from the original on 2024-01-30
3264:
3253:from the original on 2024-01-30
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3131:
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2880:from the original on 2024-01-30
2853:
2822:
2797:
2780:
2726:from the original on 2024-01-30
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2577:from the original on 2024-01-30
2536:from the original on 2024-01-30
2498:from the original on 2024-01-30
2183:
1901:beggarticks (or Spanish needle)
730:body, fungi are members of the
690:, each of which will produce a
382:Fruit Platter- Seasonal Fruits.
9022:Vegetarian and vegan symbolism
7368:Moosewood Collective Cookbooks
7107:Vegetarian Society (Singapore)
7092:Toronto Vegetarian Association
7035:International Vegetarian Union
4586:"The Many Uses of the Coconut"
4473:. Courier Dover Publications.
2767:
2737:
2699:
2657:
2638:
2522:. Haworth Press. p. 177.
2509:
2140:
1564:Table of fleshy fruit examples
750:A dry simple fruit: milkweed (
412:
124:output, and some (such as the
13:
1:
9037:Vegetarian and vegan dog diet
8961:Food for Thought (restaurant)
7549:Diet for a New America (film)
7328:The Benefits of Vegetarianism
7192:A Vindication of Natural Diet
6959:Vegan Prisoners Support Group
4322:K, Amber (December 1, 2001).
4073:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61766-8
4001:10.1080/09637486.2019.1571021
2745:"Glossary of Botanical Terms"
2460:
1914:typically motivate birds and
1424:; fruit is an aggregation of
1414:; fruit is an aggregation of
352:is a kind of fruit (termed a
45:Municipal Market of São Paulo
7376:The Farm Vegetarian Cookbook
6596:Seventh-day Adventist Church
6118:History of plant systematics
5705:Thorns, spines, and prickles
4361:Adams, Denise Wiles (2004).
3620:. Springer. pp. 17–19.
3614:Farrell, Kenneth T. (1999).
3173:Genetics Classical To Modern
2835:. New York: Wiley. pp.
2385:Fruit is often a subject of
2175:
1989:
828:– (cereal grains, including
359:
154:Vegetable § Terminology
7:
9006:The Pitman Vegetarian Hotel
7416:The Sexual Politics of Meat
6534:Environmental vegetarianism
6389:Environmental vegetarianism
3779:Why Cold Chain for Fruits:
3463:Heiser, Charles B. (2003).
2516:Schlegel, Rolf H J (2003).
2393:
2276:, which contains the drugs
2195:is usually planted for its
1328:. Each pistil contains one
760:fruit reveals seeds within.
686:flowers. Note the multiple
230:, so-called, typically are
10:
9133:
7512:Making a Stand for Animals
7288:Fifty Years of Food Reform
7030:Hare Krishna Food for Life
6944:Vegan Awareness Foundation
5934:Alternation of generations
5036:
4440:Cothran, James R. (2003).
4325:Candlemas: Feast of Flames
4265:. Montecito Wellness LLC.
4237:. Aafa.org. Archived from
4217:fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov
4175:10.1016/j.jand.2018.11.007
3397:Cambridge University Press
3170:Gupta, Prof. P.K. (2007).
3111:Mark Abadi (26 May 2018).
2804:Mauseth, James D. (2003).
2791:December 20, 2010, at the
2712:. CRC Press. p. 238.
2648:ruling on the matter, see
2557:Mauseth, James D. (2003).
2360:inspired the invention of
2349:fruit is used as a sponge.
2068:
2034:are derived from berries.
1891:; common examples include
1552:
1489:
1274:
1098:
1094:
920:sweet vetch or wild potato
715:may be in the same group.
363:
151:
135:In common language usage,
29:
9014:
8948:
8867:
8594:
8167:Maximilian Bircher-Benner
8084:
7778:
7765:
7719:
7605:Fat, Sick and Nearly Dead
7530:
7496:The End of Animal Farming
7480:The Vegan Studies Project
7155:
7139:
7025:French Vegetarian Society
7020:European Vegetarian Union
7010:Boston Vegetarian Society
6992:
6894:
6880:
6661:
6577:
6504:
6497:
6447:
6374:
6356:Vegan organic agriculture
6304:
6297:
6235:
6183:
6147:
6084:Cultivated plant taxonomy
6047:Biological classification
6037:
5910:
5826:
5722:
5672:
5397:
5327:
5270:
5232:
5206:
5142:
5062:
5044:
4983:
4942:
4849:
4650:Gollner, Adam J. (2010).
4615:"Coix spp. (Job's tears)"
4467:Adrosko, Rita J. (1971).
3079:. John Wiley & Sons.
2901:Singh, Gurcharan (2004).
2474:Lewis, Robert A. (2002).
2294:fruits are used to repel
1803:of many flowers. It is a
1363:, produces an etaerio of
1113:Fruits of four different
8930:The Sound Lounge, London
8905:Little Pine (restaurant)
8784:Colleen Patrick-Goudreau
8282:Narasinh Narayan Godbole
7456:The Bloodless Revolution
7097:Vegetarian Federal Union
6912:Food Empowerment Project
6755:List of meat substitutes
5944:Evolutionary development
4724:by Capt. Pawanexh Kohli)
3781:Kohli, Pawanexh (2008).
3539:Feldkamp, Susan (2002).
2006:Picking blackberries in
1805:multiple-accessory fruit
1744:True berry: Hesperidium
675:Classification of fruits
206:In culinary language, a
85:that is formed from the
9052:Plant-based action plan
8794:Satchidananda Saraswati
8639:Tabitha Brown (actress)
7448:Livestock's Long Shadow
7352:Diet for a Small Planet
7256:Shelley's Vegetarianism
7067:Order of the Golden Age
6554:Replaceability argument
6424:Vegetarian Diet Pyramid
6409:Lacto-ovo vegetarianism
6314:Animal-free agriculture
5595:Hypanthium (Floral cup)
4736:Encyclopædia Britannica
3684:www.consumerreports.org
3316:Encyclopedic Dictionary
3001:Encyclopedic Dictionary
2963:Encyclopedic Dictionary
2445:List of culinary fruits
2135:cardiovascular diseases
1569:Types of fleshy fruits
1399:species: an etaerio of
1387:species: an etaerio of
718:While the section of a
8427:Francis William Newman
8327:Martin Luther Holbrook
7408:Diet for a New America
7360:The Vegetarian Epicure
7248:What is Vegetarianism?
7005:Bible Christian Church
6907:Beauty Without Cruelty
6902:American Vegan Society
6384:Economic vegetarianism
6210:by author abbreviation
6134:Plant taxonomy systems
6052:Botanical nomenclature
4739:(11th ed.). 1911.
4408:. St. Martin's Press.
4259:Roy Mankovitz (2010).
3151:Anatomy of seed plants
2775:Anatomy of seed plants
2200:
2107:
2010:
1999:
1808:
1315:
1302:
1155:
1133:
1118:
1117:(Bananas are berries.)
761:
707:
699:
559:fruits develop from a
545:fruits develop from a
525:– i.e., one that lies
451:, and also called the
383:
375:
246:
234:or non-sweet produce (
174:
148:Botanical vs. culinary
116:for the one group and
112:that is the means for
110:symbiotic relationship
81:-bearing structure in
66:
47:
32:Fruit (disambiguation)
8769:Isa Chandra Moskowitz
8522:Russell Thacher Trall
8487:Johan Lindström Saxon
8182:Lucius Duncan Bulkley
7488:Animal (De)liberation
7272:Why I Am a Vegetarian
6539:Ethics of eating meat
6217:Botanical expeditions
4547:Wake, Warren (2000).
3425:Capon, Brian (2005).
