737:'s approach to European integration, which aimed at integrating individual sectors in hopes of achieving spill-over effects to further the process of integration, is said to have followed the neofunctional school's tack. Unlike previous theories of integration, neofunctionalism declared to be non-normative and tried to describe and explain the process of regional integration based on empirical data. Integration was regarded as an inevitable process, rather than a desirable state of affairs that could be introduced by the political or technocratic elites of the involved states' societies. Its strength however was also its weakness: While it understood that regional integration is only feasible as an incremental process, its conception of integration as a linear process made the explanation of setbacks impossible.
677:– the collective governance and material interdependence between states – develops its own internal dynamic as states integrate in limited functional, technical and economic areas. International agencies would meet human needs, aided by knowledge and expertise. The benefits rendered by the functional agencies would attract the loyalty of the populations and stimulate their participation and expand the area of integration. There are strong assumptions underpinning functionalism: that the process of integration takes place within a framework of human
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863:. Eradication of existent non-political, non-military global problems, which Functionalists consider to be the very origin of conflict within the global community, is what they aim to pursue. However, critics point out some limitations of functionalist assumption: in practice, dealing with functional matters does not necessarily and always facilitate cooperation; its simplified assumption overlooks different causes of state conflict.
666:, aided by methodological territorialism. Functionalism proposed to build a form of authority based in functions and needs, which linked authority with needs, scientific knowledge, expertise and technology: it provided a supraterritorial concept of authority. The functionalist approach excludes and refutes the idea of state power and political influence (realist approach) in interpreting the cause for such proliferation of
850:(including intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations). The activities of functional international organizations involve taking actions on practical and technical problems rather than those of military and political nature. They are also non-controversial politically and involve a common interest to solve international problems that could best be tackled in a
703:. Neofunctionalists focused their attention solely on the immediate process of integration among states (regional integration). Initially, states integrate in limited functional or economic areas. Thereafter, partially integrated states experience increasing momentum for further rounds of integration in related areas. This "
854:
manner. According to
Mitrany, dealing with functional matters provides the actors in the international community the opportunity to successfully cooperate in a non-political context, which might otherwise be harder to achieve in a political context. Further development would lead to a process called
902:
Substantive functions of functional international organizations include human rights, international communication, health, the law of the sea, the environment, education and information, international relief programs, refugee support, as well as economic development.
886:
has been futile. As a result, the idea of decentralization prevails to the present day except in cases of special cooperative relationships between
Economic and Social Council and some functional organizations. Subsequently, summits such as the
707:" of integration phenomenon was termed "spill-over." by the neofunctionalist school. This was most apparent in the study of euthanasia. Although integration can be resisted, it becomes harder to stop integration's reach as it progresses.
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sectors or issue-areas, and the integration in one policy-area spilling over into others. Political spillover is the creation of supranational governance models, as far-reaching as the
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Neofunctionalism reintroduced territorialism in the functional theory and downplayed its global dimension. Neofunctionalism is simultaneously a theory and a strategy of
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theory and strategy. States had built authority structures upon a principle of territorialism. State theories were built upon assumptions that identified the scope of
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855:“autonomous development” towards multiplication, expansion, and deepening of functional international organizations. Ideally, this would ultimately result in an
681:; that knowledge and expertise are currently available to meet the needs for which the functional agencies are built; that states will not sabotage the process.
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Ziring, Lawrence; Riggs, Robert E.; Plano, Jack C. (2005). "Social and technical cooperation". In Ziring, Lawrence; Riggs, Robert E.; Plano, Jack C. (eds.).
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The proliferation of functional international organizations has occurred without adequate reorganization and coordination efforts due to a lack of central
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and the increasing weight of knowledge and hence of scientists and experts in the process of policy-making. Its roots can be traced back to the
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Substantial; new, functional international organizations will formulate policy and become increasingly responsible for implementation
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Wolf, Peter (Summer 1973). "International organization and attitude change: a re–examination of the functionalist approach".
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were held to address and coordinate functional cooperation, especially regarding the social and economic aspects.
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Caporaso, James (March 1998). "Regional integration theory: understanding our past and anticipating our future".
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The objective of functionalism towards global peace is achieved through functional cooperation by the work of
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see as a motivating factor, functionalists focus on common interests and needs shared by states (but also by
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Functionalism and world politics : a study on united nations programs financing economic development
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during the interwar period (which was characterized by nation state conflict) and the subsequent years.
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Scholte, Jan Aart (2001). "The globalization of world politics". In Baylis, John; Smith, Steve (eds.).
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Claude, Jr., Inis L. (1971). "The functional approach to peace". In Claude, Jr., Inis L. (ed.).
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could be observed among functional international organizations to the present day. Notably, the
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859:. Functionalists in this manner assume that cooperation in a non-political context would bring
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1518:. Library of World Affairs Series, no. 42. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
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According to neofunctionalists, there are two kinds of spillover: functional and political.
