2687:
5325:
stated: "As a preliminary matter, terrestrial and MSS ATC are expected to have different prices, coverage, product acceptance and distribution; therefore, the two services appear, at best, to be imperfect substitutes for one another that would be operating in predominantly different market segments ... MSS ATC is unlikely to compete directly with terrestrial CMRS for the same customer base...". In 2004, the FCC clarified that the ground-based towers would be ancillary, noting: "We will authorize MSS ATC subject to conditions that ensure that the added terrestrial component remains ancillary to the principal MSS offering. We do not intend, nor will we permit, the terrestrial component to become a stand-alone service." In July 2010, the FCC stated that it expected LightSquared to use its authority to offer an integrated satellite-terrestrial service to "provide mobile broadband services similar to those provided by terrestrial mobile providers and enhance competition in the mobile broadband sector". GPS receiver manufacturers have argued that LightSquared's licensed spectrum of 1525 to 1559 MHz was never envisioned as being used for high-speed wireless broadband based on the 2003 and 2004 FCC ATC rulings making clear that the
Ancillary Tower Component (ATC) would be, in fact, ancillary to the primary satellite component. To build public support of efforts to continue the 2004 FCC authorization of LightSquared's ancillary terrestrial component vs. a simple ground-based LTE service in the Mobile Satellite Service band, GPS receiver manufacturer
3230:
5317:—to only purchase an integrated satellite-ground-based service from LightSquared and re-sell that integrated service on devices that are equipped to only use the ground-based signal using LightSquared's allocated frequencies of 1525 to 1559 MHz. In December 2010, GPS receiver manufacturers expressed concerns to the FCC that LightSquared's signal would interfere with GPS receiver devices although the FCC's policy considerations leading up to the January 2011 order did not pertain to any proposed changes to the maximum number of ground-based LightSquared stations or the maximum power at which these stations could operate. The January 2011 order makes final authorization contingent upon studies of GPS interference issues carried out by a LightSquared led working group along with GPS industry and Federal agency participation. On February 14, 2012, the FCC initiated proceedings to vacate LightSquared's Conditional Waiver Order based on the NTIA's conclusion that there was currently no practical way to mitigate potential GPS interference.
3795:
identify issues that might arise due to the larger signal power from the LightSquared terrestrial network. The GPS community had not objected to the LightSquared (formerly MSV and SkyTerra) applications until
November 2010, when LightSquared applied for a modification to its Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC) authorization. This filing (SAT-MOD-20101118-00239) amounted to a request to run several orders of magnitude more power in the same frequency band for terrestrial base stations, essentially repurposing what was supposed to be a "quiet neighborhood" for signals from space as the equivalent of a cellular network. Testing in the first half of 2011 has demonstrated that the impact of the lower 10 MHz of spectrum is minimal to GPS devices (less than 1% of the total GPS devices are affected). The upper 10 MHz intended for use by LightSquared may have some impact on GPS devices. There is some concern that this may seriously degrade the GPS signal for many consumer uses.
2470:, 27 of which are in use at a given time with the rest allocated as stand-bys. A 32nd was launched in 2018, but as of July 2019 is still in evaluation. More decommissioned satellites are in orbit and available as spares. The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements. With the increased number of satellites, the constellation was changed to a nonuniform arrangement. Such an arrangement was shown to improve accuracy but also improves reliability and availability of the system, relative to a uniform system, when multiple satellites fail. With the expanded constellation, nine satellites are usually visible at any time from any point on the Earth with a clear horizon, ensuring considerable redundancy over the minimum four satellites needed for a position.
2648:
5374:
335:
3751:. This frequency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation, promising little or no interference under all circumstances. The first Block IIF satellite that provides this signal was launched in May 2010. On February 5, 2016, the 12th and final Block IIF satellite was launched. The L5 consists of two carrier components that are in phase quadrature with each other. Each carrier component is bi-phase shift key (BPSK) modulated by a separate bit train. "L5, the third civil GPS signal, will eventually support safety-of-life applications for aviation and provide improved availability and accuracy."
1859:
2195:, that combines sets of satellite measurements collected at different times—in effect, taking advantage of the fact that successive receiver positions are usually close to each other. After a set of measurements are processed, the tracker predicts the receiver location corresponding to the next set of satellite measurements. When the new measurements are collected, the receiver uses a weighting scheme to combine the new measurements with the tracker prediction. In general, a tracker can (a) improve receiver position and time accuracy, (b) reject bad measurements, and (c) estimate receiver speed and direction.
5278:
the neighboring GPS band of 1559 to 1610 MHz. In 2004, the FCC adopted the OOBE agreement in its authorization for LightSquared to deploy a ground-based network ancillary to their satellite system – known as the
Ancillary Tower Components (ATCs) – "We will authorize MSS ATC subject to conditions that ensure that the added terrestrial component remains ancillary to the principal MSS offering. We do not intend, nor will we permit, the terrestrial component to become a stand-alone service." This authorization was reviewed and approved by the U.S. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee, which includes the
1135:
366:
1015:
5612:
3472:(00:00:19 TAI on August 22, 1999). It happened the second time at 23:59:42 UTC on April 6, 2019. To determine the current Gregorian date, a GPS receiver must be provided with the approximate date (to within 3,584 days) to correctly translate the GPS date signal. To address this concern in the future the modernized GPS civil navigation (CNAV) message will use a 13-bit field that only repeats every 8,192 weeks (157 years), thus lasting until 2137 (157 years after GPS week zero).
2593:
GPS's mission capabilities, enabling U.S. Space Force to greatly enhance GPS operational services to U.S. combat forces, civil partners and myriad domestic and international users. The GPS OCX program also will reduce cost, schedule and technical risk. It is designed to provide 50% sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture and
Performance-Based Logistics. In addition, GPS OCX is expected to cost millions less than the cost to upgrade OCS while providing four times the capability.
3760:
4612:
5321:
broadcasting from space to ground, and at power levels commensurate with mobile satellite services. As regulated under the FCC's Part 15 rules, GPS receivers are not warranted protection from signals outside GPS-allocated spectrum. This is why GPS operates next to the Mobile
Satellite Service band, and also why the Mobile Satellite Service band operates next to GPS. The symbiotic relationship of spectrum allocation ensures that users of both bands are able to operate cooperatively and freely.
5600:
5588:
2808:
3222:
4637:
302:
983:—detecting time slowing in a strong gravitational field using accurate atomic clocks placed in orbit inside artificial satellites. Special and general relativity predicted that the clocks on GPS satellites, as observed by those on Earth, run 38 microseconds faster per day than those on the Earth. The design of GPS corrects for this difference; because without doing so, GPS calculated positions would accumulate errors of up to 10 kilometers per day (6 mi/d).
3242:
18702:
2479:
4718:
2356:
2733:
2277:
2007:
3592:, which contains coarse orbit and status information for up to 32 satellites in the constellation as well as data related to error correction. Thus, to obtain an accurate satellite location from this transmitted message, the receiver must demodulate the message from each satellite it includes in its solution for 18 to 30 seconds. To collect all transmitted almanacs, the receiver must demodulate the message for 732 to 750 seconds or
4628:
satellites alone is unlikely to be accurate enough. Data from more satellites can help because of the tendency for random errors to cancel out and also by giving a larger spread between the sphere centers. But at the same time, more spheres will not generally intersect at one point. Therefore, a near intersection gets computed, typically via least squares. The more signals available, the better the approximation is likely to be.
3832:
obtain a lock, it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the satellite. The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the satellites it should listen for. As it detects each satellite's signal, it identifies it by its distinct C/A code pattern. There can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to read the ephemeris data.
5564:
1728:
5193:
320:
900:
18712:
2640:
3810:
2179:
differences). There are marked performance benefits to the user carrying a clock synchronized with the satellites. Foremost is that only three satellites are needed to compute a position solution. If it were an essential part of the GPS concept that all users needed to carry a synchronized clock, a smaller number of satellites could be deployed, but the cost and complexity of the user equipment would increase.
917:
1320:
2072:) is constant and independent of the satellite speed, the time delay between when the satellite transmits a signal and the ground station receives it is proportional to the distance from the satellite to the ground station. With the distance information collected from multiple ground stations, the location coordinates of any satellite at any time can be calculated with great precision.
290:
854:, and similar agencies in other countries began to broadcast local GPS corrections, reducing the effect of both SA degradation and atmospheric effects (that military receivers also corrected for). The US military had also developed methods to perform local GPS jamming, meaning that the ability to globally degrade the system was no longer necessary. As a result, President
5576:
3613:(CDMA) so receivers can distinguish individual satellites from each other. The system uses two distinct CDMA encoding types: the coarse/acquisition (C/A) code, which is accessible by the general public, and the precise (P(Y)) code, which is encrypted so that only the U.S. military and other NATO nations who have been given access to the encryption code can access it.
1985:(IAF) awarded the Global Positioning System (GPS) its 60th Anniversary Award, nominated by IAF member, the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA). The IAF Honors and Awards Committee recognized the uniqueness of the GPS program and the exemplary role it has played in building international collaboration for the benefit of humanity.
5101:
1165:) satellite used for geodetic surveying. The SECOR system included three ground-based transmitters at known locations that would send signals to the satellite transponder in orbit. A fourth ground-based station, at an undetermined position, could then use those signals to fix its location precisely. The last SECOR satellite was launched in 1969.
2686:
2123:(TOF) values, which are (given the speed of light) approximately equivalent to receiver-satellite ranges plus time difference between the receiver and GPS satellites multiplied by speed of light, which are called pseudo-ranges. The receiver then computes its three-dimensional position and clock deviation from the four TOFs.
5421:) was developed at the same time as GPS, but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s. GLONASS reception in addition to GPS can be combined in a receiver thereby allowing for additional satellites available to enable faster position fixes and improved accuracy, to within two meters (6.6 ft).
8461:
4624:(more generally, true-range multilateration). Signals from at minimum three satellites are required, and their three spheres would typically intersect at two points. One of the points is the location of the receiver, and the other moves rapidly in successive measurements and would not usually be on Earth's surface.
5261:"must use receivers that reasonably discriminate against reception of signals outside their allocated spectrum". For the last 30 years, GPS receivers have operated next to the Mobile Satellite Service band, and have discriminated against reception of mobile satellite services, such as Inmarsat, without any issue.
3026:: It is possible to aggregate GPS data from multiple users to understand movement patterns, common trajectories and interesting locations. GPS data is today used in transportation and disaster engineering to forecast mobility in normal and evacuation situations (e.g., hurricanes, wildfires, earthquakes).
5238:
Enhancement methods of improving accuracy rely on external information being integrated into the calculation process. There are many such systems in place and they are generally named or described based on how the GPS sensor receives the information. Some systems transmit additional information about
4583:
The amount of error in the results varies with the received satellites' locations in the sky, since certain configurations (when the received satellites are close together in the sky) cause larger errors. Receivers usually calculate a running estimate of the error in the calculated position. This is
1130:
In 1960, the Air Force proposed a radio-navigation system called MOSAIC (MObile System for
Accurate ICBM Control) that was essentially a 3-D LORAN. A follow-on study, Project 57, was performed in 1963 and it was "in this study that the GPS concept was born". That same year, the concept was pursued as
5277:
Services, to use their allocated frequencies for an integrated satellite-terrestrial service. In 2002, the U.S. GPS Industry
Council came to an out-of-band-emissions (OOBE) agreement with LightSquared to prevent transmissions from LightSquared's ground-based stations from emitting transmissions into
3574:
25 times each, so that a complete data message requires the transmission of 25 full frames. Each subframe consists of ten words, each 30 bits long. Thus, with 300 bits in a subframe times 5 subframes in a frame times 25 frames in a message, each message is 37,500 bits long. At a transmission rate of
3423:
The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC. As of
January 2017, GPS time is 18 seconds ahead of UTC because of the leap second added to UTC on December 31, 2016. Receivers subtract this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and specific time zone values. New GPS
2624:
The project remained delayed in 2023, and was (as of June 2023) 73% over its original estimated budget. In late 2023, Frank
Calvelli, the assistant secretary of the Air Force for space acquisitions and integration, stated that the project was estimated to go live some time during the summer of 2024.
1293:
oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004. After that, the
National Space-Based Positioning, Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems. The
806:
anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It does not require the user to transmit any data, and operates independently of any telephone or Internet reception, though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning
8691:
Hadas, T.; Krypiak-Gregorczyk, A.; Hernández-Pajares, M.; Kaplon, J.; Paziewski, J.; Wielgosz, P.; Garcia-Rigo, A.; Kazmierski, K.; Sosnica, K.; Kwasniak, D.; Sierny, J.; Bosy, J.; Pucilowski, M.; Szyszko, R.; Portasiak, K.; Olivares-Pulido, G.; Gulyaeva, T.; Orus-Perez, R. (November 2017). "Impact
5164:
GPS error analysis examines error sources in GPS results and the expected size of those errors. GPS makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects, but some residual errors remain uncorrected. Error sources include signal arrival time measurements, numerical calculations, atmospheric
4640:
Three satellites (labeled as "stations" A, B, C) have known locations. The true times it takes for a radio signal to travel from each satellite to the receiver are unknown, but the true time differences are known. Then, each time difference locates the receiver on a branch of a hyperbola focused on
3831:
If the almanac information has previously been acquired, the receiver picks the satellites to listen for by their PRNs, unique numbers in the range 1 through 32. If the almanac information is not in memory, the receiver enters a search mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites. To
2662:
The user segment (US) is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service, and tens of millions of civil, commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service. In general, GPS receivers are composed of an antenna, tuned
1305:
The U.S. Department of Defense is required by law to "maintain a Standard Positioning Service (as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification) that will be available on a continuous, worldwide basis" and "develop measures to prevent hostile
1115:
to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs. The USAF, with two thirds of the nuclear triad, also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system. The U.S. Navy and U.S. Air Force were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was
5260:
rules. As indicated in the manuals of GPS-enabled devices sold in the United States, as a Part 15 device, it "must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation". With respect to GPS devices in particular, the FCC states that GPS receiver manufacturers
3794:
to operate a terrestrial broadband service near the L1 band. Although LightSquared had applied for a license to operate in the 1525 to 1559 band as early as 2003 and it was put out for public comment, the FCC asked LightSquared to form a study group with the GPS community to test GPS receivers and
3740:
The L3 signal at a frequency of 1.38105 GHz is used to transmit data from the satellites to ground stations. This data is used by the United States Nuclear Detonation (NUDET) Detection System (USNDS) to detect, locate, and report nuclear detonations (NUDETs) in the Earth's atmosphere and near
3486:
The navigational signals transmitted by GPS satellites encode a variety of information including satellite positions, the state of the internal clocks, and the health of the network. These signals are transmitted on two separate carrier frequencies that are common to all satellites in the network.
3370:
GPS's vulnerability to jamming is a threat that continues to grow as jamming equipment and experience grows. GPS signals have been reported to have been jammed many times over the years for military purposes. Russia seems to have several objectives for this approach, such as intimidating neighbors
3205:
Disabling operation above these limits exempts the receiver from classification as a munition. Vendor interpretations differ. The rule refers to operation at both the target altitude and speed, but some receivers stop operating even when stationary. This has caused problems with some amateur radio
3193:
The U.S. government controls the export of some civilian receivers. All GPS receivers capable of functioning above 60,000 ft (18 km) above sea level and 1,000 kn (500 m/s; 2,000 km/h; 1,000 mph), or designed or modified for use with unmanned missiles and aircraft, are
1253:
issued a directive making GPS freely available for civilian use, once it was sufficiently developed, as a common good. The first Block II satellite was launched on February 14, 1989, and the 24th satellite was launched in 1994. The GPS program cost at this point, not including the cost of the
5636:
In fact, the ship is unlikely to be at precisely 0m, because of tides and other factors which create a discrepancy between mean sea level and actual sea level. In the open ocean, high and low tide typically only differ by about 0.6m, but there are locations closer to land where they can differ by
3616:
The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is sufficiently stable for 4 hours, with provisions for updates every 6 hours or longer in non-nominal conditions. The almanac is updated typically every 24 hours. Additionally, data for a few weeks following is uploaded in case of transmission
3471:
field in the C/A and P(Y) navigation messages, and so it becomes zero again every 1,024 weeks (19.6 years). GPS week zero started at 00:00:00 UTC (00:00:19 TAI) on January 6, 1980, and the week number became zero again for the first time at 23:59:47 UTC on August 21, 1999
2450:
from everywhere on the Earth's surface (see animation at right). The result of this objective is that the four satellites are not evenly spaced (90°) apart within each orbit. In general terms, the angular difference between satellites in each orbit is 30°, 105°, 120°, and 105° apart, which sum to
873:
in 2000. When Selective Availability was discontinued, GPS was accurate to about 5 meters (16 ft). GPS receivers that use the L5 band have much higher accuracy of 30 centimeters (12 in), while those for high-end applications such as engineering and land surveying are accurate to within
5324:
The FCC adopted rules in February 2003 that allowed Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) licensees such as LightSquared to construct a small number of ancillary ground-based towers in their licensed spectrum to "promote more efficient use of terrestrial wireless spectrum". In those 2003 rules, the FCC
5169:
and clock data, multipath signals, and natural and artificial interference. Magnitude of residual errors from these sources depends on geometric dilution of precision. Artificial errors may result from jamming devices and threaten ships and aircraft or from intentional signal degradation through
2592:
OCS will continue to be the ground control system of record until the new segment, Next Generation GPS Operation Control System (OCX), is fully developed and functional. The US Department of Defense has claimed that the new capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing
3448:
The GPS implements two major corrections to its time signals for relativistic effects: one for relative velocity of satellite and receiver, using the special theory of relativity, and one for the difference in gravitational potential between satellite and receiver, using general relativity. The
2620:
On September 14, 2011, the U.S. Air Force announced the completion of GPS OCX Preliminary Design Review and confirmed that the OCX program is ready for the next phase of development. The GPS OCX program missed major milestones and pushed its launch into 2021, 5 years past the original deadline.
58:
5134:
Bancroft's method is algebraic, as opposed to numerical, and can be used for four or more satellites. When four satellites are used, the key steps are inversion of a 4x4 matrix and solution of a single-variable quadratic equation. Bancroft's method provides one or two solutions for the unknown
4627:
In practice, there are many sources of inaccuracy besides clock bias, including random errors as well as the potential for precision loss from subtracting numbers close to each other if the centers of the spheres are relatively close together. This means that the position calculated from three
4619:
The measured ranges, called pseudoranges, contain clock errors. In a simplified idealization in which the ranges are synchronized, these true ranges represent the radii of spheres, each centered on one of the transmitting satellites. The solution for the position of the receiver is then at the
1277:
Since its deployment, the U.S. has implemented several improvements to the GPS service, including new signals for civil use and increased accuracy and integrity for all users, all the while maintaining compatibility with existing GPS equipment. Modernization of the satellite system has been an
1992:
On February 12, 2019, four founding members of the project were awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering with the chair of the awarding board stating: "Engineering is the foundation of civilisation; there is no other foundation; it makes things happen. And that's exactly what today's
4567:
Since the equations have four unknowns —the three components of GPS receiver position and the clock bias—signals from at least four satellites are necessary to attempt solving these equations. They can be solved by algebraic or numerical methods. Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions are
906:
905:
902:
901:
5264:
The spectrum allocated for GPS L1 use by the FCC is 1559 to 1610 MHz, while the spectrum allocated for satellite-to-ground use owned by Lightsquared is the Mobile Satellite Service band. Since 1996, the FCC has authorized licensed use of the spectrum neighboring the GPS band of 1525 to
1194:
Navstar is often erroneously considered an acronym for "NAVigation System using Timing And Ranging" but was never considered as such by the GPS Joint Program Office (TRW may have once advocated for a different navigational system that used that acronym). With the individual satellites being
5320:
GPS receiver manufacturers design GPS receivers to use spectrum beyond the GPS-allocated band. In some cases, GPS receivers are designed to use up to 400 MHz of spectrum in either direction of the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz, because mobile satellite services in those regions are
3736:
that make observers on the Earth perceive a different time reference with respect to the transmitters in orbit. The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C/A and P codes, while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code. The P code can be encrypted as a so-called
2178:
It is sometimes incorrectly said that the user location is at the intersection of three spheres. While simpler to visualize, this is the case only if the receiver has a clock synchronized with the satellite clocks (i.e., the receiver measures true ranges to the satellites rather than range
2798:
GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce, scientific uses, tracking, and surveillance. GPS's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking, mobile phone operations, and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand-off switching.
907:
1072:
Although there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors, almost none of those was seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research, development, deployment, and operation of a constellation of navigation satellites. During the
1182:
among others, had to be resolved. A team led by Harold L. Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 to 1973, used real-time data assimilation and recursive estimation to do so, reducing systematic and residual errors to a manageable level to permit accurate navigation.
2111:
code (sequence of ones and zeros) that is known to the receiver. By time-aligning a receiver-generated version and the receiver-measured version of the code, the time of arrival (TOA) of a defined point in the code sequence, called an epoch, can be found in the receiver clock time
2462:
each day. This was very helpful during development because even with only four satellites, correct alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours each day. For military operations, the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones.
3391:, GPS-guided munitions provided to Ukraine by NATO countries experienced significant failure rates as a result of Russian electronic warfare. Excalibur artillery shells efficiency rate hitting targets dropped from 70% to 6% as Russia adapted its electronic warfare activities.