3392:The Biology of Citrus
2191:
2096:
2005:
1997:
1794:
1549:Accessory fruit forms
1308:
1284:
1139:
1124:
1112:
756:); dehiscence of the
749:
705:
682:
421:, which contains the
381:
373:
321:of the plant. Edible
244:
161:
53:
42:
8910:Moosewood Restaurant
8759:Moosewood Collective
8674:Crescent Dragonwagon
8582:Kathleen Keen Zolber
8242:James Elmslie Duncan
8102:Bertrand P. Allinson
7336:Living the Good Life
7224:Fruits and Farinacea
7127:World Vegetarian Day
7077:ProVeg International
6465:Fictional characters
5949:Evolutionary history
5939:Double fertilization
5791:Cellular respiration
4943:Categories of fruits
4262:The Wellness Project
3879:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30
3746:Simon & Schuster
3580:Simon & Schuster
3428:Botany for Gardeners
3279:Simon & Schuster
3237:Simon & Schuster
3115:. Business Insider.
2672:Simon & Schuster
2611:Simon & Schuster
2455:List of fruit dishes
2301:Many fruits provide
2199:, colourful berries.
1881:explosive dehiscence
1819:. Some cultivars of
1582:Simple fleshy fruit
1018:fleshy simple fruits
503:In some fruits, the
496:(middle layer), and
438:double fertilization
104:) disseminate their
30:For other uses, see
9027:List of vegan media
8956:Cranks (restaurant)
8754:Joanne Lee Molinaro
8724:Frances Moore Lappé
8512:William O. Stephens
8507:Ernest Lester Smith
8497:Richard H. Schwartz
8482:Henry Stephens Salt
8472:Ulma Doyle Register
8402:Harry Willis Miller
8382:Alice Garrett Marsh
8337:John Harvey Kellogg
7991:James E. McWilliams
7756:The Animals' Agenda
6738:Microbial cellulose
6713:Gelatin substitutes
6676:Chicken fillet roll
6404:Lacto vegetarianism
5168:Non-vascular plants
4619:Agricultural Ledger
3741:On Food and Cooking
3575:On Food and Cooking
3281:. pp. 364–65.
3274:On Food and Cooking
3239:. pp. 361–62.
3232:On Food and Cooking
2667:On Food and Cooking
2613:. pp. 247–48.
2352:The spiny fruit of
2024:alcoholic beverages
1823:fruits (especially
1570:
1476:aggregate-accessory
1454:The pistils of the
1227:aggregate-accessory
1066:– the pome fruits:
54:Fresh fruit mix of
8981:New Riverside Cafe
8971:Lentil as Anything
8949:Former restaurants
8885:Crossroads Kitchen
8809:Alicia Silverstone
8744:Hetty Lui McKinnon
8694:Carol Lee Flinders
8552:Severin Wielobycki
8257:Charles W. Forward
8112:Charles R. Attwood
7886:Caldwell Esselstyn
7392:Moosewood Cookbook
7240:The Ethics of Diet
7102:Vegetarian Society
7072:ProVeg Deutschland
5673:Surface structures
5468:Flower development
4720:2021-01-09 at the
4714:Photo ID of Fruits
4706:2020-07-12 at the
4669:. Academic Press.
3927:10.1093/ije/dyw319
3661:2023-06-25 at the
3504:Weeds in My Garden
3399:. pp. 87–88.
2272:are the source of
2201:
2155:food contamination
2108:
2011:
2000:
1984:squirting cucumber
1877:modes of dispersal
1871:Seed dissemination
1809:
1568:
1442:American sweet gum
1316:
1303:
1166:Examples include:
1156:
1134:
1119:
790:– both are called
762:
708:
700:
424:stigma-style-ovary
384:
376:
247:
245:Fresh Fruit Plate.
175:
67:
48:
9094:
9093:
8895:Greens Restaurant
8774:Bawa Muhaiyaddeen
8644:Suzy Amis Cameron
8634:Edward Espe Brown
8629:Martha Brotherton
8590:
8589:
8527:Frederick Towgood
8492:James Scholefield
8432:R. E. O'Callaghan
8262:Michael Allen Fox
8237:Daniel Dombrowski
8142:George Bedborough
8127:Horace A. Barrows
8092:Phyllis B. Acosta
7986:John A. McDougall
7941:Avery Yale Kamila
7891:Gary L. Francione
7846:T. Colin Campbell
7796:Suzanne M. Babich
7693:The Game Changers
7637:Live and Let Live
7621:Forks Over Knives
7581:Peaceable Kingdom
7573:Post Punk Kitchen
7557:A Cow at My Table
7504:Vegetable Kingdom
7232:The Pleasure Boat
7216:Nature's Own Book
7184:Vegetable Cookery
7135:
7134:
6964:The Vegan Society
6777:Nutritional yeast
6657:
6656:
6493:
6492:
6414:Ovo vegetarianism
6361:Vegan school meal
6253:
6252:
5892:Herbaceous plants
5718:
5717:
5004:
5003:
4675:978-0-12-374628-3
4660:978-0-7432-9695-3
4560:978-0-471-29976-9
4480:978-0-486-22688-0
4453:978-1-57003-501-2
4415:978-0-312-20667-3
4374:978-0-88192-619-4
4335:978-0-7387-0079-3
4272:978-0-9801584-4-1
4130:10.1136/bmj.g4490
4124:(Jul 29): g4490.
4067:(9859): 2224–60.
3810:Hulme AC (1970).
3755:978-0-684-80001-1
3708:O'Connor, Clare.
3627:978-0-8342-1337-1
3589:978-0-684-80001-1
3558:978-0-88192-562-3
3514:978-0-88192-562-3
3476:978-0-88192-562-3
3438:978-0-88192-655-2
3406:978-0-521-33321-4
3364:978-0-12-812163-4
3326:978-1-56022-950-6
3313:Schlegel (2003).
3288:978-0-684-80001-1
3246:978-0-684-80001-1
3183:978-81-7133-896-2
3149:Esau, K. (1977).
3086:978-1-118-35263-2
3048:978-0-231-07328-8
3011:978-1-56022-950-6
2998:Schlegel (2003).
2973:978-1-56022-950-6
2960:Schlegel (2003).
2914:978-1-57808-351-0
2873:978-0-7637-2134-3
2846:978-0-471-02114-8
2815:978-0-7637-2134-3
2719:978-0-8493-2327-0
2681:978-0-684-80001-1
2620:978-0-684-80001-1
2570:978-0-7637-2134-3
2529:978-1-56022-950-6
2491:978-0-8493-2327-0
2159:foodborne illness
2089:Nutritional value
1784:
1783:
1722:True berry: Pepo
753:Asclepias syriaca
16:(Redirected from
9124:
9067:Planetary health
9057:Sustainable diet
9047:Plant-based diet
8986:Nix (restaurant)
8900:Hiltl Restaurant
8844:Umberto Veronesi
8814:Hannah Sunderani
8789:Mathew Pritchard
8749:Tracye McQuirter
8659:Chloe Coscarelli
8597:cookbook authors
8542:Emil Weilshäuser
8412:Reuben D. Mussey
8392:William Metcalfe
8317:Philippe Hecquet
8232:Daniël de Clercq
8132:Geoffrey Barstow
8076:Sophie Zaïkowska
7966:Thomas Lepeltier
7921:A. Breeze Harper
7876:George Dornbusch
7841:Jodey Castricano
7776:
7775:
7742:Vegetarian Times
7685:Eating You Alive
7653:PlantPure Nation
7541:The Animals Film
7384:Laurel's Kitchen
7320:A Fleshless Diet
7082:ProVeg Nederland
6892:
6891:
6837:Vegetarian bacon
6750:Meat alternative
6502:
6501:
6302:
6301:
6280:
6273:
6266:
6257:
6256:
6243:
6242:
6222:Individual trees
5897:Secondary growth
5868:Succulent plants
5856:Prostrate shrubs
5739:Apical dominance
5724:Plant physiology
5685:Epicuticular wax
5230:
5229:
5223:
5214:Plant morphology
5031:
5024:
5017:
5008:
5007:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4798:
4797:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4772:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4752:
4740:
4732:
4638:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4607:
4601:
4600:
4598:
4597:
4582:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4544:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4515:
4509:
4506:Twice-Told Tales
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4405:Opium: A History
4396:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4367:. Timber Press.