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1673:(June 1965). "The prospect of European integration: federal or functional".
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Piquet, Howard S. (July 1945). "Functional international organization".
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The uniting of Europe: political, social, and economic forces, 1950–1957
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Beyond the nation-state: functionalism and international organization
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The New
European community: decisionmaking and institutional change
1365:(2nd ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. pp.
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Minor; limited by state power and the importance of military force
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principally from the strong concern about the obsolescence of the
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The United
Nations: international organization and world politics
1217:(2nd ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
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Agenda sought: maintenance of position versus reaching consensus
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627:) in a process of global integration triggered by the erosion of
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Functional cooperation and functional international organization
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Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science
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compares functionalism's fundamental principles with those of
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Functionalism: theory and practice in international relations
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Potential shifts in the balance of power and security threats
1423:. Belmont, California: Thomson Wadsworth. pp. 397–469.
1476:(4th ed.). New York: Random House. pp. 344–368.
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International involvement: minimal versus substantial
1763:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
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1563:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1539:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.
1241:(2nd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
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889:World Summit for Social Development
825:Role of international organizations
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615:. Rather than the self-interest of
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741:Comparing functionalism to realism
714:is the interconnection of various
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919:Commission for Social Development
601:theory of international relations
27:Theory of international relations
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1711:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1676:Journal of Common Market Studies
1584:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1344:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1304:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1300:Theories of European integration
1263:. London: G. Allen & Unwin.
1195:Ziring, Riggs & Plano (2005)
1183:Ziring, Riggs & Plano (2005)
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122:Uneven and combined development
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1778:Wallace, William, ed. (1990).
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884:UN Economic and Social Council
805:Forces behind agenda formation
654:Functionalism is a pioneer in
36:International relations theory
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1:
1283:. Chicago: Quadrangle Books.
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639:traditions that started with
2020:liberal intergovernmentalism
1602:; Hoffmann, Stanley (1991).
729:One of its protagonists was
673:According to functionalism,
224:liberal intergovernmentalism
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1499:. New York: Crane, Russak.
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848:international organizations
789:Instruments of state policy
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1970:Territorial peace theory
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1975:Democratic peace theory
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1950:Neoclassical realism
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1578:Imber, Mark (1989).
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1514:Haas, Ernst (1958).
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2348:Politics portal
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643:and goes as far as
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560:Politics portal
381:Zbigniew Brzezinski
353:State cartel theory
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1965:Defensive realism
1960:Offensive realism
1945:Classical realism
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1770:978-0-691-07508-2
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1996:Neo-Gramscianism
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1257:Mitrany, David
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1247:
1229:
1223:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1197:, p. 400.
1187:
1185:, p. 399.
1175:
1173:, p. 398.
1163:
1151:
1147:Mitrany (1966)
1134:
1122:
1110:
1108:, p. 101.
1106:Mitrany (1933)
1098:
1071:
1067:Scholte (2001)
1059:
1055:Scholte (2000)
1047:
1043:Scholte (1993)
1032:
1020:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
939:European Union
936:
931:
926:
921:
916:
910:
908:
905:
872:accountability
843:
840:
837:
836:
833:
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827:
821:
820:
817:
810:
807:
801:
800:
797:
794:
791:
785:
784:
781:
778:
775:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
746:John McCormick
742:
739:
724:United Nations
720:European Union
705:invisible hand
689:Main article:
686:
683:
645:Woodrow Wilson
592:
591:
589:
588:
581:
574:
566:
563:
562:
549:
548:
534:
533:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
518:
513:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
486:J. Ann Tickner
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
446:Robert Keohane
443:
438:
433:
431:John Ikenberry
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
396:Daniel Deudney
393:
388:
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378:
372:
369:
368:
365:
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355:
350:
345:
340:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
310:
305:
300:
298:Postpositivism
294:
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287:
286:
283:
282:
277:
272:
267:
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252:
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217:
215:English School
212:
207:
202:
196:
194:Other theories
193:
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68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
48:
45:Constructivism
43:
42:
39:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2384:
2373:
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2329:
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2307:
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2299:
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2294:
2292:
2291:Kenneth Waltz
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:Susan Strange
2269:
2267:
2264:
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2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
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2229:
2227:
2226:Robert Jervis
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:Robert Gilpin
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2196:Cynthia Enloe
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
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2174:
2172:
2169:
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2157:
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2143:
2141:
2140:Regime theory
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:Great Debates
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Postmodernism
2059:
2056:
2052:
2051:Functionalism
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1976:
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1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
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1948:
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1928:
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1626:(July 1948).
1625:
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1262:
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1234:
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1226:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1196:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1160:
1155:
1149:, p. 35.
1148:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1132:, p. 14.
1131:
1126:
1120:, p. 13.
