185:
360:
242:
they had taken power it was at first thought that the
Torodbe would eventually eliminate obstacles to social movement, perhaps even freeing the slaves. A person would achieve status through Islamic learning and observance of Islamic precepts. In practice, particularly in Futa Toro and Bundu, the Torodbe evolved into a closed society limited to a small number of families. The social stratification between slaves and free people, and between different hereditary occupations, remained unchanged.
710:
559:
456:. He encouraged construction of mosques, and pursued an aggressive policy towards his neighbors. Abdul Kader may have prohibited the trade in slaves on the river. In 1785 they obtained an agreement from the French to no longer trade in Muslim slaves and to pay customs duties to the state. Abdul Kader defeated the emirates of
351:. He was succeeded by Bubu Malik, who died around 1715. Bundu then entered a period of anarchy as the state's neighbors launched attacks while the different communities of Torodbe asserted their autonomy. For a time during the eighteenth century Bundu reverted to pagan rule, but by that time most of the population were Muslim.
692:
The
Liptako Emirate was an early 19th-century Fulani Islamic state in the region where today's Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger meet. At first part of Massina, in 1824 it rebelled and became independent until the French arrived in 1864. Brahima Saidu led the revolt, and his family retained power. The
167:
to restore purity of religious observance in the
Senegal river valley. He gained support from the Torodbe clerical clan against the traditional leaders of the region and initially saw great success, but Nasr ad-Din was killed in 1674 and by 1677 the movement had been defeated. After this defeat,
241:
launched by the
Torodbe leaders were in response to declines in Islamic practices coupled with oppression by the ruling classes. They aimed to eliminate relics of traditional religious beliefs, and to elevate Islam from a personal belief into the law of the land, creating theocratic states. After
642:
wound down by 1810. The Shehu divided his conquests between his brother and his son, and spent the remainder of his life in study and teaching. He died in 1817. The Sokoto
Caliphate survived until the British conquest in 1903, when it lost political power. The Sultan of Sokoto is still an
347:. He married, and traveled from place to place trying to live by selling amulets. Sy founded the state of Bundu in the 1690s. The Muslim rulers had authority over village chiefs, whom they could appoint or dismiss. Bundu thereby became a haven for other Torodbe, and expanded eastwards into
675:
province of
Massina. He was pious, honest and unassuming, and became deeply interested in religion, attracting many followers who were influenced by the Islamic movement in Sokoto. In 1816 Uthman dan Fodio gave him the title of Shaykh, and in 1818 he led a revolt against the local rulers.
121:, and other Fula communities in West Africa from at least the seventeenth to the early twentieth century. Drawn from all ethnicites and levels of society, the Torodbe aimed to 'purify' the Islam practiced in West Africa and establish Islamic states run with Islamic law.
493:
in present.day
Senegal had become hereditary oligarchies that imposed a harsh and oppressive rule on the people. The French provided political and economic support to the Torodbe leaders, who in return let the French build fortified posts along the Senegal valley.
725:, son and heir of Uthman dan Fodio, has been attributed as the author of a poem that praises the glorious exploits of the Banu Toro. Al-Haji 'Umar Tall included the poem in the messages he sent to the leaders of Futa Toro when raising support for his
286:
during this period. Other
Torodbe lived through farming or herding, although the work was left to inferiors. Wealth was accumulated in the form of slaves, firearms, cloth and hardware. Some scholastic dynasties emerged from the Torodbe, including
733:
These are my people; the origin of my clan; ... for the support of Islam they are in league; ... of them are some who excelled in the religious sciences ... and those who defended themselves against the wickedness of the enemy and declared
480:
impetus had been lost. By his death in 1806 the state was dominated by a few elite
Torodbe families. Almamys continued to be enthroned in Futa Toro throughout the nineteenth century, but the position had become ceremonial by then.