4358:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4309:
4298:"Porcelain vine"
4294:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4219:. Archived from
4209:
4203:
4202:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4141:
4109:
4103:
4102:
4092:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4039:
4031:
4029:
4028:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3967:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3938:
3921:(3): 1029–1056.
3906:
3900:
3899:
3881:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3777:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3676:
3670:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3546:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3422:
3411:
3410:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3354:The Genus Citrus
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3216:www.rkv.rgukt.in
3213:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3167:
3161:
3147:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3033:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2957:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2898:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2860:Mauseth (2003).
2857:
2851:
2850:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2801:
2795:
2784:
2778:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2661:
2655:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2597:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2554:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2471:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2336:Jack-o'-lanterns
2334:are carved into
2239:Ornamental trees
1864:stenospermocarpy
1829:mandarin oranges
1766:Accessory fruit
1600:Aggregate fruit
1571:
1567:
1470:fruits, such as
1271:Aggregate fruits
1115:banana cultivars
987:shepherd's purse
968:, see below – (
666:
650:
634:
622:
610:
582:
431:are one or more
83:flowering plants
21:
9132:
9131:
9127:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9121:
9097:
9096:
9095:
9090:
9010:
9001:The Hollow Reed
8991:Penny Cafeteria
8966:InSpiral Lounge
8944:
8863:
8804:Miyoko Schinner
8734:Linda McCartney
8729:Deborah Madison
8699:Alexis Gauthier
8614:Carleigh Bodrug
8596:
8586:
8572:Jon Wynne-Tyson
8557:Howard Williams
8437:Josiah Oldfield
8407:J. Howard Moore
8397:Eli Peck Miller
8357:W. R. C. Latson
8347:Daniel H. Kress
8287:Jeremiah Hacker
8247:Eknath Easwaran
8227:Lenna F. Cooper
8177:Ernest Bonnejoy
8137:Sidney H. Beard
8107:Thomas Allinson
8080:
8066:Corey Lee Wrenn
8061:Kim A. Williams
7831:Will Bulsiewicz
7806:Neal D. Barnard
7771:
7769:
7767:
7761:
7715:
7661:What the Health
7532:Films and shows
7526:
7432:The China Study
7304:The Meat Fetish
7159:
7157:
7151:
7131:
7050:Meatless Monday
6988:
6984:World Vegan Day
6884:
6876:
6847:Vegetarian mark
6663:
6653:
6573:
6489:
6443:
6370:
6293:
6284:
6254:
6249:
6231:
6200:Botanical terms
6193:
6179:
6143:
6089:Citrus taxonomy
6067:Author citation
6033:
5927:
5906:
5828:
5822:
5818:Turgor pressure
5726:
5714:
5668:
5483:Floral symmetry
5401:
5393:
5323:
5312:Vascular bundle
5307:Vascular tissue
5266:
5226:
5217:
5216:
5202:
5173:Vascular plants
5138:
5134:Plant pathology
5058:
5040:
5035:
5005:
5000:
4979:
4975:Dehiscent fruit
4965:Aggregate fruit
4950:Accessory fruit
4938:
4850:Types of fruits
4845:
4839:
4809:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4782:
4777:
4775:
4771:from Wiktionary
4765:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4751:sister projects
4748:at Knowledge's
4727:
4722:Wayback Machine
4708:Wayback Machine
4684:
4647:
4645:Further reading
4642:
4641:
4632:
4630:
4608:
4604:
4595:
4593:
4584:
4583:
4579:
4570:
4568:
4561:
4545:
4541:
4532:
4530:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4503:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4481:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4438:
4434:
4425:
4423:
4416:
4397:
4393:
4384:
4382:
4375:
4359:
4355:
4345:
4343:
4336:
4320:
4316:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4257:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4159:
4155:
4110:
4106:
4053:
4049:
4033:
4032:
4026:
4024:
3981:
3977:
3961:
3960:
3954:
3952:
3907:
3903:
3858:
3854:
3823:
3819:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3763:
3756:
3736:
3732:
3723:
3721:
3706:
3702:
3693:
3691:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3663:Wayback Machine
3650:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3628:
3612:
3608:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3515:
3501:Heiser (2003).
3499:
3495:
3486:
3484:
3477:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3439:
3423:
3414:
3407:
3387:
3383:
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3372:
3365:
3349:
3345:
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3334:
3327:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3296:
3289:
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3265:
3256:
3254:
3247:
3227:
3223:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3184:
3168:
3164:
3148:
3141:
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3109:
3105:
3096:
3094:
3087:
3071:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3049:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3021:
3019:
3012:
2996:
2992:
2983:
2981:
2974:
2958:
2951:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2915:
2899:
2892:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2802:
2798:
2793:Wayback Machine
2785:
2781:
2773:Esau, K. 1977.
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2729:
2727:
2720:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2674:. p. 367.
2662:
2658:
2643:
2639:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2555:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2501:
2499:
2492:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2288:is synthesized.
2186:
2178:
2143:
2091:
2071:
2038:is pressed for
2020:fruit preserves
1992:
1873:
1817:seedless fruits
1799:as well as the
1789:
1787:Seedless fruits
1634:Multiple fruit
1566:
1557:
1555:Accessory fruit
1551:
1494:
1488:
1486:Multiple fruits
1340:, or simply an
1334:aggregate fruit
1279:
1277:Aggregate fruit
1273:
1237:. Numerous dry
1233:that holds the
1130:accessory fruit
1107:
1099:Main articles:
1097:
1080:saskatoon berry
777:aggregate fruit
744:
734:and not of the
696:aggregate fruit
677:
670:
667:
658:
651:
642:
635:
626:
623:
614:
611:
602:
583:
570:Multiple fruits
532:accessory fruit
500:(inner layer).