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1095:
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1078:
1076:
1068:
1063:
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1010:
1005:
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965:
962:
960:
957:
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947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
934:Ernst B. Haas
932:
930:
927:
925:
924:David Mitrany
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
904:
900:
898:
894:
891:in 1995, the
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
853:
852:transnational
849:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
811:
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802:
798:
795:
792:
790:
787:
786:
782:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:Functionalism
763:
760:
757:
756:
753:
751:
747:
738:
736:
732:
731:Ernst B. Haas
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
701:David Mitrany
698:
692:
682:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:globalization
652:
650:
646:
642:
641:Immanuel Kant
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
617:nation states
614:
611:as a form of
610:
606:
602:
598:
597:Functionalism
587:
582:
580:
575:
573:
568:
567:
565:
564:
561:
556:
551:
550:
541:
537:
525:
524:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
501:Kenneth Waltz
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
481:Susan Strange
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
436:Robert Jervis
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
421:Robert Gilpin
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
406:Cynthia Enloe
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
373:
367:
366:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
348:Regime theory
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
315:
314:Great Debates
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
265:Postmodernism
263:
260:
256:
255:Functionalism
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
225:
221:
218:
216:
213:
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201:
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183:
180:
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175:
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168:
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160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
144:
141:
136:
135:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
106:
101:
100:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
53:
50:
49:
46:
41:
40:
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
2286:Stephen Walt
2201:James Fearon
2102:Reflectivism
2050:
2036:Green theory
1779:
1760:
1731:
1725:
1706:
1680:
1674:
1637:
1631:
1604:
1580:
1559:
1534:
1515:
1494:
1473:
1452:
1446:
1420:
1391:
1385:
1361:
1340:
1320:
1299:
1280:
1260:
1237:
1214:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1062:
1050:
1023:
949:Human rights
901:
895:in 2000 and
865:
845:
824:
814:low politics
804:
788:
772:
744:
728:
715:
709:
694:
672:
653:
596:
595:
496:Stephen Walt
411:James Fearon
308:Reflectivism
254:
240:Green theory
29:
2301:Yan Xuetong
2176:Hedley Bull
2150:Geopolitics
2097:Rationalism
1980:Realpolitik
1687:: 119–149.
1644:: 350–363.
1555:Held, David
1398:: 347–371.
1211:Held, David
1204:Works cited
1161:, p. .
1094:Wolf (1973)
1028:Held (1996)
735:Jean Monnet
511:Yan Xuetong
386:Hedley Bull
358:Geopolitics
303:Rationalism
182:Realpolitik
2361:Categories
2315:Categories
2306:Qin Yaqing
2261:Joseph Nye
2181:E. H. Carr
1955:Neorealism
1866:Liberalism
1001:References
969:Kofi Annan
870:to ensure
651:" speech.
528:Categories
516:Qin Yaqing
471:Joseph Nye
391:E. H. Carr
157:Neorealism
65:Liberalism
1752:144433190
1738:: 43–50.
1412:145725017
767:Comments
664:territory
660:authority
2159:Scholars
2031:Feminism
1874:Idealism
1703:(1976).
1557:(1987).
1459:: 1–16.
1279:(1966).
1259:(1933).
1235:(1999).
1213:(1996).
907:See also
716:economic
637:idealist
621:realists
370:Scholars
235:Feminism
72:Idealism
1937:Realism
1904:Marxism
1717:2273808
1660:3018652
1269:4701730
761:Realism
750:realism
679:freedom
633:liberal
140:Realism
105:Marxism
1786:
1767:
1750:
1715:
1658:
1612:
1588:
1567:
1543:
1524:964689
1522:
1503:
1480:
1427:
1410:
1373:
1348:
1327:
1308:
1289:504885
1287:
1267:
1245:
1221:
758:
1748:S2CID
1734:(1).
1685:Wiley
1683:(2).
1656:JSTOR
1642:Wiley
1640:(3).
1455:(1).
1408:S2CID
1394:(3).
1367:13–34
662:with
619:that
609:state
599:is a
1784:ISBN
1765:ISBN
1736:SAGE
1713:OCLC
1665:Pdf.
1610:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1565:ISBN
1541:ISBN
1520:OCLC
1501:ISBN
1478:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1346:ISBN
1325:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1285:OCLC
1265:OCLC
1243:ISBN
1219:ISBN
647:'s "
635:and
1740:doi
1732:240
1689:doi
1646:doi
1461:doi
1400:doi
2363::
1746:.
1730:.
1679:.
1654:.
1638:24
1636:.
1630:.
1451:.
1406:.
1392:27
1390:.
1369:.
1137:^
1074:^
1035:^
1008:^
726:.
2110:"
2106:"
2057:)
2053:(
2022:)
2018:(
1832:e
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1691::
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1648::
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1463::
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1402::
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1227:.
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1018:.
585:e
578:t
571:v
316:"
312:"
261:)
257:(
226:)
222:(
20:)
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