36:
687:
455:
in 1820, followed by a brief presence at
Sansanding in Bundu itself. Almamy Saada Amadi Aissata Sy, trying to promote trade, agreed to allow a permanent fort built at Senudebou in 1845, though this became a source of contention within the Sisibe ruling class. He also hoped to gain French support for
495:
In the 1860s and 70s the Sisibe under Bokar Saada rebuilt their wealth through extensive raiding and trading for slaves and cattle as well as taxing the people. By the late 19th century two thirds of the population was enslaved. After the closing of the
Senoudebou fort in 1862, Saada was the most
515:
Early years of French control saw a rising population as many former migrants returned. Starting in 1904, however, conditions deteriorated significantly, and large-scale famines forced much of the population to move within or leave Bundu. Slaves in particular took the opportunity to flee or
401:
Sy was succeeded by his son Bubu Malick Sy, who expanded the realm southwards at the expense of local
Mandinka kingdoms. By 1716 Bundu was the most powerful state on the upper Senegal. When he in turn died between 1718 and 1727, an interregnum ensued that threatened both
507:'s popular 1885-7 jihad briefly drove the Sisibe out of power until French military power defeated the jihadist forces and restored them to the throne. With this, French control was effectively complete. The last almamy, chosen by the French, died in 1902.
642:
s plantations or were sold on to
Moorish or Wolof buyers. Visitors in the late 18th century described a flourishing local agricultural industry, with particularly fine horses, and domestic production of incense, cotton, and indigo.
540:. This, as well as the presence of large numbers of non-Fulbe and/or non-Muslim inhabitants, meant that Bundu was more secular than other Fula states of the period, though Islam was a source of prestige and legitimacy as well as
491:
with French military support. During this period warfare and famine devastated the economy, and Tall's call for
Muslims to emigrate eastwards to his domain dramatically reduced the population, particularly among the Fulbe.
361:
of
Gajaaga gave Sy control first over one village and then a larger territory, the border of which Sy advantageously manipulated by cheating on a pact with the king. Bundu's growth that would set a precedent for later
524:, Bundu was increasingly ignored by the colonial administration. The area was economically marginalized, but also saw a flourishing of religious communities deliberately separating themselves from the pagan French.
637:
Bundu benefited from a position athwart major trade routes in gold, ivory, kola nuts, salt, cloth, cotton, gum arabic, and cattle. Large numbers of slaves taken in raids against neighboring communities worked the
280:
The country is an elevated plateau, with hills in the southern and central parts. These are generally unproductive, and covered with stunted wood; but the lower country is fertile, and finely clothed with the
544:
for slaving raids and conquest. Over time increased Fulbe immigration from these more
Islamized areas increased the Muslim population. Still, Bundu never attempted to spread Islam beyond its borders.
427:, the first European traveller to visit the country, passed through Bondu in 1795, and had to submit to many exactions from the reigning monarch. The royal residence was then at
406:(the descendants of Malick Sy) control over the state and the integrity of its central authority. This was, however, restored by Bubu's son Maka Jiba between 1731 and 1735.
468:, the only state on the upper Senegal that could rival Bundu at this time. But the Europeans, while happy to see Kaarta humbled, did not want Bundunke hegemony either.
385:
Under Sy, Bundu became a refuge for
Muslims and Islamic scholars persecuted by traditional rulers in other kingdoms. It eventually expanded east, taking territory from
206:
181:
1229:
Travels in
Western Africa: In the Years 1818, 19, 20, and 21, from the River Gambia, through Woolli, Bondoo, Galam, Kassam, Kaarta, and Foolidoo, to the River Niger
496:
powerful representative of French interests east of Bakel. He used this position to continually raid neighboring states for captives and booty, particularly the
289:
and various valuable fruit-trees. Bondu is traversed by torrents, which flow rapidly during the rains but are empty in the dry season. The name 'Bundu' means '
421:. The division between the Bulibani and Koussan branches of the family, which would be the source of many succession disputes. originated at this time.
1240:
Travels in the
Interior Districts of Africa: Performed Under the Direction and Patronage of the African Association, in the Years 1795, 1796, and 1797
787:
503:
Nevertheless, in the face of popular discontent, a series of famines and plague outbreaks, and renewed succession disputes, the state was fragile.