4827:
1173:
With these parallel developments in the 1960s, it was realized that a superior system could be developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B, Transit, Timation, and SECOR in a multi-service program. Satellite orbital position errors, induced by variations in the
1968:(Col. USAF, ret.) was inducted into the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame at Lackland A.F.B., San Antonio, Texas, March 2, 2010, for his role in space technology development and the engineering design concept of GPS conducted as part of Project 621B.
908:
2678:
port at 4,800 bit/s speed. Data is actually sent at a much lower rate, which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM. Receivers with internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data. As of 2006, even low-cost units commonly include
10904:
2234:
gives the position of the receiver along with the difference between the time kept by the receiver's on-board clock and the true time-of-day, thereby eliminating the need for a more precise and possibly impractical receiver based clock. Applications for GPS such as
1273:
services by private industry to improve civilian accuracy. Moreover, the U.S. military was developing technologies to deny GPS service to potential adversaries on a regional basis. Selective Availability was removed from the GPS architecture beginning with GPS-III.
3983:
is the receiver's clock bias from the much more accurate GPS clocks employed by the satellites. The receiver clock bias is the same for all received satellite signals (assuming the satellite clocks are all perfectly synchronized). The message's transit time is
904:
2250:
Although four satellites are required for normal operation, fewer apply in special cases. If one variable is already known, a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites. For example, a ship on the open ocean usually has a known elevation
807:
information. It provides critical positioning capabilities to military, civil, and commercial users around the world. Although the United States government created, controls and maintains the GPS system, it is freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver.
2588:
OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970s-era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force Base in September 2007. After installation, the system helped enable upgrades and provide a foundation for a new security architecture that supported U.S. armed forces.
1285:
As of early 2015, high-quality Standard Positioning Service (SPS) GPS receivers provided horizontal accuracy of better than 3.5 meters (11 ft), although many factors such as receiver and antenna quality and atmospheric issues can affect this accuracy.
3371:
while undermining confidence in their reliance on American systems, promoting their GLONASS alternative, disrupting Western military exercises, and protecting assets from drones. China uses jamming to discourage US surveillance aircraft near the contested
2063:
that are synchronized with one another and with the reference atomic clocks at the ground control stations; any drift of the clocks aboard the satellites from the reference time maintained on the ground stations is corrected regularly. Since the speed of
1988:
On December 6, 2018, Gladys West was inducted into the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame in recognition of her work on an extremely accurate geodetic Earth model, which was ultimately used to determine the orbit of the GPS constellation.
1080:, the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress. This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded. It is also the reason for the ultra-secrecy at that time. The
1068:
navigation system, based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations, became the first worldwide radio navigation system. Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy.
1034:
Early the next year, Frank McClure, the deputy director of the APL, asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem: pinpointing the user's location, given the satellite's. (At the time, the Navy was developing the submarine-launched
3722:
All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies, 1.57542 GHz (L1 signal) and 1.2276 GHz (L2 signal). The satellite network uses a CDMA spread-spectrum technique where the low-bitrate message data is encoded with a high-rate
12172:
Chwedczuk, Katarzyna; Cienkosz, Daniel; Apollo, Michal; Borowski, Lukasz; Lewinska, Paulina; Guimarães Santos, Celso Augusto; Eborka, Kennedy; Kulshreshtha, Sandeep; Romero-Andrade, Rosendo; Sedeek, Ahmed; Liibusk, Aive; MacIuk, Kamil (2022).
5359:(NTIA), the federal agency that coordinates spectrum uses for the military and other federal government entities, that "there is no practical way to mitigate potential interference at this time". LightSquared is challenging the FCC's action.
16593:
2198:
The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in speed or direction can be computed only with a delay, and that derived direction becomes inaccurate when the distance traveled between two position measurements drops below or near the
1950:, conceived the present satellite-based system in the early 1960s and developed it in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force. Parkinson served twenty-one years in the Air Force, from 1957 to 1978, and retired with the rank of colonel.
3727:(PRN) sequence that is different for each satellite. The receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct the actual message data. The C/A code, for civilian use, transmits data at 1.023 million
16530:
924:
The GPS project was launched in the United States in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems, combining ideas from several predecessors, including classified engineering design studies from the 1960s. The
9140:
5111:
Both the equations for four satellites, or the least squares equations for more than four, are non-linear and need special solution methods. A common approach is by iteration on a linearized form of the equations, such as the
16115:
15995:
1886:
Federal Systems Company. The citation honors them "for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago".
4809:
When more than four satellites are available, the calculation can use the four best, or more than four simultaneously (up to all visible satellites), depending on the number of receiver channels, processing capability, and
2908:(FCC) mandated the feature in either the handset or in the towers (for use in triangulation) in 2002 so emergency services could locate 911 callers. Third-party software developers later gained access to GPS APIs from
16142:
15137:
10289:
5149:
Leick et al. (2015) states that "Bancroft's (1985) solution is a very early, if not the first, closed-form solution." Other closed-form solutions were published afterwards, although their adoption in practice is unclear.
4238:
17320:
17022:
16197:
7483:
2995:
systems use GPS to locate devices that are attached to or carried by a person, vehicle, or pet. The application can provide continuous tracking and send notifications if the target leaves a designated (or "fenced-in")
16633:
10801:
2584:
The operation control segment (OCS) currently serves as the control segment of record. It provides the operational capability that supports GPS users and keeps the GPS operational and performing within specification.
2542:(2 SOPS) of the U.S. Space Force. Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared (AFSCN) ground antennas (GPS dedicated ground antennas are located at
11684:"FCC Docket File Number: SATASG2001030200017, "Mobile Satellite Ventures LLC Application for Assignment and Modification of Licenses and for Authority to Launch and Operate a Next-Generation Mobile Satellite System""
4390:
2896:: clock synchronization enables time transfer, which is critical for synchronizing its spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff and support hybrid GPS/cellular position detection for
16167:
1294:
executive committee is chaired jointly by the Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation. Its membership includes equivalent-level officials from the Departments of State, Commerce, and Homeland Security, the
3282:, require all radios within a network to have the same time input to their internal clocks (+/-4 seconds in the case of SINCGARS) to be on the correct frequency at a given time. Military GPS receivers, such as the
10912:
884: in) and can even provide sub-millimeter accuracy with long-term measurements. Consumer devices such as smartphones can be accurate to 4.9 m (16 ft) or better when used with assistive services like
1670:
announced that GPS would be made available for civilian uses once it was completed, although it had been publicly known as early as 1979, that the CA code (Coarse/Acquisition code) would be available to civilian
18578:
3379:
has mounted several major jamming operations near its border with South Korea and offshore, disrupting flights, shipping and fishing operations. Iranian Armed Forces disrupted the civilian airliner plane Flight
2603:
Built on a flexible architecture that can rapidly adapt to the changing needs of today's and future GPS users allowing immediate access to GPS data and constellation status through secure, accurate and reliable
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protocol. Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA), references to this protocol have been compiled from public records, allowing open source tools like
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16212:
16013:
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830:
announced that the GPS system would be made available for civilian use as of September 16, 1983; however, initially this civilian use was limited to an average accuracy of 100 meters (330 ft) by use of
12003:
11971:"Testimony of Jeff Carlisle, LightSquared Executive Vice President of Regulatory Affairs and Public Policy to U.S. House Subcommittee on Aviation and Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation"
16359:
5096:{\displaystyle \left({\hat {x}},{\hat {y}},{\hat {z}},{\hat {b}}\right)={\underset {\left(x,y,z,b\right)}{\arg \min }}\sum _{i}\left({\sqrt {(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}}}+bc-p_{i}\right)^{2}}
1706:
In 1991, DARPA's project to create a miniature GPS receiver successfully ended, replacing the previous 16 kg (35 lb) military receivers with a 1.25 kg (2.8 lb) all-digital handheld GPS
11687:
5243:), others provide direct measurements of how much the signal was off in the past, while a third group provides additional navigational or vehicle information to be integrated into the calculation process.
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16538:
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with large differences compared to the true distances to the satellites. Therefore, in practice, the time difference between the receiver clock and the satellite time is defined as an unknown clock bias
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per second, whereas the P code, for U.S. military use, transmits at 10.23 million chips per second. The actual internal reference of the satellites is 10.22999999543 MHz to compensate for
1841:
On January 11, 2010, an update of ground control systems caused a software incompatibility with 8,000 to 10,000 military receivers manufactured by a division of Trimble Navigation Limited of Sunnyvale,
4472:
957:
on the creation of the mathematical geodetic Earth model is credited as instrumental in the development of computational techniques for detecting satellite positions with the precision needed for GPS.
2087:; However, at a minimum, four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities (three position coordinates and the deviation of its own clock from satellite time).
1265:
signing a policy directive to turn off Selective Availability to provide the same accuracy to civilians that was afforded to the military. The directive was proposed by the U.S. Secretary of Defense,
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15482:
3416:
or other corrections that are periodically added to UTC. GPS time was set to match UTC in 1980, but has since diverged. The lack of corrections means that GPS time remains at a constant offset with
903:
16207:
4120:
6643:
Jury, H L, 1973, Application of Kalman Filter to Real-Time Navigation using Synchronous Satellites, Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Space Technology and Science, Tokyo, 945–952.
3209:
These limits only apply to units or components exported from the United States. A growing trade in various components exists, including GPS units from other countries. These are expressly sold as
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17010:
16202:
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15891:
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Because all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier frequency, the signals must be separated after demodulation. This is done by assigning each satellite a unique binary
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within a radio network to properly input an accurate time to said radios internal clock. More modern military radios have internal GPS receivers that syncronize the internal clock automatically.
16399:
16125:
15707:
15685:
4588:(GDOP) factors, calculated from the relative sky directions of the satellites used. The receiver location is expressed in a specific coordinate system, such as latitude and longitude using the
3259:
Navigation: Soldiers use GPS to find objectives, even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory, and to coordinate troop and supply movement. In the United States armed forces, commanders use the
2613:
Provides significant information assurance improvements over the current program including detecting and preventing cyber attacks, while isolating, containing and operating during such attacks.
6946:
The Global Positioning System Assessing National Policies, by Scott Pace, Gerald P. Frost, Irving Lachow, David R. Frelinger, Donna Fossum, Don Wassem, Monica M. Pinto, Rand Corporation, 1995,
5336:, airline pilots with the type of systems that would be affected "may go off course and not even realize it". The problems could also affect the Federal Aviation Administration upgrade to the
18411:
3020:: the use of RTK GPS has significantly improved several mining operations such as drilling, shoveling, vehicle tracking, and surveying. RTK GPS provides centimeter-level positioning accuracy.
10763:
17764:
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16880:
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The first subframe of each frame encodes the week number and the time within the week, as well as the data about the health of the satellite. The second and the third subframes contain the
17658:
17472:
16726:
16653:
16180:
16155:
14195:
4561:
11799:"FCC Order, Granted LightSquared Subsidiary LLC, a Mobile Satellite Service licensee in the L-Band, a conditional waiver of the Ancillary Terrestrial Component "integrated service" rule"
8051:
2410:, and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit. The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs, eight each in three approximately circular
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17042:
16598:
16558:
16518:
15921:
14026:
9030:
Glaser, Susanne; Fritsche, Mathias; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Rodríguez-Solano, Carlos Javier; Wang, Kan; Dach, Rolf; Hugentobler, Urs; Rothacher, Markus; Dietrich, Reinhard (December 2015).
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minutes) to complete. The message structure has a basic format of a 1500-bit-long frame made up of five subframes, each subframe being 300 bits (6 seconds) long. Subframes 4 and 5 are
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10856:
4037:
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11620:"Federal Communications Commission Report and Order In the Matter of Fixed and Mobile Services in the Mobile Satellite Service Bands at 1525–1559 MHz and 1626.5–1660.5 MHz"
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acceleration of the satellite could also be computed independently as a correction, depending on purpose, but normally the effect is already dealt with in the first two corrections.
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to develop the GPS Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) to improve accuracy and availability of GPS navigation signals, and serve as a critical part of GPS modernization.
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16678:
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15112:
5951:
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Target tracking: Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and air targets before flagging them as hostile. These weapon systems pass target coordinates to
2359:
GPS II underwent a four-month series of qualification tests in the AEDC Mark I Space Chamber to determine whether the satellite could withstand extreme heat and cold in space, 1985.
10107:
9201:
Sivalingam, Prahaladhan; Asirvatham, David; Marjani, Mohsen; Syed Masood, Jafar Ali Ibrahim; Chakravarthy, N. S. Kalyan; Veerisetty, Gopinath; Lestari, Martha Tri (April 1, 2024).
2364:
2175:). The line connecting the two satellites involved (and its extensions) forms the axis of the hyperboloid. The receiver is located at the point where three hyperboloids intersect.
10293:
2454:
Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km (12,600 mi); orbital radius of approximately 26,600 km (16,500 mi), each SV makes two complete orbits each
2167:
Although usually not formed explicitly in the receiver processing, the conceptual time differences of arrival (TDOAs) define the measurement geometry. Each TDOA corresponds to a
6047:
4796:(or spherical cone), with the cusp located at the satellite, and the base a sphere around the satellite. The receiver is at the intersection of four or more of such hypercones.
2652:
929:
developed the system, which originally used 24 satellites, for use by the United States military, and became fully operational in 1993. Civilian use was allowed from the 1980s.
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that the atomic clocks in GPS transmitters experience. Most receivers lose some accuracy in their interpretation of the signals and are only accurate to about 100 nanoseconds.
16585:
16424:
16337:
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1195:
associated with the name Navstar (as with the predecessors Transit and Timation), a more fully encompassing name was used to identify the constellation of Navstar satellites,
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8877:
2600:
OCX will have the ability to control and manage GPS legacy satellites as well as the next generation of GPS III satellites, while enabling the full array of military signals.
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17200:
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15655:
11521:
1138:
Navigation Technology Satellite – II (Timation IV): NTS-II, the first satellite completely designed and built by NRL under GPS Joint Program funding. Launched June 23, 1977.
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As of July 2023, 18 GPS satellites broadcast L5 signals, which are considered pre-operational prior to being broadcast by a full complement of 24 satellites in 2027.
5127:
One closed-form solution to the above set of equations was developed by S. Bancroft. Its properties are well known; in particular, proponents claim it is superior in low-
832:
16038:
15818:
5332:
The FCC and LightSquared have each made public commitments to solve the GPS interference issue before the network is allowed to operate. According to Chris Dancy of the
11555:
Selective Availability ended a few minutes past midnight EDT after the end of May 1, 2000. The change occurred simultaneously across the entire satellite constellation.
1648:
In 1972, the USAF Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility (Holloman AFB) conducted developmental flight tests of four prototype GPS receivers in a Y configuration over
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10190:
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5356:
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P(Y) code that is only available to military equipment with a proper decryption key. Both the C/A and P(Y) codes impart the precise time-of-day to the user.
2534:, along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in England, Argentina, Ecuador, Bahrain, Australia and Washington DC. The tracking information is sent to the MCS at
1772:
announced plans to upgrade GPS with two new civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability, particularly with respect to aviation safety, and in 2000 the
12417:
10076:
7741:
18261:
7282:
3044:: navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements, as well as precise positions in real-time with a support of orbit and clock corrections.
2977:
including the daily and sub-daily polar motion, and length-of-day variabilities, Earth's center-of-mass - geocenter motion, and low-degree gravity field parameters.
1785:
On May 2, 2000 "Selective Availability" was discontinued as a result of the 1996 executive order, allowing civilian users to receive a non-degraded signal globally.
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15239:
15206:
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5142:(i.e., the pseudoinverse) to find a solution. A case has been made that iterative methods, such as the Gauss–Newton algorithm approach for solving over-determined
18613:
11096:
7242:
2596:
The GPS OCX program represents a critical part of GPS modernization and provides significant information assurance improvements over the current GPS OCS program.
2247:
this cheap and highly accurate timing. Some GPS applications use this time for display, or, other than for the basic position calculations, do not use it at all.
12072:
12010:
11683:
9381:
Braund, Taylor A.; Zin, May The; Boonstra, Tjeerd W.; Wong, Quincy J. J.; Larsen, Mark E.; Christensen, Helen; Tillman, Gabriel; O'Dea, Bridianne (May 4, 2022).
2581:, so receivers do not use it. After the maneuver, engineers track the new orbit from the ground, upload the new ephemeris, and mark the satellite healthy again.
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1257:
Initially, the highest-quality signal was reserved for military use, and the signal available for civilian use was intentionally degraded, in a policy known as
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7004:
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units may not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC offset message. The GPS-UTC offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds (eight bits).
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11567:
9875:
8614:
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3835:
Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of transmission and the satellite position at this time. For more information see
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7137:
6202:
2075:
Each GPS satellite carries an accurate record of its own position and time, and broadcasts that data continuously. Based on data received from multiple GPS
12248:
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at a pair of satellites. With additional satellites, the multiple intersections are not necessarily unique, and a best-fitting solution is sought instead.
2337:
from space, and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.
1862:
AFSPC Vice Commander Lt. Gen. DT Thompson presents Gladys West with an award as she is inducted into the Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame.
1302:. Components of the executive office of the president participate as observers to the executive committee, and the FCC chairman participates as a liaison.
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7571:
4779:
The clock in the receiver is usually not of the same quality as the ones in the satellites and will not be accurately synchronized to them. This produces
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The GPS equations can be solved by numerical and analytical methods. Geometrical interpretations can enhance the understanding of these solution methods.
18756:
18746:
18240:
9772:
3225:
AN/PRC-119F SINCGARS radio, which requires accurate clock time supplied by an external GPS system to enable frequency hopping operation with other radios
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Conceptually, the receiver measures the TOAs (according to its own clock) of four satellite signals. From the TOAs and the TOTs, the receiver forms four
12142:
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3134:: realization and densification of the terrestrial reference frames in the framework of Global Geodetic Observing System. Co-location in space between
1799:
updated the national policy and replaced the executive board with the National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing.
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export licenses. This rule applies even to otherwise purely civilian units that only receive the L1 frequency and the C/A (Coarse/Acquisition) code.
3023:
2255:, and the elevation of an aircraft may be known. Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude,
11070:
9516:
Strugarek, Dariusz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Arnold, Daniel; Jäggi, Adrian; Zajdel, Radosław; Bury, Grzegorz; Drożdżewski, Mateusz (September 30, 2019).
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4788:. The equations are then solved simultaneously for the receiver position and the clock bias. The solution space can be seen as a four-dimensional
15132:
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5413:
Following the United States' deployment of GPS, other countries have also developed their own satellite navigation systems. These systems include:
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4131:
3487:
Two different encodings are used: a public encoding that enables lower resolution navigation, and an encrypted encoding used by the U.S. military.
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1254:
user equipment but including the costs of the satellite launches, has been estimated at US$ 5 billion (equivalent to $ 10 billion in 2023).
1131:
Project 621B, which had "many of the attributes that you now see in GPS" and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs.
725:
12222:
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865:
Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of
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8556:"GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM: Updated Schedule Assessment Could Help Decision Makers Address Likely Delays Related to New Ground Control System"
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National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on the Future of the Global Positioning System; National Academy of Public Administration (1995).
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3420:(TAI) (TAI - GPS = 19 seconds). Periodic corrections are performed to the on-board clocks to keep them synchronized with ground clocks.
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1817:
In 2005, the first modernized GPS satellite was launched and began transmitting a second civilian signal (L2C) for enhanced user performance.
12453:
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4705:). Thus, from four pseudorange measurements, the receiver can be placed at the intersection of the surfaces of three hyperboloids each with
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Sośnica, K.; Bury, G.; Zajdel, R. (March 16, 2018). "Contribution of Multi-GNSS Constellation to SLR-Derived Terrestrial Reference Frame".
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In 2004, the United States government signed an agreement with the European Community establishing cooperation related to GPS and Europe's
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5943:
2263:, or including information from the vehicle computer, to give a (possibly degraded) position when fewer than four satellites are visible.
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11861:"FCC Order permitting mobile satellite services providers to provide an ancillary terrestrial component (ATC) to their satellite systems"
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11182:
11143:
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Strugarek, Dariusz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Jäggi, Adrian (January 2019). "Characteristics of GOCE orbits based on Satellite Laser Ranging".
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Khetarpaul, S.; Chauhan, R.; Gupta, S. K.; Subramaniam, L. V.; Nambiar, U. (2011). "Mining GPS data to determine interesting locations".
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5119:
The GPS was initially developed assuming use of a numerical least-squares solution method—i.e., before closed-form solutions were found.
3828:. The signals are decoded after demodulation using addition of the Gold codes corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver.
547:
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9277:
Zhao, Xilei; Xu, Yiming; Lovreglio, Ruggiero; Kuligowski, Erica; Nilsson, Daniel; Cova, Thomas J.; Wu, Alex; Yan, Xiang (June 1, 2022).
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with origin at the Earth's center) and the offset of the receiver clock relative to the GPS time are computed simultaneously, using the
1993:
Laureates have done – they've made things happen. They've re-written, in a major way, the infrastructure of our world."
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13263:
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3367:, when Iraqi forces installed jamming devices on likely targets that emitted radio noise, disrupting reception of the weak GPS signal.
2926:: the accuracy of GPS time signals (±10 ns) is second only to the atomic clocks they are based on, and is used in applications such as
2750:
2643:
GPS receivers come in a variety of formats, from devices integrated into cars, phones, and watches, to dedicated devices such as these.
2294:
2024:
1289:
GPS is owned and operated by the United States government as a national resource. The Department of Defense is the steward of GPS. The
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2951:: measure and calculate the atmospheric pressure, wind speed and direction up to 27 km (89,000 ft) from the Earth's surface.
