272:
French forces out of the
Senegal River region. This action heavily damaged the legitimacy of this jihad's leadership as it showed the people that their leaders could not protect them effectively. One benefit of this occurring however, was that it created a greater sense of Muslim identity and caused many Caliphates to increase their interactions with other Caliphates, unifying them against a common enemy and reducing the internal fighting amongst the different groups. So, although many of the Caliphates were unable to achieve their goal of being able to operate an effective military defence against European invaders, they were able to achieve the goal of increasing intra-Muslim relations and cooperation, by doing so increasing the sense of Islamic unity and identity.
380:
268:. During his conflict, he struggled to establish a strong economy due to his lack of resources to safely guard the roaming cattle herds and as such, large parts of the military activity. Hindered by a lack of military and economic resources, due to a more defensive strategy, the Masina jihad was less successful in conquering other areas and spreading its domain of control on the same scale as the Sokoto Caliphate. It can therefore be seen that the development of a stable economy and a strong armed force were largely linked, with different jihad movements having varying strengths in these departments, resulting in different levels of success.
133:
307:
36:
436:
276:
confusion and ultimately it was decided by council that his son should rule. Unfortunately for his son, this decree did not carry the same sense of legitimacy as if Amadu had himself selected his child. The son's plans actually differed from his father, especially on teaching, and as such he failed to gain the support of the older cohorts of the population.
271:
In their defence against
European invaders few groups were successful and, instead of defeating the invaders, many Muslim populations had to carry out mass migrations across northern Africa to escape. Those fighting under the jihad of Al-Hajj Vmar were forced to flee, as they were unable to push the
263:
and Wazir Gidado established a strong economy based on agriculture and artisan goods. This economic growth allowed them to fund political, educational and military development within the
Caliphate which lead to it invading and conquering surrounding areas, increasing the number of people under its
245:
The reforms aimed to create
Islamic states across Western Africa. The reforms also aimed to counter socio-political problems, including under population and shortages of goods such as food and water, which together intensified existing economic problems. Furthermore, they also wanted to stop the
275:
When it came to the task of establishing strong and legitimate rule over the
Caliphates, the Islamic protagonists were not always successful. In the Hamdullahi Caliphate there was a strong sense of legitimacy under the 30 years rule of Seku Amadu but he failed to name a successor. This led to
264:
administration and so achieving the secondary aim of spreading the word of Islam. However, other groups, even within the Sokoto
Caliphate, were not able to establish such a stable economy, such as under the Massina jihad of
250:
were weakening. These aims were met with mixed results across the several jihad movements and resulting caliphates that emerged during the 19th century, as some were able to achieve these goals better than others.
341:. The Futa Jallon state was born in 1735 when Fulani Muslims decided to rise against the non-Muslim indigenous groups and Djalonke rulers to create a confederation of provinces.
259:
On developing a stable economy to finance development and bring prosperity to the population, some caliphates were largely successful. The Sokoto
Caliphate under the control of
342:
303:
Malick Sy took power in 1690 in the first successful Fula jihad. It provided a safe haven for other Muslim clerics and a staging ground for future jihads.
246:
European invasion of Africa and the
Islamic world, as at this time many European nations were colonizing parts of Africa and Islamic empires such as the
237:
Foremost among the motivators for the jihads was unity through the spread of religion, and the procurement of slaves by conquering neighbouring peoples.
548:
643:
state (title Sarkin Zazzau) on 31 December 1808; new style first Malam, since
October/November 1835 Emir, also styled Sarkin Zaria and Sarkin Zazzau
194:
in 1725, when Fula pastoralists, assisted by Muslim traders, rose against the indigenous chiefdoms. By 1750, the Fula had established the
907:
Last, Murray (1974). "Reform in West Africa: The Jihad
Movements of the Nineteenth Century". In J. F. A. Ajayi; M. Crowder (eds.).
959:
611:, founded in 1817, style Emir; 1892-1893 de facto French protectorate, 1901 part of Northern Nigerian British protectorate
100:
17:
72:
214:, through a series of wars between 1769 and 1776. In the early 19th century, the jihad movement spread eastward to the
938:
791:
573:
replaced the old (Hausa) Katsina state in 1805; the old title Sarkin Katsina is still used, but now also styled Emir.
119:
949:
230:, the largest state in West Africa at that time. An aggressively expansionist polity, it severely weakened the old
79:
969:
Smith, H. F. C. (1961). "A Neglected Theme of West African History: The Islamic Revolutions of the 19th Century".