625:
in West Africa. Shaykh Usman dan Fodio looked up to him as a teacher, and Shaykh
Mukhtar reportedly threw his support behind Shaykh Usman in his Sokoto campaign, saying "Usman ibn Fudi is one of the accomplished saints; his
249:. The mosques they erected in the main towns became the center of religious and.scholarly activity, and also were often administrative centers. Tithes were levied on harvests and inheritances to support the state. The
679:
Early success against the Segu army led to mass conversions of the Fulbe people, and Massina quickly became a strong Muslim state, although warfare with Segu continued for many years. In 1826 the new state took
754:
in 1857, losing access to the territories further down the Senegal River. In 1860 he concluded a treaty with the French in which he recognized their supremacy in Futa Toro, while he was recognized in
263:
and then spent many years in countries such as Egypt, where they absorbed a sophisticated understanding of the world and of Islamic thought. They brought this knowledge back with them. Within the
762:. He then launched an attack on the Muslim state of Massina. A coalition of Muslim states resisted, and in 1864 'Umar was defeated and killed. His followers set up a state based on
582:. Usman dan Fodio, the Shehu, was born into a Torodbe clan in 1754 near Galmi in northern Hausaland. His family were originally Fulbe nomadic cattle herders who had probably come to
226:
The Torodbe originally lived on charity, as shown by sayings such as "the Torodo is a beggar" and "if the calabash did not exist, the Torodo would not survive". The term
259:
who ran the police and army. The Torodbe intelligentsia of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were by no means cut off in a backwater. Some of them undertook the
234:, meaning "to ask for alms." The Torodbe lived in settled communities and would not follow any caste-based trade such as being fishermen, smiths, weavers or tanners.
717:
Around 1827, the Torodbe cleric 'Umar Tall left Futa Toro and made an extended pilgrimage to Mecca. El Hadj 'Umar Tall returned in 1846 and began recruiting for a
518:
in what is now Guinea. These men attempted to overthrow the Europeans and their allies in the cause of Islam, but were eventually defeated by superior forces.
403:
succeeded Karamokho Alfa. After many years of conflict, Ibrahim Sori achieved a decisive victory in 1776 that consolidated the power of the Fulbe state. The
684:, which was held by Massina until Seku Ahmadu died in 1845. In the conquered territories, fortified Torodbe villages were established to maintain the peace.
223:
and Mandé clerisies, the early Torodbe clerics were looked down upon by the warrior groups in their societies, which usually had little interest in Islam.
192:
The Torodbe at first recruited members from all levels of Sūdānī society, particularly the poorer people. Torodbe clerics included people whose origin was
593:
law. He studied rhetoric, history and literature, and became a fluent and educated writer of Arabic. In his early years, Usman dan Fodio was an itinerant
697:
based on his personal merit, proven abilities, family connections and other factors. One of the Torodbe would swathe the head of newly chosen
1691:
371:
was launched in the Futa Jallon around 1726 or 1727. The movement was primarily religious, and its leaders included both Mandé and Fulbe
713:
Futa Toro, Futa Djallon and Macina, with the empire of El Hadj Umar Tall outlined in red. Futa Bundu lies between Futa Toro and Jallon.
746:
in 1852. His forces succeeded in establishing several states in the Sudan to the east of Futa Toro, but the French under Major
1932:
1866:
1839:
1812:
1785:
1758:
1725:
1675:
1647:
1620:
1593:
1566:
1539:
1512:
1485:
274:
would live on payments they were given in their official or judicial roles, or from fees for their religious services. A
1883:
1637:
847:
367:
The Torodbe influenced the Fulbe of the Futa Jallon, their kinsmen, in embracing a more militant form of Islam. A
693:
Torodbe, who had opposed the revolt, were given the role of forming an electoral college that would select the
498:
leaders in the region who followed the Torodbe revolutionary tradition in the late nineteenth century included
1978:
1958:
255:
headed both the religious and the political organization. He delegated responsibility for security to the
1973:
137:, from as early as the 9th to as late as 13th century, later spreading throughout the Fulbe territories.
435:. In 1776 the Torodbe threw out the ruling Denianke Dynasty. Sulayman died in 1776 and was succeeded by
1963:
184:
1699:
597:, teaching a message of reform against illegal taxation, corruption, pagan ceremonies, unqualified
589:
Usman dan Fodio learned the Quran by heart. He learned Arabic grammar, verse and metrics and basic
1856:
526:
In the nineteenth century several Muslim states arose to the east of the Senegambia region in the
453:
396:
1802:
1775:
1665:
1610:
1583:
1556:
1502:
1475:
1968:
1922:
1829:
1715:
1529:
729:, since it showed that the powerful Fodio family supported his cause. The poem said in part:
160:
750:
prevented him from including Futa Toro into his empire. 'Umar was defeated by the French at
363:
The major Fulbe Jihad states of West Africa, circa 1830. Bundu lay between Toro and Jallon.