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Sośnica, Krzysztof; Thaller, Daniela; Dach, Rolf; Steigenberger, Peter; Beutler, Gerhard; Arnold, Daniel; Jäggi, Adrian (July 2015).
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Many civilian applications use one or more of GPS's three basic components: absolute location, relative movement, and time transfer.
819:
in 1973. The first prototype spacecraft was launched in 1978 and the full constellation of 24 satellites became operational in 1993.
6430:
2115:
A message that includes the time of transmission (TOT) of the code epoch (in GPS time scale) and the satellite position at that time
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7480:"Press release: First Modernized GPS Satellite Built by Lockheed Martin Launched Successfully by the U.S. Air Force – Sep 26, 2005"
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delays (recovery of the number of free electrons). Recovery of Earth surface displacements due to the atmospheric pressure loading.
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As civilian GPS usage grew, there was increasing pressure to remove this error. The SA system was temporarily disabled during the
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11506:
Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2013)
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7662:
4764:. This configuration is distinct from the one described above, in which the spheres' radii were the unbiased or geometric ranges
2511:
2374:
1207:
1143:
12089:
10212:
8692:
and Implementation of Higher-Order Ionospheric Effects on Precise GNSS Applications: Higher-Order Ionospheric Effects in GNSS".
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5232:
refers to techniques used to improve the accuracy of positioning information provided by the Global Positioning System or other
4402:
2514:) monitor stations. The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Space Force monitoring stations in Hawaii,
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Using more than four involves an over-determined system of equations with no unique solution; such a system can be solved by a
1982:
10942:
7107:
5170:
selective availability, which limited accuracy to ≈ 6–12 m (20–40 ft), but has been switched off since May 1, 2000.
842:, as a shortage of military GPS units meant that many US soldiers were using civilian GPS units sent from home. In the 1990s,
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1909:
1874:, the US's most prestigious aviation award. This team combines researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory, the USAF, the
673:
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to read the protocol without violating intellectual property laws. Other proprietary protocols exist as well, such as the
2329:
The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment, a control segment, and a user segment. The
1838:
allayed fears of GPS failure, saying: "There's only a small risk we will not continue to exceed our performance standard."
1190:. It was at this meeting that the real synthesis that became GPS was created. Later that year, the DNSS program was named
1186:
During Labor Day weekend in 1973, a meeting of about twelve military officers at the Pentagon discussed the creation of a
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On February 14, 2012, the FCC moved to bar LightSquared's planned national broadband network after being informed by the
5233:
3579:. Each 30-second frame begins precisely on the minute or half-minute as indicated by the atomic clock on each satellite.
1150:(Time Navigation) satellites, first launched in 1967, second launched in 1969, with the third in 1974 carrying the first
816:
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4585:
3347:, an X-ray sensor, a dosimeter, and an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) sensor (W-sensor), that form a major portion of the
3283:
2483:
2207:
of the signals received to compute velocity accurately. More advanced navigation systems use additional sensors like a
1097:
454:
12069:
9383:"Smartphone Sensor Data for Identifying and Monitoring Symptoms of Mood Disorders: A Longitudinal Observational Study"
6295:
3144:: self-navigating, autonomous robots using GPS sensors, which calculate latitude, longitude, time, speed, and heading.
2145:
and height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model. The height may then be further converted to height relative to the
1119:
To increase the survivability of ICBMs, there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms (comparable to the Soviet
17999:
16267:
16003:
15444:
14257:
13607:
13478:
12322:
11710:"U.S. GPS Industry Council Petition to the FCC to adopt OOBE limits jointly proposed by MSV and the Industry Council"
11476:
10528:
8444:
7378:
6455:
6383:
6233:
5299:
5253:
3801:
magazine reports that the latest testing (June 2011) confirms "significant jamming" of GPS by LightSquared's system.
3467:, the GPS date is expressed as a week number and a seconds-into-week number. The week number is transmitted as a ten-
3271:
3199:
2905:
2831:
2772:
2610:
Enables new modernized signals (L1C, L2C, and L5) and has M-code capability, which the legacy system is unable to do.
2414:, but this was modified to six orbital planes with four satellites each. The six orbit planes have approximately 55°
2316:
2046:
779:
753:
12047:
8379:
8001:
7602:
7000:
6947:
6765:
Hegarty, Christopher J.; Chatre, Eric (December 2008). "Evolution of the Global Navigation SatelliteSystem (GNSS)".
6661:
6614:
2371:
from a given point on the Earth's surface changes with time. The point in this example is in Golden, Colorado, USA (
18741:
18530:
16347:
15717:
15712:
14492:
14356:
7688:
6582:
6154:
The global positioning system: a shared national asset: recommendations for technical improvements and enhancements
5536:
5341:
1828:
1210:, renamed to Air Force Geophysical Research Lab (AFGRL) in 1974. AFGRL developed the Klobuchar model for computing
1203:" prototype satellites were launched between 1978 and 1985 (an additional unit was destroyed in a launch failure).
9871:
9828:
8899:
Zajdel, Radosław; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Bury, Grzegorz; Dach, Rolf; Prange, Lars; Kazmierski, Kamil (January 2021).
6291:
Relativistische Zeitdilatation eines künstlichen Satelliten (Relativistic time dilation of an artificial satellite
6070:
4480:
3412:. The difference is that GPS time is not corrected to match the rotation of the Earth, so it does not contain new
2446:
or almost the same locations every day. The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within
18563:
18011:
15690:
15221:
14976:
14568:
14351:
13582:
12303:
10038:
9518:"Determination of Global Geodetic Parameters Using Satellite Laser Ranging Measurements to Sentinel-3 Satellites"
7129:
6186:
5805:
5287:
5209:
5128:
2607:
Provides the warfighter with more secure, actionable and predictive information to enhance situational awareness.
2367:
A visual example of a 24-satellite GPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating. Notice how the number of
1867:
1762:
1007:, they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit. The Director of the APL gave them access to their
851:
12244:
11591:
9935:
7563:
7028:
5977:
5914:
3032:: location determines what content to display; for instance, information about an approaching point of interest.
1743:(IOC), with a full constellation (24 satellites) available and providing the Standard Positioning Service (SPS).
16683:
16412:
16352:
14247:
13941:
13522:
13388:
13303:
9794:
8739:"Impact of loading displacements on SLR-derived parameters and on the consistency between GNSS and SLR results"
5511:
5436:
5279:
2754:
2298:
2028:
1789:
1750:(AFSPC) in April 1995, signifying full availability of the military's secure Precise Positioning Service (PPS).
1740:
862:, the US government announced that the next generation of GPS satellites would not include the feature at all.
539:
11767:"Statement of Julius P. Knapp, Chief, Office of Engineering and Technology, Federal Communications Commission"
9764:
6653:
5920:
3987:
3927:
1157:
Another important predecessor to GPS came from a different branch of the United States military. In 1964, the
18647:
18196:
15074:
14664:
13956:
13730:
13567:
13542:
13418:
13403:
12150:
10242:
10129:
6376:
Transit to Tomorrow. Fifty Years of Space Research at The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
5491:
5449:
3724:
3610:
3287:
2680:
2539:
1975:
1682:
555:
12109:
8086:
7930:
Fang, B.T. (1992). "Comments on "Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions" by J.S. Abel and J.W. Chaffee".
7532:
5881:
5373:
3864:
The receiver uses messages received from satellites to determine the satellite positions and time sent. The
1061:
satellite, which proved the feasibility of placing accurate clocks in space, a technology required for GPS.
18122:
17590:
15729:
15514:
15434:
15374:
14487:
14467:
14310:
13413:
12479:
9639:
Bury, Grzegorz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Zajdel, Radosław; Strugarek, Dariusz; Hugentobler, Urs (January 2021).
6838:
5456:
to enhance GPS's accuracy in Asia-Oceania, with satellite navigation independent of GPS scheduled for 2023.
3848:
3195:
3181:
2974:
2108:
1959:
325:
12175:"Challenges related to the determination of altitudes of mountain peaks presented on cartographic sources"
8991:"Geocenter coordinates derived from multi-GNSS: a look into the role of solar radiation pressure modeling"
3363:
to navigate and perform maneuvers in the war. The war also demonstrated the vulnerability of GPS to being
2663:
to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites, receiver-processors, and a highly stable clock (often a
2647:
18440:
18346:
17945:
16580:
16508:
16008:
15583:
15550:
14813:
14705:
14252:
13693:
11074:
9990:
Dennis D. McCrady (August 1994). The GPS Burst Detector W-Sensor (Report). Sandia National Laboratories.
9725:"Estimating global geodetic parameters using SLR observations to Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou, GPS, and QZSS"
9334:
Yang, Zhuo; Franz, Mark L.; Zhu, Shanjiang; Mahmoudi, Jina; Nasri, Arefeh; Zhang, Lei (January 1, 2018).
8511:
7407:
6016:
5800:
4811:
4792:, and signals from at minimum four satellites are needed. In that case each of the equations describes a
4689:. The locus of points having a constant difference in distance to two points (here, two satellites) is a
2127:
1226:
1112:
823:
803:
38:
14018:
11541:. National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT). October 2001.
10584:
10372:
8168:
3330:
or about 118 km/s (260,000 mph/s) have been developed for use in 155-millimeter (6.1 in)
18657:
18418:
18285:
18220:
17979:
17913:
16110:
16072:
15975:
15565:
15429:
15394:
15357:
15169:
15012:
14969:
14502:
14472:
8950:"System-specific systematic errors in earth rotation parameters derived from GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo"
7334:
5554:
5113:
3405:
3092:: GPS enables highly accurate timestamping of power system measurements, making it possible to compute
2927:
2535:
2527:
2260:
2212:
1894:
1753:
In 1996, recognizing the importance of GPS to civilian users as well as military users, U.S. President
1690:
1000:
950:
926:
11426:
Sirola, Niilo (March 2010). "Closed-form algorithms in mobile positioning: Myths and misconceptions".
11328:
Grafarend, Erik W. (2002). "GPS Solutions: Closed Forms, Critical and Special Configurations of P4P".
10578:"Interface Specification IS-GPS-200, Revision D: Navstar GPS Space Segment/Navigation User Interfaces"
9971:
9335:
9278:
6974:
6864:
5915:
National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (February 22, 2021).
5809:
3891:
16454:
16364:
16307:
16087:
16077:
15881:
15650:
15144:
14950:
14053:
13982:
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11734:
10986:
8144:
6560:
5845:
5506:
5390:
4694:
3437:
3417:
3360:
3317:
3308:
Missile and projectile guidance: GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including
3298:
2507:
2447:
2411:
1905:
1649:
1065:
1039:
missile, which required them to know the submarine's location.) This led them and APL to develop the
1019:
942:
934:
787:
80:
12516:
11943:
11925:
11860:
11798:
11626:
11436:
8215:
3343:
GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of an optical sensor called a
835:(SA), a deliberate error introduced into the GPS data (which military receivers could correct for).
18608:
18503:
16927:
16312:
15869:
15362:
14803:
13931:
13552:
13298:
11047:
10741:
9723:
Sośnica, K.; Bury, G.; Zajdel, R.; Strugarek, D.; Drożdżewski, M.; Kazmierski, K. (December 2019).
8413:
7654:
5516:
5443:
and other partner countries, began operation in 2016, and is expected to be fully deployed by 2020.
5402:
5206:
possibly duplicate references to the same phase stuff, esp. between RTK and carrier-phase tracking.
5143:
3836:
3458:
2711:
protocols. Receivers can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection,
2443:
1686:
1341:
1142:
Updates from the Navy TRANSIT system were too slow for the high speeds of Air Force operation. The
996:
885:
783:
485:
432:
334:
217:
18433:
18428:
12751:
12643:
5978:
National Coordination Office for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (March 3, 2022).
1206:
The effect of the ionosphere on radio transmission was investigated in a geophysics laboratory of
1003:(APL) decided to monitor its radio transmissions. Within hours they realized that, because of the
18498:
17940:
17754:
16673:
16459:
15958:
15849:
15801:
15700:
15154:
15149:
15017:
14992:
14735:
14303:
14049:
13501:
12472:
9139:
Wesche, Christine; Eisen, Olaf; Oerter, Hans; Schulte, Daniel; Steinhage, Daniel (January 2007).
8737:
Sośnica, Krzysztof; Thaller, Daniela; Dach, Rolf; Jäggi, Adrian; Beutler, Gerhard (August 2013).
7996:
Georg zur Bonsen; Daniel Ammann; Michael Ammann; Etienne Favey; Pascal Flammant (April 1, 2005).
7632:
4698:
3571:
3135:
3093:
3089:
2984:
2743:
2467:
2287:
2017:
1835:
1747:
1089:
1051:
623:
583:
341:
12317:
10827:
10555:
9250:
Nakajima, Yuu; Shiina, Hironori; Yamane, Shohei; Ishida, Toru; Yamaki, Hirofumi (January 2007).
8669:
6534:
3351:. General William Shelton has stated that future satellites may drop this feature to save money.
2230:
GPS requires four or more satellites to be visible for accurate navigation. The solution of the
2187:
The description above is representative of a receiver start-up situation. Most receivers have a
30:
This article is about the American global navigation satellite system. For similar systems, see
18558:
17560:
15600:
15449:
15389:
15367:
15039:
14901:
14850:
14823:
14242:
14139:
13617:
12508:
12464:
11431:
10648:
The Telecommunications Handbook: Engineering Guidelines for Fixed, Mobile and Satellite Systems
5476:
5135:
quantities. When there are two (usually the case), only one is a near-Earth sensible solution.
3888: ≥ 4. When the time of message reception indicated by the on-board receiver clock is
2834:
for position reporting; is often critical during emergency and disaster communications support.
2350:
2080:
1879:
1773:
1637:
1258:
1219:
1134:
969:
870:
603:
11766:
11166:
11127:
10602:
6126:
2667:). They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the user.
18705:
18127:
18003:
17966:
17906:
17850:
17027:
16997:
16942:
16374:
15941:
15806:
15778:
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15524:
15007:
14926:
14758:
14477:
14144:
14088:
14078:
14068:
12191:
12174:
11897:"Federal Communications Commission Fixed and Mobile Services in the Mobile Satellite Service"
11208:
10155:
8300:
7972:
7427:
5526:
5305:
In January 2011, the FCC conditionally authorized LightSquared's wholesale customers—such as
4573:
3012:
2923:
2901:
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2634:
1875:
1659:
1295:
1215:
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413:
308:
12870:
11709:
11651:
10706:
Borre, Kai; M. Akos, Dennis; Bertelsen, Nicolaj; Rinder, Peter; Jensen, Søren Holdt (2007).
10069:"GPS jamming is a growing threat to satellite navigation, positioning, and precision timing"
9740:
9141:"Surface topography and ice flow in the vicinity of the EDML deep-drilling site, Antarctica"
8948:
Zajdel, Radosław; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Bury, Grzegorz; Dach, Rolf; Prange, Lars (July 2020).
6416:
1674:
By 1985, ten more experimental Block-I satellites had been launched to validate the concept.
869:
satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX) which was authorized by the
18201:
18054:
16513:
16417:
15722:
15595:
15588:
15196:
15024:
14896:
14295:
14134:
14073:
13918:
13900:
13706:
13509:
13279:
12499:
11379:
11337:
11294:
11249:
Principles of GNSS, Inertial, and Multisensor Integrated Navigation Systems, Second Edition
10445:
9736:
9689:
9652:
9611:
9570:
9529:
9482:
9445:
9347:
9300:
9214:
9152:
9043:
9002:
8961:
8912:
8815:
8753:
7891:
7850:
7509:
7278:
7238:
5846:"Global Positioning System Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard - 4th Edition"
5604:
5481:
5368:
5257:
4754:
3733:
2712:
2346:
1234:
1105:
791:
563:
513:
439:
42:
31:
12340:
9203:"A review of travel behavioural pattern using GPS dataset: A systematic literature review"
8738:
8541:
8112:
Daly, P. (December 1993). "Navstar GPS and GLONASS: global satellite navigation systems".
8018:
7795:
6808:
6436:
2815:
is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precise timing.
8:
18481:
18095:
16922:
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15936:
15281:
15127:
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14931:
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14343:
13892:
13872:
13852:
13842:
13814:
13804:
13799:
13592:
13349:
13339:
10964:
9279:"Estimating wildfire evacuation decision and departure timing using large-scale GPS data"
7355:
5889:
5877:
5337:
5139:
3744:
The L4 band at 1.379913 GHz is being studied for additional ionospheric correction.
3388:
3119:
2863:
2792:
1947:
1663:
1238:
1040:
475:
423:
17:
11383:
11341:
11298:
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10408:
9693:
9656:
9615:
9574:
9533:
9486:
9449:
9351:
9304:
9218:
9156:
9047:
9006:
8965:
8916:
8819:
8757:
7995:
7895:
7764:
5979:
3773:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
2621:
According to the Government Accounting Office in 2019, the 2021 deadline looked shaky.
2149:, which is essentially mean sea level. These coordinates may be displayed, such as on a
1306:
use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses".
18675:
18423:
18341:
18336:
18180:
18158:
18039:
17989:
17532:
17017:
16905:
16369:
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13809:
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13774:
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10476:
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8187:
6790:
6333:
5568:
5531:
5521:
5378:
5326:
3464:
3055:
3050:
determination of low-orbiting satellites with GPS receiver installed on board, such as
3006:
data) and other documents for purposes such as creating map overlays with devices like
2893:
2664:
2558:). These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few
2407:
2150:
1935:
1158:
980:
946:
858:
signed a bill ordering that Selective Availability be disabled on May 1, 2000; and, in
395:
365:
347:
runs through a checklist during Global Positioning System satellite operations in 2004.
181:
11017:
10794:"United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches GPS IIF-12 Satellite for U.S. Air Force"
9252:"Disaster Evacuation Guide: Using a Massively Multiagent Server and GPS Mobile Phones"
2884:: applying location and routes for cars and trucks to function without a human driver.
2406:
The space segment (SS) is composed of 24 to 32 satellites, or Space Vehicles (SV), in
18522:
18293:
18049:
17974:
17585:
16082:
15953:
15414:
15117:
14634:
14624:
14497:
14442:
14437:
13992:
13977:
13908:
13769:
13359:
12565:
12433:
12387:
12366:
12200:
11472:
11357:
11253:
11214:
11172:
11133:
10853:"The System: Test Data Predicts Disastrous GPS Jamming by FCC-Authorized Broadcaster"
10713:
10679:
10652:
10608:
10481:
10463:
10316:
9991:
9709:
9502:
9414:
9363:
9316:
9232:
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9119:
9078:
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7976:
7947:
7907:
7200:
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7051:
6782:
6735:
6693:
6264:
6192:
6158:
5810:"Global Positioning System Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Performance Standard"
5345:
5310:
5273:. On March 1, 2001, the FCC received an application from LightSquared's predecessor,
5240:
3748:
3654:
Coarse-acquisition (C/A) and encrypted precision (P(Y)) codes, plus the L1 civilian (
3075:
2954:
2937:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2786:
2616:
Supports higher volume near real-time command and control capabilities and abilities.
1666:
because of navigational errors, killing all 269 people on board, U.S. President
1054:
of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour.
495:
480:
11504:
Oszczak, B., "New Algorithm for GNSS Positioning Using System of Linear Equations",
11399:
11314:
8773:
8723:
8666:"Publications and Standards from the National Marine Electronics Association (NMEA)"
8350:
8271:
1014:
18625:
18456:
18324:
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14154:
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11441:
11387:
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10274:
9744:
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9578:
9537:
9490:
9453:
9404:
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9359:
9355:
9308:
9259:
9222:
9188:
Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Information Integration on the Web
9160:
9111:
9051:
9010:
8969:
8920:
8823:
8761:
8709:
8701:
8338:
8121:
7939:
7899:
7273:
7233:
7103:
6774:
5580:
5386:
5283:
5229:
5180:
4738:
4706:
3180:: GPS technology integrated with computers and mobile communications technology in
3131:
2988:
2547:
2519:
2334:
2330:
1972:
1846:
1270:
1266:
1127:) and so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation.
1101:
1093:
961:
843:
739:
490:
9641:"Determination of precise Galileo orbits using combined GNSS and SLR observations"
7428:"National Executive Committee for Space-Based Positioning, Navigation, and Timing"
7308:
6794:
4584:
done by multiplying the basic resolution of the receiver by quantities called the
3714:
Used as a civilian safety-of-life (SoL) signal on Block IIF and newer satellites.
3588:– the precise orbit for the satellite. The fourth and fifth subframes contain the
3552:
on L1 (C/A and P/Y) and L2 (P/Y) frequencies at a rate of 50 bits per second (see
3156:: surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries.
2430:(angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit's intersection). The
1218:
at AFGRL in 1974. She was concerned with the curving of the paths of radio waves (
18461:
18388:
16442:
16095:
15864:
15854:
15665:
15384:
15181:
14835:
14674:
14619:
13653:
13638:
13587:
12381:
12360:
12096:
12076:
11931:
11525:
11247:
10993:
10882:
10707:
10673:
10646:
9978:
9857:
9227:
9202:
8448:
8362:
8294:
8194:
8175:
7966:
7414:
7362:
7194:
7160:
7032:
6954:
6729:
6152:
5394:
5382:
5138:
When a receiver uses more than four satellites for a solution, Bancroft uses the
4702:
4592:
3372:
3321:
3249:
3167:
2992:
2933:
2897:
2812:
2515:
2423:
2333:
develops, maintains, and operates the space and control segments. GPS satellites
2188:
2172:
1965:
1955:
1732:
1722:
1507:
1282:
to meet the growing needs of the military, civilians, and the commercial market.
