International relations theory

1817:, and agency to a heavily responsible and duty laden concept. Importantly, autonomy is linked to a capacity for good governance. Similarly, sovereignty also experiences a shift from a right to a duty. In the global economy, international organizations hold sovereign states to account, leading to a situation where sovereignty is co-produced among "sovereign" states. The concept becomes a variable capacity of good governance and can no longer be accepted as an absolute right. One possible way to interpret this theory, is the idea that in order to maintain global stability and security and solve the problem of the anarchic world system in International Relations, no overarching, global, sovereign authority is created. Instead, states collectively abandon some rights for full autonomy and sovereignty. Another version of post-liberalism, drawing on work in political philosophy after the end of the Cold War, as well as on democratic transitions in particular in Latin America, argues that social forces from below are essential in understanding the nature of the state and the international system. Without understanding their contribution to political order and its progressive possibilities, particularly in the area of peace in local and international frameworks, the weaknesses of the state, the failings of the liberal peace, and challenges to global governance cannot be realised or properly understood. Furthermore, the impact of social forces on political and economic power, structures, and institutions, provides some empirical evidence of the complex shifts currently underway in IR. 2108:

all of them. While there is great diversity within the 'school', much of it involves either examining when and how the different traditions combine or dominate, or focusing on the Rationalist tradition, especially the concept of International Society (which is the concept most associated with English School thinking). The English School maintains that "the most distinguished theories of international politics can be divided into three basic categories: realism, which emphasises the concept of 'international anarchy'; revolutionism, which concentrates on the aspect of the 'moral unity' of the international society, and rationalism, which is based on the aspect of 'international dialogue and intercourse." Therefore, the English School highlights the assiduous interaction between the main strands of IR theory in the understanding of interstate relations.

2353:

understanding of foreign policy, escalation to war, conflict resolution, and numerous other issues in world politics. For example, Rose McDermott and Jonathan Mercer were among the first to use these new findings to argue that affective experience can have adaptive functions by facilitating quick and effective decision-making. Thomas Dolan has drawn on affective intelligence theory to show that some emotional responses leaders may have to new events during wartime, such as joy or anxiety, tend to bring about change in their approaches to war, while others, like contentment or frustration, are prone to produce resistance to change. Combining insights from experimental psychology and the sociology of emotions, Robin Markwica has developed "

2281:, Elshtain criticizes gender roles inherent in mainstream international relations theory. Particularly, Elshtain decries international relations for perpetuating a tradition of armed civic culture that automatically excludes women/wives. Instead, Elshatin challenges the trope of women as solely passive peacekeepers, using drawing parallels between wartime experiences and her personal experiences from her childhood and later as a mother. Thus, Elshtain has been lauded by some feminist international relations theorists as one of the first theorists to blend personal experience with international relations, thus challenging international relation's traditional preference for 1832: 1863:

identities of states and how states and non-state actors reproduce this structure. The key element of constructivism is the belief that "International politics is shaped by persuasive ideas, collective values, culture, and social identities." Constructivism argues that international reality is socially constructed by cognitive structures, which give meaning to the material world. Whereas rational choice approaches assume that actors follow a "logic of consequences", constructivist perspectives suggest that they adhere to a "

2309:

theorists. Specifically, Tickner argues that feminist international relations theory sometimes works outside of traditional ontological and epistemological international relations structures, instead analyzing international relations from a more humanistic perspective. Thus, Tickner was critical of the ways in which the study of international relations itself excludes women from participating in international relations theorizing. This piece of Tickner's was met with criticism from multiple scholars, such as

1651: 2364:, have been argued to help explain many features of international relations. Humans in the ancestral environment did not live in states and likely rarely had interactions with groups outside of a very local area. However, a variety of evolved psychological mechanisms, in particular those for dealing with inter group interactions, are argued to influence current international relations. These include evolved mechanisms for social exchange, cheating and detecting cheating, status conflicts, leadership, 1406: 1353:", such as the realist-idealist debate, does not correspond with the historic evidence found in earlier works: "We should once and for all dispense with the outdated anachronistic artifice of the debate between the idealists and realists as the dominant framework for and understanding the history of the field". Their revisionist account claims that, up until 1918, international relations already existed in the form of colonial administration, race science, and race development. 2419: 4915: 2519: 1153: 549: 2302:, Enloe looks at how the everyday lives of women are influenced by international relations. For example, Enloe uses banana plantations to illustrate how different women are affected by international politics depending on their geographical location, race, or ethnicity. Women, Enloe argues, play a role in international relations whether this work is recognized or not, working as labourers, wives, sex workers, and mothers, sometimes within army bases. 2533: 2062:" of international relations theory, also known as International Society, Liberal Realism, Rationalism or the British institutionalists, maintains that there is a 'society of states' at the international level, despite the condition of "anarchy", i.e., the lack of a ruler or world state. Despite being called the English School many of the academics from this school were neither English nor from the United Kingdom. 1780:." They explain that "... complex interdependence sometimes comes closer to reality than does realism." In explaining this, they cover the three baseline assumptions in realist thought: first, states are coherent units and are the dominant actors in international relations; second, force is a usable and effective instrument of policy; and third, there is a hierarchy in international politics. 2250:

theorists have struggled to find a place within international relations theory, either having their work ignored or discredited. Feminist international relations also analyzes how the social and the political interact, often pointing to the ways in which international relations affect individuals and vice versa. Generally, feminist international relations scholars tend to be critical of the

2330:

behavior often deviates from the expectations of the traditional rational choice model. To explain these deviations, cognitive psychologists developed several concepts and theories. These include theories of misperception, the importance of beliefs and schemas in information processing, and the use of analogies and heuristics in interpreting information, among others.

1682:) holds that a state should make its internal political philosophy the goal of its foreign policy. For example, an idealist might believe that ending poverty at home should be coupled with tackling poverty abroad. Wilson's idealism was a precursor to liberal international relations theory, which would arise amongst the "institution-builders" after World War I. 1945: 1587:

strong weapons to guarantee their survival. Additionally, in an anarchic system, states with greater power have a tendency to increase their influence further. According to neo-realists, structure is considered an extremely important element in IR and is defined in a twofold manner as: 1) the ordering principle of the international system, which is

2167:

Post-structuralism sees critique as an inherently positive exercise that establishes the conditions of possibility for pursuing alternatives. It states that "Every understanding of international politics depends upon abstraction, representation and interpretation". Scholars associated with post-structuralism in international relations include

2134:. Rather than the self-interest that realists see as a motivating factor, functionalists focus on common interests shared by states. Integration develops its own internal dynamic: as states integrate in limited functional or technical areas, they increasingly find that momentum for further rounds of integration in related areas. This " 2483:. That is, theories that can be applied at several levels of analysis. Theories previously developed in economics and sociology are applied to international affairs, while the major isms, such as realism, are reconstituted into a form that can be tested systematically with comprehensive databases. The major international relations 2166:

Post-structuralism differs from most other approaches to international politics because it does not see itself as a theory, school or paradigm which produces a single account of the subject matter. Instead, post-structuralism is an approach, attitude, or ethos that pursues critique in particular way.

2157:

international political system arose to secure and protect the developing international capitalist system. His theory is called "functionalist" because it says that an event was a function of the preferences of a system and not the preferences of an agent. Functionalism is different from structural

1795:

Finally, the use of military force is not exercised when complex interdependence prevails. In other words, for countries among which a complex interdependence exists, the role of the military in resolving disputes is negated. However, Keohane and Nye go on to state that the role of the military is in

2325:

Psychological approaches to international relations focus on the impact of cognition and emotion on world politics. Through the analysis of political decision making, scholars have examined a broad spectrum of issues ranging from nuclear strategy and nuclear proliferation to deterrence, reassurance,

1862:

has been described as a challenge to the dominance of neo-liberal and neo-realist international relations theories. Michael Barnett describes constructivist international relations theories as being concerned with how ideas define international structure, how this structure defines the interests and

1760:

is a more recent branch of liberal international relations theory. Unlike traditional liberal theories of international politics, which focus on individual-level or domestic-level explanations, liberal institutionalism emphasizes the influence of systemic factors. Its proponents focus on the role of

2475:

international relations theory is an approach to international relations theory which believes in the idea that the social sciences can adapt methodologies from the natural sciences. Accordingly, behavioural scholars reject isms (ideological approaches) because their adherents believe the maxims of

2115:

a seminal work of the school, he begins by looking at the concept of order, arguing that states across time and space have come together to overcome some of the danger and uncertainty of the Hobbesian international system to create an international society of states that share certain interests and

1685:

Liberalism holds that state preferences, rather than state capabilities, are the primary determinant of state behavior. Unlike realism, where the state is seen as a unitary actor, liberalism allows for plurality in state actions. Thus, preferences will vary from state to state, depending on factors

1586:

choices of states in the international arena. For instance, any disagreement between states derives from lack of a common power (central authority) to enforce rules and maintain them constantly. Thus, there is constant anarchy in the international system that makes it necessary for states to obtain

1348:

However, a more recent study, by David Long and Brian Schmidt in 2005, offers a revisionist account of the origins of the field of international relations. They claim that the history of the field can be traced back to late 19th century imperialism and internationalism. The fact that the history of

2107:

One way to think about the English School is that, while some theories identify with just one of the three historical traditions (Classical Realism and Neorealism owe a debt to the Realist or Hobbesian tradition; Marxism to the Revolutionist tradition, for example), English School looks to combine

1736:

to challenge democratic peace. One argument is that economic interdependence makes war between trading partners less likely. In contrast, realists claim that economic interdependence increases rather than decreases the likelihood of conflict. While the democratic peace theory claims that democracy

2352:

More recently, scholars of international relations have started drawing on emotion research in psychology to shed light on issues in world politics. Research in psychology suggests that affect and emotions are core drivers in decision making and behavior. This has significant consequences for our

2329:

In the 1970s, scholars of world politics started drawing on new research in cognitive psychology to explain decisions to cooperate or compete in international relations. Cognitive psychology had assigned cognition a central role in the explanation of human decision-making. It found that people's