428:
475:
took advantage, taking over the area initially with the support of both the people and the Bundu aristocracy. Many Fulbe migrated east to
707:
436:
409:
From the 1720s to the 1760s Bundu suffered Moroccan and Moorish slave raids, as did the neighboring states of Gajaaga, Bambuk, and
702:
532:
Although nominally a theocracy, Bundu was founded peacefully rather than through religious revolts such as occurred later in
1216:
909:
836:
925:
919:
1273:
811:
487:
with French support, but only managed to exert real control over Bundu after Tall's 1857 defeat at the
555:. These weapons also, however, sparked internal conflict over rulership between rival branches of the
1099:, cited by Institut Fondamental de l'Afrique Noire. Musée Historique de Gorée Exhibit (August 2024).
1278:
935:
1283:
652:
424:
1227:
692:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
35:
488:
457:
410:
346:
413:. Maka Jiba died in 1764 and was succeeded by his son Amadi Gai, who adopted the title of
8:
547:
Bundu purchased weapons from both the French on the Senegal river and the British on the
521:
439:(Boolibany), a village with a population of 1500–1800, surrounded by a strong clay wall.
262:
258:
124:
1238:
1159:"The uses of oral tradition in Senegambia : Maalik Sii and the foundation of Bundu"
837:"WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS"
282:
270:
266:
199:
1212:
658:
480:
250:
1257:
Le Bondou : étude de géographie et d'histoire soudaniennes de 1681 à nos jours
1170:
1138:
1096:
375:
662:
520:. With the growth of the peanut basin and the reorientation of trade towards the
497:
319:
349:. He and his followers may have been fleeing persection in the aftermath of the
504:
476:
448:
379:
350:
323:
813:
Africa remembered; narratives by West Africans from the era of the slave trade
1267:
715:
Le Bondou: étude de géographie et d'histoire soudaniennes de 1681 à nos jours
698:
693:
315:
294:
57:
431:; but when Major William Gray, a British officer who attempted to solve the
548:
537:
254:
242:
1174:
310:
Bundu in the 17th century was a sparsely-populated part of the kingdom of
517:
367:
363:
335:
238:
1158:
711:. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 200.
354:
353:
or simply seeking a place where Sy could enforce his interpretation of
1183:
1126:
788:"The Islamic revolution in the western Sudan: The First Fulani Jihad."
763:
533:
516:
renegotiate their situations, and many joined the French army during
472:
371:
1142:
1127:"The Fulbe of Bundu (Senegambia): From Theocracy to Secularization"
483:. In 1855 Bokar Saada Sy, son of Saada Amadi, claimed the title of
286:
452:
390:
338:
311:
246:
186:
665:
552:
551:, helping them become a regional power and rival to non-Muslim
465:
461:
418:
386:
82:
1209:
Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu
432:
342:
241:
existing from the late 17th century until it became a French
67:
471:
In 1851 Saada Amadi died and a civil war broke out. El Hadj
389:. Sy was killed in 1699 caught in an ambush by the army of
290:
655:(1701—1773), slave trader who was enslaved by the Mandinka
1188:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1131:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1001:
341:
cleric Malick Sy came to the region from his home near
370:. Sy settled the lands with relatives from his native
1068:
1066:
1064:
897:
875:
873:
858:
1078:
977:
953:
941:
769:
732:
720:
435:
problem, visited Bondu in 1818 it had been moved to
1102:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
989:
965:
885:
1061:
870:
661:, freed slave, British Army soldier and farmer in
744:
1265:
1211:(2nd ed.). UK: Cambridge University Press.
374:and Muslim immigrants from as far west as the
844:Indiana University African Studies Program
34:
527:
816:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
805:
803:
697:
766:, founder of the Tijanniyah Sufi order.
417:and introduced a legal system based on
1266:
1254:
1156:
864:
834:
809:
775:
738:
726:
559:family based in Koussan and Bulibani.
456:the alliance he was building with the
1259:(in French). Bordeaux: G. Gounouihou.
1206:
1181:
1124:
1108:
1084:
1072:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
971:
959:
947:
903:
891:
879:
800:
750:
678:
1236:
1225:
931:
915:
595:Muusa Yeero Maalik Aissata (1819-26)
610:Interregnum and civil war (1853-54)
568:Maalik Daouda (Maalik Si) (1693-99)
318:communities but with minorities of
13:
1248:
562:
396:
14:
1295:
1184:"Bundu in the Eighteenth Century"
835:Brooks, George E. (August 1985).