1023:
938:
930:
10336:
10270:"Russian forces have hit on a cheap way to foil US precision weapons in Ukraine"
9557:
Zajdel, R.; Sośnica, K.; Dach, R.; Bury, G.; Prange, L.; Jäggi, A. (June 2019).
8355:
7825:
6684:
5611:
4757:
are centered at the GPS satellites, whose radii equal the measured pseudoranges
3609:
All satellites broadcast at the same frequencies, encoding signals using unique
1214:
corrections to GPS location. Of note is work done by Australian space scientist
18170:
17107:
16563:
16523:
15675:
15643:
15630:
15477:
15276:
14743:
14731:
14654:
13829:
13658:
13648:
13248:
13067:
9665:
9640:
9559:"Network Effects and Handling of the Geocenter Motion in Multi-GNSS Processing"
9458:
9433:
9251:
9164:
9015:
8990:
8974:
8949:
8925:
8900:
8486:
7882:
Abel, J.S.; Chaffee, J.W. (1991). "Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions".
7457:
6778:
5440:
5398:
4611:
4047:
3313:
3301:
to allow them to engage targets accurately. Military aircraft, particularly in
3291:
3245:
3171:
3150:: used in football and rugby for the control and analysis of the training load.
2960:
2940:: many emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities.
2555:
2531:
2510:(SCN) ground antennas (for additional command and control capability) and NGA (
2431:
2256:
2153:, or recorded or used by some other system, such as a vehicle guidance system.
2120:
2069:
1871:
1821:
1796:
1718:
1703:
from 1990 to 1991 was the first conflict in which the military widely used GPS.
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1557:
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1036:
1004:
847:
703:
470:
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12403:
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9599:
9494:
9312:
9055:
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8803:
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8690:
8342:
8237:
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18730:
18163:
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17005:
16185:
15876:
15504:
15404:
15349:
15164:
15084:
14881:
14771:
14753:
14679:
14669:
14604:
14573:
14538:
14392:
13444:
12996:
12923:
11461:
GNSS Positioning Approaches – GPS Satellite Surveying, Fourth Edition – Leick
11412:
Chaffee, J. and Abel, J., "On the Exact Solutions of Pseudorange Equations",
11391:
10467:
9367:
9320:
9236:
9172:
8934:
7951:
7911:
6786:
6622:
6268:
4818:
4641:
the satellites. The receiver is then located at one of the two intersections.
4621:
4233:{\displaystyle d_{i}=\left({\tilde {t}}_{i}-b-s_{i}\right)c,\;i=1,2,\dots ,n}
3813:
Demodulating and Decoding GPS Satellite Signals using the Coarse/Acquisition
3797:
3655:
3364:
3302:
3234:
3035:
2964:
2913:
2823:
2694:
Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the
2571:
2567:
2389:
2376:
2236:
2204:
2060:
1811:
1667:
1532:
1482:
1457:
1250:
1175:
1081:
995:) in 1957, two American physicists, William Guier and George Weiffenbach, at
866:
827:
799:
344:
10824:"Air Force Successfully Transmits an L5 Signal From GPS IIR-20(M) Satellite"
9850:
8847:
8555:
8125:
7655:"President announces Roger Easton recipient of National Medal of Technology"
6913:
6508:
6478:
3123:
2807:
2240:
1831:
issued a report warning that some GPS satellites could fail as soon as 2010.
912:
Air Force film introducing the Navstar Global Positioning System, circa 1977
18598:
18153:
18085:
17929:
17870:
16875:
16237:
16137:
16055:
15560:
15464:
15191:
15186:
15176:
15034:
14827:
14695:
14588:
14507:
14427:
14422:
14104:
14083:
13612:
13470:
12379:
11374:
Bancroft, S. (January 1985). "An Algebraic Solution of the GPS Equations".
10485:
9418:
6289:
5779:
5616:
5501:
5270:
3791:
3221:
2670:
GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections, using the
2551:
2523:
2459:
2455:
2435:
2427:
2200:
2096:
1943:
1913:
1901:
1807:
1754:
1721:, which originally managed the system, was inactivated and replaced by the
1658:
In 1983, after Soviet interceptor aircraft shot down the civilian airliner
1432:
1345:
1262:
1151:
1124:
855:
428:
209:
10524:
10243:"Evidence shows Iran shot down Ukrainian plane 'intentionally' | AvaToday"
9263:
9115:
8641:"Next-gen GPS ground system expected to come online this summer: Calvelli"
8540:. Air Force Space Command News Service. September 14, 2011. Archived from
8441:
7595:"Air Force GPS Problem: Glitch Shows How Much U.S. Military Relies On GPS"
7382:
6451:
6374:
6225:
3002:: applies location coordinates to digital objects such as photographs (in
2538:
25 km (16 mi) ESE of Colorado Springs, which is operated by the
1677:
Beginning in 1988, command and control of these satellites was moved from
17575:
17570:
17565:
17510:
17455:
17160:
16932:
15859:
15638:
15605:
15454:
15326:
15286:
15057:
15052:
15029:
14886:
14840:
14808:
14644:
14639:
14583:
14048:
13753:
13701:
12114:
10764:"First Block 2F GPS Satellite Launched, Needed to Prevent System Failure"
10314:
9701:
9583:
9558:
9434:"Evolution of orbit and clock quality for real-time multi-GNSS solutions"
8705:
7037:
5638:
5592:
5486:
4780:
4385:{\displaystyle d_{i}={\sqrt {(x-x_{i})^{2}+(y-y_{i})^{2}+(z-z_{i})^{2}}}}
3854:
3728:
3576:
3481:
3433:
3413:
3376:
3270:
Frequency-Hopping Radio Clock Coordination: Military radio systems using
3163:
3111:
2963:: used to identify, locate and maintain contact reports with one or more
2887:
2841:
2566:
of each satellite's internal orbital model. The updates are created by a
2415:
2252:
2168:
1939:
1678:
1407:
1278:
ongoing initiative by the U.S. Department of Defense through a series of
1200:
954:
795:
385:
13334:
10709:
A Software-Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver. A single-Frequency Approach
10458:
10213:"Iran Spokesman Confirms Mysterious Disruption Of GPS Signals In Tehran"
9432:
Kazmierski, Kamil; Zajdel, Radoslaw; Sośnica, Krzysztof (October 2020).
8375:
7890:(6). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 952–956.
4636:
3241:
2137:
The receiver's Earth-centered solution location is usually converted to
301:
18486:
18351:
18331:
18090:
17267:
17080:
16496:
16474:
16220:
15321:
15316:
14945:
14855:
14788:
14783:
14748:
14543:
13722:
13643:
13577:
11349:
9996:
9820:
9542:
9517:
8714:
5430:
began global services in 2018 and finished its full deployment in 2020.
3432:
GPS time is theoretically accurate to about 14 nanoseconds, due to the
3344:
3279:
3177:
3170:
motion and deformation to estimate seismic strain buildup for creating
3115:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3079:
3067:
3041:
3007:
2999:
2944:
2859:
2845:
2837:
2757: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2559:
2301: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2100:
2065:
2031: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1696:
On February 14, 1989, the first modern Block-II satellite was launched.
1230:
1211:
1179:
12119:
9200:
8802:
Bury, Grzegorz; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Zajdel, Radosław (December 2019).
7998:"Continuous Navigation Combining GPS with Sensor-Based Dead Reckoning"
7734:"Mathematician inducted into Space and Missiles Pioneers Hall of Fame"
7025:
5247:
3747:
The L5 frequency band at 1.17645 GHz was added in the process of
2478:
1824:
Control System was transferred to the new Architecture Evolution Plan.
18491:
18059:
18016:
17170:
17122:
16890:
15494:
14798:
14793:
14149:
14129:
14119:
13997:
13679:
12759:
12554:
11306:
11206:
9029:
8989:
Zajdel, Radosław; Sośnica, Krzysztof; Bury, Grzegorz (January 2021).
7943:
7938:(4). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 1163.
7903:
6294:. Astronautica Acta II (in German) (25). Retrieved October 19, 2014.
5166:
4793:
4789:
4690:
3825:
3814:
3584:
3159:
3153:
2948:
2851:
2716:
2695:
2651:
The first portable GPS survey unit, a Leica WM 101, displayed at the
2563:
2543:
2355:
2142:
2084:
2076:
1858:
1334:
1077:
992:
464:
390:
11285:
Hoshen J (1996). "The GPS Equations and the Problem of Apollonius".
10604:
Satellite Systems for Personal Applications: Concepts and Technology
10499:
9336:"Analysis of Washington, DC taxi demand using GPS and land-use data"
8588:"Raytheon's $ 7 Billion GPS Stations Are Running 73% Over Estimates"
8462:"DoD Decision Breathes New Life into Critical OCX Satellite Program"
4753:). The insphere location is such that it touches other spheres. The
4717:
2826:: clock synchronization required for several digital modes such as
2732:
2577:
When a satellite's orbit is being adjusted, the satellite is marked
2276:
2006:
826:
was shot down when it mistakenly entered Soviet airspace, President
18593:
18466:
18356:
14482:
14124:
14114:
14109:
13862:
13761:
13711:
13674:
13602:
13597:
13344:
12560:
12549:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12524:
10012:"US Air Force Eyes Changes To National Security Satellite Programs"
9295:
9032:"A consistent combination of GNSS and SLR with minimum constraints"
7965:
Grewal, Mohinder S.; Weill, Lawrence R.; Andrews, Angus P. (2007).
7229:"Navstar - Global system will provide accurate data for navigation"
5916:
5840:
5306:
5266:
3821:
3356:
3331:
3324:. Embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000
3275:
3141:
3138:
and microwave observations for deriving global geodetic parameters.
3071:
3029:
2980:
2708:
2656:
2138:
1803:
1758:
1700:
1655:
In 1978, the first experimental Block-I GPS satellite was launched.
1330:
1242:
1147:
1074:
1058:
1008:
916:
839:
643:
460:
449:
57:
13633:
13377:
11652:"Federal Communications Commission Table of Frequency Allocations"
11625:. Federal Communications Commission. April 6, 2011. Archived from
10246:
9399:
8615:"Space Force sees further delays to 'troubled' GPS ground segment"
7625:"Contract Award for Next Generation GPS Control Segment Announced"
7001:"National Positioning, Navigation and Timing Advisory Board Named"
4250:
is the geometric distance or range between receiver and satellite
3741:
space. One usage is the enforcement of nuclear test ban treaties.
1727:
1104:
posture, accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a
1022:’s managers for the Timation program and, later, the GPS program:
295:
Artist's impression of GPS Block IIR satellite in Earth orbit
18603:
18476:
18378:
18373:
18206:
18175:
18148:
17668:
17663:
17215:
16688:
14891:
14775:
14659:
14512:
14267:
14262:
14227:
14205:
13936:
13896:
13527:
13454:
13308:
13029:
13024:
13019:
13014:
13009:
13004:
12986:
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12971:
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12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12931:
12913:
12908:
12903:
12898:
12893:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12860:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12800:
12795:
12790:
12785:
12780:
12775:
12770:
12765:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12726:
12721:
12461:– General public education website created by the U.S. Government
8090:
7192:
6727:
5496:
5418:
5314:
5274:
4615:
2-D Cartesian true-range multilateration (trilateration) scenario
3553:
3326:
3206:
balloon launches that regularly reach 30 km (100,000 feet).
3063:
3059:
2970:
2917:
2482:
Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007, on display at the
2419:
2363:
2208:
1845:
On February 25, 2010, the U.S. Air Force awarded the contract to
1778:
1769:
1630:
523:
380:
357:
12494:
12430:
Pinpoint: How GPS is Changing Technology, Culture, and Our Minds
10675:
Global Positioning System. Signals, Measurements and Performance
9031:
7968:
Global Positioning Systems, Inertial Navigation, and Integration
6107:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. March 17, 2021
5650:
Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π
2639:
319:
18471:
18383:
18368:
18363:
17898:
16841:
15311:
15201:
14558:
14553:
14462:
14447:
14372:
14221:
13926:
13857:
13847:
13517:
13293:
12716:
12711:
12706:
12701:
12696:
12691:
12686:
12681:
12676:
12671:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12593:
12575:
12171:
11686:. Federal Communications Commission. March 1, 2001. p. 9.
10583:. Navstar GPS Joint Program Office. p. 103. Archived from
10100:"GPS Under Attack as Crooks, Rogue Workers Wage Electronic War"
9597:
8200:
7681:"Inducted Technologies / 1998: Global Positioning System (GPS)"
6846:
6557:"A Guide to the Global Positioning System (GPS) – GPS Timeline"
6040:"GPS will be accurate within one foot in some phones next year"
4589:
3083:
2909:
2890:: both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively.
2675:
2203:
of position measurement. GPS units can use measurements of the
1711:
991:
When the Soviet Union launched its first artificial satellite (
633:
593:
531:
12070:"Spokesperson Statement on NTIA Letter – LightSquared and GPS"
10935:"GPS Almanacs, NANUS, and Ops Advisories (including archives)"
8804:"Multi-GNSS orbit determination using satellite laser ranging"
8538:"GPS Completes Next Generation Operational Control System PDR"
7196:
The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare
6731:
The Precision Revolution: GPS and the Future of Aerial Warfare
6692:. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. p. 331.
3809:
17550:
16287:
14432:
13789:
13459:
12570:
12272:"Japan Prepares for GPS Failure with Quasi-Zenith Satellites"
12004:"FCC Chairman Genachowski Letter to Senator Charles Grassley"
10337:"The Role of GPS in Precise Time and Frequency Dissemination"
9256:
2007 International Symposium on Applications and the Internet
8329:(2007). "Finding the repeat times of the GPS constellation".
6360:
Where good ideas come from, the natural history of innovation
6184:
5541:
5406:
5349:
4737:
The receiver position can be interpreted as the center of an
3381:
3147:
3047:
2466:
As of February 2019, there are 31 satellites in the GPS
2146:
1162:
1044:
965:
418:
14325:
8188:
What the Global Positioning System Tells Us about Relativity
7765:"Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering: GPS pioneers lauded"
7158:
6887:"United States Updates Global Positioning System Technology"
5252:
In the United States, GPS receivers are regulated under the
3675:
and military codes on the Block IIR-M and newer satellites.
3658:) and military (M) codes on Block III and newer satellites.
3340:
Reconnaissance: Patrol movement can be managed more closely.
2795:, meaning it has significant civilian applications as well.
17555:
14002:
13987:
13882:
13877:
13819:
12339:. United States Coast Guard. September 1996. Archived from
10734:"United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System (USNDS)"
10705:
10407:, El Segundo, CA: The Aerospace Corporation, archived from
10334:
9795:"The Use of GPS Tracking Technology in Australian Football"
9515:
8487:"GPS.gov: Next Generation Operational Control System (OCX)"
8438:
6863:. International Civil Aviation Organization. Archived from
4577:
3309:
3051:
3003:
2704:
2700:
2671:
1299:
859:
720:
613:
14991:
14635:
AGM-84H/K Standoff Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response
12402:
12215:"China launches final satellite in GPS-like Beidou system"
11936:
11919:
10398:
Fliegel, Henry F.; DiEsposti, Raymond S. (December 1996),
9722:
9638:
9249:
7356:
The Global Positioning System: Assessing National Policies
7078:"Recap story: Three Atlas 5 launch successes in one month"
5357:
National Telecommunications and Information Administration
4467:{\displaystyle p_{i}=\left({\tilde {t}}_{i}-s_{i}\right)c}
2866:
and precise orbit determination. GPS is also used in both
960:
The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground-based
289:
18319:
14876:
14007:
13867:
13794:
12421:
11947:
11539:"Frequently Asked Questions About Selective Availability"
9283:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
9276:
8668:. National Marine Electronics Association. Archived from
8403:"Optimizing performance through constellation management"
6372:
5876:
5236:
in general, a network of satellites used for navigation.
5131:
situations, compared to iterative least squares methods.
3672:
3468:
2827:
2791:
While originally a military project, GPS is considered a
1883:
1050:
TRANSIT was first successfully tested in 1960. It used a
12380:
Jaizki Mendizabal; Roc Berenguer; Juan Melendez (2009).
11657:. Federal Communications Commission. November 18, 2011.
11519:
Vehicles that use GPS jammers are big threat to aircraft
11491:
Alfred Kleusberg, "Analytical GPS Navigation Solution",
11428:
7th Workshop on Positioning Navigation and Communication
10601:
Richharia, Madhavendra; Westbrook, Leslie David (2011).
9138:
6188:
Handbook of Space Engineering, Archaeology, and Heritage
4046:
is the satellite time. Assuming the message traveled at
2126:
In practice the receiver position (in three dimensional
135:
124:
12458:
11125:
11044:"Geometric Dilution of Precision (GDOP) and Visibility"
9787:
9431:
8901:"Sub-daily polar motion from GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo"
8736:
8324:
7508:. losangeles.af.mil. September 17, 2007. Archived from
6071:"Superaccurate GPS Chips Coming to Smartphones in 2018"
4649:
and the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite
3575:
50-bit/s, this gives 750 seconds to transmit an entire
12365:. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
11712:. Federal Communications Commission. September 4, 2003
11171:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 338.
10981:
10979:
10315:
David W. Allan; Neil Ashby; Clifford C. Hodge (1997).
6257:"Gladys West: the hidden figure who helped invent GPS"
4673:) cancels out, resulting in a difference of distances
4645:
If the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite
4115:{\displaystyle \left({\tilde {t}}_{i}-b-s_{i}\right)c}
3408:(UTC), the atomic clocks on the satellites are set to
2570:
that uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations,
275:
12110:"Russia Launches Three More GLONASS-M Space Vehicles"
11729:
11727:
11414:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
11376:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
11287:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
11213:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 36.
10847:
10845:
10500:"GPS.gov: Performance Standards & Specifications"
9972:
Nonproliferation programs and arms control technology
9556:
9472:
9380:
8947:
8898:
8162:
7932:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
7884:
IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems
7262:
7260:
6226:"100 Women: Gladys West - the 'hidden figure' of GPS"
6178:
6015:. Losangeles.af.mil. October 25, 2011. Archived from
5552:
5239:
sources of error (such as clock drift, ephemeris, or
5173:
5146:
problems, generally provide more accurate solutions.
4830:
4483:
4474:, we see they are biased versions of the true range:
4405:
4271:
4134:
4060:
3990:
3930:
3894:
3701:
Being studied for additional ionospheric correction.
3463:
As opposed to the year, month, and day format of the
3038:: tracking mental health functioning and sociability.
2874:
as well as by professional observatories for finding
1222:) traversing the ionosphere from NavSTAR satellites.
14286:
Designation believed to be this type but unconfirmed
9934:"Excalibur XM982 Precision Engagement Projectiles".
9333:
6410:
3872:
components of satellite position and the time sent (
3359:, before GPS was fully developed in 1995, to assist
2095:
Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal (
11073:. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from
11046:. University of Colorado at Boulder. Archived from
10976:
8114:
Electronics & Communication Engineering Journal
7851:"JAXA | Positioning to know your location and time"
5248:
Regulatory spectrum issues concerning GPS receivers
4620:intersection of the surfaces of these spheres; see
3880:denotes the satellite and has the value 1, 2, ...,
2674:SC-104 format. This is typically in the form of an
2182:
2079:, an end user's GPS receiver can calculate its own
1241:because of navigational errors, in the vicinity of
12400:
12001:
11724:
11207:B. Hofmann-Wellenhof; K. Legat; M. Wieser (2003).
10842:
10600:
10335:Peter H. Dana; Bruce M Penrod (July–August 1990).
9927:
8400:
8169:GPS Overview from the NAVSTAR Joint Program Office
7964:
7431:
7257:
7220:
6317:Guier, William H.; Weiffenbach, George C. (1997).
5095:
4555:
4466:
4384:
4232:
4114:
4031:
3971:
3916:
1912:, established the basis for GPS, improving on the
1746:Full Operational Capability (FOC) was declared by
13450:United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System
12099:. February 14, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
10678:(2nd ed.). Ganga-Jamuna Press. p. 115.
10640:
10638:
10636:
10290:"Notice Advisory to Navstar Users (NANU) 2016069"
9989:
9679:
8988:
8870:"Using GPS to improve tropical cyclone forecasts"
8801:
7826:"Radio wave | Examples, Uses, Facts, & Range"
6310:
5717:Approximately 8.6 times when the Moon is nearest
3355:GPS type navigation was first used in war in the
3349:United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System
3166:. Between earthquakes GPS can be used to measure
3162:: GPS enables direct fault motion measurement of
2957:for weather and atmospheric science applications.
2844:delays (recovery of the water vapor content) and
1820:On September 14, 2007, the aging mainframe-based
1161:orbited its first Sequential Collation of Range (
27:American satellite-based radio navigation service
18728:
13278:
12358:
11837:. gpsworld.com. December 8, 2011. Archived from
11463:. Wiley Online Library. 2015. pp. 257–399.
11369:
11367:
10397:
10324:. Hewlett Packard – via HP Memory Project.
8296:Global Positioning: Technologies and Performance
7971:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp.
6505:"Why Did the Department of Defense Develop GPS?"
6316:
6013:"Factsheets: GPS Advanced Control Segment (OCX)"
5973:
5971:
5969:
5417:The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System (
5160:Error analysis for the Global Positioning System
4910:
4733:), that need not necessarily be mutually tangent
4125:For n satellites, the equations to satisfy are:
12245:"Galileo navigation satellite system goes live"
11585:"2011 John Deere StarFire 3000 Operator Manual"
11508:, Nashville, TN, September 2013, pp. 3560–3563.