448:megagametophyte
415:
368:
362:
340:grain, such as
336:Botanically, a
309:. In contrast,
156:
150:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9130:
9120:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9092:
9091:
9089:
9088:
9087:
9086:
9084:Pollotarianism
9081:
9079:Pescetarianism
9074:Flexitarianism
9071:
9070:
9069:
9064:
9054:
9049:
9044:
9039:
9034:
9029:
9024:
9018:
9016:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8988:
8983:
8978:
8973:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8952:
8950:
8946:
8945:
8943:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8877:
8871:
8869:
8865:
8864:
8862:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8764:Charity Morgan
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8739:Mary McCartney
8736:
8731:
8726:
8721:
8716:
8714:Madhur Jaffrey
8711:
8706:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8661:
8656:
8651:
8646:
8641:
8636:
8631:
8626:
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8600:
8598:
8592:
8591:
8588:
8587:
8585:
8584:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8559:
8554:
8549:
8547:Ellen G. White
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8519:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8499:
8494:
8489:
8484:
8479:
8474:
8469:
8464:
8459:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8439:
8434:
8429:
8424:
8419:
8414:
8409:
8404:
8399:
8394:
8389:
8387:Elmer McCollum
8384:
8379:
8374:
8369:
8367:Susan M. Levin
8364:
8359:
8354:
8349:
8344:
8339:
8334:
8332:Isaac Jennings
8329:
8324:
8319:
8314:
8312:William Harvey
8309:
8304:
8302:Alexander Haig
8299:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8277:Mahatma Gandhi
8274:
8269:
8267:Peter Foxcroft
8264:
8259:
8254:
8249:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8217:Antonio Cocchi
8214:
8212:Henry S. Clubb
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8144:
8139:
8134:
8129:
8124:
8122:Eduard Baltzer
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8099:
8097:William Alcott
8094:
8088:
8086:
8082:
8081:
8079:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8051:Sunaura Taylor
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7996:Vesanto Melina
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7961:Maxwell G. Lee
7958:
7953:
7948:
7946:Michael Klaper
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7916:Michael Greger
7913:
7911:Lewis Gompertz
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7836:Georges Butaud
7833:
7828:
7823:
7821:Yves Bonnardel
7818:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7801:Martin Balluch
7798:
7793:
7791:Carol J. Adams
7788:
7782:
7780:
7773:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7759:
7752:
7745:
7738:
7731:
7723:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7714:
7713:
7705:
7697:
7689:
7681:
7673:
7665:
7657:
7649:
7641:
7633:
7625:
7617:
7609:
7601:
7593:
7585:
7577:
7569:
7565:Meet Your Meat
7561:
7553:
7545:
7536:
7534:
7528:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7516:
7508:
7500:
7492:
7484:
7476:
7468:
7464:Eating Animals
7460:
7452:
7444:
7436:
7428:
7420:
7412:
7404:
7396:
7388:
7380:
7372:
7364:
7356:
7348:
7340:
7332:
7324:
7316:
7312:The New Ethics
7308:
7300:
7292:
7284:
7276:
7268:
7260:
7252:
7244:
7236:
7228:
7220:
7212:
7204:
7196:
7188:
7180:
7172:
7163:
7161:
7153:
7152:
7150:
7149:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7058:
7057:
7052:
7045:Meat-free days
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6994:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6954:Vegan Outreach
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6898:
6896:
6889:
6878:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6854:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6779:
6774:
6769:
6764:
6759:
6758:
6757:
6747:
6742:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6709:
6708:
6703:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6681:Coconut burger
6678:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6659:
6658:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6634:Pythagoreanism
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6615:
6614:
6609:
6599:
6589:
6583:
6581:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6519:Animal welfare
6516:
6510:
6508:
6499:
6495:
6494:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6451:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6406:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6380:
6378:
6372:
6371:
6369:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6319:Black veganism
6316:
6310:
6308:
6299:
6295:
6294:
6283:
6282:
6275:
6268:
6260:
6251:
6250:
6248:
6247:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6191:
6190:Related topics
6188:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6139:Taxonomic rank
6136:
6131:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6114:
6113:
6112:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6091:
6081:
6080:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6057:Botanical name
6049:
6043:
6041:
6039:Plant taxonomy
6035:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6030:
6029:
6024:
6023:
6022:
6015:Megasporangium
6012:
6011:
6010:
6003:Microsporangia
5995:
5994:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5968:
5963:
5958:
5957:
5956:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5930:
5928:
5926:
5925:
5920:
5914:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5858:
5848:
5843:
5841:Cushion plants
5832:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5778:
5776:Plant hormones
5773:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5759:Photosynthesis
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5730:
5728:
5720:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5713:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5676:
5674:
5670:
5669:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5645:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5624:
5623:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5597:
5592:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5537:
5532:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:Floral formula
5475:
5473:Floral diagram
5470:
5465:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5416:
5411:
5405:
5403:
5402:(incl. Flower)
5395:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5378:
5377:
5372:
5362:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5304:
5302:Storage organs
5299:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5282:
5276:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5265:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5236:
5227:
5225:
5224:
5210:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5188:Spermatophytes
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5158:Archaeplastida
5155:
5149:
5147:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5112:Phytogeography
5109:
5107:Phytochemistry
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5068:
5066:
5064:Subdisciplines
5060:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5011:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4972:
4970:Multiple fruit
4967:
4962:
4960:Compound fruit
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4815:
4808:
4807:
4805:from Wikibooks
4790:
4773:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4725:
4711:
4697:
4691:
4683:
4682:External links
4680:
4679:
4678:
4663:
4646:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4602:
4577:
4559:
4539:
4510:
4497:
4479:
4459:
4452:
4432:
4414:
4391:
4373:
4353:
4334:
4314:
4289:
4271:
4251:
4226:
4223:on 2009-05-09.
4204:
4169:(3): 464–481.
4153:
4104:
4047:
3995:(6): 652–667.
3975:
3901:
3852:
3833:(9): 675–690.
3817:
3802:
3772:
3754:
3738:McGee (2004).
3730:
3700:
3671:
3644:
3626:
3606:
3588:
3572:McGee (2004).
3564:
3557:
3543:Modern Biology
3531:
3513:
3493:
3475:
3455:
3437:
3412:
3405:
3381:
3363:
3343:
3325:
3305:
3287:
3271:McGee (2004).
3263:
3245:
3229:McGee (2004).
3221:
3200:
3182:
3162:
3139:
3130:
3103:
3085:
3065:
3047:
3028:
3010:
2990:
2972:
2949:
2931:
2913:
2890:
2872:
2852:
2845:
2821:
2814:
2796:
2779:
2766:
2736:
2718:
2706:Lewis (2002).
2698:
2680:
2664:McGee (2004).
2656:
2637:
2619:
2587:
2569:
2546:
2528:
2508:
2490:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2411:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2365:
2350:
2343:
2329:
2322:
2299:
2289:
2266:
2215:annual honesty
2211:
2193:Porcelain vine
2185:
2182:
2177:
2174:
2142:
2139:
2090:
2087:
2070:
2067:
2063:greengroceries
2055:fruit bouquets
2046:availability.
1991:
1988:
1872:
1869:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1745:
1741:
1740:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1601:
1597:
1596:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1565:
1562:
1553:Main article:
1550:
1547:
1492:Multiple fruit
1490:Main article:
1487:
1484:
1452:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1429:
1419:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1275:Main article:
1272:
1269:
1219:
1218:
1200:
1190:
1180:
1174:
1101:Berry (botany)
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1082:, etc., are a
1061:
1031:
1007:
1006:
990:
983:
973:
963:
945:
923:
909:
891:
873:
859:
845:
823:
813:
743:
740:
722:that produces
706:Dewberry fruit
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
661:
659:
652:
645:
643:
636:
629:
627:
624:
617:
615:
612:
605:
603:
595:Prunus persica
584:
577:
574:
573:
567:
554:
528:
522:inferior ovary
414:
411:
364:Main article:
361:
358:
170:, and various
149:
146:
114:seed dispersal
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9129:
9118:
9117:Types of food
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9104:
9102:
9085:
9082:
9080:
9077:
9076:
9075:
9072:
9068:
9065:
9063:
9060:
9059:
9058:
9055:
9053:
9050:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9040:
9038:
9035:
9033:
9032:Juice fasting
9030:
9028:
9025:
9023:
9020:
9019:
9017:
9013:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8992:
8989:
8987:
8984:
8982:
8979:
8977:
8974:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8935:Veggie Galaxy
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8888:
8886:
8883:
8881:
8878:
8876:
8873:
8872:
8870:
8866:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8834:Lauren Toyota
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8719:Mollie Katzen
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8684:Rip Esselstyn
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8669:Sue Donaldson
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8655:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8645:
8642:
8640:
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8601:
8599:
8593:
8583:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8573:
8570:
8568:
8565:
8563:
8560:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8525:
8523:
8520:
8518:
8517:Alan Stoddard
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8503:
8502:James Simpson
8500:
8498:
8495:
8493:
8490:
8488:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8478:
8477:Rollo Russell
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8467:James Rachels
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8452:Cyril V. Pink
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8433:
8430:
8428:
8425:
8423:
8422:Scott Nearing
8420:
8418:
8417:Helen Nearing
8415:
8413:
8410:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8398:
8395:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8372:Andrew Linzey
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8358:
8355:
8353:
8352:William Lambe
8350:
8348:
8345:
8343:
8340:
8338:
8335:
8333:
8330:
8328:
8325:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8315:
8313:
8310:
8308:
8305:
8303:
8300:
8298:
8297:Walter Hadwen
8295:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8222:Edwin Collier
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8207:George Cheyne
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8187:J. L. Buttner
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8163:
8160:
8158:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8143:
8140:
8138:
8135:
8133:
8130:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8118:
8115:
8113:
8110:
8108:
8105:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8062:
8059:
8057:
8056:Richard Twine
8054:
8052:
8049:
8047:
8046:David Sztybel
8044:
8042:
8039:
8037:
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8016:David Olivier
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7906:Valéry Giroux
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7811:David Benatar
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7786:Elisa Aaltola
7784:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7774:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7753:
7751:
7750:
7746:
7744:
7743:
7739:
7737:
7736:
7732:
7730:
7729:
7725:
7724:
7722:
7718:
7711:
7710:
7706:
7703:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7682:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7658:
7655:
7654:
7650:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7634:
7631:
7630:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7610:
7607:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7598:
7597:A Sacred Duty
7594:
7591:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7570:
7567:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7546:
7543:
7542:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7533:
7529:
7522:
7521:
7517:
7514:
7513:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7485:
7482:
7481:
7477:
7474:
7473:
7469:
7466:
7465:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7449:
7445:
7442:
7441:
7437:
7434:
7433:
7429:
7426:
7425:
7421:
7418:
7417:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7405:
7402:
7401:
7397:
7394:
7393:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7381:
7378:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7354:
7353:
7349:
7346:
7345:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7281:
7280:Figs or Pigs?