1787:

of states. This manifests itself in many forms ranging from informal governmental ties to multinational corporations and organizations. Here they define their terminology: interstate relations are those channels assumed by realists; transgovernmental relations occur when one relaxes the realist

2308:

is a prominent feminist international relations theorist with many notable written pieces. For example, her piece "You Just Don't Understand: Troubled Engagements Between Feminists and IR Theorists" examines the misunderstandings that occur between feminist scholars and international relations

1791:

Moreover, Keohane and Nye argue that there is not, in fact, a hierarchy among issues, meaning that not only is the martial arm of foreign policy not the supreme tool by which to carry out a state's agenda, but that there are a multitude of different agendas that come to the forefront. The line

1721:

and interactive model of democratic peace argue that democracies have fewer conflicts among themselves. This is seen as contradicting especially the realist theories and this empirical claim is now one of the great disputes in political science. Numerous explanations have been proposed for the

2348:

In addition to cognitive psychology, social psychology has long inspired research in international relations. Social psychologists have identified a fundamental human need for identity – the way in which a person or a group is, or wishes to be known by others. The resulting identity formation

2249:

perspective to topics and themes in international relations such as war, peace, security, and trade. In particular, feminist international relations scholars use gender to analyze how power exists within different international political systems. Historically, feminist international relations

1891:

For example, constructivists note that an increase in the size of the U.S. military is likely to be viewed with much greater concern in Cuba, a traditional antagonist of the United States, than in Canada, a close U.S. ally. Therefore, there must be perceptions at work in shaping international

1887:

concerns itself primarily with the role of ideas in shaping the international system; indeed it is possible that there is some overlap between constructivism and realism or liberalism, but they remain separate schools of thought. By "ideas" constructivists refer to the goals, threats, fears,

1804:

One version of post-liberal theory argues that within the modern, globalized world, states in fact are driven to cooperate in order to ensure security and sovereign interests. The departure from classical liberal theory is most notably felt in the re-interpretation of the concepts of

1788:

assumption that states act coherently as units; transnational applies when one removes the assumption that states are the only units. It is through these channels that political exchange occurs, not through the limited interstate channels that are the focus of realist theory.

1888:

identities, and other elements of perceived reality that influence states and non-state actors within the international system. Constructivists believe that these ideational factors can often have far-reaching effects, and that they can trump materialistic power concerns.

2254:

school of thought for their strong positivist and state-centered approach to international relations, although feminist international scholars who are also realists exist. Feminist International Relations borrows from a number of methodologies and theories such as

2349:

dynamics can contribute to conflicts between and among groups. Scholars of international relations have drawn on insights in social psychology to explore the dynamics of conflict among and between groups as well as processes of conflict management and resolution.

2158:

or realist arguments in that while both look to broader, structural causes, realists (and structuralists more broadly) say that the structure gives incentives to agents, while functionalists attribute causal power to the system itself, bypassing agents entirely.

2391:

debated the state of IR theory. A 2016 study showed that while theoretical innovations and qualitative analyses are a large part of graduate training, journals favor middle-range theory, quantitative hypothesis testing and methodology for publishing.

3219:, No. 110, Special Edition: Frontiers of Knowledge. (Spring, 1998), p. 41: "The end of the Cold War played an important role in legitimizing constructivist t realism and liberalism failed to anticipate this event and had trouble explaining it. 2476:

their isms are self-evidently true. Instead of testing maxims systematically to determine whether they are true, behaviouralists view proponents of ideological isms as spreading propaganda in the guise of scholarship to guide policy-makers.

1450:

Realists believe that nation states are the main actors in international politics. As such it is a state-centric theory of international relations. This contrasts with liberal international relations theories which accommodate roles for

2099:

In broad terms, the English School itself has supported the rationalist or Grotian tradition, seeking a middle way (or via media) between the power politics of realism and the "utopianism" of revolutionism. The English School rejects

2317:, who criticized Tickner's assumption that feminist international relations scholars worked in the same ontological reality and epistemological tradition in her piece "Different Communities/Different Realities/Different Encounters". 1511:

autonomous actor in pursuit of its own self-interest with a primary goal to maintain and ensure its own security—and thus its sovereignty and survival. Realism holds that in pursuit of their interests, states will attempt to amass

1442:

was seen by realists as evidence of the deficiencies of idealist thinking. There are various strands of modern-day realist thinking. However, the main tenets of the theory have been identified as statism, survival, and self-help.

1217:. Whereas realism and liberalism make broad and specific predictions about international relations, constructivism and rational choice are methodological approaches that focus on certain types of social explanation for phenomena. 1728:, that democracies conduct diplomacy in general very differently from non-democracies. (Neo)realists disagree with Liberals over the theory, often citing structural reasons for the peace, as opposed to the state's government. 2024:. World-system theory argues that globalized capitalism has created a core of modern industrialized countries which exploit a periphery of exploited "Third World" countries. These ideas were developed by the Latin American 1591:, and 2) the distribution of capabilities across units. Waltz also challenges traditional realism's emphasis on traditional military power, instead characterizing power in terms of the combined capabilities of the state. 2043:

Criticisms of Marxists approaches to international relations theory include the narrow focus on material and economic aspects of life, as well as assuming that the interests pursued by actors are derived from class.

2116:

ways of thinking about the world. By doing so, they make the world more ordered, and can eventually change international relations to become significantly more peaceful and beneficial to their shared interests.

1425:

or political realism has been the dominant theory of international relations since the conception of the discipline. The theory claims to rely upon an ancient tradition of thought which includes writers such as

1874:

Constructivist theory criticises the static assumptions of traditional international relations theory and emphasizes that international relations is a social construction. And constructivism is critical of the

1702:") whether through commercial firms, organizations or individuals. Thus, instead of an anarchic international system, there are plenty of opportunities for cooperation and broader notions of power, such as 1741:

claims that the direction of causality is opposite. In other words, peace leads to democracy. The latter theory is supported by the historical observation that peace almost always comes before democracy.

1344:

system to be replaced with a system of collective security. These thinkers were later described as "Idealists". The leading critique of this school of thinking was the "realist" analysis offered by Carr.

3721:, 32, pp. 359–371; t'Hart, Paul, Erik K. Stern, and Bengt Sundelius (1997). "Foreign Policy Making at the Top: Political Group Dynamics", in Paul t'Hart, Erik K. Stern and Bengt Sundelius, eds., 2380:

characterized IR theory as a recent phenomena in political science scholarship. Thompson distinguished between "normative" IR theory, "general" IR theory, and IR theory as the "basis of action."

1883:

theories of international relations. Whereas realism deals mainly with security and material power, and liberalism looks primarily at economic interdependence and domestic-level factors,

4892: 526: 3319:

In international relations ontology refers to the basic unit of analysis that an international relations theory uses. For example for neorealists humans are the basic unit of analysis

3017:

Gartzke, Erik (1998). "Kant we all just get along? Opportunity, willingness, and the origins of the democratic peace," American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 1-27.

2138:" of integration phenomenon is termed "spillover". Although integration can be resisted, it becomes harder to stop integration's reach as it progresses. This usage, and the usage in 1281:. During the late 1980s and 1990s, constructivism emerged as a prominent third IR theoretical framework, in addition to existing realist and liberal approaches. IR theorists such as 2337:

identified patterns of leaders' misperception in historical cases that led to unwanted escalation, failures of deterrence, and the outbreak of war. Deborah Welch Larson and

4356: 3717:

See, for example, Harff, Barbara and Ted Robert Gurr (1988). "Toward Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides: Identification and Measurement of Cases since 1945",

1706:(for example, the influence of films leading to the popularity of the country's culture and creating a market for its exports worldwide). Another assumption is that 1867:". The theory emerged from debates concerning the scientific method of international relations theories and theories role in the production of international power. 1783:

The heart of Keohane and Nye's argument is that, in international politics, there are, in fact, multiple channels that connect societies exceeding the conventional

4402: 577: 4685: 313: 1539:, where increasing one's own security can bring along greater instability as the opponent(s) builds up its own arms, making security a zero-sum game where only 2507:

that can be tested empirically, whereupon the future of international relations theory will move beyond untested maxims to a solid foundation of knowledge.

1507:, are the primary actors in international affairs. Thus, states, as the highest order, are in competition with one another. As such, a state acts as a 1729: 4950: 4004:

Desch, Michael (2015-06-01). "Technique Trumps Relevance: The Professionalization of Political Science and the Marginalization of Security Studies".

3434: 2405: 1313: 3877:

Mearsheimer, John J.; Walt, Stephen M. (2013-09-01). "Leaving theory behind: Why simplistic hypothesis testing is bad for International Relations".

5318: 4582: 2059: 2053: 208: 3040:

Altman, D., Rojas-de-Galarreta, F., & Urdinez, F. (2021). An interactive model of democratic peace. Journal of Peace Research, 58(3), 384-398.

2503:

paradigms, each of which are homes to alternative variants. Behavioural scholars seek to retrofit isms identified above into variants of existing

2383:

In recent years, several IR scholars have remarked on what they see as a trend away from IR theory in IR scholarship. The September 2013 issue of

1455:

and international institutions. This difference is sometimes expressed by describing a realist world view as one which sees nation states as

3243: 1527:, believe that states are inherently aggressive, that territorial expansion is constrained only by opposing powers, while others, known as 4395: 570: 4112: 3783: 3661:, vol. 4, pp. 67-92; Janice Gross Stein (2013). "Psychological Explanations of International Decision Making and Collective Behavior", in 2877: 4617: 4516: 3077:

Hutchison, Marc L.; Starr, Daniel G. (2017). "The Territorial Peace: Theory, Evidence, and Implications". In Thompson, William R. (ed.).

2345:

has investigated how policy-makers rely on cognitive shortcuts called "heuristics" when they assess the intentions of their adversaries.

1524: 1368: 243: 140: 2291:

is another influential scholar in the field of feminist international relations. Her influential feminist international relations text,

5425: 3465: 1978:

view of state conflict or cooperation; instead focusing on the economic and material aspects. Marxist approaches argue the position of

1473:, meaning that there is no central authority. Therefore, international politics is a struggle for power between self-interested states. 1341: 1181: 2149:

More commonly, however, functionalism is an argument that explains phenomena as functions of a system rather than an actor or actors.