9890:
8261:
8259:
7454:"Assisted-GPS Test Calls for 3G WCDMA Networks"
6889:. America.gov. February 3, 2006. Archived from
6007:
6005:
5774:
5772:
3688:Used for nuclear detonation (NUDET) detection.
3255:As of 2009, military GPS applications include:
3188:
1233:carrying 269 people, was shot down by a Soviet
12405:The American Practical Navigator – Chapter 11
12090:"FCC Bars LightSquared Broadband Network Plan"
10897:
10633:
10130:"Russia Undermining World's Confidence in GPS"
6357:
2690:A typical GPS receiver with integrated antenna
2218:
1971:In 1998, GPS technology was inducted into the
1261:. This changed on May 1, 2000, with President
1111:Precise navigation would enable United States
17914:
14977:
14311:
14034:
13738:
13486:
13264:
12480:
11968:
11364:
10987:Geoffrey Blewitt: Basics of the GPS Technique
10434:"Relativity in the Global Positioning System"
9897:"Excalibur Family of Artillery Projectiles".
8561:. US Government Accounting Office. May 2019.
8238:"USCG Navcen: GPS Frequently Asked Questions"
7456:. 3g.co.uk. November 10, 2004. Archived from
6764:
6406:
6404:
6185:Ann Darrin; Beth L. O'Leary (June 26, 2009).
6101:"How Do You Measure Your Location Using GPS?"
5966:
5944:"Why the Military Released GPS to the Public"
5688:is the gravitational constant, approximately
5329:Ltd. formed the "Coalition To Save Our GPS".
5292:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
5153:
3790:In 2011, a conditional waiver was granted to
3548:Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a
2162:
1870:selected the GPS Team as winners of the 1992
1309:
747:
13500:
12079:. February 14, 2012. Accessed March 3, 2013.
12062:
12040:"Internet network may jam GPS in cars, jets"
11278:
11005:
11003:
11001:
9600:"Satellite laser ranging to GPS and GLONASS"
9563:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
8694:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
8514:. Defense Industry Daily. October 13, 2011.
8256:
7702:Williams Jr., Richard A. (October 5, 2011).
7701:
7404:National Archives and Records Administration
7193:Michael Russell Rip; James M. Hasik (2002).
6728:Michael Russell Rip; James M. Hasik (2002).
6531:"Charting a Course Toward Global Navigation"
6002:
5769:
4556:{\displaystyle p_{i}=d_{i}+bc,\;i=1,2,...,n}
3804:
3556:). Each complete message takes 750 seconds (
2090:
1154:into orbit and the fourth launched in 1977.
953:are credited with inventing it. The work of
12427:
12033:
12031:
11614:
11612:
11493:University of Stuttgart Research Compendium
11419:
11239:
11164:
10756:
7881:
7564:"Air Force Responds to GPS Outage Concerns"
7130:"Origin of Global Positioning System (GPS)"
6861:"ICAO Completes Fact-Finding Investigation"
6760:
6758:
6682:
6533:. The Aerospace Corporation. Archived from
6037:
5463:Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
5202:needs attention from an expert in Geography
5165:effects (ionospheric/tropospheric delays),
4598:
3443:
2444:the satellites pass over the same locations
2241:synchronization of cell phone base stations
1714:, a Dutch sat-nav manufacturer was founded.
1146:(NRL) continued making advances with their
37:"GPS" redirects here. For GPS devices, see
18757:Military equipment introduced in the 1970s
18747:Equipment of the United States Space Force
17921:
17907:
14984:
14970:
14318:
14304:
14041:
14027:
13745:
13731:
13493:
13479:
13271:
13257:
12487:
12473:
11772:. gps.gov. September 15, 2011. p. 3.
8401:Massatt, Paul; Wayne Brady (Summer 2002).
8081:
8079:
7704:"GPS Program Receives International Award"
7331:"FactSheet: 2nd Space Operations Squadron"
6968:"GPS & Selective Availability Q&A"
6401:
5802:United States Department of Transportation
4727:) inscribed and tangent to other circles (
4519:
4202:
2156:
1776:authorized the effort, referring to it as
1757:issued a policy directive declaring GPS a
1188:Defense Navigation Satellite System (DNSS)
754:
740:
721:Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
716:International Terrestrial Reference System
56:
18752:Programs of the United States Space Force
12334:"NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction"
12190:
12143:"GLONASS the future for all smartphones?"
11435:
11327:
11068:
10998:
10671:
10644:
10549:
10475:
10457:
9995:
9943:Director, Operational Test and Evaluation
9906:Director, Operational Test and Evaluation
9748:
9664:
9623:
9582:
9541:
9457:
9408:
9398:
9294:
9226:
9014:
8973:
8924:
8827:
8713:
8019:"NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction"
8013:
8011:
7373:
7371:
7052:"GPS Constellation Status for 08/26/2015"
6038:Kastrenakes, Jacob (September 25, 2017).
5737:, to 9.6 times when the Moon is farthest
5439:, a global system being developed by the
3876:) are designated as where the subscript
3404:While most clocks derive their time from
2773:Learn how and when to remove this message
2489:The control segment (CS) is composed of:
2317:Learn how and when to remove this message
2231:
2131:
2047:Learn how and when to remove this message
14794:M14 Stand-off Munitions Disruptor (SMUD)
14327:Equipment of the United States Air Force
13752:
12269:
12192:10.15292/geodetski-vestnik.2022.01.49-59
12028:
11609:
11498:
11406:
11373:
11284:
11202:
11200:
10905:"LightSquared Tests Confirm GPS Jamming"
10180:
9872:"Commanders and Soldiers' GPS-receivers"
8638:
7877:
7875:
7873:
7871:
7381:. U.S. Naval Observatory. Archived from
7379:"USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System"
6911:
6755:
6507:. Trimble Navigation Ltd. Archived from
6223:
6157:. National Academies Press. p. 16.
5941:
5700:is the mass of Earth, approximately 5.98
5372:
4716:
4635:
4610:
4032:{\displaystyle {\tilde {t}}_{i}-b-s_{i}}
3972:{\displaystyle t_{i}={\tilde {t}}_{i}-b}
3808:
3620:
3240:
3228:
3220:
2806:
2685:
2646:
2638:
2477:
2362:
2354:
1857:
1726:
1133:
1047:in 1972) also played a role in TRANSIT.
1013:
915:
898:
14056:space vehicle designations (since 1962)
13236:Italics indicate future missions. Signs
12221:. The Associated Press. June 23, 2020.
12037:
11528:. Metro.co.uk. Retrieved on 2013-08-02.
11071:"Receiver Position, Velocity, and Time"
10292:. GPS Operations Center. Archived from
10267:
10097:
10039:"GPS and the World's First "Space War""
10036:
10018:from the original on September 22, 2013
9878:from the original on September 21, 2009
9831:from the original on September 11, 2014
9801:from the original on September 27, 2016
8568:from the original on September 10, 2019
8076:
8031:from the original on September 10, 2008
7925:
7923:
7921:
7663:United States Naval Research Laboratory
7592:
7561:
7543:from the original on September 26, 2013
7530:
7478:
7159:Dietrich Schroeer; Mirco Elena (2000).
7110:from the original on September 23, 2010
6069:Moore, Samuel K. (September 21, 2017).
4254:(the values without subscripts are the
3842:
3384:'s GPS when it shot down the aircraft.
2574:information, and various other inputs.
2512:National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
1652:, using ground-based pseudo-satellites.
1208:Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory
1011:to do the heavy calculations required.
14:
18729:
12270:Kriening, Torsten (January 23, 2019).
11877:from the original on December 16, 2011
11815:from the original on December 16, 2011
11779:from the original on December 16, 2011
11664:from the original on December 16, 2011
11485:
11425:
11245:
10965:Gold Code Generators in Virtex Devices
10963:"George, M., Hamid, M., and Miller A.
10804:from the original on February 28, 2018
10607:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 443.
10373:"GPS time accurate to 100 nanoseconds"
10353:from the original on December 15, 2012
10014:. Aviationweek.com. January 18, 2013.
9952:from the original on November 15, 2022
9821:"The Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array"
9103:
9070:
8639:Hitchens, Theresa (November 7, 2023).
8292:
8008:
7793:
7669:from the original on October 11, 2007.
7368:
7140:from the original on February 11, 2017
7058:from the original on September 5, 2015
7026:GPS Wing Reaches GPS III IBR Milestone
6957:, GPS History, Chronology, and Budgets
6928:from the original on December 25, 2017
6879:
6595:from the original on February 11, 2014
6476:
6458:from the original on February 17, 2013
6389:from the original on December 26, 2020
6254:
6236:from the original on February 13, 2019
5334:Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association
5212:may be able to help recruit an expert.
2496:an alternative master control station,
1983:International Astronautical Federation
1916:land-based radio system called LORAN (
1768:In 1998, United States Vice President
1291:Interagency GPS Executive Board (IGEB)
1269:, in view of the widespread growth of
1084:consisted of the United States Navy's
18407:International Orienteering Federation
17902:
14965:
14299:
14022:
13726:
13474:
13252:
12468:
12251:from the original on October 18, 2017
11747:from the original on October 20, 2011
11690:from the original on January 14, 2012
11227:from the original on October 10, 2021
11197:
11185:from the original on October 10, 2021
11146:from the original on October 10, 2021
10859:from the original on October 11, 2011
10826:. LA AFB News Release. Archived from
10531:from the original on November 1, 2010
10431:
10049:from the original on February 8, 2016
9915:from the original on October 18, 2021
9869:
9110:(3 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
9076:
8612:
8518:from the original on October 18, 2011
8265:
7868:
7408:U.S. Global Positioning System Policy
7084:from the original on November 1, 2015
7007:from the original on January 13, 2010
6915:NASA Historical Data Book, Volume VII
6734:. Naval Institute Press. p. 65.
6683:Dick, Steven; Launius, Roger (2007).
6619:Mark Wade's Encyclopedia Astronautica
6081:from the original on January 18, 2018
6068:
6050:from the original on January 18, 2018
5954:from the original on January 28, 2020
4572:is greater than four, this system is
4568:discussed by Abell and Chaffee. When
2904:launched in the late 1990s. The U.S.
2059:The GPS satellites carry very stable
1086:submarine-launched ballistic missiles
1057:In 1967, the U.S. Navy developed the
18022:Radio Orienteering in a Compact Area
14630:AGM-84E Standoff Land Attack Missile
11676:
11517:Attewill, Fred. (February 13, 2013)
10183:"North Korea Is Jamming GPS Signals"
9104:Sickle, Jan Van (October 10, 2011).
8138:
8111:
7929:
7918:
7763:Amos, Jonathan (February 12, 2019).
7762:
7486:from the original on August 10, 2017
7333:. USAF Space Command. Archived from
7307:. USAF Space Command. Archived from
7267:Dore, Richard (September 16, 1979).
7266:
7227:Dore, Richard (September 16, 1979).
7226:
6819:from the original on October 4, 2017
6809:"ION Fellow - Mr. John A. Klobuchar"
6485:from the original on January 5, 2010
6373:Helen E. Worth; Mame Warren (2009).
6205:from the original on August 14, 2021
5186:
3859:
3753:
2755:adding citations to reliable sources
2726:
2299:adding citations to reliable sources
2270:
2029:adding citations to reliable sources
2000:
1313:
18711:
12282:from the original on April 19, 2019
12140:
12002:Julius Genachowski (May 31, 2011).
11416:, vol:30, no:4, pp: 1021–1030, 1994
11266:from the original on March 15, 2021
9775:from the original on August 3, 2021
9765:"GPS Helps Robots Get the Job Done"
9085:. Newton, Massachusetts: TechTarget
9079:"What is geo-fencing (geofencing)?"
8783:from the original on March 15, 2021
8356:This article from author's web site
8244:from the original on April 30, 2011
7631:. February 25, 2010. Archived from
6432:DARPA: 50 Years of Bridging the Gap
6423:
6411:Catherine Alexandrow (April 2008).
6255:Mohdin, Aamna (November 19, 2020).
5990:from the original on April 12, 2022
5896:from the original on April 12, 2022
5858:from the original on April 27, 2017
5842:United States Department of Defense
5822:from the original on April 27, 2017
5454:satellite-based augmentation system
5437:Galileo navigation satellite system
5379:medium altitude orbits around Earth
5234:global navigation satellite systems
4799:
4745:, given by the receiver clock bias
4712:
3837:Demodulation and Decoding, Advanced
3233:Attaching a GPS guidance kit to an
3198:(weapons)—which means they require
2499:four dedicated ground antennas, and
2442:, 11 hours and 58 minutes, so that
1827:On May 19, 2009, the United States
1098:intercontinental ballistic missiles
815:The GPS project was started by the
792:global navigation satellite systems
726:Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
688:European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
307:Late 1990s civilian GPS receiver ("
24:
12297:
12225:from the original on June 24, 2020
11545:from the original on June 16, 2015
11126:Gilbert Strang; Kai Borre (1997).
10945:from the original on July 12, 2010
10223:from the original on July 12, 2021
10193:from the original on March 6, 2019
10162:from the original on March 6, 2019
10136:from the original on March 6, 2019
10110:from the original on March 6, 2019
10079:from the original on March 6, 2019
8382:from the original on July 18, 2019
8270:. avionicswest.com. Archived from
8057:. January 19, 2007. Archived from
7806:from the original on April 5, 2023
7775:from the original on April 6, 2019
7740:. December 7, 2018. Archived from
6998:
6709:from the original on March 3, 2013
6449:
6326:Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest
5942:McDuffie, Juquai (June 19, 2017).
5882:"What is a GPS? How does it work?"
5780:"Fiscal Year 2023 Program Funding"
5680:is the orbital period in seconds;
5676:is the radius of orbit in metres;
5428:BeiDou Navigation Satellite System
5362:
5174:Accuracy enhancement and surveying
4821:or weighted least squares method.
4669:, the common receiver clock bias (
4262:components of receiver position):
3284:Precision Lightweight GPS Receiver
2900:and other applications. The first
2484:Air Force Space and Missile Museum
2473:
920:GPS constellation system animation
598:Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
564:Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
455:Horizontal position representation
25:
18768:
14814:Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle
14342:
12447:
12038:Tessler, Joelle (April 7, 2011).
11907:from the original on May 27, 2012
11901:Federal Communications Commission
11868:Federal Communications Commission
11835:"Javad Ashjaee GPS World webinar"
11806:Federal Communications Commission
10672:Misra, Pratap; Enge, Per (2006).
10621:from the original on July 4, 2014
10552:"GPS Week Number Rollover Issues"
10379:from the original on May 14, 2012
10268:Panella, Chris (April 30, 2024).
9945:. December 2010. pp. 65–66.
9851:Missile Technology Control Regime
9077:Rouse, Margaret (December 2016).
8880:from the original on May 28, 2015
8442:NAVSTAR Global Positioning System
8299:. John Wiley & Sons. p.
8208:"The GPS Satellite Constellation"
8139:Dana, Peter H. (August 8, 1996).
7574:from the original on May 23, 2009
7533:"GPS system 'close to breakdown'"
7285:from the original on May 23, 2023
7269:"Satellite technology key to GPS"
7245:from the original on May 23, 2023
6583:"Geodetic Explorer – A Press Kit"
6319:"Genesis of Satellite Navigation"
6298:from the original on July 3, 2014
6224:Butterly, Amelia (May 20, 2018).
5834:
5300:U.S. Department of Transportation
5254:Federal Communications Commission
3490:
2906:Federal Communications Commission
2224:
1795:In 2004, United States President
1765:to manage it as a national asset.
1627:(Last update: September 26, 2024)
1100:(ICBMs). Considered vital to the
18710:
18701:
18700:
17928:
14902:MK-19 automatic grenade launcher
14892:M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon (LAW)
14493:CBU-87 Combined Effects Munition
12263:
12237:
12207:
12165:
12134:
12102:
12082:
11995:
11962:
11946:. Saveourgps.org. Archived from
11889:
11853:
11827:
11791:
11759:
11702:
11644:
11577:
11560:
11531:
11511:
11452:
11321:
11158:
11129:Linear Algebra, Geodesy, and GPS
11119:
11089:
11062:
11041:
11035:
10957:
10927:
10881:. Saveourgps.org. Archived from
10871:
10816:
10786:
10726:
10699:
10665:
10594:
10570:
10543:
10517:
10492:
10425:
10391:
10365:
10328:
10308:
10282:
10261:
10235:
10205:
10181:Mizokami, Kyle (April 5, 2016).
10174:
10148:
10122:
10098:Brunker, Mike (August 8, 2016).
10091:
10061:
10030:
10004:
9983:
9964:
9870:Sinha, Vandana (July 24, 2003).
9863:
9843:
9813:
9757:
9716:
9673:
9632:
9591:
9550:
9509:
9466:
9425:
9374:
9327:
9270:
9243:
9194:
9179:
9132:
9097:
9023:
8982:
8941:
8892:
8862:
8836:
8795:
8730:
8684:
8658:
8632:
8613:Albon, Courtney (June 9, 2023).
8606:
7531:Johnson, Bobbie (May 19, 2009).
6452:"Navstar: GPS Satellite Network"
5923:from the original on May 6, 2021
5711:
5644:
5641:for more details and references.
5610:
5598:
5586:
5574:
5562:
5537:Notice Advisory to Navstar Users
5342:United States Defense Department
5191:
5179:This section is an excerpt from
4804:
3917:{\displaystyle {\tilde {t}}_{i}}
3758:
3617:updates that delay data upload.
3475:
2731:
2340:
2275:
2244:
2223:For a list of applications, see
2183:Receiver in continuous operation
2005:
1890:Two GPS developers received the
1829:Government Accountability Office
1318:
972:, developed in the early 1940s.
780:satellite-based radio navigation
514:Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
364:
333:
318:
300:
288:
114:30–500 cm (0.98–16 ft)
18012:Amateur radio direction finding
14877:M136 AT4 Light Anti-tank Weapon
14660:AGM-130 Powered Standoff Weapon
14483:GBU-53/B Small Diameter Bomb II
11969:Jeff Carlisle (June 23, 2011).
11459:"GNSS Positioning Approaches".
11168:Geometry: Our Cultural Heritage
10985:section 4 beginning on page 15
10245:. July 12, 2021. Archived from
8844:"Common View GPS Time Transfer"
8580:
8548:
8530:
8504:
8479:
8454:
8432:
8420:
8394:
8368:
8318:
8286:
8230:
8181:
8132:
8105:
8044:
7989:
7958:
7843:
7818:
7787:
7756:
7726:
7695:
7673:
7647:
7617:
7586:
7562:Coursey, David (May 21, 2009).
7555:
7524:
7498:
7472:
7446:
7420:
7397:
7349:
7323:
7297:
7186:
7152:
7122:
7096:
7070:
7044:
7019:
6992:
6960:
6940:
6905:
6853:
6831:
6801:
6721:
6676:
6646:
6637:
6607:
6575:
6549:
6523:
6497:
6470:
6443:
6366:
6351:
6282:
6248:
6217:
6191:. CRC Press. pp. 239–240.
6144:
6119:
6093:
6062:
5806:Federal Aviation Administration
5630:
5547:Geostationary balloon satellite
5296:U.S. Department of the Interior
5288:Federal Aviation Administration
5282:, U.S. Space Force, U.S. Army,
4812:geometric dilution of precision
4631:
3399:
3305:roles, use GPS to find targets.
2742:needs additional citations for
2722:
2628:
2502:six dedicated monitor stations.
2493:a master control station (MCS),
2286:needs additional citations for
2163:§ Geometric interpretation
2016:needs additional citations for
1892:National Academy of Engineering
1868:National Aeronautic Association
1763:Interagency GPS Executive Board
1739:By December 1993, GPS achieved
1064:In the 1970s, the ground-based
1043:system. In 1959, ARPA (renamed
986:
852:Federal Aviation Administration
678:N. American Vertical Datum 1988
192:20,180 km (12,540 mi)
51:Global Positioning System (GPS)
14701:BQM-167 Subscale Aerial Target
10645:Penttinen, Jyrki T.J. (2015).
10156:"China Jamming US Forces' GPS"
9360:10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2017.10.021
9340:Journal of Transport Geography
8512:"The USA's GPS-III Satellites"
8178:. Retrieved December 15, 2006.
6686:Societal Impact of Spaceflight
6031:
5935:
5908:
5870:
5794:
5512:Local-area augmentation system
5377:Clickable image, highlighting
5280:U.S. Department of Agriculture
5122:
5049:
5029:
5017:
4997:
4985:
4965:
4887:
4872:
4857:
4842:
4749:(scaled by the speed of light
4595:or a country-specific system.
4586:geometric dilution of position
4431:
4371:
4351:
4339:
4319:
4307:
4287:
4160:
4073:
3998:
3951:
3902:
3394:
2830:, FT4 and JS8; also used with
2562:of each other, and adjust the
2418:(tilt relative to the Earth's
1806:announced successful tests of
1741:initial operational capability
1683:2nd Satellite Control Squadron
1635:For a more complete list, see
1333:format but may read better as
1168:
1116:essentially the same problem.
708:Internet link to a point 2010
638:Geodetic Reference System 1980
556:Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS)
261:$ 1.84 billion per year (2023)
13:
1:
14665:AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon
13957:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
12362:The global positioning system
11808:. FCC.Gov. January 26, 2011.
11430:. WPNC 2010. pp. 38–44.
10941:. United States Coast Guard.
9970:Sandia National Laboratory's
7794:Nelson, Jon (June 19, 2019).
7685:Space Technology Hall of Fame
7593:Elliott, Dan (June 1, 2010).