1235:
436:
149:
1855:
Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J.; Elliott, Carolyn M. (2012-01-05).
8:
1983:
267:, Torodbe clerics would maintain long-distance correspondence over long periods of time.
1585:
Just Wars, Holy Wars, and Jihads: Christian, Jewish, and Muslim Encounters and Exchanges
1903:
1504:
Imagining the End: Visions of Apocalypse from the Ancient Middle East to Modern America
848:"WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHEMA BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS"
644:
709:
499:
359:
1928:
1907:
1862:
1835:
1808:
1781:
1754:
1721:
1671:
1643:
1616:
1589:
1562:
1535:
1508:
1481:
547:
543:
110:
1895:
1750:
613:
575:
539:
515:
296:
141:
432:
201:
825:
word meaning a country where people live. So "Futa Toro" is the country of Toro.
747:
571:
535:
503:
288:
751:
722:
660:
507:
378:
336:
331:
The Torodbe Malick Sy, also spelled Mālik Sī, launched one of the first of the
312:
169:
164:
1899:
1201:
1199:
1197:
647:
was elected Sultan in 2006 he became formal head of the 70 million Muslims in
1952:
1831:
Faith and Politics in Nigeria: Nigeria As a Pivotal State in the Muslim World
822:
795:
775:
671:(Shaykh Ahmad Lobbo) was born in a poor family around 1773 at Malanga in the
264:
213:
209:
173:
130:
73:
423:
continued to suffer from attacks by nomads from what is now Mauritania. The
140:
They may well have been a distinct group by the fifteenth century, when the
129:
The Torodbe originated in Futa Toro, a strip of agricultural land along the
1743:
1194:
635:
612:
which lasted about four years and ended in victory for the Muslims. Shaykh
465:
400:
205:
197:
343:
in Futa Toro. He received formal Islamic training in what is now southern
672:
531:
511:
320:
193:
1858:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
534:. The most illustrious leaders to emerge from the Torodbe movement were
763:
668:
344:
292:
617:
583:
420:
316:
216:, married into Fulbe families, and became the Fulbe scholarly caste.
114:
681:
664:
558:
373:
759:
399:
became the first Muslim state to be founded by the Fulbe. In 1751
1804:
História Geral da África – Vol. V – África do século XVI ao XVIII
1636:
Klein, Martin A. (2005). "Futa-Tooro: Early Nineteenth Century".
1122:
648:
621:
579:
464:
to the north, but was defeated and captured when he attacked the
156:
118:
1158:
799:
755:
631:
601:
and other abuses and departures from strict Islamic practice.
590:
461:
457:
448:
387:
348:
246:
220:
153:
145:
134:
77:
1609:
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977-04-21).
1531:
Pragmatism in the Age of Jihad: The Precolonial State of Bundu
616:(1729-1811) was an immensely influential reformer who led the
245:
The Torodbe established schools where students were taught in
630:
is just." Usman established the capital of his new empire in
609:
527:
473:
469:
440:
407:
had achieved its goals and Ibrahim Sori assumed the title of
340:
279:
61:
49:
1854:
1205:
113:
clerics and theocratic monarchs who preached and reigned in
392:
260:
251:
884:
882:
880:
878:
876:
874:
872:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1079:
1077:
927:
Encyclopedia Of African History And Culture, Vol. 2, 169.
282:, but the children were expected to work or beg for the
1320:
1318:
1316:
951:
949:
947:
945:
869:
1450:
1289:
1211:
1074:
968:
966:
964:
634:. After some inconclusive fighting with the state of
1501:
Amanat, Abbas; Bernhardsson, Magnus T. (2002-02-09).