835:
57:
869:
Curtin, Philip D. (1971). "Jihad in West Africa: Early Phases and Inter-relations in Mauritania and Senegal".
456:
86:
898:
Keddie, Nikkie R. "Islamic Precolonial Revolts of the 18th and 19th Centuries". In Jack A. Goldstone (ed.).
53:
621:, title Amir al-Mu´minin, also styled Lamido Julbe; on 20 April 1817 Sokoto was styled sultanate (title
68:
402:. The following Islamic revolution created the new kingdom of Futa Toro under a government called the
379:
333:, was a major state with a written constitution and ruling alternance between the 2 main parties: the
992:
539:, replaced Biram (title Sarkin Biram) in 1805; new title Sarkin Hadejia, from 1808 also styled Emir
46:
320:
231:
195:
1002:
781:
743:
controlled the region until French colonization, at which time the last leader of the state,
561:) Kano state in March 1807; the old title Sarkin Kano is still used, but now also styled Emir
417:). Before formal colonization this state was weakened by French incursions and the effort by
997:
374:
211:
579:, founded in 1818; title Emir, also styled Sarkin *Arewa (apparently imitating neighbours)
8:
180:
93:
633:), the suzerain of all Fulbe jihad states; in 1903 the British occupied Sokoto Sultanate
626:
886:
836:"WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS"
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132:
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227:
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618:
483:
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219:
153:
783:
From Africa to Brazil: Culture, Identity, and an Atlantic Slave Trade, 1600–1830
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was elected as the first Almaamy in 1725 at the capital Timbo in present-day
207:
187:
671:
215:
455:. Most of these empire's constituent states were brought into the British
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290:
191:
176:
169:
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691:
675:
470:
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223:
27:
Series of Jihads across West Africa during the 18th and 19th centuries
695:
617:, the center of the Fulani jihad, established on 21 February 1804 by
542:
306:
687:
35:
487:
435:
421:
to carry his "jihad" eastward (see also Toucouleur Empire, below).
462:
The jihad states in the region controlled by the empire included:
357:, dismantled the state and integrated it into their new colony of
662:, this state lasted from 1818 until 1862. Inspired by the recent
576:
570:
564:
536:
300:
296:
925:
Robinson, David (2000). "Revolutions in the Western Sudan". In
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478:
761:
567:, founded in 1807; title Sarkin Katagum, also styled Emir
451:
which continued until it was divided up by the European
533:, a major Fulbe jihad state, founded in 1817; title Emir
439:
Sokoto Sultanate during the reign of sultan Ahmadu Rufai
933:. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. pp. 131–152.
172:
during the 18th and 19th centuries, led largely by the
179:. The jihads and the jihad states came to an end with
383:
Map of the Imamate of Futa Toro, early 19th century
349:. The Futa Jallon state lasted until 1898 when the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
918:Jihād in West Africa during the Age of Revolutions
353:colonial troops defeated the last Almamy (Ruler)
984:
190:in 1690. The first armed uprising took place in
817:
815:
394:revolted against the non-Muslim Fulani of the
517:), meaning "ruler" (similar meaning to Emir )
186:The earliest Fulbe polity was established in
971:Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria
947:
812:
767:
136:Fulani jihad states of West Africa, c. 1830
843:Indiana University African Studies Program
786:. Cambridge University Press. p. 70.
447:overthrew the Hausa kings to create a new
240:
900:The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions
779:
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
924:
821:
588:Lafiagi, founded in 1824; new title Emir
434:
387:Under the unifying banner of Islam, the
378:
305:
131:
915:
14:
985:
911:. Vol. 2. Longman. pp. 1–29.
868:
833:
686:. The empire expanded rapidly, taking
443:At the beginning of the 19th century,
968:
310:Map of Futa Jallon, late 19th century
254:
954:(3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan.
906:
806:
705:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
424:
157:
24:
897:
690:and establishing a new capital at
210:to establish their own state, the
25:
1014:
834:Brooks, George E. (August 1985).
719:led armies east from his base in
647:
780:Hawthorne, Walter (2010-09-13).
694:. It was eventually defeated by
490:), founded in 1809; title Baban-
398:in 1776 under the leadership of
329:, located mainly in present-day
202:law. Their success inspired the
34:
861:
674:, preacher and social reformer
658:Located in what is now central
279:
45:needs additional citations for
931:The History of Islam in Africa
827:
800:
773:
545:, founded in 1811; style Emir.
314:
13:
1:
902:. Routledge. pp. 265–66.