7305:"AF Space Command Chronology"
6559:. Radio Shack. Archived from
5763:
5684:is the orbital speed in m/s;
5492:Satellite navigation software
5450:Quasi-Zenith Satellite System
4774:
3924:, the true reception time is
3611:code-division multiple access
3288:Defense Advanced GPS Receiver
3261:Commander's Digital Assistant
3182:automotive navigation systems
2681:Wide Area Augmentation System
2653:Irish National Science Museum
2540:2nd Space Operations Squadron
2239:, traffic signal timing, and
1996:
1976:Space Technology Hall of Fame
1633:from Block IIR-M is unhealthy
698:Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
18586:North American Championships
14809:M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle
13280:Satellite navigation systems
12323:Resources in other libraries
11590:. John Deere. Archived from
11011:"Global Positioning Systems"
10855:. GPS World. March 1, 2011.
10438:Living Reviews in Relativity
9682:Geophysical Research Letters
9228:10.1016/j.measen.2024.101031
8197:. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
8024:. United States Government.
6654:"MX Deployment Reconsidered"
6435:. April 2008. Archived from
6332:(1): 178–181. Archived from
5106:
3849:GNSS positioning calculation
3538:(satellite network synopsis,
3189:Restrictions on civilian use
2975:Earth orientation parameters
2902:handsets with integrated GPS
2266:
1960:National Medal of Technology
1113:ballistic missile submarines
648:Geographic point coord. 1983
326:Automotive navigation system
7:
17946:List of orienteering events
14763:USAF Pilot's Survival Knife
12413:. United States government.
12401:Nathaniel Bowditch (2002).
12359:Parkinson; Spilker (1996).
12095:September 22, 2013, at the
11944:"Coalition to Save Our GPS"
10992:September 22, 2013, at the
10879:"Coalition to Save Our GPS"
10401:GPS and relativity overview
9977:September 28, 2006, at the
9856:September 16, 2008, at the
8087:"Global Positioning System"
8000:. GPS World. Archived from
7293:– via Newspapers.com.
7253:– via Newspapers.com.
6362:, New York: Riverhead Books
5469:
5204:. The specific problem is:
4054:, the distance traveled is
3626:
3496:
3427:
3216:
3120:location based mobile games
3082:, and some cubesats, e.g.,
2928:GPS disciplined oscillators
2802:
2422:) and are separated by 60°
2219:Non-navigation applications
1761:system and establishing an
1227:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
824:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
810:
608:Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
39:Satellite navigation device
10:
18773:
18658:Mountain bike orienteering
18304:WinOL / WinOL II Oriantica
17980:Mountain bike orienteering
14503:CBU-97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon
14473:GBU-39 Small Diameter Bomb
11930:December 13, 2012, at the
11735:"Order on Reconsideration"
11524:February 16, 2013, at the
11252:. GNSS/GPS. Artech House.
11132:. SIAM. pp. 448–449.
10525:"Satellite message format"
10318:The Science of Timekeeping
9666:10.1007/s10291-020-01045-3
9475:Advances in Space Research
9459:10.1007/s10291-020-01026-6
9165:10.3189/002214307783258512
9016:10.1007/s10291-020-01037-3
8975:10.1007/s10291-020-00989-w
8926:10.1007/s00190-020-01453-w
8846:. nist.gov. Archived from
8466:U.S. Department of Defense
8426:United States Coast Guard
8361:February 16, 2008, at the
8174:November 16, 2007, at the
7796:"What Is an Atomic Clock?"
7629:Los Angeles Air Force Base
7361:December 30, 2015, at the
6912:Rumerman, Judy A. (2009).
6779:10.1109/JPROC.2008.2006090
6588:. NASA. October 29, 1965.
5366:
5178:
5157:
5154:Error sources and analysis
4606:
3852:
3846:
3528:(precise satellite orbit)
3479:
3456:
3406:Coordinated Universal Time
3318:precision-guided munitions
3299:precision-guided munitions
2784:
2632:
2536:Schriever Space Force Base
2528:Colorado Springs, Colorado
2344:
2222:
2213:inertial navigation system
2160:
1895:Charles Stark Draper Prize
1866:On February 10, 1993, the
1691:Colorado Springs, Colorado
1310:Timeline and modernization
1001:Applied Physics Laboratory
951:Applied Physics Laboratory
927:U.S. Department of Defense
894:
817:U.S. Department of Defense
668:World Geodetic System 1984
311:") in a marine application
212:or 11 hours and 58 minutes
36:
29:
18737:Global Positioning System
18696:
18674:
18656:
18624:
18521:
18514:
18449:
18399:
18312:
18284:
18254:
18228:
18219:
18189:
18141:
18115:
18108:
18068:
18032:
17998:
17961:
17954:
17936:
17889:
17838:
17702:
17621:
16860:
16719:
15842:
15543:
15342:
15000:
14939:Physical Training Uniform
14914:
14887:M67 Fragmentation Grenade
14869:
14861:Remington 870 MCS shotgun
14841:M2HB Browning machine gun
14822:
14770:
14730:
14723:
14688:
14597:
14531:
14468:GBU-31, GB-32, GB-38 JDAM
14415:
14408:
14365:
14333:
14276:
14163:
14097:
14061:
13965:
13947:Global Positioning System
13917:
13891:
13828:
13760:
13692:
13667:
13626:
13560:
13551:
13508:
13432:
13358:
13327:
13286:
13240:indicate launch failures.
13233:
13066:
12995:
12922:
12869:
12750:
12642:
12584:
12515:
12506:
12497:Global Positioning System
12418:Global Positioning System
12318:Resources in your library
12309:Global Positioning System
11469:10.1002/9781119018612.ch6
11446:10.1109/WPNC.2010.5653789
10651:. John Wiley & Sons.
10073:www.militaryaerospace.com
9860:. Retrieved May 17, 2006.
9849:Arms Control Association.
9750:10.1186/s40623-019-1000-3
9625:10.1007/s00190-015-0810-8
9495:10.1016/j.asr.2018.08.033
9313:10.1016/j.trd.2022.103277
9056:10.1007/s00190-015-0842-0
8829:10.1007/s00190-018-1143-1
8766:10.1007/s00190-013-0644-1
8451:. Retrieved May 14, 2006.
8447:February 8, 2006, at the
8343:10.1007/s10291-006-0038-4
8089:. Gps.gov. Archived from
7430:. Pnt.gov. Archived from
7365:, p.245. RAND corporation
7199:. Naval Institute Press.
5878:Science Reference Section
5507:Indoor positioning system
5403:Van Allen radiation belts
4695:hyperboloid of revolution
3805:Demodulation and decoding
3767:This section needs to be
3452:
3438:International Atomic Time
3418:International Atomic Time
3265:Soldier Digital Assistant
2912:upon launch, followed by
2508:Satellite Control Network
2091:More detailed description
2081:four-dimensional position
1906:The Aerospace Corporation
1853:
1650:White Sands Missile Range
1626:
1606:
1381:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1144:Naval Research Laboratory
1020:Naval Research Laboratory
943:The Aerospace Corporation
935:Naval Research Laboratory
788:United States Space Force
768:Global Positioning System
658:North American Datum 1983
628:South American Datum 1969
270:
231:
226:
216:
196:
188:
176:
171:
163:
145:
134:
123:
118:
110:
102:
94:
86:
76:
68:
55:
18609:Kainuu Orienteering Week
14846:M240B Medium Machine Gun
14804:M24 sniper weapon system
13502:Satellite constellations
12141:Jon (January 10, 2012).
11392:10.1109/TAES.1985.310538
10712:. Springer. p. 18.
9729:Earth, Planets and Space
8365:, with minor correction.
8193:January 4, 2007, at the
5623:
5517:Local positioning system
5144:non-linear least squares
4599:Geometric interpretation
3459:GPS week number rollover
3444:Relativistic corrections
3263:and lower ranks use the
2985:vehicle tracking systems
2506:The MCS can also access
1981:On October 4, 2011, the
1904:, emeritus president of
1872:Robert J. Collier Trophy
1687:Falcon Air Force Station
997:Johns Hopkins University
784:United States government
519:Global Pos. System (GPS)
486:Spatial reference system
18742:20th-century inventions
18614:Jan Kjellström Festival
18499:Scoutcraft orienteering
18262:OpenOrienteering Mapper
17941:History of orienteering
17891:Unknown or not assigned
14993:United States Air Force
12075:April 23, 2012, at the
10939:GPS Almanac Information
9741:2019EP&S...71...20S
8428:General GPS News 9–9–05
8412:: 17–21. Archived from
7738:Air Force Space Command
7165:. Ashgate. p. 80.
6973:. NOAA]. Archived from
6767:Proceedings of the IEEE
6358:Steven Johnson (2010),
5399:Moon's orbital distance
4699:two-sheeted hyperboloid
3136:Satellite laser ranging
2989:person tracking systems
2157:User-satellite geometry
1836:Air Force Space Command
1748:Air Force Space Command
1342:converting this section
1090:United States Air Force
342:Air Force Space Command
238:Initial constellation:
172:Orbital characteristics
18569:European Championships
18299:Suunnistussimulaattori
14851:M249 light machine gun
14283:Unofficial designation
12509:List of GPS satellites
10527:. Gpsinformation.net.
10158:. September 26, 2016.
9107:GPS for Land Surveyors
7413:April 6, 2006, at the
6953:March 4, 2016, at the
5477:List of GPS satellites
5410:
5397:, at one ninth of the
5114:Gauss–Newton algorithm
5097:
4755:circumscribing spheres
4734:
4697:(more specifically, a
4642:
4616:
4557:
4468:
4386:
4234:
4116:
4033:
3973:
3918:
3817:
3629:GPS frequency overview
3518:GPS time relationship
3252:
3238:
3226:
2967:vehicles in real-time.
2898:mobile emergency calls
2854:: both positional and
2816:
2691:
2659:
2644:
2486:
2403:
2360:
2351:List of GPS satellites
1962:on February 13, 2006.
1880:Rockwell International
1863:
1774:United States Congress
1735:
1638:List of GPS satellites
1366:Summary of satellites
1280:satellite acquisitions
1259:Selective Availability
1220:atmospheric refraction
1139:
1031:
921:
913:
833:Selective Availability
151:; 46 years ago
149:February 22, 1978
41:. For other uses, see
18400:Organisations / lists
14942:Service Dress Uniform
14927:Airman Battle Uniform
14615:LGM-30G Minuteman III
14513:BLU-116 Bunker Buster
14478:GBU-44/B Viper Strike
12420:Open Courseware from
11983:on September 29, 2011
11870:. February 10, 2003.
11378:. AES-21 (1): 56–59.
11246:Groves, P.D. (2013).
10590:on September 8, 2012.
10219:. December 29, 2020.
9797:. September 6, 2012.
9264:10.1109/SAINT.2007.13
9145:Journal of Glaciology
9116:10.4324/9780203305225
8126:10.1049/ecej:19930069
8004:on November 11, 2006.
7665:. November 22, 2005.
7031:May 23, 2013, at the
6980:on September 21, 2005
6921:. NASA. p. 136.
6419:on February 24, 2013.
5880:(November 19, 2019).
5527:Mobile phone tracking
5376:
5265:1559 MHz to the
5210:WikiProject Geography
5098:
4741:(insphere) of radius
4720:
4639:
4614:
4558:
4469:
4387:
4235:
4117:
4034:
3974:
3919:
3847:Further information:
3812:
3621:Satellite frequencies
3577:almanac message (GPS)
3457:Further information:
3357:1991 Persian Gulf War
3244:
3232:
3224:
3118:, and other kinds of
3013:GPS aircraft tracking
2924:Clock synchronization
2856:clock synchronization
2810:
2689:
2650:
2642:
2635:GPS navigation device
2633:Further information:
2481:
2458:, repeating the same
2366:
2358:
2191:, sometimes called a
2161:Further information:
2134:to process the TOFs.
2128:Cartesian coordinates
1876:Aerospace Corporation
1861:
1834:On May 21, 2009, the
1730:
1296:Joint Chiefs of Staff
1216:Elizabeth Essex-Cohen
1137:
1017:
977:Friedwardt Winterberg
919:
911:
414:Geographical distance
309:GPS navigation device
69:Country/ies of origin
18202:Satellite navigation
18055:Mounted orienteering
14897:M79 grenade launcher
13754:Time signal stations
12428:Greg Milner (2016).
12407:Satellite Navigation
11841:on November 26, 2011
11632:on December 16, 2011
11165:Audun Holme (2010).
11107:on December 26, 2017
10558:on February 25, 2013
10432:Ashby, Neil (2003).
10037:Greenemeier, Larry.
9936:FY2010 Annual Report
9908:. 2003. p. 69.
9899:FY2003 Annual Report
9702:10.1002/2017GL076850
9584:10.1029/2019JB017443
9207:Measurement: Sensors
8706:10.1002/2017JB014750
8416:on January 25, 2012.
8293:Samama, Nel (2008).
8141:"GPS Orbital Planes"
7460:on November 27, 2010
7279:Torrance, California
7239:Torrance, California
7080:. October 31, 2015.
6839:"GPS Signal Science"
6563:on February 13, 2010
5808:(October 31, 2008).
5482:GPS satellite blocks
5465:, deployed by India.
5369:Satellite navigation
5344:guidance, and local
4828:
4481:
4403:
4269:
4132:
4058:
3988:
3928:
3892:
3843:Navigation equations
3734:relativistic effects
3671:P(Y) code, plus the
3290:(DAGR), are used by
2751:improve this article
2390:39.7469°N 105.2108°W
2347:GPS satellite blocks
2295:improve this article
2232:navigation equations
2132:navigation equations
2025:improve this article
1681:, California to the
1235:interceptor aircraft
794:(GNSS) that provide
786:and operated by the
782:system owned by the
588:Sea Level Datum 1929
440:Geodetic coordinates
43:GPS (disambiguation)
32:Satellite navigation
18684:World Championships
18666:World Championships
18634:World Championships
18531:World Championships
18482:Location-based game
18096:Transmitter hunting
14932:Army Combat Uniform
14882:M18A1 Claymore Mine
14357:AN/GSQ-272 Sentinel
14352:AN/USQ-163 Falconer
12346:on October 21, 2013
12122:on February 6, 2009
12088:Paul Riegler, FBT.
12016:on January 13, 2012
11950:on October 24, 2011
11384:1985ITAES..21...56B
11342:2002GPSS....5...29G
11299:1996ITAES..32.1116H
11097:"Modern navigation"
10885:on October 30, 2011
10744:on October 10, 2011
10459:10.12942/lrr-2003-1
10450:2003LRR.....6....1A
10361:– via P Dana.
10043:Scientific American
9694:2018GeoRL..45.2339S
9657:2021GPSS...25...11B
9616:2015JGeod..89..725S
9575:2019JGRB..124.5970Z
9534:2019RemS...11.2282S
9487:2019AdSpR..63..417S
9450:2020GPSS...24..111K
9352:2018JTGeo..66...35Y
9305:2022TRPD..10703277Z
9219:2024MeasS..3201031S
9157:2007JGlac..53..442W
9048:2015JGeod..89.1165G
9007:2021GPSS...25....1Z
8966:2020GPSS...24...74Z
8917:2021JGeod..95....3Z
8850:on October 28, 2012
8820:2019JGeod..93.2447B
8758:2013JGeod..87..751S
8544:on October 2, 2011.
8218:on October 22, 2011
8150:on January 26, 2018
8052:"GPS Support Notes"
7896:1991ITAES..27..952A
7599:The Huffington Post
7506:"losangeles.af.mil"
7482:. Lockheed Martin.
7385:on January 26, 2011
7162:Technology Transfer
7106:. Navcen.uscg.gov.
6625:on January 16, 2010
6537:on November 1, 2002
6511:on October 18, 2007
6450:Howell, Elizabeth.
6127:"New Civil Signals"
5890:Library of Congress
5391:geostationary orbit
5338:air traffic control
5140:generalized inverse
4701:) in 3D space (see
3631:
3501:
3389:Russo-Ukrainian War
3090:Phasor measurements
2973:: determination of
2864:celestial mechanics
2793:dual-use technology
2386: /
2261:inertial navigation
2225:§ Applications
2215:to complement GPS.
2171:of revolution (see
1948:Stanford University
1908:and an engineer at
1664:prohibited airspace
1367:
1239:prohibited airspace
1088:(SLBMs) along with
979:proposed a test of
790:. It is one of the
618:European Datum 1950
576:Standards (history)
476:Reference ellipsoid
424:Figure of the Earth
328:in a taxicab, 2000s
52:
18676:Trail orienteering
18424:List of orienteers
18337:cardinal direction
18040:Canoe orienteering
17990:Trail orienteering
14759:MP5 submachine gun
14711:QF-4 Aerial Target
14458:GBU-27 Paveway III
14453:GBU-24 Paveway III
13440:GNSS reflectometry
12068:FCC press release
11597:on January 5, 2012
11350:10.1007/PL00012897
11077:on August 23, 2005
11050:on August 23, 2005
10915:on August 12, 2011
10217:Iran International
10132:. April 30, 2018.
9604:Journal of Geodesy
9543:10.3390/rs11192282
9387:JMIR Mental Health
9036:Journal of Geodesy
8905:Journal of Geodesy
8808:Journal of Geodesy
8746:Journal of Geodesy
8266:Thomassen, Keith.
7311:on August 17, 2011
6893:on October 9, 2013
6615:"SECOR Chronology"
6413:"The Story of GPS"
5886:Everyday Mysteries
5844:(September 2008).
5532:Navigation paradox
5522:Military invention
5411:
5346:emergency services
5327:Trimble Navigation
5093:
4956:
4945:
4735:
4721:A smaller circle (
4643:
4617:
4553:
4464:
4382:
4230:
4112:
4048:the speed of light
4029:
3969:
3914:
3818:
3627:
3550:navigation message
3540:error correction)
3499:GPS message format
3497:
3465:Gregorian calendar
3337:Search and rescue.
3253:
3239:
3227:
2938:emergency services
2894:Cellular telephony
2876:extrasolar planets
2817:
2692:
2683:(WAAS) receivers.
2665:crystal oscillator
2660:
2645:
2487:
2408:medium Earth orbit
2404:
2395:39.7469; -105.2108
2369:satellites in view
2361:
2151:moving map display
1936:Bradford Parkinson
1864:
1736:
1685:(2SCS) located at
1662:that strayed into
1379:Satellite launches
1365:
1344:, if appropriate.
1237:after straying in
1159:United States Army
1140:
1102:nuclear deterrence
1032:
981:general relativity
947:Bradford Parkinson
922:
914:
496:Vertical positions
119:Constellation size
90:Military, civilian
50:
18724:
18723:
18692:
18691:
18642:
18553:
18546:
18539:
18523:Foot orienteering
18450:Non-sport related
18294:Catching Features
18280:
18279:
18215:
18214:
18104:
18103:
18050:Mountain marathon
17975:Foot orienteering
17955:Sport disciplines
17896:
17895:
14959:
14958:
14951:CMU – 33A/P22P-18
14910:
14909:
14719:
14718:
14488:GBU-54 Laser JDAM
14443:GBU-12 Paveway II
14438:GBU-10 Paveway II
14404:
14403:
14293:
14292:
14016:
14015:
13909:Radio Data System
13720:
13719:
13688:
13687:
13468:
13467:
13360:GNSS augmentation
13246:
13245:
12439:978-0-393-08912-7
12393:978-0-07-159869-9
12372:978-1-56347-106-3
12304:Library resources
12276:SpaceWatch.Global
12179:Geodetski Vestnik
12153:on March 10, 2016
11903:. July 15, 2010.
11259:978-1-60807-005-3
11220:978-3-211-00828-7
11178:978-3-642-14441-7
11139:978-0-9614088-6-2
10798:www.ulalaunch.com
10719:978-0-8176-4390-4
10685:978-0-9709544-1-1
10658:978-1-119-94488-1
10614:978-1-119-95610-5
10187:Popular Mechanics
10075:. June 28, 2016.
9125:978-0-429-14911-5
9042:(12): 1165–1180.
8814:(12): 2447–2463.
8700:(11): 9420–9436.
8672:on August 4, 2009
8310:978-0-470-24190-5
8274:on March 30, 2016
8064:on March 27, 2009
7982:978-0-470-09971-1
7691:on June 12, 2012.
7417:. March 29, 1996.
7206:978-1-55750-973-4
7172:978-0-7546-2045-7
7041:November 10, 2008
6999:Steitz, David E.
6773:(12): 1902–1917.