4970: 4647: 1884: 1836: 1792:

between domestic and foreign policy becomes blurred in this case, as realistically there is no clear agenda in interstate relations.

273: 1201:(IR) from a theoretical perspective. It seeks to explain behaviors and outcomes in international politics. The three most prominent 5313: 4663: 4419: 2561: 2260: 2256: 2139: 2065:

A great deal of the work of the English School concerns the examination of traditions of past international theory, casting it, as

1855: 1826: 1298: 1214: 291: 38: 3691:, 15(1), pp. 17–33; Rose McDermott (2002). "Arms Control and the First Reagan Administration: Belief-Systems and Policy Choices", 5420: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5000: 4679: 4632: 4622: 4577: 4388: 2264: 2196: 2125: 1732:, a critic of democratic peace theory, points to America's behavior towards left-leaning democracies in Latin America during the 1707: 1535:, believe that states are obsessed with the security and continuation of the state's existence. The defensive view can lead to a 1350: 1270: 563: 307: 258: 248: 203: 1871:

states that constructivism occupies a middle ground between rationalist and interpretative theories of international relations.

1582:

Waltz's neorealism contends that the effect of structure must be taken into account in explaining state behavior. It shapes all

5333: 4475: 1975: 1956: 1913: 1667: 98: 1579:

has combined neo-realist thinking with more traditional realists. This strand of theory is sometimes called "modern realism".

4943: 4668: 3579: 3392: 3200: 3175: 3138: 3096: 2934: 2861: 2341:

have referred to belief systems and schemas as central drivers of information processing and foreign policy decision-making.

296: 3639:

Marchand, Marianne (1998). "Different Communities / Different Realities / Different Encounters: A Reply to J. Ann Tickner".

5338: 5328: 4637: 4526: 4437: 3823: 2214: 1611: 1554: 1372: 1266: 1210: 263: 150: 58: 5323: 5176: 5166: 4602: 4445: 4341: 2240: 1301:. Rational choice approaches to world politics became increasingly influential in the 1990s, in particular with works by 228: 65: 1487:

international system with no authority above capable of regulating interactions between states as no true authoritative

1273:(or liberal institutionalism) became a prominent competitive framework to neorealism, with prominent proponents such as 5093: 5083: 4236:

The Invention of International Relations Theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 Conference on Theory

2761:

See Forde, Steven (1995). "International Realism and the Science of Politics: Thucydides, Machiavelli and Neorealism,"

1971: 1671: 1588: 1422: 3657:

For overviews, see, for example, Goldgeier, J.M., and P. E. Tetlock (2001). "Psychology and International Relations",

2333:

Scholars of international relations took up these insights and applied them to issues in world politics. For example,

5389: 5343: 5020: 4508: 4328: 4288: 4274: 4250: 4222: 3803: 2746: 2619: 2430: 2251: 1560: 1484: 1470: 1362: 1206: 1049: 133: 1483:

Realism makes several key assumptions. It assumes that nation-states are unitary, geographically based actors in an

4936: 4899: 2953:, edited by John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens, 4th edition, New York: Oxford University Press,pp.127–128 1625: 1571: 1414: 1261: 1229: 655: 533: 3408: 2002:

whose writings concerned the hegemony that capitalism holds as an ideology. Marxist approaches have also inspired

5384: 5243: 4597: 4493: 1939: 223: 115: 2912:, edited by John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens, 4th edition, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 127 2231:

focuses on the persistence of colonial forms of power and the continuing existence of racism in world politics.

5060: 1496: 1232:. The modern study of international relations, as a theory, has sometimes been traced to realist works such as 1174: 1044: 670: 3734:

McDermott, Rose, "The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science",

3329: 1761:

international institutions in allowing nations to successfully cooperate in an anarchic international system.

1500: 1059: 3357:

Wendt, Alexander (1992). "Anarchy is what states make of it: the social construction of power politics," in

3297:

Adler, Emmanuel, Seizing the middle ground, European Journal of International Relations, Vol .3, 1997, p.319

3285:, edited by John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens, New York: Oxford University Press, 4th ed., p. 162 5005: 4591: 2556: 1757: 1520:. That level of power is in turn determined by the state's military, economic, and political capabilities. 808: 640: 611: 217: 3738:

2(4) (2004), pp. 691–706; Jonathan Mercer (2005). "Rationality and Psychology in International Politics",

3687:

Larson, Deborah Welch (1994). "The Role of Belief Systems and Schemas in Foreign Policy Decision-Making".

3441: 1674:". Idealism (or utopianism) was viewed critically by those who saw themselves as "realists", for instance 5186: 4136:

Colgan, Jeff D. (2016-02-12). "Where Is International Relations Going? Evidence from Graduate Training".

1238: 1112: 1831: 5440: 5394: 5203: 4980: 4612: 2293: 2070: 1438:. Early realism can be characterized as a reaction against interwar idealist thinking. The outbreak of 645: 616: 238: 2313:, who wrote "Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory" and 4572: 3706:

Knowing the Adversary: Leaders, Intelligence, and Assessment of Intentions in International Relations

3370:

Cox, Robert (1981). "Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory",

1995: 1504: 1167: 772: 198: 4269:

Lavelle, Kathryn C., (2020) The Challenges of Multinationalism, New Haven: Yale University Press.

2805:, edited by John Baylis, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens, New York: Oxford University Press, 4th ed. 5196: 4541: 4465: 2130:

Functionalism is a theory of international relations that arose principally from the experience of

2040:. Marxist approaches have enjoyed a renaissance since the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. 1982:

and make the assumption that the economic concerns transcend others; allowing for the elevation of

1864: 1796:

fact important with respect to an "alliance's political and military relations with a rival bloc."

1751: 1738: 1694:. Liberalism also holds that interaction between states is not limited to the political/security (" 1678:. In international relations, idealism (also called "Wilsonianism" because of its association with 1641: 1621: 887: 777: 165: 85: 3751:

Dolan, Thomas M. (2016). "Go Big or Go Home? Positive Emotions and Responses to Wartime Success",

3665:, edited by Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, and Beth Simmons, 2nd ed. New York: Sage, pp. 195-219. 1598:", whereas John Mearsheimer is a proponent of a different version of neorealism characterized as " 5435: 5369: 5181: 4959: 4546: 4488: 4450: 4427: 4281:

The Discipline of Western Supremacy: Modes of Foreign Relations and Political Economy, Volume III

3252: 2361: 2354: 2224: 2154: 1777: 1718: 1659: 1617: 1306: 1198: 817: 170: 110: 70: 45: 20: 3560:"Introducing Elshtain, Enloe, and Tickner: looking at key feminist efforts before journeying on" 1479:

Realists believe that no other states can be relied upon to help guarantee the state's survival.

2884: 1979: 1248: 1225: 1224:

with the establishment of a Chair of International Relations, the Woodrow Wilson Chair held by

1054: 996: 942: 3126: 2681: 1431: 4460: 3795: 3088: 2853: 2599: 1859: 1637: 1629: 1392: 874: 707: 80: 2923: 1896:

as the invariable foundation of the international system, but rather argue, in the words of

1340:

Early international relations scholarship in the interwar years focused on the need for the

5359: 5273: 5010: 4852: 4802: 4787: 4706: 4701: 4587: 4521: 4498: 3409:"Dunne, Kurki & Smith: International Relations Theories 4e: Chapter 11: Revision guide" 3310:, edited by Tim Dunne, Milja Kurki, and Steve Smith, Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.167 3063:

Copeland, Dale (1996). "Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations,"

2454: 2401: 2365: 2299: 2274: 2150: 2131: 2014: 1991: 1919: 1388: 984: 855: 845: 830: 757: 675: 484: 434: 419: 336: 331: 213: 145: 120: 8: 5430: 5283: 5278: 5141: 4742: 4716: 3078: 2377: 2017: 1096: 1006: 860: 762: 712: 650: 374: 346: 4208:

The Great Powers and the International System: Systemic Theory in Empirical Perspective.

5114: 4817: 4737: 4029: 3986: 3902: 3859: 3851: 3000: 2992: 2669: 2546: 2496: 2466: 2176: 1814: 1784: 1691: 1294: 1134: 727: 449: 369: 3755:, 60(2), pp. 230–42; Thomas M. Dolan (2016). "Emotion and Strategic Learning in War", 2277:

is a key contributor to feminist international relations theory. In her seminal book,

5379: 5248: 5213: 5156: 5124: 5041: 4536: 4531: 4483: 4324: 4284: 4270: 4246: 4218: 4153: 4070: 4033: 4021: 3990: 3978: 3943: 3938: 3921: 3894: 3863: 3843: 3799: 3621: 3602:"Beyond Dichotomy: Conversations Between International Relations and Feminist Theory" 3575: 3528: 3459: 3388: 3268:

Hopf, Ted (1998). "The Promise of Constructivism in International Relations Theory,"

3196: 3171: 3134: 3092: 3028:

The political discourse of anarchy: a disciplinary history of international relations

2984: 2965:"Mearsheimer's World-Offensive Realism and the Struggle for Security: A Review Essay" 2930: 2857: 2846: 2742: 2677: 2673: 2661: 2635: 2615: 2566: 2357:" as an alternative model to rational choice theory and constructivist perspectives. 2314: 2168: 2025: 1935: 1633: 1599: 1595: 1532: 1528: 1380: 1376: 1202: 1129: 803: 665: 660: 621: 594: 160: 155: 105: 3906: 3499:"You Just Don't Understand: Troubled Engagements Between Feminists and IR Theorists" 3004: 1904:

shape and change foreign policy over time rather than security which realists cite.