1342:
899:
897:
578:
in 1808, stretching across what is now the north of
339:. Sy was born into a Torodbe family around 1637 near
1438:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1330:
1313:
1301:
1277:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1170:
1038:
1026:
1014:
990:
978:
942:
1777:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
1354:
1182:
1134:
1110:
1098:
1062:
1050:
1002:
961:
278:would take care of children while they learned the
188:
Map of the Imamate of Futa Toro, early 19th century
1742:
1500:
1128:
930:
909:
894:
439:, a learned teacher and judge who had studied in
1950:
1717:Muslim Brotherhoods in Nineteenth-Century Africa
1608:
1477:Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s
1164:
1146:
307:The Torodbe provided leadership for a series of
1480:. University of California Press. p. 541.
117:, a region located in the north of present-day
1642:. Vol. 1. Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 541.
335:towards the end of the seventeenth century in
489:By the mid-nineteenth century, the Torodbe
1894:(2). Cambridge University Press: 195–212.
1720:. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
855:Indiana University African Studies Program
431:in Futa Toro between 1769 and 1776 led by
1690:
1432:
708:
586:from the west in the fifteenth century.
557:
358:
183:
1924:Studies in West African Islamic History
1663:
1456:
1295:
1222:
1083:
484:
1951:
1920:
1881:
1749:. The Rosen Publishing Group. p.
1740:
1713:
1581:
1348:
1336:
1307:
1283:
1271:
1176:
1044:
1032:
1020:
996:
984:
955:
845:
168:some of the Torodbe migrated south to
1827:
1635:
1527:
1473:
1444:
1420:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1372:
1360:
1324:
1259:
1247:
1104:
1068:
1056:
1008:
972:
903:
888:
1884:"The Torodbe Clerisy: A Social View"
1800:
1773:
1554:
1238:page for a more detailed discussion.
1188:
1152:
1140:
1116:
936:
915:
704:
562:Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century
34:Regions with significant populations
604:In 1804 Usman dan Fodio launched a
553:
13:
687:
643:important religious figure. When
14:
1995:
1882:Willis, John Ralph (April 1978).
846:Brooks, George E. (August 1985).
521:
1582:Hashmi, Sohail H. (2012-07-03).
1528:Gomez, Michael A. (2002-07-04).
663:was established to the south of
427:in Futa Jalon was followed by a
1834:. US Institute of Peace Press.
1639:Encyclopedia of African History
1558:The Cambridge History of Africa
1228:
1089:
815:
570:was led by the Torodbe scholar
179:
1888:The Journal of African History
1698:. Sagata Group. Archived from
1670:. Cambridge University Press.
1667:A History of Islamic Societies
1664:Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22).
1615:. Cambridge University Press.
1612:The Cambridge History of Islam
1561:. Cambridge University Press.
1534:. Cambridge University Press.
1165:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
1129:Amanat & Bernhardsson 2002
921:
839:
788:
354:
1:
1801:Ogot, Bethwell Allan (2010).
1774:Ogot, Bethwell Allan (1992).
832:
446:Abdul Kader became the first
302:
172:and some continued on to the
133:and at the time the state of
1714:Martin, B. G. (2003-02-13).
1555:Gray, Richard (1975-09-18).
1474:Ajayi, Jacob F. Ade (1989).
546:who created the short-lived
514:who founded the short-lived
414:
395:". Under his leadership the
7:
1921:Willis, John Ralph (1979).
1588:. Oxford University Press.
769:
10:
2000:
1828:Paden, John Naber (2007).
659:The Fulbe Muslim state of
654:
566:The largest of the Fulani
538:, who created the Islamic
381:was elected leader of the
323:in the Senegambia region.
212:. However, they spoke the
124:
1900:10.1017/s0021853700027596
766:which lasted until 1893.
476:. After his release the
72:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
38:
33:
781:
742:'Umar Tall launched his
326:
1807:. UNESCO. p. 346.
1780:. UNESCO. p. 289.
1741:Ndukwe, Pat I. (1996).