6741:978-1-55750-973-4
6699:978-0-16-080190-7
6198:978-1-4200-8432-0
6164:978-0-309-05283-2
5948:Popular Mechanics
5704:10 kg (1.318
5241:ionospheric delay
5227:
5226:
5058:
4947:
4902:
4890:
4875:
4860:
4845:
4693:on a plane and a
4434:
4380:
4163:
4076:
4001:
3954:
3905:
3860:Problem statement
3788:
3787:
3749:GPS modernization
3718:
3717:
3698:1379.913 MHz
3544:
3543:
3536:Almanac component
3272:frequency hopping
2955:Radio occultation
2882:Automated vehicle
2868:amateur astronomy
2787:GNSS applications
2783:
2782:
2775:
2434:is one-half of a
2335:broadcast signals
2327:
2326:
2319:
2103:) that includes:
2057:
2056:
2049:
1882:Corporation, and
1645:
1644:
1363:
1362:
1094:strategic bombers
964:systems, such as
909:
886:Wi-Fi positioning
846:systems from the
764:
763:
712:
711:
491:Spatial relations
481:Satellite geodesy
436:
282:
281:
16:(Redirected from
18764:
18714:
18713:
18704:
18703:
18638:
18626:Ski orienteering
18549:
18542:
18535:
18519:
18518:
18457:Adventure travel
18325:orienteering map
18226:
18225:
18113:
18112:
18076:Adventure racing
18045:Car orienteering
17985:Ski orienteering
17959:
17958:
17923:
17916:
17909:
17900:
17899:
17877:
17867:
17862:
17857:
17847:
17831:
17821:
17811:
17801:
17791:
17786:
17781:
17776:
17771:
17761:
17746:
17741:
17736:
17716:
17711:
17695:
17685:
17675:
17655:
17650:
17645:
17640:
17630:
17614:
17609:
17604:
17599:
17539:
17529:
17499:
17494:
17464:
17439:
17409:
17404:
17399:
17384:
17364:
17354:
17304:
17299:
17284:
17279:
17274:
17244:
17239:
17154:
17149:
17144:
17139:
17104:
17099:
17064:
17059:
17054:
17049:
17039:
16994:
16984:
16974:
16964:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16939:
16853:
16833:
16813:
16803:
16783:
16763:
16753:
16743:
16733:
16607:
16488:
16451:
16334:
16319:
16284:
16279:
16249:
16069:
16052:
15933:
15928:
15918:
15888:
15815:
15795:
15775:
15770:
15765:
15760:
15755:
15682:
15672:
15662:
15627:
15622:
15617:
15612:
15577:
15572:
15557:
15531:
15521:
15511:
15501:
15491:
15461:
15441:
15421:
15411:
15401:
15381:
15303:
15293:
15273:
15268:
15258:
15213:
15106:
15101:
15096:
15091:
15081:
15071:
15066:
15046:
14986:
14979:
14972:
14963:
14962:
14728:
14727:
14706:MQM-107 Streaker
14650:AGM-114 Hellfire
14610:AIM-9 Sidewinder
14523:B83 nuclear bomb
14518:B61 nuclear bomb
14413:
14412:
14340:
14339:
14320:
14313:
14306:
14297:
14296:
14239:
14084:SLV-4 (Titan II)
14043:
14036:
14029:
14020:
14019:
13747:
13740:
13733:
13724:
13723:
13558:
13557:
13495:
13488:
13481:
13472:
13471:
13404:QZSS / Michibiki
13273:
13266:
13259:
13250:
13249:
12489:
12482:
12475:
12466:
12465:
12443:
12432:. W. W. Norton.
12414:
12412:
12397:
12376:
12355:
12353:
12351:
12345:
12338:
12292:
12291:
12289:
12287:
12267:
12261:
12260:
12258:
12256:
12241:
12235:
12234:
12232:
12230:
12211:
12205:
12204:
12194:
12169:
12163:
12162:
12160:
12158:
12149:. Archived from
12138:
12132:
12131:
12129:
12127:
12118:. Archived from
12106:
12100:
12086:
12080:
12066:
12060:
12059:
12057:
12055:
12046:. Archived from
12035:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12021:
12015:
12009:. Archived from
12008:
11999:
11993:
11992:
11990:
11988:
11982:
11976:. Archived from
11975:
11966:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11955:
11940:
11934:
11923:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11912:
11893:
11887:
11886:
11884:
11882:
11876:
11865:
11857:
11851:
11850:
11848:
11846:
11831:
11825:
11824:
11822:
11820:
11814:
11803:
11795:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11784:
11778:
11771:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11746:
11740:. July 3, 2003.
11739:
11731:
11722:
11721:
11719:
11717:
11706:
11700:
11699:
11697:
11695:
11680:
11674:
11673:
11671:
11669:
11663:
11656:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11631:
11624:
11616:
11607:
11606:
11604:
11602:
11596:
11589:
11581:
11575:
11574:
11572:
11564:
11558:
11557:
11552:
11550:
11535:
11529:
11515:
11509:
11502:
11496:
11489:
11483:
11482:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11439:
11423:
11417:
11410:
11404:
11403:
11371:
11362:
11361:
11325:
11319:
11318:
11307:10.1109/7.532270
11293:(3): 1116–1124.
11282:
11276:
11275:
11273:
11271:
11243:
11237:
11236:
11234:
11232:
11204:
11195:
11194:
11192:
11190:
11162:
11156:
11155:
11153:
11151:
11123:
11117:
11116:
11114:
11112:
11103:. Archived from
11093:
11087:
11086:
11084:
11082:
11066:
11060:
11059:
11057:
11055:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11028:
11023:on July 19, 2011
11022:
11016:. Archived from
11015:
11007:
10996:
10983:
10974:
10973:
10969:Internet Archive
10961:
10955:
10954:
10952:
10950:
10931:
10925:
10924:
10922:
10920:
10911:. Archived from
10901:
10895:
10894:
10892:
10890:
10875:
10869:
10868:
10866:
10864:
10849:
10840:
10839:
10837:
10835:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10811:
10809:
10790:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10770:. Archived from
10760:
10754:
10753:
10751:
10749:
10740:. Archived from
10730:
10724:
10723:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10694:
10692:
10669:
10663:
10662:
10642:
10631:
10630:
10628:
10626:
10598:
10592:
10591:
10589:
10582:
10574:
10568:
10567:
10565:
10563:
10554:. Archived from
10547:
10541:
10540:
10538:
10536:
10521:
10515:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10496:
10490:
10489:
10479:
10461:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10421:
10419:
10414:on March 6, 2023
10413:
10406:
10395:
10389:
10388:
10386:
10384:
10369:
10363:
10362:
10360:
10358:
10352:
10341:
10332:
10326:
10325:
10323:
10312:
10306:
10305:
10303:
10301:
10286:
10280:
10279:
10275:Business Insider
10265:
10259:
10258:
10256:
10254:
10249:on July 12, 2021
10239:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10228:
10209:
10203:
10202:
10200:
10198:
10178:
10172:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10152:
10146:
10145:
10143:
10141:
10126:
10120:
10119:
10117:
10115:
10095:
10089:
10088:
10086:
10084:
10065:
10059:
10058:
10056:
10054:
10034:
10028:
10027:
10025:
10023:
10008:
10002:
10001:
9999:
9987:
9981:
9968:
9962:
9961:
9959:
9957:
9951:
9940:
9931:
9925:
9924:
9922:
9920:
9914:
9903:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9867:
9861:
9847:
9841:
9840:
9838:
9836:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9791:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9780:
9761:
9755:
9754:
9752:
9720:
9714:
9713:
9688:(5): 2339–2348.
9677:
9671:
9670:
9668:
9636:
9630:
9629:
9627:
9595:
9589:
9588:
9586:
9569:(6): 5970–5989.
9554:
9548:
9547:
9545:
9513:
9507:
9506:
9470:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9429:
9423:
9422:
9412:
9402:
9378:
9372:
9371:
9331:
9325:
9324:
9298:
9274:
9268:
9267:
9247:
9241:
9240:
9230:
9198:
9192:
9191:
9183:
9177:
9176:
9151:(182): 442–448.
9136:
9130:
9129:
9101:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9074:
9068:
9067:
9027:
9021:
9020:
9018:
8986:
8980:
8979:
8977:
8945:
8939:
8938:
8928:
8896:
8890:
8889:
8887:
8885:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8840:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8782:
8743:
8734:
8728:
8727:
8717:
8688:
8682:
8681:
8679:
8677:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8653:
8651:
8645:Breaking Defense
8636:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8584:
8578:
8577:
8575:
8573:
8567:
8560:
8552:
8546:
8545:
8534:
8528:
8527:
8525:
8523:
8508:
8502:
8501:
8499:
8497:
8483:
8477:
8476:
8474:
8472:
8458:
8452:
8436:
8430:
8424:
8418:
8417:
8407:
8398:
8392:
8391:
8389:
8387:
8372:
8366:
8354:
8322:
8316:
8314:
8290:
8284:
8283:
8281:
8279:
8263:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8225:
8223:
8214:. Archived from
8212:gmat.unsw.edu.au
8204:
8198:
8185:
8179:
8166:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8155:
8149:
8143:. Archived from
8136:
8130:
8129:
8109:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8093:on July 30, 2010
8083:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8069:
8063:
8056:
8048:
8042:
8040:
8038:
8036:
8030:
8023:
8015:
8006:
8005:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7962:
7956:
7955:
7944:10.1109/7.165379
7927:
7916:
7915:
7904:10.1109/7.104271
7879:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7847:
7841:
7840:
7838:
7836:
7822:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7811:
7791:
7785:
7784:
7782:
7780:
7760:
7754:
7753:
7751:
7749:
7730:
7724:
7723:
7721:
7719:
7710:. Archived from
7699:
7693:
7692:
7687:. Archived from
7677:
7671:
7670:
7651:
7645:
7644:
7642:
7640:
7635:on July 23, 2013
7621:
7615:
7614:
7612:
7610:
7601:. Archived from
7590:
7584:
7583:
7581:
7579:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7528:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7517:
7502:
7496:
7495:
7493:
7491:
7476:
7470:
7469:
7467:
7465:
7450:
7444:
7443:
7441:
7439:
7424:
7418:
7401:
7395:
7394:
7392:
7390:
7375:
7366:
7353:
7347:
7346:
7344:
7342:
7337:on June 11, 2011
7327:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7316:
7301:
7295:
7294:
7292:
7290:
7274:The Daily Breeze
7264:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7250:
7234:The Daily Breeze
7224:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7213:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7156:
7150:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7126:
7120:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7100:
7094:
7093:
7091:
7089:
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7048:
7042:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6927:
6920:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6900:
6898:
6883:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6857:
6851:
6850:
6849:on May 29, 2017.
6845:. Archived from
6835:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6824:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6762:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6708:
6691:
6680:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6669:
6664:on June 25, 2017
6660:. Archived from
6650:
6644:
6641:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6630:
6621:. Archived from
6611:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6600:
6594:
6587:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6570:
6568:
6553:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6542:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6518:
6516:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6447:
6441:
6440:
6427:
6421:
6420:
6415:. Archived from
6408:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6381:
6370:
6364:
6363:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6344:
6338:
6323:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6303:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6221:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6171:
6148:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6137:
6123:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6112:
6097:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6086:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6055:
6035:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6024:
6009:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5995:
5975:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5912:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5901:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5829:
5827:
5821:
5814:
5798:
5792:
5791:
5789:
5787:
5782:. April 27, 2022
5776:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5725:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5703:
5695:
5693:
5648:
5642:
5634:
5615:
5614:
5603:
5602:
5601:
5591:
5590:
5589:
5579:
5578:
5577:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5558:
5452:(QZSS) is a GPS
5387:High Earth orbit
5284:U.S. Coast Guard
5230:GNSS enhancement
5222:
5219:
5213:
5195:
5194:
5187:
5181:GNSS enhancement
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5086:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5047:
5046:
5025:
5024:
5015:
5014:
4993:
4992:
4983:
4982:
4964:
4955:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4913:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4891:
4883:
4877:
4876:
4868:
4862:
4861:
4853:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4800:Solution methods
4739:inscribed sphere
4732:
4726:
4713:Inscribed sphere
4688:
4668:
4653:are subtracted,
4562:
4560:
4559:
4554:
4506:
4505:
4493:
4492:
4473:
4471:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4427:
4415:
4414:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4381:
4379:
4378:
4369:
4368:
4347:
4346:
4337:
4336:
4315:
4314:
4305:
4304:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4084:
4083:
4078:
4077:
4069:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4009:
4008:
4003:
4002:
3994:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3947:
3940:
3939:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3907:
3906:
3898:
3783:
3780:
3774:
3762:
3761:
3754:
3711:1176.45 MHz
3685:1381.05 MHz
3668:1227.60 MHz
3651:1575.42 MHz
3632:
3630:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3516:Satellite clock,
3502:
3500:
3361:Coalition Forces
3322:artillery shells
3200:State Department
3132:Reference frames
2920:soon thereafter.
2872:small telescopes
2858:data is used in
2778:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2758:
2735:
2727:
2548:Ascension Island
2520:Ascension Island
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2331:U.S. Space Force
2322:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2302:
2279:
2271:
2052:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2009:
2001:
1973:Space Foundation
1847:Raytheon Company
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1340:You can help by
1322:
1321:
1314:
1271:differential GPS
1180:radar refraction
1106:force multiplier
962:radio-navigation
910:
883:
882:
878:
844:Differential GPS
800:time information
756:
749:
742:
580:
579:
559:
551:
543:
535:
527:
467:
426:
368:
354:
353:
337:
322:
304:
292:
278:
254:Operating cost:
208:
207:
203:
159:
157:
152:
137:
126:
60:
53:
49:
21:
18772:
18771:
18767:
18766:
18765:
18763:
18762:
18761:
18727:
18726:
18725:
18720:
18688:
18670:
18652:
18620:
18510:
18462:Bicycle touring
18445:
18395:
18389:mountain biking
18308:
18276:
18250:
18211:
18185:
18137:
18100:
18064:
18028:
17994:
17950:
17932:
17927:
17897:
17892:
17885:
17875:
17865:
17860:
17855:
17845:
17834:
17829:
17819:
17809:
17799:
17789:
17784:
17779:
17774:
17769:
17759:
17744:
17739:
17734:
17714:
17709:
17698:
17693:
17683:
17673:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17628:
17617:
17612:
17607:
17602:
17597:
17537:
17527:
17497:
17492:
17462:
17437:
17407:
17402:
17397:
17382:
17362:
17352:
17302:
17297:
17282:
17277:
17272:
17242:
17237:
17152:
17147:
17142:
17137:
17102:
17097:
17062:
17057:
17052:
17047:
17037:
16992:
16982:
16972:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16947:
16937:
16856:
16851:
16831:
16811:
16801:
16781:
16761:
16751:
16741:
16731:
16715:
16605:
16486:
16449:
16332:
16317:
16282:
16277:
16247:
16067:
16050:
15931:
15926:
15916:
15886:
15838:
15813:
15793:
15773:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15753:
15680:
15670:
15660:
15625:
15620:
15615:
15610:
15575:
15570:
15555:
15539:
15529:
15519:
15509:
15499:
15489:
15459:
15439:
15419:
15409:
15399:
15379:
15338:
15301:
15291:
15271:
15266:
15256:
15211:
15104:
15099:
15094:
15089:
15079:
15069:
15064:
15044:
14996:
14990:
14960:
14955:
14920:other equipment
14919:
14906:
14865:
14836:M60 machine gun
14818:
14784:GUU-5/P Carbine
14766:
14715:
14684:
14675:AGM-176 Griffin
14620:AGM-65 Maverick
14593:
14527:
14400:
14361:
14335:
14329:
14324:
14294:
14289:
14272:
14237:
14159:
14093:
14057:
14047:
14017:
14012:
13961:
13913:
13887:
13824:
13810:TDF time signal
13756:
13751:
13721:
13716:
13684:
13663:
13622:
13547:
13504:
13499:
13469:
13464:
13428:
13354:
13323:
13282:
13277:
13247:
13242:
13229:
13062:
12991:
12918:
12865:
12746:
12638:
12580:
12511:
12502:
12493:
12450:
12440:
12394:
12386:. McGraw Hill.
12383:GPS and Galileo
12373:
12349:
12347:
12343:
12336:
12332:
12329:
12328:
12327:
12312:
12311:
12307:
12300:
12298:Further reading
12295:
12285:
12283:
12268:
12264:
12254:
12252:
12243:
12242:
12238:
12228:
12226:
12213:
12212:
12208:
12170:
12166:
12156:
12154:
12139:
12135:
12125:
12123:
12108:
12107:
12103:
12097:Wayback Machine
12087:
12083:
12077:Wayback Machine
12067:
12063:
12053:
12051:
12036:
12029:
12019:
12017:
12013:
12006:
12000:
11996:
11986:
11984:
11980:
11973:
11967:
11963:
11953:
11951:
11942:
11941:
11937:
11932:Wayback Machine
11924:
11920:
11910:
11908:
11895:
11894:
11890:
11880:
11878:
11874:
11863:
11859:
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11844:
11842:
11833:
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11801:
11797:
11796:
11792:
11782:
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11776:
11769:
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11760:
11750:
11748:
11744:
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11732:
11725:
11715:
11713:
11708:
11707:
11703:
11693:
11691:
11682:
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11677:
11667:
11665:
11661:
11654:
11650:
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11635:
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11629:
11622:
11618:
11617:
11610:
11600:
11598:
11594:
11587:
11583:
11582:
11578:
11570:
11566:
11565:
11561:
11548:
11546:
11537:
11536:
11532:
11526:Wayback Machine
11516:
11512:
11503:
11499:
11490:
11486:
11479:
11458:
11457:
11453:
11437:10.1.1.966.9430
11424:
11420:
11411:
11407:
11372:
11365:
11326:
11322:
11283:
11279:
11269:
11267:
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11244:
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11205:
11198:
11188:
11186:
11179:
11163:
11159:
11149:
11147:
11140:
11124:
11120:
11110:
11108:
11101:math.nus.edu.sg
11095:
11094:
11090:
11080:
11078:
11069:Peter H. Dana.
11067:
11063:
11053:
11051:
11042:Dana, Peter H.
11040:
11036:
11026:
11024:
11020:
11013:
11009:
11008:
10999:
10994:Wayback Machine
10984:
10977:
10971:
10962:
10958:
10948:
10946:
10933:
10932:
10928:
10918:
10916:
10903:
10902:
10898:
10888:
10886:
10877:
10876:
10872:
10862:
10860:
10851:
10850:
10843:
10833:
10831:
10830:on May 21, 2011
10822:
10821:
10817:
10807:
10805:
10792:
10791:
10787:
10777:
10775:
10774:on May 30, 2010
10762:
10761:
10757:
10747:
10745:
10732:
10731:
10727:
10720:
10704:
10700:
10690:
10688:
10686:
10670:
10666:
10659:
10643:
10634:
10624:
10622:
10615:
10599:
10595:
10587:
10580:
10576:
10575:
10571:
10561:
10559:
10550:Peter H. Dana.
10548:
10544:
10534:
10532:
10523:
10522:
10518:
10508:
10506:
10498:
10497:
10493:
10430:
10426:
10417:
10415:
10411:
10404:
10396:
10392:
10382:
10380:
10371:
10370:
10366:
10356:
10354:
10350:
10339:
10333:
10329:
10321:
10313:
10309:
10299:
10297:
10296:on May 25, 2017
10288:
10287:
10283:
10266:
10262:
10252:
10250:
10241:
10240:
10236:
10226:
10224:
10211:
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10196:
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10165:
10163:
10154:
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10139:
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10113:
10111:
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10067:
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10062:
10052:
10050:
10035:
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10021:
10019:
10010:
10009:
10005:
9988:
9984:
9979:Wayback Machine
9969:
9965:
9955:
9953:
9949:
9938:
9933:
9932:
9928:
9918:
9916:
9912:
9901:
9896:
9895:
9891:
9881:
9879:
9868:
9864:
9858:Wayback Machine
9848:
9844:
9834:
9832:
9819:
9818:
9814:
9804:
9802:
9793:
9792:
9788:
9778:
9776:
9763:
9762:
9758:
9721:
9717:
9678:
9674:
9637:
9633:
9596:
9592:
9555:
9551:
9514:
9510:
9471:
9467:
9430:
9426:
9379:
9375:
9332:
9328:
9275:
9271:
9248:
9244:
9199:
9195:
9184:
9180:
9137:
9133:
9126:
9102:
9098:
9088:
9086:
9075:
9071:
9028:
9024:
8987:
8983:
8946:
8942:
8897:
8893:
8883:
8881:
8868:
8867:
8863:
8853:
8851:
8842:
8841:
8837:
8800:
8796:
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8784:
8780:
8741:
8735:
8731:
8689:
8685:
8675:
8673:
8664:
8663:
8659:
8649:
8647:
8637:
8633:
8623:
8621:
8611:
8607:
8597:
8595:
8594:. June 21, 2023
8586:
8585:
8581:
8571:
8569:
8565:
8558:
8554:
8553:
8549:
8536:
8535:
8531:
8521:
8519:
8510:
8509:
8505:
8495:
8493:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8470:
8468:
8460:
8459:
8455:
8449:Wayback Machine
8437:
8433:
8425:
8421:
8405:
8399:
8395:
8385:
8383:
8376:"Space Segment"
8374:
8373:
8369:
8363:Wayback Machine
8323:
8319:
8311:
8291:
8287:
8277:
8275:
8268:"How GPS Works"
8264:
8257:
8247:
8245:
8236:
8235:
8231:
8221:
8219:
8206:
8205:
8201:
8195:Wayback Machine
8186:
8182:
8176:Wayback Machine
8167:
8163:
8153:
8151:
8147:
8137:
8133:
8110:
8106:
8096:
8094:
8085:
8084:
8077:
8067:
8065:
8061:
8054:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8034:
8032:
8028:
8021:
8017:
8016:
8009:
7994:
7990:
7983:
7963:
7959:
7928:
7919:
7880:
7869:
7859:
7857:
7849:
7848:
7844:
7834:
7832:
7824:
7823:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7792:
7788:
7778:
7776:
7761:
7757:
7747:
7745:
7744:on June 3, 2019
7732:
7731:
7727:
7717:
7715:
7714:on May 13, 2017
7700:
7696:
7679:
7678:
7674:
7653:
7652:
7648:
7638:
7636:
7623:
7622:
7618:
7608:
7606:
7605:on May 11, 2011
7591:
7587:
7577:
7575:
7560:
7556:
7546:
7544:
7529:
7525:
7515:
7513:
7512:on May 11, 2011
7504:
7503:
7499:
7489:
7487:
7477:
7473:
7463:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7447:
7437:
7435:
7434:on May 28, 2010
7426:
7425:
7421:
7415:Wayback Machine
7402:
7398:
7388:
7386:
7377:
7376:
7369:
7363:Wayback Machine
7354:
7350:
7340:
7338:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7314:
7312:
7303:
7302:
7298:
7288:
7286:
7265:
7258:
7248:
7246:
7225:
7221:
7211:
7209:
7207:
7191:
7187:
7177:
7175:
7173:
7157:
7153:
7143:
7141:
7134:Rewire Security
7128:
7127:
7123:
7113:
7111:
7102:
7101:
7097:
7087:
7085:
7076:
7075:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7050:
7049:
7045:
7033:Wayback Machine
7024:
7020:
7010:
7008:
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6955:Wayback Machine
6945:
6941:
6931:
6929:
6925:
6918:
6910:
6906:
6896:
6894:
6885:
6884:
6880:
6870:
6868:
6867:on May 17, 2008
6859:
6858:
6854:
6843:harveycohen.net
6837:
6836:
6832:
6822:
6820:
6807:
6806:
6802:
6763:
6756:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6700:
6689:
6681:
6677:
6667:
6665:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6642:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6566:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6540:
6538:
6529:
6528:
6524:
6514:
6512:
6503:
6502:
6498:
6488:
6486:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6448:
6444:
6439:on May 6, 2011.