1813:. Autonomy becomes a problematic concept in shifting away from a notion of freedom, 5399: 5268: 5191: 4822: 4777: 4762: 4642: 4626: 4567: 4455: 4229:

Theory and Meta-Theory in International Relations: Concepts and Contending Accounts

4145: 4060: 4013: 3970: 3933: 3886: 3835: 3791: 3613: 3567: 3518: 3510: 3084: 2976: 2949:

Lamy, Steven (2008). "Contemporary Approaches: Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism," in

2908:

Lamy, Steven (2008). "Contemporary Approaches: Neo-realism and Neo-liberalism," in

2651: 2607: 2342: 2326:

signaling, and bargaining, as well as conflict management and conflict resolution.

2228: 2172: 2033: 1923: 1703: 1536: 1513: 1488: 1452: 1290: 1079: 835: 689: 454: 409: 394: 268: 252: 193: 75: 3559: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5136: 4919: 4867: 4837: 4827: 4812: 4380: 3571: 2524: 2450: 2268: 2220: 2180: 2003: 1999: 1948: 1927: 1897: 1711: 1687: 1655: 1492: 1384: 1329: 1282: 1243: 1157: 1139: 964: 949: 553: 499: 469: 459: 444: 19:

This article is about the theoretical discipline. For international studies, see

1986:

as the focus of study. Marxists view the international system as an integrated

5025: 4847: 4807: 4792: 4757: 4346: 2980: 2951:

The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations

2925:

The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations

2910:

The Globalisation of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations

2638:[From Liberalism to Neorealism. A Discussion Around Classical Realism] 2551: 2538: 2500: 2458: 2338: 2310: 2305: 2202: 2135: 2088:), which looks at how states can work together and cooperate for mutual benefit 1848: 1769: 1679: 1650: 1583: 1517: 1516:, and that relations between states are determined by their relative levels of 1456: 1400: 1396: 1274: 1035: 954: 908: 850: 479: 439: 424: 389: 4065: 4048: 4017: 3974: 2479:

The latest formulation of the behavioural approach involves macro-theories or

2298:

considers where women fit into the international political system. Similar to

2095:), which looks at human society as transcending borders or national identities 1970:

international relations theories are structuralist paradigms which reject the

1900:, that "anarchy is what states make of it". Constructivists also believe that 5414: 4862: 4842: 4797: 4782: 4767: 4711: 4157: 4074: 4025: 3982: 3947: 3898: 3890: 3847: 3625: 3601: 3532: 3498: 2988: 2739:

Imperialism and Internationalism in the Discipline of International Relations

2665: 2611: 2462: 2334: 2288: 2101: 2092: 2078: 2037: 2028:. "Neo-Marxist" or "New Marxist" approaches have returned to the writings of 2007: 1868: 1695: 1645: 1576: 1566: 1541: 1460: 1435: 1405: 1256: 959: 937: 912: 742: 494: 474: 429: 414: 399: 341: 3617: 3514: 1220:

International relations, as a discipline, is believed to have emerged after

5288: 5208: 5161: 4857: 4772: 4673: 4607: 4352: 3039: 2492: 2409: 2227:(IR), and is a non-mainstream area of international relations scholarship. 2085: 2066: 1901: 1724: 1699: 1439: 1317: 1302: 722: 489: 404: 301: 233: 4928: 4896: 4088: 1893: 530: 5374: 5253: 5233: 5146: 5131: 5046: 4872: 4747: 4721: 4551: 4149: 3050:

Rosato, Sebastian (2003). "The Flawed Logic of Democratic Peace Theory,"

2656: 2636:"Del liberalismo al neo-realismo. Un debate en torno al realismo clásico" 2472: 2184: 1967: 1931: 1880: 1840: 1806: 1565:

Neorealism or structural realism is a development of realism advanced by

1508: 1325: 1286: 1221: 1026: 991: 894: 882: 747: 504: 379: 351: 175: 4914: 2518: 2418: 1851:

as this was something not predicted by the existing mainstream theories.

1152: 548: 5258: 4877: 4832: 4752: 3855: 2996: 2964: 2282: 1987: 1776:, in response to neorealism, developed an opposing theory they dubbed " 1773: 1675: 1459:, liberals would consider relationships between states to be more of a 1427: 1409: 1321: 1278: 1233: 1116: 1106: 1101: 840: 702: 509: 464: 384: 3723:

Beyond Group Think: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy Making

3523: 3131:

The Theoretical Evolution of International Political Economy: A Reader

2320: 5364: 5119: 2504: 2484: 2480: 2201:

Post-modernist approaches to international relations are critical of

2029: 2010:

who argues that "Theory is always for someone and for some purpose".

1844: 1839:

as an international relations theory increased after the fall of the

1255:

The most influential IR theory work of the post-World War II era was

1001: 899: 782: 737: 717: 3839: 3770:

Emotional Choices: How the Logic of Affect Shapes Coercive Diplomacy

3372:

Millennium – Journal of International Studies', Vol. 10, pp. 126–155

3242:

Richard Jackson (November 21, 2008). "Ch 6: Social Constructivism".

1594:

Waltz's version of neorealism has frequently been characterized as "

5171: 5109: 5088: 3337: 3168:

International Statebuilding – The Rise of the Post-Liberal Paradigm

2644:

Telos. Revista de Estudios Interdisciplinarios en Ciencias Sociales

1952: 1876: 1810: 1733: 1124: 1084: 767: 752: 732: 601: 2778: 2727:, ed. by Scott Burchill et al., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p.7. 2711:, ed. by Scott Burchill et al., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p.1. 2698:, ed. by Scott Burchill et al., New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p.6. 2532: 2013:

One notable Marxist approach to international relations theory is

2488: 1963: 1039: 697: 4264:

Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches

4172:

Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches

2723:

Burchill, Scott and Andrew Linklater (2005). "Introduction," in

2707:

Burchill, Scott and Andrew Linklater (2005). "Introduction," in

2694:

Burchill, Scott and Andrew Linklater (2005). "Introduction," in

2371: 5263: 5151: 4372: 2246: 2205:

and denounces traditional IR's claims to truth and neutrality.

1320:" IR theories (which stand in contrast to the aforementioned " 1089: 1031: 929: 16:

Study of international relations from a theoretical perspective

3387:. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8–9. 3293: 3291: 2779:"Political Realism | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy" 1469:

Realists believe that the international system is governed by

5238: 4995: 4243:

International Relations Theory: Competing Empirical Paradigms

4185:

International Relations Theory: Competing Empirical Paradigms

3961:

Keohane, Robert O. (2009-02-16). "The old IPE and the new".

2449:

Several alternative approaches have been developed based on

2020:

which can be traced back to the ideas expressed by Lenin in

5015: 3288: 3784:"Toward an Evolutionary Theory of International Relations" 3566:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 18–50, 2001-12-20, 3308:

International Relations Theories: Discipline and Diversity

2234: 2219:

Postcolonial international relations scholarship posits a

1944: 1722:

democratic peace. It has also been argued, as in the book

5295: 3482:, New York: Oxford University Press, 4th ed., pp. 187-189 3147: 2839: 2837: 3385:

The German Question and the International Order, 1943–48

2153:

employed a functionalist theory when he argued that the

4321:

International Relations Theory. A Critical Introduction

4199:

Baylis, John; Steve Smith; and Patricia Owens. (2008)

3676:

Perception and Misperception in International Politics

2834: 2801:

Dunne, Tim and Brian C. Schmidt (2004). "Realism," in

3281:

Barnett, Michael (2008). "Social Constructivism," in

1418:

is considered one of the earliest "realist" thinkers.

3782:

McDermott, Rose; Davenport, Christian (2017-01-25).

2514: 2081:), which views states as independent competing units 1998:. Gramscian approaches rely on the ideas of Italian 3725:. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 3–34. 2321:

Psychological approaches to international relations

4410: 4174:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, p. 305. 3781: 3070: 2922: 2845: 2827:Snyder, Jack (2004). "One World, Rival Theories," 2814:Snyder, Jack (2004). "One World, Rival Theories," 2368:distinction and biases, coalitions, and violence. 2245:Feminist international relations theory applies a 2032:for their inspiration. Key "New Marxists" include 2600:"Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View" 2584:Snyder, Jack(2004). "One World, Rival Theories," 2406:Post-positivism in international relations theory 1575:. It is, however, only one strand of neorealism. 1523:Some realists, known as human nature realists or 5412: 3133:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 133. 2852:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 2741:. New York: State University of New York Press. 2054:English school of international relations theory 3922:"I Don't Get No Respect:1 The Travails of IPE2" 3876: 3478:Baylis, John, Steve Smith, and Patricia Owens, 3241: 2487:are identified as the Marxian (not ideological 5001:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) 4262:Jackson, Robert H., and Georg Sørensen (2013) 3413:Oxford University Press Online Resource Centre 3076: 2104:approaches to international relations theory. 1892:outcomes. As such, constructivists do not see 4944: 4396: 3170:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 43–90. 3030:, Albany: State University of new York, p.219 2773: 2771: 2372:Theory in international relations scholarship 1335: 1175: 571: 4170:Jackson, Robert, and Georg Sorensen (2015). 4089:"Table of Contents — September 2013, 19 (3)" 3708:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 3678:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 2022:Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 4958: 4113:"Perspectives on Politics Vol. 13 Issue 02" 3879:European Journal of International Relations 3824:"Toward a Theory of International Politics" 3230:Political Analysis: A Critical Introduction 3129:. In Crane, George T.; Amawi, Abla (eds.). 3125:Keohane, Robert O.; Nye, Joseph S. (1997). 3033: 2843: 2736: 2597: 2385:European Journal of International Relations 1756:Neoliberalism, liberal institutionalism or 1369:Classical realism (international relations) 4951: 4937: 4403: 4389: 3306:Fierke, K.M. (2016). "Constructivism," in 3245:Introduction to International Relations 3e 3153: 3124: 2768: 1764: 1182: 1168: 578: 564: 5016:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 4648:Chinese school of international relations 4064: 3963:Review of International Political Economy 3937: 3522: 3382: 3251:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 2655: 2395: 274:Chinese school of international relations 3919: 3821: 3788:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 3638: 3190: 3165: 3111:Sutch, Peter, and Juanita Elias (2006). 3080:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics 2598:Fearon, James; Wendt, Alexander (2002), 2562:List of international relations journals 2360:Evolutionary perspectives, such as from 2140:functionalism in international relations 1943: 1830: 1827:Constructivism (international relations) 1649: 1404: 5021:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) 4335:Social Theory of International Politics 3960: 3599: 3496: 3054:, Vol. 97, No. 4, November, pp. 585–602 2235:Feminist international relations theory 2197:Postmodernism (international relations) 2126:Functionalism (international relations) 5413: 4135: 3796:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.294 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3464:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 3089:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.285 2962: 2633: 1914:Marxist international relations theory 1668:liberal international relations theory 4932: 4384: 4323:, 2nd edition, Taylor & Francis, 4301:World Affairs: An Analytical Overview 4049:"For a More Public Political Science" 4046: 4003: 3817: 3815: 3127:"Realism and Complex Interdependence" 2161: 2069:did in his 1950s-era lectures at the 1710:can be made through co-operation and 2831:, Vol. 145 (November/December), p.55 2818:, Vol. 145 (November/December), p.59 2737:Schmidt, Brian; Long, David (2005). 2719: 2717: 2413: 2215:Postcolonial international relations 1994:. A sub-discipline of Marxist IR is 1612:Liberalism (international relations) 1555:Neorealism (international relations) 1373:Neorealism (international relations) 4215:Theories of International Relations 4201:The Globalisation of World Politics 3663:Handbook of International Relations 3539: 3485: 3480:The Globalisation of World Politics 3283:The Globalisation of World Politics 3113:International Relations: The Basics 2848:The Tragedy of Great Power Politics 2803:The Globalisation of World Politics 2725:Theories of International Relations 2709:Theories of International Relations 2696:Theories of International Relations 2604:Handbook of International Relations 2241:Feminism in international relations 1491:exists. Secondly, it assumes that 13: 5094:International relations since 1989 5084:Diplomatic history of World War II 5006:International Criminal Court (ICC) 4193: 3812: 3772:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3659:Annual Review of Political Science 3067:, Vol. 20, No. 4, Spring, pp. 5–41 2627: 2208: 1799: 14: 5452: 5426:International relations education 5390:International political sociology 4366: 3920:Aggarwal, Vinod K. (2010-09-01). 3828:American Political Science Review 3641:International Relations Quarterly 3600:Keohane, Robert O. (March 1998). 3497:Tickner, J. Ann (December 1997). 3052:American Political Science Review 2929:. Oxford University Press. 2008. 2714: 2591: 2190: 2091:Revolutionist (or Kantian, after 2047: 1820: 1698:"), but also economic/cultural (" 1561:Anarchy (international relations) 1363:Realism (international relations) 1050:Biology and political orientation 4913: 4377:Interviews with key IR theorists 4308:Theory of International Politics 4047:Isaac, Jeffrey C. (2015-06-01). 3939:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00615.x 3564:Feminist International Relations 3272:, Vol. 23, No. 1, Summer, p. 171 2531: 2517: 2417: 2142:, is the less common meaning of 2119: 1745: 1626:List of wars between democracies 1572:Theory of International Politics 1415:History of the Peloponnesian War 1262:Theory of International Politics 1230:University of Wales, Aberystwyth 1151: 547: 5385:International political economy 4598:International political economy 4494:Uneven and combined development 4177: 4164: 4138:International Studies Quarterly 4129: 4105: 4081: 4040: 3997: 3954: 3926:International Studies Quarterly 3913: 3870: 3775: 3762: 3753:International Studies Quarterly 3745: 3728: 3719:International Studies Quarterly 3711: 3698: 3681: 3668: 3651: 3632: 3606:International Studies Quarterly 3593: 3503:International Studies Quarterly 3472: 3427: 3415:. Oxford University Press. 2016 3401: 3376: 3364: 3351: 3322: 3313: 3300: 3275: 3262: 3235: 3232:, Basingstoke: Palgrave, p. 198 3222: 3209: 3184: 3159: 3118: 3105: 3057: 3044: 3020: 3011: 2956: 2943: 2915: 2902: 2870: 2821: 2808: 2795: 2763:International Studies Quarterly 2588:, 145 (November/December), p.52 2084:Rationalist (or Grotian, after 1957:Marxist international relations 1940:Marxist explanations of warfare 1497:intergovernmental organizations 224:International political economy 116:Uneven and combined development 5421:International relations theory 4412:International relations theory 3330:"The IR Theory Knowledge Base" 2755: 2730: 2701: 2688: 2578: 1658:were an early contribution to 1501:non-governmental organizations 1195:International relations theory 1045:Theories of political behavior 671:Political history of the world 30:International relations theory 1: 4337:, Cambridge University Press. 4213:Burchill, et al. eds. (2005) 3822:Thompson, Kenneth W. (1955). 3195:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 2572: 2077:Realist (or Hobbesian, after 1714:—thus peace can be achieved. 1605: 1548: 1060:Critique of political economy 5353:Related fields and subfields 4592:liberal intergovernmentalism 4316:, Columbia University Press. 4259:, Columbia University Press. 4234:Guilhot Nicolas, ed. (2011) 3647:: 199–204 – via JSTOR. 3572:10.1017/cbo9780511491719.002 3336:. 2015-04-03. Archived from 3115:, New York: Routledge, p. 11 2557:International legal theories 1955:of capitalism have inspired 1758:neo-liberal institutionalism 641:Outline of political science 218:liberal intergovernmentalism 7: 4342:'One World, Rival Theories' 4210:Cambridge University Press. 3693:Journal of Cold War Studies 3383:Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2010). 3083:. Oxford University Press. 2510: 2387:and the June 2015 issue of 2294:Bananas, Beaches, and Bases 1349:the field is presented by " 10: 5457: 5395:Peace and conflict studies 5011:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) 4613:Hegemonic stability theory 4357:'One World, Many Theories' 4206:Braumoeller, Bear. (2013) 4187:>Lanham, MD: Lexington. 3740:International Organization 3704:Yarhi-Milo, Keren (2014). 3359:International Organization 3026:Schmidt, Brian C. (1998). 2981:10.1162/016228802320231253 2844:Mearsheimer, John (2001). 2634:Abadía, Adolfo A. (2015). 2399: 2238: 2212: 2194: 2123: 2071:London School of Economics 2051: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1824: 1749: 1615: 1609: 1558: 1552: 1505:multinational corporations 1366: 1360: 1356: 1336:Early history of the field 646:Index of politics articles 239:Hegemonic stability theory 18: 5352: 5304: 5102: 5059: 5034: 4988: 4979: 4966: 4910: 4886: 4730: 4694: 4656: 4573:Critical security studies 4560: 4507: 4474: 4436: 4418: 4303:. World Scientific Press. 4217:, 3rd edition, Palgrave, 4066:10.1017/S1537592715000031 4018:10.1017/S1537592714004022 3975:10.1080/09692290802524059 3215:Walt, Stephen M. (1998). 3191:Richmond, Oliver (2011). 2963:Snyder, Glenn H. (2002). 1996:Critical Security Studies 199:Critical security studies 4542:Territorial peace theory 4466:Liberal institutionalism 4053:Perspectives on Politics 4006:Perspectives on Politics 3891:10.1177/1354066113494320 3768:Markwica, Robin (2018). 3736:Perspectives on Politics 3166:Chandler, David (2010). 2612:10.4135/9781848608290.n3 2606:, SAGE, pp. 52–72, 2389:Perspectives on Politics 2073:, into three divisions: 1865:logic of appropriateness 1752:Liberal institutionalism 1739:territorial peace theory 1642:Institutional liberalism 1622:Territorial peace theory 1265:(1979), which pioneered 1239:The Twenty Years' Crisis 166:Territorial peace theory 86:Liberal institutionalism 5370:Foreign policy analysis 5182:International community 4960:International relations 4900:International relations 4547:Democratic peace theory 4489:Theories of imperialism 4451:Democratic peace theory 4428:Feminist constructivism 4319:Weber, Cynthia. (2004) 4314:Man, the State, and War 3757:Foreign Policy Analysis 3674:Jervis, Robert (1976). 