7277:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7266:
7265:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7245:
7242:
7241:
7237:
7234:
7233:
7229:
7226:
7225:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7194:
7193:
7189:
7186:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7177:
7173:
7171:(3rd century)
7170:
7169:
7165:
7164:
7162:
7154:
7148:
7145:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7047:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6997:
6995:
6991:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6929:Our Hen House
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6919:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6899:
6897:
6893:
6890:
6888:
6883:
6879:
6873:
6872:Veggie burger
6870:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6860:
6858:
6855:
6853:
6850:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6808:
6805:
6803:
6800:
6798:
6795:
6793:
6790:
6788:
6785:
6783:
6780:
6778:
6775:
6773:
6770:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6760:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6715:
6714:
6711:
6707:
6704:
6702:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6682:
6679:
6677:
6674:
6672:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6660:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6613:
6610:
6608:
6605:
6604:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6576:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6514:Animal rights
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6475:Organizations
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6450:
6446:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6412:
6410:
6407:
6405:
6402:
6400:
6397:
6395:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6377:
6376:Vegetarianism
6373:
6367:
6366:Vegan studies
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6339:Straight edge
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6324:Fruitarianism
6322:
6320:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6291:vegetarianism
6288:
6281:
6276:
6274:
6269:
6267:
6262:
6261:
6258:
6246:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6207:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6195:
6189:
6186:
6185:
6182:
6176:
6175:Phytochemical
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6005:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5973:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5884:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5825:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5813:Transpiration
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5783:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5721:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5691:
5688:
5686:
5683:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5675:
5671:
5665:
5662:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5600:Inflorescence
5598:
5596:
5593:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5459:
5456:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:Ground tissue
5283:
5281:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5237:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:Plant anatomy
5205:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5141:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5129:Plant ecology
5127:
5125:
5124:Plant anatomy
5122:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5072:Archaeobotany
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5018:
5013:
5012:
5009:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4836:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4822:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4804:
4803:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4774:
4770:
4769:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4731:
4730:"Fruit"
4726:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4648:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4616:
4612:
4606:
4592:on 2006-09-06
4591:
4587:
4581:
4566:
4562:
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4400:Booth, Martin
4395:
4380:
4376:
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4366:
4365:
4357:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4327:
4326:
4318:
4304:on 2020-12-25
4303:
4299:
4293:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4263:
4255:
4241:on 2012-10-06
4240:
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3792:on 2016-12-04
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3159:0-471-24520-8
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2651:Nix v. Hedden
2647:
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2612:
2608:
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2602:
2601:McGee, Harold
2596:
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2497:
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2453:
2451:
2450:List of foods
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Fruitarianism
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2422:Plants portal
2417:
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2231:unicorn plant
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2051:fruit baskets
2047:
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2025:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2004:
1996:
1987:
1985:
1981:
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1962:
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1897:unicorn plant
1894:
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1852:
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1850:parthenocarpy
1846:
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1833:navel oranges
1830:
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1531:
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1525:
1524:fertilization
1521:
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1500:
1499:inflorescence
1493:
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1356:
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1338:etaerio fruit
1335:
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1313:
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1307:
1300:
1296:
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867:
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862:Fibrous drupe
860:
857:
853:
849:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
824:
821:
817:
814:
812:, see below).
811:
807:
804:
803:
802:
799:
797:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
773:
767:
766:single flower
759:
755:
754:
748:
742:Simple fruits
739:
737:
736:plant kingdom
733:
732:fungi kingdom
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
704:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
665:
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656:
649:
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588:
581:
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564:
558:
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551:simple fruits
548:
547:single flower
544:
541:
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526:
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523:
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510:
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430:
426:
425:
420:
410:
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403:
401:
397:
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389:
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372:
367:
366:Fruit anatomy
357:
355:
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334:
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199:is a ripened
198:
194:
193:
188:
184:
181:is a ripened
180:
173:
169:
165:
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155:
145:
143:
138:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
96:
95:Fruit anatomy
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
65:
61:
57:
52:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
8996:Pink Peacock
8976:Minerva Café
8940:Veggie Grill
8925:Souley Vegan
8920:Slutty Vegan
8854:Alan Wakeman
8829:Haile Thomas
8819:Bryant Terry
8709:Richa Hingle
8704:Dick Gregory
8609:Mayim Bialik
8577:Tzachi Zamir
8532:Sidney Trist
8377:Clair Linzey
8197:Job Caudwell
8172:George Black
8117:William Axon
8071:Laura Wright
8041:Peter Singer
8036:Jérôme Segal
8026:Emelia Quinn
8021:David Pearce
8006:David Nibert
8001:Gemma Newman
7981:Reed Mangels
7971:Howard Lyman
7896:Joel Fuhrman
7871:Alan Desmond
7856:Brenda Davis
7826:Will Bonsall
7754:
7747:
7740:
7733:
7726:
7707:
7701:Maa Ka Doodh
7699:
7691:
7683:
7675:
7667:
7659:
7651:
7643:
7635:
7627:
7619:
7611:
7603:
7595:
7587:
7579:
7571:
7563:
7555:
7547:
7539:
7518:
7510:
7502:
7494:
7486:
7478:
7470:
7462:
7454:
7446:
7440:Skinny Bitch
7438:
7430:
7422:
7414:
7406:
7400:Fit for Life
7398:
7390:
7382:
7374:
7366:
7358:
7350:
7342:
7334:
7326:
7318:
7310:
7302:
7294:
7286:
7278:
7270:
7262:
7254:
7246:
7238:
7230:
7222:
7214:
7206:
7198:
7190:
7182:
7174:
7166:
7117:Viva! Health
7112:Veggie Pride
7000:Alcott House
6939:Plamil Foods
6916:
6857:Sausage roll
6733:Konjac jelly
6690:
6686:Coconut milk
6592:Christianity
6544:Meat paradox
6529:Deep ecology
6334:Raw veganism
6298:Perspectives
6170:Horticulture
6160:Floriculture
6062:Correct name
5912:Reproduction
5902:Woody plants
5827:Plant growth
5786:Gas Exchange
5771:Phytomelanin
5649:Plant embryo
5494:
5399:Reproductive
5247:Phragmoplast
4955:Simple fruit
4842:
4800:
4788:from Commons
4783:
4766:
4745:
4734:
4666:
4654:. Scribner.