16:Muslim clerics of Sudan
740:
714:
563:
454:Almamyate of Futa Toro
397:Imamate of Futa Jallon
364:
189:
731:
712:
561:
362:
187:
1979:Nigerian Fula people
1236:Abdul Kader (almami)
574:and established the
485:French colonial rule
385:. He took the title
150:Empire of Great Fulo
1959:Senegalese monarchs
1206:Stanton et al. 2012
810:, singular toorooɗo
261:pilgrimage to Mecca
30:
1974:19th-century Islam
891:, p. 541-542.
715:
564:
452:of the theocratic
365:
190:
19:
1964:History of Guinea
1934:978-0-7146-1737-4
1868:978-1-4129-8176-7
1841:978-1-60127-029-0
1814:978-85-7652-127-3
1787:978-92-3-101711-7
1760:978-0-8239-1982-6
1727:978-0-521-53451-2
1677:978-0-521-77933-3
1649:978-1-57958-245-6
1622:978-0-521-29137-8
1595:978-0-19-975503-5
1568:978-0-521-20413-2
1541:978-0-521-52847-4
1514:978-1-86064-724-6
1487:978-0-520-03917-9
705:Toucouleur Empire
548:Toucouleur Empire
544:El Hadj Umar Tall
530:region along the
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82:
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1944:
1942:
1941:
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1138:
1132:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1095:Brooks, 209-210.
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886:
867:
866:
864:
862:
852:
843:
826:
819:
813:
792:
614:Mukhtar al-Kunti
576:Sokoto Caliphate
554:Sokoto Caliphate
540:Sokoto Caliphate
516:Wassoulou Empire
297:Omar Saidou Tall
230:is derived from
31:
18:
1999:
1998:
1994:
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931:
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902:
895:
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858:
850:
844:
840:
835:
830:
829:
820:
816:
793:
789:
784:
772:
748:Louis Faidherbe
707:
690:
688:Liptako Emirate
657:
645:Sa'adu Abubakar
572:Usman dan Fodio
556:
536:Usman dan Fodio
524:
510:in Senegal and
504:Kingdom of Sine
500:Maba Diakhou Bâ
487:
419:The farmers of
417:
357:
329:
305:
289:Usman dan Fodio
182:
148:, creating the
127:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1918:
1879:
1867:
1852:
1840:
1825:
1813:
1798:
1786:
1771:
1759:
1738:
1726:
1711:
1692:"Liptako Fula"
1688:
1676:
1661:
1648:
1633:
1621:
1606:
1594:
1579:
1567:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1513:
1507:. I.B.Tauris.
1498:
1486:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:, p. 425.
1449:
1447:, p. 681.
1437:
1425:
1423:, p. 634.
1413:
1411:, p. 605.
1401:
1399:, p. 603.
1389:
1387:, p. 602.
1377:
1375:, p. 601.
1365:
1353:
1351:, p. 255.
1341:
1329:
1327:, p. 542.
1312:
1300:
1298:, p. 420.
1288:
1276:
1264:
1262:, p. 554.
1252:
1250:, p. 548.
1240:
1227:
1225:, p. 419.
1210:
1208:, p. 148.
1193:
1191:, p. 209.
1181:
1169:
1167:, p. 365.
1157:
1145:
1143:, p. 289.
1133:
1131:, p. 244.
1121:
1119:, p. 207.
1109:
1097:
1088:
1086:, p. 418.
1073:
1061:
1049:
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
989:
977:
975:, p. 541.
960:
958:, p. 195.
941:
939:, p. 206.
929:
920:
918:, p. 205.
908:
893:
868:
837:
836:
834:
831:
828:
827:
814:
786:
785:
783:
780:
779:
778:
771:
768:
723:Muhammed Bello
706:
703:
689:
686:
656:
653:
555:
552:
523:
522:Eastern states
520:
508:Mahmadu Lamine
486:
483:
416:
413:
379:Karamokho Alfa
356:
353:
328:
325:
304:
301:
291:'s Toronkawa,
270:The religious
181:
178:
152:. In 1644 the
126:
123:
109:) were Muslim
81:
80:
70:
69:
65:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
46:
45:
41:
40:
36:
35:
28:
27:
24:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1996:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1936:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1853:
1843:
1837:
1833:
1832:
1826:
1816:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1772:
1762:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1729:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1712:
1702:on 2012-02-23
1701:
1697:
1696:Jamtan Fulani
1693:
1689:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1651:
1645:
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1607:
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1471:
1466:
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1458:
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1429:
1422:
1417:
1410:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1381:
1374:
1369:
1363:, p. 94.