3618:10.1111/0020-8833.00076 3515:10.1111/1468-2478.00060 2362:evolutionary psychology 2355:emotional choice theory 2225:international relations 2113:The Anarchical Society, 1778:complex interdependence 1765:Complex interdependence 1719:democratic peace theory 1660:democratic peace theory 1618:Democratic peace theory 1307:bargaining model of war 1199:international relations 1055:Political organisations 818:International relations 656:Politics by subdivision 534:International relations 171:Democratic peace theory 111:Theories of imperialism 71:Democratic peace theory 46:Feminist constructivism 21:International relations 4299:Pettman, Ralph (2010) 4295:Politics Among Nations 4266:, Oxford, OUP, 5th ed. 4257:The Anarchical Society 4241:Haas, Michael (2017). 4117:journals.cambridge.org 3270:International Security 3154:Keohane & Nye 1997 3065:International Security 2969:International Security 2396:Alternative approaches 2015:Immanuel Wallerstein's 1980:historical materialism 1960: 1852: 1663: 1419: 1249:Politics Among Nations 1226:Alfred Eckhard Zimmern 4686:Inter-paradigm debate 4461:Republican liberalism 4283:, Pluto Press, 2014, 4231:, Palgrave Macmillan. 4183:Michael Haas (2017). 2400:Further information: 1990:system in pursuit of 1947: 1860:social constructivism 1834: 1653: 1638:Republican liberalism 1630:Commercial liberalism 1616:Further information: 1559:Further information: 1408: 1393:Postclassical realism 1367:Further information: 1328:" theories), such as 1135:Political campaigning 875:Public administration 708:Collective leadership 314:Inter-paradigm debate 81:Republican liberalism 5360:Comparative politics 4853:Immanuel Wallerstein 4803:Peter J. Katzenstein 4788:Samuel P. Huntington 4707:Historical sociology 4702:International ethics 4588:Intergovernmentalism 4522:Neoclassical realism 4499:World-systems theory 4279:Van der Pijl, Kees, 3759:, 12(4), pp. 571–90. 3689:Political Psychology 3193:A Post-Liberal Peace 2878:"Structural Realism" 2657:10.36390/telos173.05 2455:anti-foundationalism 2402:Anti-foundationalism 2366:ingroup and outgroup 2300:Jean Bethke Elshtain 2275:Jean Bethke Elshtain 2151:Immanuel Wallerstein 2132:European integration 1992:capital accumulation 1920:World-systems theory 1389:Neoclassical realism 985:Separation of powers 856:Political psychology 831:Comparative politics 809:political scientists 796:Academic disciplines 676:Political philosophy 485:Immanuel Wallerstein 435:Peter J. Katzenstein 420:Samuel P. Huntington 337:Historical sociology 332:International ethics 214:Intergovernmentalism 146:Neoclassical realism 121:World-systems theory 5142:Collective security 5026:United Nations (UN) 4920:Politics portal 4743:Zbigniew Brzezinski 4717:State cartel theory 4203:, OUP, 4th edition. 3228:Hay, Colin (2002). 2378:Kenneth W. Thompson 2376:In a 1955 article, 2018:World-system theory 1654:Kant's writings on 1432:Niccolò Machiavelli 1158:Politics portal 1007:Election commission 978:Government branches 861:Political sociology 713:Confessional system 651:Politics by country 554:Politics portal 375:Zbigniew Brzezinski 347:State cartel theory 4818:Stephen D. Krasner 4333:Wendt, Alexander. 4293:Morgenthau, Hans. 4150:10.1093/isq/sqv017 3742:59(1), pp. 77–106. 3695:, 4(4), pp. 29–59. 2547:Diplomatic history 2497:community building 2467:post-structuralism 2429:. You can help by 2177:Michael J. Shapiro 2162:Post-structuralism 2004:Critical Theorists 1961: 1853: 1815:self-determination 1785:Westphalian system 1737:causes peace, the 1664: 1533:defensive realists 1525:classical realists 1420: 1295:Michael N. Barnett 1203:schools of thought 841:Political analysis 773:Semi-parliamentary 450:Stephen D. Krasner 5441:Political realism 5408: 5407: 5380:International law 5249:Right of conquest 5214:National interest 5157:Deterrence theory 5055: 5054: 5042:League of Nations 4926: 4925: 4618:Copenhagen School 4537:Defensive realism 4532:Offensive realism 4517:Classical realism 4484:Dependency theory 4306:Waltz, Kenneth. 3581:978-0-521-79627-9 3394:978-1-349-32035-6 3361:, vol. 46, no. 2. 3202:978-0-415-66784-5 3177:978-0-415-42118-8 3140:978-0-19-509443-5 3098:978-0-19-022863-7 2936:978-0-19-929777-1 2890:on March 17, 2009 2863:978-0-393-07624-0 2765:39(2) pp. 141–160 2567:Philosophy of war 2447: 2446: 2315:Marianne Marchand 2169:Richard K. Ashley 2111:In Hedley Bull's 2026:Dependency School 1949:Antonio Gramsci's 1936:Dependency theory 1770:Robert O. Keohane 1686:such as culture, 1666:The precursor to 1634:Social liberalism 1600:Offensive Realism 1596:Defensive Realism 1381:Defensive realism 1377:Offensive realism 1192: 1191: 1140:Political parties 1080:Electoral systems 804:Political science 778:Semi-presidential 690:Political systems 666:Political history 661:Political economy 588: 587: 244:Copenhagen School 161:Defensive realism 156:Offensive realism 141:Classical realism 106:Dependency theory 5448: 5400:Security studies 5192:Internationality 5187:Internationalism 4986: 4985: 4953: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4918: 4917: 4898: 4823:John Mearsheimer 4778:Martha Finnemore 4763:Michael W. Doyle 4695:Other approaches 4643:Intercommunalism 4627:neofunctionalism 4568:Neo-Gramscianism 4456:Capitalist peace 4405: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4381: 4312:Waltz, Kenneth. 4227:Chernoff, Fred. 4188: 4181: 4175: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4085: 4079: 4078: 4068: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3958: 3952: 3951: 3941: 3917: 3911: 3910: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3819: 3810: 3809: 3779: 3773: 3766: 3760: 3749: 3743: 3732: 3726: 3715: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3588: 3556: 3537: 3536: 3526: 3494: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3440:. Archived from 3439: 3431: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3420: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3362: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3345: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3311: 3304: 3298: 3295: 3286: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3250: 3239: 3233: 3226: 3220: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3188: 3182: 3181: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3122: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3074: 3068: 3061: 3055: 3048: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3024: 3018: 3015: 3009: 3008: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2889: 2883:. Archived from 2882: 2874: 2868: 2867: 2851: 2841: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2806: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2790: 2789: 2775: 2766: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2734: 2728: 2721: 2712: 2705: 2699: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2659: 2641: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2595: 2589: 2582: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2527: 2522: 2521: 2442: 2439: 2421: 2414: 2343:Keren Yarhi-Milo 2269:post-colonialism 2229:Post-colonialism 2173:James Der Derian 2034:Justin Rosenberg 1951:writings on the 1924:Neo-Gramscianism 1835:The standing of 1730:Sebastian Rosato 1704:cultural capital 1537:security dilemma 1493:sovereign states 1489:world government 1453:non-state actors 1342:balance of power 1312:There are also " 1291:Martha Finnemore 1197:is the study of 1184: 1177: 1170: 1156: 1155: 946: 891: 846:Political theory 836:Election science 826: 812: 590: 589: 580: 573: 566: 552: 551: 532: 455:John Mearsheimer 410:Martha Finnemore 395:Michael W. Doyle 326:Other approaches 269:Intercommunalism 253:neofunctionalism 194:Neo-Gramscianism 76:Capitalist peace 26: 25: 5456: 5455: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5447: 5446: 5445: 5411: 5410: 5409: 5404: 5348: 5339:Postcolonialism 5300: 5229:Non-state actor 5224:Non-belligerent 5219:Neutral country 5204:Interventionism 5137:Co-belligerence 5098: 5051: 5030: 4975: 4962: 4957: 4927: 4922: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4902: 4895: 4882: 4868:Alexander Wendt 4838:Kathryn Sikkink 4828:Hans Morgenthau 4813:Henry Kissinger 4738:Michael Barnett 4726: 4690: 4657:Classifications 4652: 4638:Postcolonialism 4578:Critical theory 4556: 4503: 4470: 4432: 4414: 4409: 4369: 4196: 4194:Further reading 4191: 4182: 4178: 4169: 4165: 4134: 4130: 4121: 4119: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4045: 4041: 4002: 3998: 3959: 3955: 3918: 3914: 3875: 3871: 3840:10.2307/1951435 3820: 3813: 3806: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3763: 3750: 3746: 3733: 3729: 3716: 3712: 3703: 3699: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3637: 3633: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3558: 3557: 3540: 3495: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3457: 3456: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3435:"Archived copy" 3433: 3432: 3428: 3418: 3416: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3365: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3341: 3328: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3289: 3280: 3276: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3227: 3223: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3123: 3119: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3075: 3071: 3062: 3058: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3034: 3025: 3021: 3016: 3012: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2842: 2835: 2826: 2822: 2813: 2809: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2776: 2769: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2735: 2731: 2722: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2689: 2639: 2632: 2628: 2622: 2596: 2592: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2537: 2530: 2525:Politics portal 2523: 2516: 2513: 2451:foundationalism 2443: 2437: 2434: 2427:needs expansion 2412: 2398: 2374: 2323: 2257:post-positivism 2243: 2237: 2221:critical theory 2217: 2211: 2209:Postcolonialism 2199: 2193: 2181:R. B. J. Walker 2164: 2128: 2122: 2056: 2050: 2000:Antonio Gramsci 1942: 1928:Critical Theory 1916: 1910: 1898:Alexander Wendt 1843:(pictured) and 1829: 1823: 1802: 1800:Post-liberalism 1767: 1754: 1748: 1712:interdependence 1692:government type 1688:economic system 1656:perpetual peace 1648: 1614: 1608: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1403: 1385:Liberal realism 1365: 1359: 1338: 1330:critical theory 1314:post-positivist 1297:helped pioneer 1283:Alexander Wendt 1244:Hans Morgenthau 1188: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1064: 1022: 1021: 1012: 1011: 980: 979: 970: 969: 965:Public interest 950:Domestic policy 940: 933: 932: 921: 920: 885: 878: 877: 866: 865: 827: 820: 813: 806: 798: 797: 788: 787: 693: 692: 681: 680: 636: 635: 626: 595:Politics series 584: 546: 541: 540: 539: 538: 537: 536: 529: 523: 515: 514: 500:Alexander Wendt 470:Kathryn Sikkink 460:Hans Morgenthau 445:Henry