4651:
4631:. Retrieved
4622:
4618:
4611:Watt, George
4605:
4594:. Retrieved
4590:the original
4580:
4569:. Retrieved
4549:
4542:
4531:. Retrieved
4522:
4513:
4505:
4500:
4489:. Retrieved
4469:
4462:
4442:
4435:
4424:. Retrieved
4404:
4394:
4383:. Retrieved
4363:
4356:
4344:. Retrieved
4324:
4317:
4306:. Retrieved
4302:the original
4292:
4281:. Retrieved
4261:
4254:
4243:. Retrieved
4239:the original
4229:
4221:the original
4216:
4207:
4166:
4162:
4156:
4121:
4117:
4107:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4036:cite journal
4025:. Retrieved
3992:
3988:
3978:
3964:cite journal
3953:. Retrieved
3918:
3914:
3904:
3872:(1): 30–42.
3869:
3865:
3855:
3830:
3826:
3820:
3811:
3805:
3794:. Retrieved
3787:the original
3775:
3764:. Retrieved
3740:
3733:
3722:. Retrieved
3713:
3703:
3692:. Retrieved
3683:
3674:
3666:
3647:
3636:. Retrieved
3616:
3609:
3598:. Retrieved
3574:
3567:
3542:
3534:
3523:. Retrieved
3503:
3496:
3485:. Retrieved
3465:
3458:
3447:. Retrieved
3427:
3391:
3384:
3373:. Retrieved
3353:
3346:
3335:. Retrieved
3315:
3308:
3297:. Retrieved
3273:
3266:
3255:. Retrieved
3231:
3224:
3215:
3203:
3192:. Retrieved
3172:
3165:
3150:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3106:
3095:. Retrieved
3075:
3068:
3057:. Retrieved
3037:
3031:
3020:. Retrieved
3000:
2993:
2982:. Retrieved
2962:
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2903:
2882:. Retrieved
2862:
2855:
2831:
2824:
2805:
2799:
2782:
2774:
2769:
2757:. Retrieved
2748:
2739:
2728:. Retrieved
2708:
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2666:
2659:
2649:
2640:
2629:. Retrieved
2605:
2579:. Retrieved
2559:
2538:. Retrieved
2518:
2511:
2500:. Retrieved
2476:
2469:
2303:natural dyes
2292:Osage orange
2202:
2184:Nonfood uses
2179:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2144:
2120:
2109:
2072:
2059:
2048:
2012:
1976:sandbox tree
1973:
1959:
1928:
1905:
1885:
1874:
1862:
1848:
1841:table grapes
1810:
1672:chili pepper
1664:blackcurrant
1642:osage orange
1558:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1516:Osage orange
1497:
1495:
1459:
1453:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1370:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1319:
1317:
1309:
1243:
1220:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1142:
1022:
1017:
1014:(fruit wall)
1011:
1008:
1000:
914:– a type of
800:
792:indehiscence
781:
769:
765:
763:
751:
727:
726:is called a
717:
709:
669:Twin apples.
601:in midsummer
594:
560:
546:
536:
520:
502:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
459:
452:
446:
436:
422:
416:
406:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
385:
335:
299:chili pepper
295:black pepper
248:
225:
213:
208:
205:
196:
190:
178:
176:
164:corn (maize)
141:
136:
134:
122:agricultural
99:
74:
68:
60:strawberries
56:blackberries
36:
9112:Pollination
8868:Restaurants
8824:Anna Thomas
8799:Derek Sarno
8679:Rose Elliot
8664:Yamuna Devi
8619:Gypsy Boots
8567:W. A. Sibly
8562:Frank Wokes
8442:Dean Ornish
8342:Norman Kerr
8322:Brian Hines
8307:Edward Hare
8292:John Haddon
8272:Greta Gaard
8202:James Clark
8192:Paul Carton
8157:Ragnar Berg
8152:Robert Bell
8147:Ernest Bell
8011:Jack Norris
7956:Renan Larue
7931:Melanie Joy
7926:Oscar Horta
7901:Kristi Funk
7881:Mylan Engel
7866:Jan Deckers
7861:Garth Davis
7851:Robert Cook
7816:Steven Best
7768:activists,
7766:Academics,
7576:(2003–2005)
7344:Ten Talents
7055:Friday Fast
6782:Plant cream
6723:Carrageenan
6671:Agave syrup
6559:Sentientism
6549:Nonviolence
6485:Vegan media
6480:Restaurants
6455:Vegetarians
6429:Ecofeminism
5986:Pollen tube
5981:Pollinators
5971:Pollination
5966:Germination
5781:Respiration
5764:Chlorophyll
5610:Pedicellate
5544:Gametophyte
5463:Aestivation
5414:Antheridium
5409:Archegonium
5257:Plasmodesma
5234:Plant cells
5097:Paleobotany
5092:Ethnobotany
5077:Astrobotany
4996:Drift fruit
4867:Hesperidium
4768:Definitions
4700:Fruit Facts
4625:(13): 191.
3667:Countryside
3123:21 November
2408:Food portal
2380:Job's tears
2370:fiber from
2296:cockroaches
2270:opium poppy
2247:cotoneaster
2243:beautyberry
2219:cotoneaster
2147:food safety
2141:Food safety
2131:risk factor
2127:cholesterol
2036:Olive fruit
1845:watermelons
1778:stone fruit
1704:pomegranate
1656:True berry
1604:Boysenberry
1590:stone fruit
1458:are called
1245:Schizocarps
1225:; it is an
1193:Hesperidium
1034:Stone fruit
985:Silicle – (
970:carrot seed
916:indehiscent
466:pollen tube
462:pollination
443:gametophyte
441:: a female
413:Development
291:bell pepper
130:pomegranate
102:angiosperms
64:raspberries
9101:Categories
9062:Low-carbon
9042:Vegaphobia
8880:Cinnaholic
8849:Nisha Vora
8779:Gaz Oakley
8689:Toni Fiore
8654:Pinky Cole
8649:Hannah Che
8604:Nava Atlas
8462:Rod Preece
8447:Felix Ortt
8252:T. Forster
8162:Rynn Berry
8085:Vegetarian
7976:Al-Ma'arri
7772:physicians
7728:Naked Food
7645:Cowspiracy
7589:Earthlings
7520:Meat Atlas
7040:Jewish Veg
6993:Vegetarian
6969:Veganmania
6949:Vegan flag
6832:Vegetables
6807:Soy yogurt
6787:Plant milk
6569:Tirukkuṟaḷ
6564:Speciesism
6439:By country
6399:Orthopathy
6008:Microspore
5998:Sporangium
5976:Artificial
5664:Sporophyte
5659:Sporophyll
5654:Receptacle
5549:Gynandrium
5419:Androecium
5328:Vegetative
5198:Angiosperm
5193:Gymnosperm
5087:Dendrology
4924:Schizocarp
4633:2023-01-02
4596:2006-09-14
4571:2020-05-09
4533:2023-01-02
4491:2020-05-09
4426:2020-05-09
4385:2020-05-09
4346:October 6,
4308:2020-11-24
4283:2014-04-25
4245:2014-04-25
4027:2023-06-19
3955:2021-09-12
3796:2009-09-28
3766:2020-05-09
3724:2021-03-13
3694:2021-03-13
3638:2020-05-09
3600:2020-05-09
3525:2020-10-06
3487:2020-10-06
3449:2020-10-06
3375:2021-10-28
3337:2020-10-06
3299:2020-10-06
3257:2020-10-06
3209:"Rgukt.in"
3194:2015-11-28
3097:2020-10-06
3059:2020-05-09
3022:2020-10-06
2984:2020-10-06
2925:2020-05-09
2884:2020-05-09
2730:2020-10-06
2692:2020-10-06
2631:2020-10-06
2581:2020-05-09
2540:2020-10-06
2502:2020-10-06
2461:References
2430:Fruit tree
2389:paintings.