646:
447:The French established a fort at
1243:. London: W. Bulmer and Company.
685:
571:Bubu Maalik (1700-02), (1719-27)
305:
204:
179:
1090:
442:
1226:Gray, William (Major) (1825).
828:
781:
756:
510:
275:
1:
671:
607:Amadu Amadi Makumba (1852-53)
604:Saada Amadi Aissata (1837-51)
574:Tumaane Bohi (1727-31 ?)
810:Curtin, Philip, ed. (1967).
577:Interregnum (1731-35 ?)
329:
253:and the upper course of the
7:
1163:Cahiers d'Ă©tudes africaines
622:Saada Amadi Saada (1886-88)
245:dependent on the colony of
16:Former state in West Africa
10:
1300:
1157:Curtin, Philip D. (1975).
1118:
632:
300:
592:Amadi Aissata (1797-1819)
158:
154:
144:
134:
130:
120:
116:
106:
96:
92:
81:
73:
63:
53:
45:
33:
28:
21:
762:Not to be confused with
1207:Gomez, Michael (2002).
1182:Gomez, Michael (1987).
796:(accessed 6 March 2013)
792:Encyclopædia Britannica
708:Encyclopædia Britannica
628:Maalik Ture (1891-1905)
598:Tumaane-Moodi (1827-35)
1255:Rançon, André (1894).
1232:. London: John Murray.
1125:Clark, Andrew (1996).
713:This cites A. Rançon,
601:Maalik Kumba (1835-37)
528:Government and Society
146:• Disestablished
1175:10.3406/cea.1975.2592
653:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
625:Usman Caasi (1888-91)
616:Bokar Saada (1856-85)
249:. It lay between the
54:Common languages
1237:Park, Mungo (1799).
619:Umar Penda (1885-86)
613:Umar Saane (1854-56)
489:Siege of Medina Fort
458:Imamate of Futa Toro
314:inhabited mostly by
1274:Kingdoms of Senegal
589:Seega Gai (1790-97)
586:Muusa Gai (1786-90)
583:Amadi Gai (1764-86)
580:Maka Jiba (1735-64)
522:Dakar-Niger Railway
378:and as far east as
326:and other peoples.
136:• Established
125:Early Modern Period
1010:, pp. 139–40.
479:, heart of Tall's
257:, that is between
200:French West Africa
717:(Bordeaux, 1894).
659:Richard Pierpoint
481:Toucouleur Empire
237:) was a state in
220:
219:
216:
215:
212:
211:
192:
191:
108:• 1699-1718
98:• 1690-1699
49:Koussan, Bulibani
1291:
1260:
1244:
1233:
1222:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1178:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1097:Curtin, Philip D
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1017:
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1005:
999:
993:
987:
981:
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
929:
923:
913:
907:
906:, pp. 71–2.
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
868:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
841:
832:
826:
825:
823:
821:
807:
798:
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773:
767:
760:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
691:
689:
688:
682:
376:Kingdom of Jolof
208:
207:
196:
195:
183:
182:
176:
175:
160:
159:
102:Malick Daouda Si
38:
19:
18:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1264:
1263:
1251:
1249:Further reading
1219:
1197:
1195:
1169:(58): 189–202.
1147:
1145:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1107:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1087:, pp. 117.
1083:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1038:
1030:
1026:
1018:
1014:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
986:, pp. 131.
982:
978:
970:
966:
962:, pp. 114.
958:
954:
950:, pp. 112.
946:
942:
930:
926:
914:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
871:
867:, pp. 191.
863:
859:
849:
847:
839:
833:
829:
819:
817:
808:
801:
786:
782:
778:, pp. 192.
774:
770:
761:
757:
749:
745:
741:, pp. 190.
737:
733:
729:, pp. 195.
725:
721:
701:, ed. (1911). "
686:
684:
683:
679:
674:
663:Fergus, Ontario
649:
635:
565:
563:List of Almamis
530:
513:
498:Kingdom of Wuli
445:
399:
397:After Malick Sy
332:
308:
303:
278:
205:
180:
147:
137:
109:
99:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1297:
1287:
1286:
1281:
1279:French Senegal
1276:
1262:
1261:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1234:
1223:
1217:
1204:
1179:
1154:
1143:10.2307/221416
1120:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:, pp. 77.
1101:
1089:
1077:
1060:
1058:, pp. 20.
1048:
1046:, pp. 19.
1036:
1034:, pp. 17.