Kissinger 370:Michael Barnett 365: 357: 356: 327: 319: 318: 287: 286:Classifications 279: 278: 264:Postcolonialism 204:Critical theory 189: 181: 180: 136: 126: 125: 101: 91: 90: 61: 51: 50: 41: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5454: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5436:Marxist theory 5433: 5428: 5423: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5356: 5354: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:English school 5316: 5314:Constructivism 5310: 5308: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5286: 5284:Non-aggression 5281: 5276: 5271: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5200: 5199: 5194: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5106: 5104: 5100: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5038: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4992: 4990: 4983: 4977: 4976: 4974: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4924: 4923: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4848:J. Ann Tickner 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4808:Robert Keohane 4805: 4800: 4795: 4793:John Ikenberry 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4758:Daniel Deudney 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4688: 4683: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4664:Postpositivism 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4585: 4583:English School 4580: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4562: 4561:Other theories 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4513: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4502: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4480: 4478: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4420:Constructivism 4416: 4415: 4408: 4407: 4400: 4393: 4385: 4379: 4378: 4368: 4367:External links 4365: 4364: 4363: 4361:Foreign Policy 4350: 4347:Foreign Policy 4340:Jack Snyder's 4338: 4331: 4317: 4310: 4304: 4297: 4291: 4277: 4267: 4260: 4253: 4239: 4232: 4225: 4211: 4204: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4189: 4176: 4163: 4144:(3): 486–498. 4128: 4104: 4080: 4059:(2): 269–283. 4039: 4012:(2): 377–393. 3996: 3953: 3932:(3): 893–895. 3912: 3885:(3): 427–457. 3869: 3834:(3): 733–746. 3811: 3804: 3774: 3761: 3744: 3727: 3710: 3697: 3680: 3667: 3650: 3631: 3612:(1): 193–197. 3592: 3580: 3538: 3509:(4): 611–632. 3484: 3471: 3426: 3400: 3393: 3375: 3363: 3350: 3321: 3312: 3299: 3287: 3274: 3261: 3258:on 2007-04-23. 3234: 3221: 3217:Foreign Policy 3208: 3201: 3183: 3176: 3158: 3156:, p. 134. 3146: 3139: 3117: 3104: 3097: 3069: 3056: 3043: 3032: 3019: 3010: 2975:(1): 149–173. 2955: 2942: 2935: 2914: 2901: 2869: 2862: 2833: 2829:Foreign Policy 2820: 2816:Foreign Policy 2807: 2794: 2767: 2754: 2747: 2729: 2713: 2700: 2687: 2650:(3): 438–459. 2646:(in Spanish). 2626: 2620: 2590: 2586:Foreign Policy 2576: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2552:Foreign policy 2549: 2543: 2542: 2539:Society portal 2528: 2512: 2509: 2501:rational actor 2459:behaviouralism 2445: 2444: 2424: 2422: 2397: 2394: 2373: 2370: 2339:Rose McDermott 2322: 2319: 2311:Robert Keohane 2306:J. Ann Tickner 2261:constructivism 2239:Main article: 2236: 2233: 2213:Main article: 2210: 2207: 2203:metanarratives 2195:Main article: 2192: 2191:Post-modernism 2189: 2163: 2160: 2136:invisible hand 2124:Main article: 2121: 2118: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2060:English School 2052:Main article: 2049: 2048:English School 2046: 1912:Main article: 1909: 1906: 1885:constructivism 1856:Constructivism 1849:Eastern Europe 1837:constructivism 1825:Main article: 1822: 1821:Constructivism 1819: 1801: 1798: 1766: 1763: 1750:Main article: 1747: 1744: 1708:absolute gains 1680:Woodrow Wilson 1610:Main article: 1607: 1604: 1584:foreign policy 1553:Main article: 1550: 1547: 1542:relative gains 1495:, rather than 1481: 1480: 1474: 1464: 1457:billiard balls 1401:Absolute gains 1397:Relative gains 1361:Main article: 1358: 1355: 1337: 1334: 1305:, such as the 1299:constructivism 1275:Robert Keohane 1215:constructivism 1190: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1179: 1172: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1082: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1029: 1023: 1020:Related topics 1019: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1010: 1009: 1004: 999: 994: 988: 987: 981: 977: 976: 975: 972: 971: 968: 967: 962: 957: 955:Foreign policy 952: 947: 934: 928: 927: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 917: 916: 902: 897: 892: 879: 873: 872: 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 858: 853: 851:Policy studies 848: 843: 838: 833: 828: 816: 814: 802: 799: 795: 794: 793: 790: 789: 786: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 694: 688: 687: 686: 683: 682: 679: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 648: 643: 637: 634:Primary topics 633: 632: 631: 628: 627: 625: 624: 619: 614: 608: 605: 604: 598: 597: 586: 585: 583: 582: 575: 568: 560: 557: 556: 543: 542: 528: 527: 525: 524: 521: 520: 517: 516: 513: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 480:J. Ann Tickner 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 440:Robert Keohane 437: 432: 427: 425:John Ikenberry 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:Daniel Deudney 387: 382: 377: 372: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358: 355: 354: 349: 344: 339: 334: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 317: 316: 311: 304: 299: 294: 292:Postpositivism 288: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 266: 261: 256: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 211: 209:English School 206: 201: 196: 190: 188:Other theories 187: 186: 183: 182: 179: 178: 173: 168: 163: 158: 153: 148: 143: 137: 132: 131: 128: 127: 124: 123: 118: 113: 108: 102: 97: 96: 93: 92: 89: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 62: 57: 56: 53: 52: 49: 48: 42: 39:Constructivism 37: 36: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5453: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5297: 5294: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5033: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4981:Organizations 4978: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4921: 4916: 4909: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4863:Kenneth Waltz 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:Susan Strange 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4798:Robert Jervis 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Robert Gilpin 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4768:Cynthia Enloe 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4712:Regime theory 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4680:Great Debates 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4633:Postmodernism 4631: 4628: 4624: 4623:Functionalism 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4406: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4383: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4329:0-415-34208-2 4326: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4302: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4290: 4289:9780745323183 4286: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4275:9780300230451 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4258: 4255:Hedley Bull, 4254: 4252: 4251:9781498544993 4248: 4245:, Lexington, 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4223:1-4039-4866-6 4220: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4094: 4093:Sage Journals 4090: 4084: 4076: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3916: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3818: 3816: 3807: 3805:9780190228637 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3741: 3737: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3707: 3701: 3694: 3690: 3684: 3677: 3671: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3583: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3461: 3447:on 2012-03-28 3443: 3436: 3430: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3360: 3354: 3340:on 2011-02-23 3339: 3335: 3331: 3325: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3278: 3271: 3265: 3254: 3247: 3246: 3238: 3231: 3225: 3218: 3212: 3204: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3142: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3108: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3073: 3066: 3060: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3036: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2952: 2946: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2926: 2918: 2911: 2905: 2886: 2879: 2873: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2849: 2840: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2817: 2811: 2804: 2798: 2784: 2780: 2774: 2772: 2764: 2758: 2750: 2748:9780791463239 2744: 2740: 2733: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2630: 2623: 2621:9780761963059 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2474: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2463:structuralism 2460: 2456: 2452: 2441: 2438:November 2015 2432: 2428: 2425:This section 2423: 2420: 2416: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2356: 2350: 2346: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2335:Robert Jervis 2331: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2301: 2297: 2295: 2290: 2289:Cynthia Enloe 2286: 2284: 2280: 2279:Women and War 2276: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2265:postmodernism 2262: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2242: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2206: 2204: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2145: 2144:functionalism 2141: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2120:Functionalism 2117: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2103: 2102:behavioralist 2094: 2093:Immanuel Kant 2090: 2087: 2083: 2080: 2079:Thomas Hobbes 2076: 2075: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2055: 2045: 2041: 2039: 2038:Benno Teschke 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2009: 2008:Robert W. Cox 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1870: 1869:Emanuel Adler 1866: 1861: 1857: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774:Joseph S. Nye 1771: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1746:Neoliberalism 1743: 1740: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1720: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:high politics 1693: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1646:Neoliberalism 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1577:Joseph Grieco 1574: 1573: 1568: 1567:Kenneth Waltz 1562: 1556: 1546: 1545:can be made. 1544: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1478: 1475: 1472: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436:Thomas Hobbes 1433: 1429: 1424: 1417: 1416: 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1364: 