2387:still life
2268:Fruits of
2255:pyracantha
2083:cold chain
2028:fruit beer
2015:cornucopia
1969:screw pine
1943:parachutes
1889:zoochorous
1825:grapefruit
1748:Grapefruit
1716:watermelon
1708:redcurrant
1684:gooseberry
1628:strawberry
1624:blackberry
1586:True berry
1520:breadfruit
1472:blackberry
1384:Calotropis
1360:Ranunculus
1231:receptacle
1211:redcurrant
1207:gooseberry
1160:true berry
1140:Flower of
1084:syncarpous
966:Schizocarp
820:Brazil nut
810:strawberry
788:frugivores
784:dehiscence
758:follicular
639:androecium
557:Syncarpous
543:Apocarpous
454:embryo sac
429:ovary(ies)
323:gymnosperm
227:Vegetables
152:See also:
8859:Joe Yonan
8595:Chefs and
8362:Elmer Lee
8031:Tom Regan
7936:Joel Kahn
7770:authors,
7720:Magazines
7629:Vegucated
7140:Companies
6974:Veganuary
6772:Mock duck
6664:and drink
6639:Rastafari
6579:Religious
6470:Festivals
6434:Nutrition
6351:Nutrition
6205:Botanists
6123:Herbarium
6020:Megaspore
5918:Evolution
5861:Subshrubs
5829:and habit
5754:Nutrition
5749:Cellulose
5744:Bulk flow
5727:Materials
5690:Epidermis
5554:Gynoecium
5535:Endosperm
5530:Dispersal
5446:Staminode
5382:Sessility
5370:Cataphyll
5290:Mesophyll
5242:Cell wall
5183:Lycophyte
5163:Bryophyte
5117:Geobotany
5102:Phycology
4884:Caryopsis
4841:Types of
4183:2212-2672
4081:1474-547X
3888:0002-9165
3839:0954-3007
2749:FloraBase
2482:CRC Press
2358:cocklebur
2340:Halloween
2286:oxycodone
2176:Allergies
2116:vitamin C
2106:together.
2104:nutrients
2040:olive oil
2026:(brandy,
1990:Food uses
1980:impatiens
1965:nipa palm
1947:dandelion
1945:", e.g.,
1939:tuliptree
1924:germinate
1916:squirrels
1908:defecated
1893:cocklebur
1859:embryonic
1855:triploids
1843:, and of
1813:cultivars
1696:kiwifruit
1676:cranberry
1668:blueberry
1650:pineapple
1616:raspberry
1577:Examples
1504:pineapple
1460:drupelets
1456:raspberry
1422:Tuliptree
1389:follicles
1377:drupelets
1203:Cranberry
1187:cucurbits
1152:gynoecium
1147:wieseneri
1127:aggregate
960:maple key
918:legume: (
856:dandelion
852:capitulum
826:Caryopsis
591:nectarine
563:gynoecium
517:the style
475:endosperm
419:gynoecium
360:Structure
354:caryopsis
331:pine nuts
329:nuts and
263:cucurbits
261:(all are
118:nutrition
91:flowering
8839:Jeeca Uy
8537:Valluvar
7677:Dominion
7523:(annual)
7160:journals
7158:reports,
7087:Swissveg
6918:Go Vegan
6822:Tofurkey
6602:Hinduism
6587:Buddhism
6344:Hardline
6306:Veganism
6287:Veganism
6245:Category
6165:Forestry
6155:Agronomy
6148:Practice
6099:Cultivar
6094:Cultigen
5954:timeline
5846:Rosettes
5734:Aleurone
5710:Trichome
5627:Perianth
5439:Filament
5297:Meristem
5220:glossary
5082:Bryology
4991:Diaspore
4984:Function
4934:Syconium
4894:Follicle
4718:Archived
4704:Archived
4627:Archived
4613:(1904).
4565:Archived
4527:Archived
4485:Archived
4420:Archived
4402:(1999).
4379:Archived
4340:Archived
4277:Archived
4199:58628014
4191:30639206
4148:25073782
4099:23245609
4021:Archived
4017:73455999
4009:30764679
3949:Archived
3945:28338764
3760:Archived
3718:Archived
3688:Archived
3659:Archived
3632:Archived
3594:Archived
3519:Archived
3481:Archived
3443:Archived
3369:Archived
3331:Archived
3293:Archived
3251:Archived
3188:Archived
3117:Archived
3091:Archived
3053:Archived
3016:Archived
2978:Archived
2944:Archived
2919:Archived
2878:Archived
2789:Archived
2753:Archived
2724:Archived
2686:Archived
2625:Archived
2603:(2004).
2575:Archived
2534:Archived
2496:Archived
2394:See also
2332:Pumpkins
2311:mulberry
2282:morphine
2263:viburnum
2227:milkweed
2208:Bayberry
2079:ripening
2075:ethylene
2044:seasonal
2032:allspice
2008:Oklahoma
1951:milkweed
1837:satsumas
1774:rose hip
1726:Cucumber
1680:eggplant
1646:mulberry
1612:magnolia
1512:mulberry
1448:Sycamore
1432:Magnolia
1416:cypselas
1354:Clematis
1143:Magnolia
1088:Rosaceae
1076:rosehips
1012:pericarp
940:(of the
934:hazelnut
930:beechnut
884:magnolia
880:milkweed
876:Follicle
796:pericarp
728:fruiting
692:drupelet
684:Dewberry
599:ripening
498:endocarp
494:mesocarp
482:pericarp
400:endocarp
396:mesocarp
388:pericarp
307:allspice
287:eggplant
251:cucumber
236:zucchini
218:hazelnut
168:tomatoes
128:and the
9015:Related
8915:Purezza
7749:VegNews
7669:Carnage
7613:Planeat
6852:Sausage
6842:Hot dog
6728:Gulaman
6706:legumes
6701:cereals
6644:Sikhism
6629:Judaism
6624:Jainism
6607:Sattvic
6524:Carnism
6506:Secular
6419:Cuisine
6394:History
6329:History
5923:Ecology
5680:Cuticle
5510:Capsule
5500:Anatomy
5451:Tapetum
5375:Petiole
5350:Rhizome
5345:Rhizoid
5272:Tissues
5262:Vacuole
5252:Plastid
5054:Outline
5049:History
4929:Silique
4879:Capsule
4802:Recipes
4523:Dr. Axe
4139:4115152
4090:4156511
3936:5837313
3896:9925120
3847:7498104
2759:23 July
2372:coconut
2354:burdock
2305:(e.g.,
2278:codeine
2259:skimmia
2123:satiety
2077:causes
2069:Storage
1961:Coconut
1955:salsify
1887:termed
1801:pistils
1738:pumpkin
1534:syncarp
1529:connate
1480:achenes
1468:bramble
1426:samaras
1401:berries
1365:achenes
1342:etaerio
1326:pistils
1321:etaerio
1261:parsley
1257:parsnip
1249:dehisce
1239:achenes
1235:ovaries
1095:Berries
1038:apricot
993:Utricle
976:Silique
866:coconut
848:Cypsela
816:Capsule
770:single
768:with a
688:pistils
653:In the
561:single
513:stamens
490:exocarp
392:epicarp
319:petiole