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1339:, p. 23.
1338:
1333:
1326:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1310:, p. 21.
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1286:, p. 17.
1285:
1280:
1274:, p. 15.
1273:
1268:
1261:
1256:
1249:
1244:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1190:
1185:
1179:, p. 48.
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1113:
1107:, p. 60.
1106:
1101:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1071:, p. 37.
1070:
1065:
1059:, p. 35.
1058:
1053:
1047:, p. 26.
1046:
1041:
1035:, p. 16.
1034:
1029:
1023:, p. 27.
1022:
1017:
1011:, p. 42.
1010:
1005:
999:, p. 21.
998:
993:
987:, p. 13.
986:
981:
974:
969:
967:
965:
957:
952:
950:
948:
946:
938:
933:
924:
917:
912:
906:, p. 36.
905:
900:
898:
890:
885:
883:
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879:
877:
875:
873:
856:
849:
842:
838:
824:
818:
812:
809:
805:
801:
797:
791:
787:
777:
776:Omar ibn Said
774:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
739:
737:
730:
728:
724:
720:
711:
702:
701:in a turban.
700:
696:
685:
683:
677:
674:
670:
666:
662:
652:
650:
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633:
629:
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541:
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433:Sulaymān Baal
430:
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285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
265:Western Sudan
262:
258:
254:
253:
248:
243:
240:
235:
233:
229:
224:
222:
217:
215:
214:Fula language
211:
207:
203:
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186:
177:
175:
174:Fouta Djallon
171:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
131:Senegal River
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
93:(also called
92:
88:
79:
75:
74:Fula language
71:
66:
63:
59:
54:
51:
47:
42:
37:
32:
25:
22:
21:
1969:Fula history
1938:. Retrieved
1923:
1911:. Retrieved
1891:
1887:
1872:. Retrieved
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1830:
1818:. Retrieved
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1744:
1731:. Retrieved
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1695:
1681:. Retrieved
1666:
1653:. Retrieved
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1611:
1599:. Retrieved
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1557:
1545:. Retrieved
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1476:
1457:Lapidus 2002
1452:
1440:
1433:Liptako Fula
1428:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1356:
1344:
1332:
1303:
1296:Lapidus 2002
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1230:
1223:Lapidus 2002
1184:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1112:
1100:
1091:
1084:Lapidus 2002
1064:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
932:
923:
911:
859:. Retrieved
854:
841:
821:"Futa" is a
817:
811:
807:
803:
790:
743:
741:
735:
732:
726:
718:
716:
698:
694:
691:
678:
658:
639:
627:
620:
605:
603:
598:
594:
588:
567:
565:
525:
495:
490:
488:
477:
447:
445:
428:
424:
418:
408:
404:
401:Ibrahim Sori
386:
382:
372:
368:
366:
332:
330:
308:
306:
295:'s Bari and
283:
275:
271:
269:
256:
250:
244:
238:
236:
231:
227:
225:
219:As with the
218:
191:
180:Organization
139:
128:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
84:
1655:13 February
1349:Hashmi 2012
1337:Martin 2003
1308:Martin 2003
1284:Martin 2003
1272:Martin 2003
1177:Ndukwe 1996
1045:Willis 1979
1033:Martin 2003
1021:Willis 1979
997:Willis 1979
985:Willis 1979
956:Willis 1978
673:Segu Empire
532:Niger River
512:Samori Ture
437:Abdul Kader
355:Futa Jallon
321:Futa Jallon
161:Nasr ad-Din
89:; singular
1984:Fula clans
1953:Categories
1940:2013-02-13
1913:2013-02-13
1874:2013-02-10
1847:2013-02-13
1820:2013-02-10
1793:2013-02-10
1766:2013-02-10
1733:2013-02-13
1706:2013-02-13
1683:2013-02-13
1628:2013-02-10
1601:2013-02-13
1574:2013-02-10
1547:2013-02-13
1520:2013-02-10
1493:2013-02-13
1445:Ajayi 1989
1421:Ajayi 1989
1409:Ajayi 1989
1397:Ajayi 1989
1385:Ajayi 1989
1373:Ajayi 1989
1361:Paden 2007
1325:Ajayi 1989
1260:Ajayi 1989
1248:Ajayi 1989
1105:Gomez 2002
1069:Gomez 2002
1057:Gomez 2002
1009:Ajayi 1989
973:Ajayi 1989
904:Gomez 2002
889:Klein 2005
833:References
764:Hamdullahi
669:Seku Amadu
468:states of
391:, or "the
345:Mauritania
303:Senegambia
293:Seku Amadu
144:conquered
111:Toucouleur
56:Scriptures
39:Senegambia
1908:162817107
1189:Gray 1975
1153:Ogot 2010
1141:Ogot 1992
1117:Gray 1975
937:Gray 1975
916:Gray 1975
804:toorodɓe
794:From the
667:in 1818.