754:
605:, founded in 18..; title Emir
594:, founded in 1825; style Emir
585:, founded in 1802; title Emir
551:, founded in 1810; title Emir
499:, founded in 1822; title emir
457:Northern Nigeria Protectorate
295:A small state in present-day
368:
198:and placed the region under
7:
948:Shillington, Kevin (2012).
226:begun in 1804, created the
10:
1019:
871:Journal of African History
709:
698:and incorporated into the
651:
428:
372:
318:
288:
206:on the banks of the lower
916:Lovejoy, Paul E. (2016).
883:10.1017/S0021853700000049
523:, founded in 1804; title
505:, founded in 1805; title
406:(a term derived from the
920:. Ohio University Press.
739:in the early 1860s. The
473:; the ruler's title was
284:
469:, replacing the former
241:Jihad as Islamic reform
160:) sometimes called the
909:History of West Africa
440:
384:
343:Alpha Ibrahima Sambegu
321:Imamate of Futa Jallon
311:
196:Imamate of Futa Jallon
137:
929:; R. Pouwels (eds.).
639:, superseded the old
438:
382:
309:
181:European colonization
168:that occurred across
135:
375:Imamate of Futa Toro
218:. The revolutionary
212:Imamate of Futa Toro
54:improve this article
678:led a Fula army in
18:Fulani Jihad States
768:Shillington (2012)
557:replaced the old (
486:(now partially in
459:around 1901–1903.
441:
385:
312:
255:Reform in practice
224:a series of jihads
138:
961:978-0-312-12598-1
951:History of Africa
717:El Hajj Umar Tall
712:Toucouleur Empire
706:Toucouleur Empire
700:Toucouleur Empire
477:, from 1828 also
419:El Hadj Umar Tall
410:borrowing of the
164:were a series of
162:Fulani revolution
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425:Sokoto Caliphate
396:Denianke Kingdom
355:Bokar Biro Barry
228:Sokoto Caliphate
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549:Jema`an Darroro
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400:Sileymaani Baal
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359:Rivières du Sud
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684:Bambara Empire
654:Massina Empire
652:Main article:
649:
648:Massina Empire
646:
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631:Sarkin Musulmi
625:, also styled
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69:"Fula jihads"
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
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49:
48:
43:This article
41:
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19:
1003:Fula history
977:(2): 169–85.
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930:
917:
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899:
877:(1): 11–24.
874:
870:
862:Bibliography
847:. Retrieved
842:
829:
809:, p. 21
802:
782:
775:
763:
715:
682:against the
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461:
442:
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324:
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216:Hausa states
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
998:West Africa
927:N. Levtzion
807:Last (1974)
745:Ahmadu Tall
727:to conquer
327:Futa Jallon
315:Futa Jallon
291:Bundu State
204:Toucouleurs
192:Futa Jallon
170:West Africa
158:جهاد الفولا
987:Categories
755:References
747:, fled to
741:Toucouleur
725:Dinguiraye
721:Futa Tooro
692:Hamdullahi
676:Seku Amadu
670:in nearby
453:colonizers
266:Seku Amadu
222:, through
80:newspapers
891:162679179
696:Umar Tall
672:Hausaland
369:Futa Toro
299:in which
543:Jama`are
511:laamiiɗo
488:Cameroon
415:al-imaam
404:Almamate
337:and the
248:Ottomans
737:Massina
577:Kazaure
571:Katsina
565:Katagum
537:Hadejia
484:Adamawa
339:Alphaya
301:Torodbe
297:Senegal
208:Senegal
94:scholar
958:
937:
889:
849:30 May
790:
749:Sokoto
735:, and
731:, the
729:Kaarta
688:Djenné
664:Muslim
641:Zazzau
623:sultan
615:Sokoto
531:Gwandu
527:Gombe.
525:Modibo
507:Lamido
492:Lamido
412:Arabic
408:Pulaar
389:Muslim
363:Guinea
351:French
347:Guinea
335:Soriya
331:Guinea
200:sharia
174:Muslim
166:jihads
154:Arabic
150:jihads
146:Fulani
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
887:S2CID
845:: 209
839:(PDF)
680:jihad
637:Zaria
592:Lapai
583:Keffi
559:Hausa
521:Gombe
497:Agaie
467:Abuja
392:Fulas
285:Bundu
188:Bundu
101:JSTOR
87:books
956:ISBN
935:ISBN
851:2023
788:ISBN
723:and
660:Mali
629:and
609:Muri
603:Mubi
555:Kano
479:Emir
471:Zuba
325:The
144:(or
142:Fula
140:The
73:news
879:doi
513:in
365:.
56:by
989::
973:.
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875:12
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814:^
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