1024:
1022:, pp. 16.
1012:
1000:
998:, pp. 14.
988:
976:
974:, pp. 13.
964:
952:
940:
924:
908:
896:
894:, pp. 67.
884:
869:
857:
827:
799:
780:
768:
755:
743:
731:
719:
699:Chisholm, Hugh
676:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
656:
648:
647:Notable people
645:
634:
631:
630:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
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587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
564:
561:
529:
526:
512:
509:
505:Mahmadu Lamine
477:Nioro du Sahel
444:
441:
398:
395:
380:Nioro du Sahel
351:Char Bouba war
331:
328:
307:
304:
302:
299:
277:
274:
218:
217:
214:
213:
210:
209:
202:
193:
190:
189:
184:
172:
171:
166:
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
127:
122:
121:Historical era
118:
117:
114:
113:
112:Bubu Malick Si
110:
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
89:
86:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
60:
55:
51:
50:
47:
43:
42:
40:Bundu ca. 1850
39:
31:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1258:
1253:
1252:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1220:
1218:9780521528474
1214:
1210:
1205:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1110:
1105:
1098:
1093:
1086:
1081:
1075:, pp. 9.
1074:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1028:
1021:
1016:
1009:
1004:
997:
992:
985:
980:
973:
968:
961:
956:
949:
944:
937:
933:
928:
921:
917:
912:
905:
900:
893:
888:
882:, pp. 7.
881:
876:
874:
866:
861:
845:
838:
831:
815:
814:
806:
804:
797:
793:
789:
784:
777:
772:
765:
759:
753:, pp. 5.
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
710:
709:
704:
700:
695:
694:public domain
681:
677:
667:
664:
660:
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654:
651:
650:
644:
641:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
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585:
582:
579:
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566:
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558:
554:
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545:
543:
539:
535:
525:
523:
519:
508:
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501:
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493:
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486:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
454:
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369:
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356:
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348:
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306:Early History
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273:
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59:
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
27:
20:
1284:Fula history
1256:
1239:
1228:
1208:
1196:. Retrieved
1191:
1187:
1166:
1162:
1146:. Retrieved
1134:
1130:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1051:
1039:
1027:
1015:
1003:
991:
979:
967:
955:
943:
927:
911:
899:
887:
860:
848:. Retrieved
843:
830:
818:. Retrieved
812:
795:
791:
783:
771:
758:
746:
734:
722:
714:
706:
680:
639:
636:
556:
546:
542:causus belli
541:
538:Futa Djallon
531:
514:
502:
494:
484:
470:
446:
443:19th Century
423:
414:
408:
403:
400:
384:
358:
333:
309:
279:
255:Gambia River
251:Falémé River
243:protectorate
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:
169:Succeeded by
168:
163:
1137:(1): 1–23.
934:, pp.
865:Curtin 1975
776:Curtin 1975
739:Curtin 1975
727:Curtin 1975
518:World War 1
511:Colonialism
368:West Africa
364:Fula jihads
276:Description
239:West Africa
164:Preceded by
1268:Categories
1194:(1): 61–73
1109:Gomez 2002
1085:Gomez 2002
1073:Clark 1996
1056:Clark 1996
1044:Clark 1996
1032:Clark 1996
1020:Clark 1996
1008:Gomez 2002
996:Clark 1996
984:Gomez 2002
972:Clark 1996
960:Gomez 2002
948:Gomez 2002
918:, p.
904:Gomez 1987
892:Gomez 1987
880:Clark 1996
751:Clark 1996
672:References
429:Fatteconda
425:Mungo Park
355:sharia law
74:Government
932:Gray 1825
916:Park 1799
764:Malick Sy
534:Futa Toro
473:Umar Tall
411:Futa Toro
372:Futa Toro
347:Futa Toro
334:In 1690,
330:Malick Sy
77:Theocracy
64:Religion
29:1690–1858
794:. 2013.
790:(p. 10)
464:against
437:Bulibani
320:Jakhanke
287:tamarind
85:, Eliman
1119:Sources
936:124-125
820:29 June
696::
640:almamy'
633:Economy
453:Gajaaga
391:Gajaaga
345:in the
339:Torodbe
324:Soninke
312:Gajaaga
301:History
247:Senegal
235:Boundou
187:Gajaaga
46:Capital
23:Boundou
1215:
1198:3 July
1148:1 July
850:30 May
690:
666:Canada
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