618:Qadiriyya
584:Hausaland
421:Futa Toro
415:Futa Toro
374:marabouts
317:Futa Toro
299:'s Tall.
163:launched
159:reformer
115:Futa Toro
107:Toronkawa
99:Banu Toro
95:Turudiyya
68:Languages
44:Religions
1927:. Cass.
1861:. SAGE.
1234:see the
808:tooroɓɓe
770:See also
682:Timbuktu
665:Timbuktu
608:against
232:tooraade
142:Denianke
1467:Sources
655:Massina
649:Nigeria
622:tariqah
599:mallams
580:Nigeria
542:, and
502:in the
491:almamis
272:shaykhs
165:a jihad
125:Origins
119:Senegal
87:Torodbe
26:تورودبي
23:Torodbe
1931:
1906:
1865:
1838:
1811:
1784:
1757:
1745:Fulani
1724:
1674:
1646:
1619:
1592:
1565:
1538:
1511:
1484:
861:30 May
800:Pulaar
756:Kaarta
752:Medine
736:djihād
661:Masina
638:, the
632:Sokoto
628:djihad
595:mallam
591:Maliki
568:jihads
462:Brakna
458:Trarza
449:Almamy
409:almami
388:almami
349:Bambuk
333:jihads
319:, and
309:jihads
284:shaykh
276:shaykh
247:Arabic
239:jihads
228:Torodo
221:Zawaya
210:Berber
157:Berber
154:Zawaya
146:Takrur
135:Takrur
103:Takrur
91:Torodo
78:Arabic
1904:S2CID
857:: 209
851:(PDF)
782:Notes
760:Ségou
744:jihad
727:jihad
719:Jihad
640:jihad
636:Bornu
610:Gobir
606:jihad
528:Sahel
496:Jihad
478:jihad
474:Waalo
470:Cayor
466:Wolof
441:Cayor
429:jihad
425:jihad
405:jihad
383:jihad
369:jihad
341:Podor
337:Bundu
327:Bundu
313:Bundu
280:Quran
257:amirs
206:Hausa
202:Mande
198:Wolof
170:Bundu
62:Quran
50:Islam
1929:ISBN
1863:ISBN
1836:ISBN
1809:ISBN
1782:ISBN
1755:ISBN
1722:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1657:2013
1644:ISBN
1617:ISBN
1590:ISBN
1563:ISBN
1536:ISBN
1509:ISBN
1482:ISBN
863:2023
823:Fula
796:Fula
758:and
699:amir
695:amir
472:and
460:and
393:Imam
377:.
252:imam
237:The
208:and
194:Fula
85:The
1896:doi
802:):
443:.
311:in
1955::
1902:.
1892:19
1890:.
1886:.
1753:.
1751:48
1694:.
1315:^
1213:^
1196:^
1076:^
963:^
944:^
896:^
871:^
853:.
806:or
721:.
651:.
550:.
506:,
411:.
315:,
204:,
200:,
196:,
176:.
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1943:.
1916:.
1898::
1877:.
1850:.
1823:.
1796:.
1769:.
1736:.
1709:.
1686:.
1659:.
1631:.
1604:.
1577:.
1550:.
1523:.
1496:.
1435:.
1155:.
865:.
798:(
738:.
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