311:rhubarb
281:); and
279:legumes
271:peanuts
255:pumpkin
77:is the
7951:Aph Ko
7712:(2024)
7704:(2023)
7696:(2018)
7688:(2018)
7680:(2018)
7672:(2017)
7664:(2017)
7656:(2015)
7648:(2014)
7640:(2013)
7632:(2011)
7624:(2011)
7616:(2010)
7608:(2010)
7600:(2007)
7592:(2005)
7584:(2004)
7568:(2002)
7560:(1998)
7552:(1991)
7544:(1981)
7515:(2022)
7507:(2020)
7499:(2018)
7491:(2016)
7483:(2015)
7475:(2009)
7467:(2009)
7459:(2006)
7451:(2006)
7443:(2005)
7435:(2005)
7427:(1997)
7419:(1990)
7411:(1987)
7403:(1985)
7395:(1977)
7387:(1976)
7379:(1975)
7371:(1973)
7363:(1972)
7355:(1971)
7347:(1968)
7339:(1954)
7331:(1927)
7323:(1910)
7315:(1907)
7307:(1904)
7299:(1903)
7291:(1898)
7283:(1896)
7275:(1895)
7267:(1892)
7259:(1891)
7251:(1886)
7243:(1883)
7235:(1845)
7227:(1845)
7219:(1835)
7211:(1824)
7203:(1814)
7195:(1813)
7187:(1812)
7179:(1802)
7156:Books,
6979:Veganz
6887:events
6882:Groups
6827:Cheese
6812:Tempeh
6802:Seitan
6792:Quinoa
6745:Jambon
6696:Grains
6691:Fruits
6649:Taoism
6612:Ahimsa
6498:Ethics
6460:Vegans
6227:Plants
6130:(IAPT)
5883:Lianas
5851:Shrubs
5803:Starch
5695:Nectar
5615:Raceme
5581:Stigma
5569:Locule
5559:Carpel
5520:Pyrena
5458:Flower
5434:Anther
5429:Stamen
5424:Pollen
5146:groups
5038:Botany
4919:Samara
4904:Loment
4899:Legume
4857:Achene
4843:fruits
4673:
4658:
4557:
4477:
4450:
4412:
4371:
4332:
4269:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4146:
4136:
4097:
4087:
4079:
4061:Lancet
4015:
4007:
3943:
3933:
3894:
3886:
3845:
3837:
3752:
3714:Forbes
3624:
3586:
3555:
3511:
3473:
3435:
3403:
3361:
3323:
3285:
3243:
3180:
3157:
3083:
3045:
3008:
2970:
2911:
2870:
2863:Botany
2843:
2837:135–37
2812:
2716:
2678:
2644:For a
2617:
2567:
2526:
2488:
2375:heads.
2362:Velcro
2326:gourds
2324:Dried
2319:walnut
2317:, and
2307:cherry
2261:, and
2233:, and
2149:, the
1937:, and
1899:, and
1821:citrus
1797:sepals
1760:orange
1712:tomato
1700:lucuma
1660:Banana
1620:pawpaw
1608:lilium
1518:, and
1412:Teasel
1396:Annona
1391:fruit;
1330:carpel
1311:Lilium
1287:stigma
1253:carrot
1199:fruit.
1197:citrus
1177:Banana
1171:Tomato
1068:apples
1042:cherry
982:seed).
980:radish
948:Samara
912:Loment
906:peanut
894:Legume
870:walnut
842:barley
806:Achene
772:pistil
724:spores
720:fungus
589:, the
509:petals
505:sepals
486:drupes
471:zygote
433:ovules
407:beaked
338:cereal
327:ginkgo
273:, and
259:squash
257:, and
232:savory
187:carpel
172:squash
89:after
71:botany
62:, and
18:Fruits
9107:Fruit
8624:BOSH!
7779:Vegan
7735:Satya
6895:Vegan
6797:Quorn
6767:Mochi
6619:Islam
6448:Lists
6187:Lists
6104:Group
6027:Spore
5961:Flora
5878:Vines
5873:Trees
5836:Habit
5808:Sugar
5700:Stoma
5642:Sepal
5637:Petal
5632:Tepal
5620:Umbel
5605:Bract
5586:Style
5574:Ovule
5564:Ovary
5505:Berry
5495:Fruit
5488:Whorl
5355:Shoot
5153:Algae
5144:Plant
4889:Drupe
4862:Berry
4785:Media
4746:Fruit
4195:S2CID
4013:S2CID
3790:(PDF)
3212:(PDF)
2347:Luffa
2315:sumac
2274:opium
2251:holly
2235:wheat
2223:lotus
2197:showy
2112:fiber
1935:maple
1920:hoard
1770:Apple
1752:lemon
1734:melon
1730:gourd
1692:guava
1688:grape
1574:Type
1464:drupe
1436:peony
1372:Rubus
1299:ovule
1295:ovary
1291:style
1265:cumin
1223:berry
1215:grape
1105:Berry
1072:pears
1058:mango
1050:peach
1046:olive
1028:Berry
1002:Rumex
938:acorn
888:peony
830:wheat
587:drupe
527:below
350:wheat
348:, or
303:cumin
277:(all
267:beans
222:acorn
209:fruit
201:ovule
183:ovary
179:fruit
142:fruit
137:fruit
126:apple
106:seeds
93:(see
87:ovary
75:fruit
6885:and
6867:Wine
6862:Beer
6817:Tofu
6762:Miso
6718:Agar
6662:Food
6289:and
6109:Grex
5991:Self
5525:Seed
5387:Stem
5365:Leaf
5340:Root
5335:Bulb
5319:Wood
5280:Cork
5178:Fern
4914:Pome
4872:Pepo
4671:ISBN
4656:ISBN
4555:ISBN
4475:ISBN
4448:ISBN
4410:ISBN
4369:ISBN
4348:2020
4330:ISBN
4267:ISBN
4187:PMID
4179:ISSN
4144:PMID
4095:PMID
4077:ISSN
4042:link
4005:PMID
3970:link
3941:PMID
3892:PMID
3884:ISSN
3843:PMID
3835:ISSN
3750:ISBN
3622:ISBN
3584:ISBN
3553:ISBN
3509:ISBN
3471:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3401:ISBN
3359:ISBN
3321:ISBN
3283:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3178:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3125:2019
3081:ISBN
3043:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2968:ISBN
2909:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2841:ISBN
2810:ISBN
2761:2014
2714:ISBN
2676:ISBN
2615:ISBN
2565:ISBN
2524:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2368:Coir
2338:for
2280:and
2157:and
2145:For
2133:for
2129:, a
2053:and
1982:and
1967:and
1912:nuts
1756:lime
1594:pome
1542:noni
1434:and
1357:and
1183:Pepo
1103:and
1064:Pome
1054:plum
997:beet
898:bean
838:oats
834:rice
713:taxa
655:noni
398:and
346:rice
342:corn
315:pies
305:and
283:corn
275:peas
214:nuts
197:seed
79:seed
73:, a
5798:Sap
5515:Nut
5360:Bud
4909:Nut
4171:doi
4167:119
4134:PMC
4126:doi
4122:349
4118:BMJ
4085:PMC
4069:doi
4065:380
3997:doi
3931:PMC
3923:doi
3874:doi
3652:NFU
3549:634
2356:or
2237:).
2151:CDC
1986:).
1931:elm
1918:to
1835:),
1638:Fig
1508:fig
995:– (
978:– (
956:elm
952:ash
950:– (
942:oak
928:– (
926:Nut
902:pea
896:– (
864:– (
854:: (
818:– (
515:or
265:);
224:).
192:nut
185:or
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