1354: 1352: 1351:great debates 1346: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1271:Neoliberalism 1268: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1257:Kenneth Waltz 1253: 1251: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1185: 1180: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1166: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1148: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1131: 1128: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1083: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1068: 1061: 1058: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1016: 1015: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 993: 990: 989: 986: 983: 982: 974: 973: 966: 963: 961: 960:Civil society 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 944: 939: 938:Public policy 936: 935: 931: 925: 924: 914: 910: 906: 905: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 889: 884: 881: 880: 876: 870: 869: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 847: 844: 842: 839: 837: 834: 832: 829: 824: 819: 815: 810: 805: 801: 800: 792: 791: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 758:Parliamentary 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 743:Hybrid regime 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 691: 685: 684: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 638: 630: 629: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 607: 606: 603: 600: 599: 596: 592: 591: 581: 576: 574: 569: 567: 562: 561: 559: 558: 555: 550: 545: 544: 535: 531: 519: 518: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 495:Kenneth Waltz 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475:Susan Strange 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 430:Robert Jervis 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 415:Robert Gilpin 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 400:Cynthia Enloe 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 368: 367: 361: 360: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 342:Regime theory 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 323: 322: 315: 312: 309: 308:Great Debates 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 283: 282: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 260: 259:Postmodernism 257: 254: 250: 249:Functionalism 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 219: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 185: 184: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 162: 159: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 135: 130: 129: 122: 119: 117: 114: 112: 109: 107: 104: 103: 100: 95: 94: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77: 74: 72: 69: 67: 64: 63: 60: 55: 54: 47: 44: 43: 40: 35: 34: 31: 28: 27: 22: 5305: 5279:Multilateral 5209:Isolationism 5162:Expansionism 4858:Stephen Walt 4773:James Fearon 4674:Reflectivism 4608:Green theory 4411: 4374:Theory Talks 4373: 4360: 4353:Stephen Walt 4345: 4334: 4320: 4313: 4307: 4300: 4294: 4280: 4263: 4256: 4242: 4235: 4228: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4184: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4141: 4137: 4131: 4120:. Retrieved 4116: 4107: 4096:. Retrieved 4092: 4083: 4056: 4052: 4042: 4009: 4005: 3999: 3969:(1): 34–46. 3966: 3962: 3956: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3831: 3827: 3787: 3777: 3769: 3764: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3705: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3683: 3675: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3585:, retrieved 3563: 3506: 3502: 3479: 3474: 3449:. Retrieved 3442:the original 3429: 3417:. Retrieved 3412: 3403: 3384: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3358: 3353: 3342:. Retrieved 3338:the original 3334:Irtheory.com 3333: 3324: 3315: 3307: 3302: 3282: 3277: 3269: 3264: 3253:the original 3244: 3237: 3229: 3224: 3216: 3211: 3192: 3186: 3167: 3161: 3149: 3130: 3120: 3112: 3107: 3079: 3072: 3064: 3059: 3051: 3046: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3013: 2972: 2968: 2958: 2950: 2945: 2924: 2917: 2909: 2904: 2892:. Retrieved 2885:the original 2872: 2847: 2828: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2802: 2797: 2786:. Retrieved 2782: 2762: 2757: 2738: 2732: 2724: 2708: 2703: 2695: 2690: 2647: 2643: 2629: 2603: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2493:mass society 2478: 2471: 2448: 2435: 2431:adding to it 2426: 2410:Post-realism 2388: 2384: 2382: 2375: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2304: 2292: 2287: 2278: 2273: 2244: 2223:approach to 2218: 2200: 2165: 2148: 2143: 2129: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2086:Hugo Grotius 2067:Martin Wight 2064: 2057: 2042: 2021: 2012: 1983: 1962: 1959:scholarship. 1902:social norms 1890: 1873: 1854: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1782: 1768: 1755: 1725:Never at War 1723: 1716: 1700:low politics 1684: 1665: 1593: 1581: 1570: 1564: 1540: 1522: 1482: 1476: 1466: 1447: 1440:World War II 1421: 1413: 1347: 1339: 1318:reflectivist 1311: 1303:James Fearon 1260: 1254: 1247: 1237: 1219: 1194: 1193: 888:street-level 822: 763:Presidential 723:Dictatorship 593:Part of the 490:Stephen Walt 405:James Fearon 302:Reflectivism 234:Green theory 29: 5375:Geopolitics 5254:Sovereignty 5234:Imperialism 5147:Colonialism 5132:Appeasement 5047:Warsaw Pact 4873:Yan Xuetong 4748:Hedley Bull 4722:Geopolitics 4669:Rationalism 4552:Realpolitik 3419:19 November 2894:October 18, 2783:Iep.utm.edu 2473:Behavioural 2185:Lene Hansen 2155:Westphalian 1968:Neo-Marxist 1932:New Marxism 1881:rationalist 1877:ontological 1841:Berlin Wall 1807:sovereignty 1326:rationalist 1287:John Ruggie 1242:(1939) and 1222:World War I 1027:Sovereignty 992:Legislature 895:Technocracy 883:Bureaucracy 748:Meritocracy 728:Directorial 505:Yan Xuetong 380:Hedley Bull 352:Geopolitics 297:Rationalism 176:Realpolitik 5431:Liberalism 5415:Categories 5329:Liberalism 5274:Friendship 5259:Suzerainty 4887:Categories 4878:Qin Yaqing 4833:Joseph Nye 4753:E. H. Carr 4527:Neorealism 4438:Liberalism 4122:2016-02-17 4098:2016-02-17 3587:2021-02-04 3524:1885/41080 3451:2011-07-21 3344:2017-04-04 2788:2017-04-04 2573:References 2283:positivism 1988:capitalist 1918:See also: 1676:E. H. Carr 1606:Liberalism 1549:Neorealism 1477:Self-help: 1428:Thucydides 1412:author of 1410:Thucydides 1322:positivist 1279:Joseph Nye 1267:neorealism 1234:E. H. Carr 1211:liberalism 1117:Governance 1107:Government 1102:Federalism 703:City-state 522:Categories 510:Qin Yaqing 465:Joseph Nye 385:E. H. Carr 151:Neorealism 59:Liberalism 5365:Diplomacy 5269:Bilateral 5167:Grey-zone 5120:Coalition 5079:1919–1939 5074:1814–1919 5069:1648–1814 4158:0020-8833 4075:1541-0986 4034:147194910 4026:1541-0986 3991:155053518 3983:0969-2290 3948:1468-2478 3899:1354-0661 3864:147041418 3848:0003-0554 3626:0020-8833 3533:0020-8833 2989:0162-2889 2674:147564996 2666:1317-0570 2505:paradigms 2485:paradigms 2481:paradigms 2030:Karl Marx 1879:basis of 1845:Communism 1529:offensive 1514:resources 1467:Survival: 1097:Unitarism 1085:Elections 1073:Subseries 1002:Judiciary 997:Executive 900:Adhocracy 783:Theocracy 738:Feudalism 718:Democracy 5324:Feminism 5177:Idealism 5172:Hegemony 5125:Military 5110:Alliance 5103:Concepts 5089:Cold War 4971:Glossary 4731:Scholars 4603:Feminism 4446:Idealism 3907:52247884 3460:cite web 3005:57569322 2511:See also 2006:such as 1953:hegemony 1811:autonomy 1734:Cold War 1672:idealism 1509:rational 1485:anarchic 1448:Statism: 1252:(1948). 1125:Ideology 943:doctrine 904:Service 768:Republic 753:Monarchy 733:Federacy 622:Category 602:Politics 364:Scholars 229:Feminism 66:Idealism 5344:Realism 5334:Marxism 5197:Liberal 5115:Entente 5061:History 4989:Present 4509:Realism 4476:Marxism 3856:1951435 2997:3092155 2682:2810410 2489:Marxism 2252:realist 1976:liberal 1972:realist 1964:Marxist 1908:Marxism 1894:anarchy 1589:anarchy 1471:anarchy 1423:Realism 1357:Realism 1228:at the 1207:realism 1130:Culture 1040:Country 698:Anarchy 612:Outline 134:Realism 99:Marxism 5306:Theory 5264:Treaty 5152:Crisis 4327: 4287: 4273: 4249: 4221: 4156: 4073: 4032: 4024: 3989: 3981: 3946: 3905: 3897: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3802: 3624: 3578: 3531: 3391: 3199: 3174: 3137: 3095: 3003: 2995: 2987: 2933: 2860: 2745: 2680: 2672: 2664: 2618: 2499:, and 2408:, and 2267:, and 2247:gender 2183:, and 1938:, and 1644:, and 1461:cobweb 1434:, and 1399:, and 1293:, and 1090:voting 1032:Polity 930:Policy 909:Public 823:theory 5289:Peace 5244:Power 5239:Peace 4996:BRICS 4030:S2CID 3987:S2CID 3903:S2CID 3860:S2CID 3852:JSTOR 3445:(PDF) 3438:(PDF) 3256:(PDF) 3249:(PDF) 3001:S2CID 2993:JSTOR 2888:(PDF) 2881:(PDF) 2854:25–26 2670:S2CID 2640:(PDF) 2058:The " 1984:class 1670:was " 1518:power 1503:, or 1113:forms 1036:State 913:Civil 617:Index 5035:Past 4325:ISBN 4285:ISBN 4271:ISBN 4247:ISBN 4219:ISBN 4154:ISSN 4071:ISSN 4022:ISSN 3979:ISSN 3944:ISSN 3895:ISSN 3844:ISSN 3800:ISBN 3622:ISSN 3576:ISBN 3529:ISSN 3466:link 3421:2020 3389:ISBN 3197:ISBN 3172:ISBN 3135:ISBN 3093:ISBN 2985:ISSN 2931:ISBN 2896:2009 2858:ISBN 2743:ISBN 2678:SSRN 2662:ISSN 2616:ISBN 2465:and 2036:and 1966:and 1809:and 1772:and 1717:The 1277:and 1213:and 1205:are 5296:War 4359:in 4355:'s 4344:in 4146:doi 4061:doi 4014:doi 3971:doi 3934:doi 3887:doi 3836:doi 3792:doi 3614:doi 3568:doi 3519:hdl 3511:doi 3085:doi 2977:doi 2652:doi 2608:doi 2491:), 2433:. 1858:or 1847:in 1690:or 1602:." 1569:in 1259:'s 1246:'s 1236:'s 5417:: 4152:. 4142:60 4140:. 4115:. 4091:. 4069:. 4057:13 4055:. 4051:. 4028:. 4020:. 4010:13 4008:. 3985:. 3977:. 3967:16 3965:. 3942:. 3930:54 3928:. 3924:. 3901:. 3893:. 3883:19 3881:. 3858:. 3850:. 3842:. 3832:49 3830:. 3826:. 3814:^ 3798:. 3790:. 3786:. 3645:42 3643:. 3620:. 3610:42 3608:. 3604:. 3574:, 3562:, 3541:^ 3527:. 3517:. 3507:41 3505:. 3501:. 3487:^ 3462:}} 3458:{{ 3411:. 3332:. 3290:^ 3091:. 2999:. 2991:. 2983:. 2973:27 2971:. 2967:. 2856:. 2836:^ 2781:. 2770:^ 2716:^ 2676:. 2668:. 2660:. 2648:17 2642:. 2614:, 2602:, 2495:, 2469:. 2461:, 2457:, 2453:, 2404:, 2285:. 2271:. 2263:, 2259:, 2187:. 2179:, 2175:, 2171:, 2146:. 1934:, 1930:, 1926:, 1922:, 1640:, 1636:, 1632:, 1628:, 1624:, 1620:, 1499:, 1430:, 1395:, 1391:, 1387:, 1383:, 1379:, 1375:, 1371:, 1332:. 1309:. 1289:, 1285:, 1269:. 1209:, 1115:/ 1038:/ 1034:/ 911:/ 4952:e 4945:t 4938:v 4682:" 4678:" 4629:) 4625:( 4594:) 4590:( 4404:e 4397:t 4390:v 4238:. 4160:. 4148:: 4125:. 4101:. 4077:. 4063:: 4036:. 4016:: 3993:. 3973:: 3950:. 3936:: 3909:. 3889:: 3866:. 3838:: 3808:. 3794:: 3628:. 3616:: 3570:: 3535:. 3521:: 3513:: 3468:) 3454:. 3423:. 3397:. 3347:. 3205:. 3180:. 3143:. 3101:. 3087:: 3007:. 2979:: 2939:. 2898:. 2866:. 2791:. 2751:. 2684:. 2654:: 2610:: 2440:) 2436:( 2296:, 1974:/ 1662:. 1531:/ 1463:. 1324:/ 1316:/ 1183:e 1176:t 1169:v 1119:) 1111:( 945:) 941:( 915:) 907:( 890:) 886:( 825:) 821:( 811:) 807:( 579:e 572:t 565:v 310:" 306:" 255:) 251:( 220:) 216:( 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.