6429:
6428:
6424:
6409:
6402:
6392:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6367:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6340:
6339:on May 12, 2012
6336:
6321:
6315:
6311:
6301:
6299:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6273:
6271:
6253:
6249:
6239:
6237:
6222:
6218:
6208:
6206:
6199:
6183:
6179:
6169:
6167:
6165:
6149:
6145:
6135:
6133:
6125:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6108:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6084:
6082:
6067:
6063:
6053:
6051:
6036:
6032:
6022:
6020:
6011:
6010:
6003:
5993:
5991:
5976:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5913:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5859:
5855:
5848:
5839:
5835:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5815:. p. B-3.
5812:
5799:
5795:
5785:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5761:
5760:
5749:
5746:
5744:405,696 km
5743:
5742:
5740:
5738:
5729:
5726:
5724:363,104 km
5723:
5722:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5705:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5609:
5599:
5597:
5587:
5585:
5575:
5573:
5563:
5561:
5553:
5551:
5472:
5395:graveyard orbit
5371:
5365:
5363:Similar systems
5250:
5245:
5244:
5223:
5217:
5214:
5208:
5196:
5192:
5184:
5176:
5162:
5156:
5125:
5109:
5087:
5076:
5072:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5006:
4988:
4984:
4978:
4974:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4951:
4918:
4914:
4903:
4901:
4882:
4881:
4867:
4866:
4852:
4851:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4807:
4802:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4728:
4722:
4715:
4703:Multilateration
4686:
4679:
4674:
4666:
4659:
4654:
4634:
4609:
4601:
4501:
4497:
4488:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4450:
4446:
4437:
4426:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4419:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4374:
4370:
4364:
4360:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4328:
4310:
4306:
4300:
4296:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4248:
4185:
4181:
4166:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4129:
4098:
4094:
4079:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4055:
4044:
4023:
4019:
4004:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3957:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3935:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3925:
3908:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3862:
3857:
3851:
3845:
3807:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3763:
3759:
3628:
3623:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3539:
3537:
3527:
3517:
3498:
3493:
3484:
3478:
3461:
3455:
3446:
3430:
3402:
3397:
3373:Spratly Islands
3314:cruise missiles
3292:radio operators
3274:modes, such as
3250:artillery shell
3219:
3191:
3102:: for example,
3024:GPS data mining
2934:Disaster relief
2840:: studying the
2805:
2789:
2779:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2748:
2736:
2725:
2637:
2631:
2516:Kwajalein Atoll
2476:
2474:Control segment
2424:right ascension
2394:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2353:
2343:
2323:
2312:
2306:
2303:
2292:
2280:
2269:
2228:
2221:
2189:track algorithm
2185:
2173:Multilateration
2165:
2159:
2093:
2053:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2022:
2010:
1999:
1966:Francis X. Kane
1956:Roger L. Easton
1938:, professor of
1856:
1802:November 2004,
1733:50th Space Wing
1723:50th Space Wing
1634:
1628:
1398:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1359:
1353:
1350:
1339:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1247:Moneron Islands
1171:
1024:Roger L. Easton
989:
970:Decca Navigator
939:Ivan A. Getting
931:Roger L. Easton
899:
897:
880:
876:
875:
813:
760:
731:
730:
577:
569:
568:
557:
549:
541:
533:
525:
509:
501:
500:
459:
409:
401:
400:
376:
352:
351:
350:
349:
348:
338:
330:
329:
323:
314:
313:
312:
305:
297:
296:
293:
274:
266:
250:
205:
201:
200:
155:
153:
150:
64:
63:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
18770:
18760:
18759:
18754:
18749:
18744:
18739:
18722:
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18718:
18708:
18697:
18694:
18693:
18690:
18689:
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18680:
18678:
18672:
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18669:
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18650:
18645:
18644:
18643:
18630:
18628:
18622:
18621:
18619:
18618:
18617:
18616:
18611:
18606:
18601:
18596:
18588:
18583:
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18576:
18566:
18561:
18556:
18555:
18554:
18547:
18540:
18527:
18525:
18516:
18512:
18511:
18509:
18508:
18507:
18506:
18496:
18495:
18494:
18489:
18479:
18474:
18469:
18464:
18459:
18453:
18451:
18447:
18446:
18444:
18443:
18441:List of events
18438:
18437:
18436:
18431:
18421:
18416:
18415:
18414:
18403:
18401:
18397:
18396:
18394:
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18386:
18381:
18376:
18371:
18361:
18360:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18339:
18329:
18328:
18327:
18316:
18314:
18310:
18309:
18307:
18306:
18301:
18296:
18290:
18288:
18282:
18281:
18278:
18277:
18275:
18274:
18269:
18264:
18258:
18256:
18252:
18251:
18249:
18248:
18243:
18238:
18232:
18230:
18223:
18217:
18216:
18213:
18212:
18210:
18209:
18204:
18199:
18193:
18191:
18187:
18186:
18184:
18183:
18178:
18173:
18171:Eye protectors
18168:
18167:
18166:
18161:
18156:
18145:
18143:
18139:
18138:
18136:
18135:
18130:
18125:
18119:
18117:
18110:
18106:
18105:
18102:
18101:
18099:
18098:
18093:
18088:
18083:
18078:
18072:
18070:
18066:
18065:
18063:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18036:
18034:
18030:
18029:
18027:
18026:
18025:
18024:
18019:
18008:
18006:
17996:
17995:
17993:
17992:
17987:
17982:
17977:
17971:
17969:
17956:
17952:
17951:
17949:
17948:
17943:
17937:
17934:
17933:
17926:
17925:
17918:
17911:
17903:
17894:
17893:
17890:
17887:
17886:
17884:
17883:
17878:
17873:
17868:
17863:
17858:
17853:
17848:
17842:
17840:
17836:
17835:
17833:
17832:
17827:
17822:
17817:
17812:
17807:
17802:
17797:
17792:
17787:
17782:
17777:
17772:
17767:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17747:
17742:
17737:
17732:
17731:
17730:
17725:
17717:
17712:
17706:
17704:
17700:
17699:
17697:
17696:
17691:
17686:
17681:
17676:
17671:
17666:
17661:
17656:
17651:
17646:
17641:
17636:
17631:
17625:
17623:
17619:
17618:
17616:
17615:
17610:
17605:
17600:
17595:
17594:
17593:
17588:
17583:
17578:
17573:
17568:
17563:
17558:
17553:
17548:
17540:
17535:
17530:
17525:
17524:
17523:
17518:
17513:
17505:
17500:
17495:
17490:
17489:
17488:
17483:
17475:
17470:
17465:
17460:
17459:
17458:
17453:
17448:
17440:
17435:
17434:
17433:
17428:
17420:
17415:
17410:
17405:
17400:
17395:
17390:
17385:
17380:
17379:
17378:
17373:
17365:
17360:
17355:
17350:
17345:
17340:
17339:
17338:
17333:
17325:
17324:
17323:
17318:
17310:
17305:
17300:
17295:
17290:
17285:
17280:
17275:
17270:
17265:
17264:
17263:
17258:
17253:
17245:
17240:
17235:
17230:
17225:
17220:
17219:
17218:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17183:
17175:
17174:
17173:
17168:
17163:
17155:
17150:
17145:
17140:
17135:
17130:
17125:
17120:
17115:
17110:
17105:
17100:
17095:
17090:
17089:
17088:
17083:
17075:
17070:
17065:
17060:
17055:
17050:
17045:
17040:
17035:
17030:
17025:
17020:
17015:
17014:
17013:
17008:
17000:
16995:
16990:
16985:
16980:
16975:
16970:
16965:
16960:
16955:
16950:
16945:
16940:
16935:
16930:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16914:
16913:
16908:
16900:
16899:
16898:
16893:
16885:
16884:
16883:
16878:
16870:
16864:
16862:
16858:
16857:
16855:
16854:
16849:
16844:
16839:
16834:
16829:
16828:
16827:
16822:
16814:
16809:
16804:
16799:
16798:
16797:
16792:
16784:
16779:
16778:
16777:
16772:
16764:
16759:
16754:
16749:
16744:
16739:
16734:
16729:
16723:
16721:
16717:
16716:
16714:
16713:
16712:
16711:
16706:
16701:
16693:
16692:
16691:
16686:
16681:
16676:
16671:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16656:
16651:
16643:
16638:
16637:
16636:
16631:
16623:
16618:
16613:
16608:
16603:
16602:
16601:
16596:
16588:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16568:
16567:
16566:
16561:
16553:
16552:
16551:
16546:
16541:
16533:
16528:
16527:
16526:
16521:
16516:
16506:
16505:
16504:
16494:
16489:
16484:
16483:
16482:
16477:
16469:
16464:
16463:
16462:
16452:
16447:
16446:
16445:
16440:
16432:
16427:
16422:
16421:
16420:
16415:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16392:
16387:
16382:
16377:
16372:
16367:
16362:
16357:
16356:
16355:
16345:
16340:
16335:
16330:
16325:
16320:
16315:
16310:
16305:
16304:
16303:
16298:
16290:
16285:
16280:
16275:
16270:
16265:
16264:
16263:
16258:
16250:
16245:
16240:
16235:
16234:
16233:
16228:
16223:
16215:
16210:
16205:
16200:
16195:
16190:
16189:
16188:
16183:
16175:
16170:
16165:
16160:
16159:
16158:
16153:
16145:
16140:
16135:
16134:
16133:
16128:
16120:
16119:
16118:
16113:
16105:
16104:
16103:
16098:
16090:
16085:
16080:
16075:
16070:
16065:
16064:
16063:
16053:
16048:
16047:
16046:
16041:
16033:
16028:
16027:
16026:
16021:
16016:
16011:
16006:
15998:
15993:
15992:
15991:
15986:
15978:
15973:
15968:
15967:
15966:
15961:
15951:
15950:
15949:
15944:
15934:
15929:
15924:
15919:
15914:
15909:
15904:
15903:
15902:
15894:
15889:
15884:
15879:
15874:
15873:
15872:
15867:
15862:
15857:
15846:
15844:
15840:
15839:
15837:
15836:
15835:
15834:
15829:
15821:
15816:
15811:
15810:
15809:
15804:
15796:
15791:
15786:
15781:
15776:
15771:
15766:
15761:
15756:
15751:
15750:
15749:
15739:
15738:
15737:
15727:
15726:
15725:
15715:
15710:
15705:
15704:
15703:
15698:
15688:
15683:
15678:
15673:
15668:
15663:
15658:
15653:
15648:
15647:
15646:
15641:
15633:
15628:
15623:
15618:
15613:
15608:
15603:
15598:
15593:
15592:
15591:
15586:
15578:
15573:
15568:
15563:
15558:
15553:
15547:
15545:
15541:
15540:
15538:
15537:
15532:
15527:
15522:
15517:
15512:
15507:
15502:
15497:
15492:
15487:
15486:
15485:
15480:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15452:
15447:
15442:
15437:
15432:
15427:
15422:
15417:
15412:
15407:
15402:
15397:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15371:
15370:
15365:
15360:
15352:
15346:
15344:
15340:
15339:
15337:
15336:
15335:
15334:
15329:
15324:
15319:
15309:
15304:
15299:
15294:
15289:
15284:
15279:
15274:
15269:
15264:
15259:
15254:
15249:
15248:
15247:
15242:
15234:
15229:
15224:
15219:
15214:
15209:
15204:
15199:
15194:
15189:
15184:
15179:
15174:
15173:
15172:
15167:
15162:
15157:
15152:
15142:
15141:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15122:
15121:
15120:
15115:
15107:
15102:
15097:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15072:
15067:
15062:
15061:
15060:
15055:
15047:
15042:
15037:
15032:
15027:
15022:
15021:
15020:
15010:
15004:
15002:
14998:
14997:
14995:system numbers
14989:
14988:
14981:
14974:
14966:
14957:
14956:
14954:
14953:
14948:
14943:
14940:
14937:
14934:
14929:
14923:
14921:
14912:
14911:
14908:
14907:
14905:
14904:
14899:
14894:
14889:
14884:
14879:
14873:
14871:
14867:
14866:
14864:
14863:
14858:
14853:
14848:
14843:
14838:
14832:
14830:
14820:
14819:
14817:
14816:
14811:
14806:
14801:
14796:
14791:
14786:
14780:
14778:
14768:
14767:
14765:
14764:
14761:
14756:
14751:
14746:
14740:
14738:
14725:
14721:
14720:
14717:
14716:
14714:
14713:
14708:
14703:
14698:
14696:BQM-34 Firebee
14692:
14690:
14686:
14685:
14683:
14682:
14677:
14672:
14667:
14662:
14657:
14655:AIM-120 AMRAAM
14652:
14647:
14642:
14637:
14632:
14627:
14625:AGM-84 Harpoon
14622:
14617:
14612:
14607:
14601:
14599:
14595:
14594:
14592:
14591:
14586:
14581:
14576:
14571:
14566:
14561:
14556:
14551:
14546:
14541:
14535:
14533:
14529:
14528:
14526:
14525:
14520:
14515:
14510:
14505:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14485:
14480:
14475:
14470:
14465:
14460:
14455:
14450:
14445:
14440:
14435:
14430:
14425:
14419:
14417:
14410:
14406:
14405:
14402:
14401:
14399:
14398:
14395:
14390:
14385:
14380:
14375:
14369:
14367:
14366:Ground vehicle
14363:
14362:
14360:
14359:
14354:
14348:
14346:
14337:
14331:
14330:
14323:
14322:
14315:
14308:
14300:
14291:
14290:
14288:
14287:
14284:
14281:
14277:
14274:
14273:
14271:
14270:
14265:
14260:
14255:
14250:
14245:
14240:
14235:
14230:
14225:
14219:
14213:
14208:
14203:
14198:
14193:
14188:
14183:
14178:
14173:
14167:
14165:
14161:
14160:
14158:
14157:
14152:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14101:
14099:
14095:
14094:
14092:
14091:
14086:
14081:
14076:
14071:
14065:
14063:
14059:
14058:
14046:
14045:
14038:
14031:
14023:
14014:
14013:
14011:
14010:
14005:
14000:
13995:
13990:
13985:
13980:
13975:
13969:
13967:
13963:
13962:
13960:
13959:
13954:
13949:
13944:
13939:
13934:
13929:
13923:
13921:
13915:
13914:
13912:
13911:
13905:
13903:
13889:
13888:
13886:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13834:
13832:
13826:
13825:
13823:
13822:
13817:
13812:
13807:
13802:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13772:
13766:
13764:
13758:
13757:
13750:
13749:
13742:
13735:
13727:
13718:
13717:
13715:
13714:
13709:
13704:
13698:
13696:
13690:
13689:
13686:
13685:
13683:
13682:
13677:
13671:
13669:
13665:
13664:
13662:
13661:
13659:Thousand Sails
13656:
13651:
13649:Kuiper Systems
13646:
13641:
13636:
13630:
13628:
13624:
13623:
13621:
13620:
13615:
13610:
13605:
13600:
13595:
13590:
13585:
13580:
13575:
13570:
13564:
13562:
13555:
13549:
13548:
13546:
13545:
13540:
13535:
13530:
13525:
13520:
13514:
13512:
13506:
13505:
13498:
13497:
13490:
13483:
13475:
13466:
13465:
13463:
13462:
13457:
13452:
13447:
13442:
13436:
13434:
13433:Related topics
13430:
13429:
13427:
13426:
13421:
13416:
13411:
13406:
13401:
13396:
13391:
13386:
13381:
13375:
13370:
13364:
13362:
13356:
13355:
13353:
13352:
13347:
13342:
13337:
13335:BDS / BeiDou-1
13331:
13329:
13325:
13324:
13322:
13321:
13316:
13311:
13306:
13301:
13296:
13290:
13288:
13284:
13283:
13276:
13275:
13268:
13261:
13253:
13244:
13243:
13234:
13231:
13230:
13228:
13227:
13220:
13213:
13206:
13199:
13192:
13185:
13178:
13171:
13164:
13157:
13150:
13143:
13136:
13129:
13122:
13115:
13108:
13101:
13094:
13087:
13080:
13072:
13070:
13064:
13063:
13061:
13060:
13053:
13046:
13039:
13032:
13027:
13022:
13017:
13012:
13007:
13001:
12999:
12993:
12992:
12990:
12989:
12984:
12979:
12974:
12969:
12964:
12959:
12954:
12949:
12944:
12939:
12934:
12928:
12926:
12920:
12919:
12917:
12916:
12911:
12906:
12901:
12896:
12891:
12886:
12881:
12875:
12873:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12848:
12843:
12838:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12756:
12754:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12744:
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12694:
12689:
12684:
12679:
12674:
12669:
12664:
12659:
12654:
12648:
12646:
12640:
12639:
12637:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12611:
12606:
12601:
12596:
12590:
12588:
12582:
12581:
12579:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12552:
12547:
12542:
12537:
12532:
12527:
12521:
12519:
12513:
12512:
12507:
12504:
12503:
12492:
12491:
12484:
12477:
12469:
12463:
12462:
12456:
12449:
12448:External links
12446:
12445:
12444:
12438:
12425:
12415:
12398:
12392:
12377:
12371:
12356:
12326:
12325:
12320:
12314:
12313:
12302:
12301:
12299:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12262:
12236:
12206:
12164:
12133:
12101:
12081:
12061:
12050:on May 1, 2011
12027:
11994:
11961:
11935:
11918:
11888:
11852:
11826:
11790:
11758:
11723:
11701:
11675:
11643:
11608:
11576:
11559:
11530:
11510:
11497:
11484:
11477:
11451:
11418:
11405:
11363:
11320:
11277:
11258:
11238:
11219:
11196:
11177:
11157:
11138:
11118:
11088:
11061:
11034:
10997:
10975:
10956:
10926:
10896:
10870:
10841:
10815:
10785:
10755:
10725:
10718:
10698:
10684:
10664:
10657:
10632:
10613:
10593:
10569:
10542:
10516:
10491:
10424:
10390:
10364:
10327:
10307:
10281:
10260:
10234:
10204:
10173:
10147:
10121:
10090:
10060:
10029:
10003:
9982:
9963:
9926:
9889:
9862:
9842:
9812:
9786:
9756:
9715:
9672:
9631:
9610:(7): 725–743.
9590:
9549:
9522:Remote Sensing
9508:
9481:(1): 417–431.
9465:
9424:
9373:
9326:
9269:
9242:
9193:
9178:
9131:
9124:
9096:
9069:
9022:
8981:
8940:
8891:
8861:
8835:
8794:
8752:(8): 751–769.
8729:
8683:
8657:
8631:
8605:
8579:
8547:
8529:
8503:
8478:
8453:
8431:
8419:
8393:
8367:
8317:
8309:
8285:
8255:
8229:
8199:
8180:
8161:
8131:
8120:(6): 349–357.
8104:
8075:
8043:
8007:
7988:
7981:
7957:
7917:
7867:
7855:global.jaxa.jp
7842:
7817:
7786:
7755:
7725:
7694:
7672:
7646:
7616:
7585:
7554:
7523:
7497:
7471:
7445:
7419:
7396:
7367:
7348:
7322:
7296:
7281:. p. 97.
7256:
7241:. p. 91.
7219:
7205:
7185:
7171:
7151:
7121:
7104:"GPS almanacs"
7095:
7069:
7043:
7018:
6991:
6959:
6939:
6904:
6878:
6852:
6830:
6800:
6754:
6740:
6720:
6698:
6675:
6645:
6636:
6606:
6574:
6548:
6522:
6496:
6469:
6442:
6422:
6400:
6365:
6350:
6309:
6281:
6247:
6216:
6197:
6177:
6163:
6143:
6118:
6092:
6061:
6030:
6019:on May 3, 2012
6001:
5980:"GPS Accuracy"
5965:
5934:
5917:"What is GPS?"
5907:
5869:
5833:
5793:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5750:42,164 km
5730:42,164 km
5710:
5643:
5637:over 15m. See
5628:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5619:
5607:
5595:
5583:
5571:
5550:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5466:
5458:
5457:
5445:
5444:
5441:European Union
5432:
5431:
5423:
5422:
5385:to the lowest
5367:Main article:
5364:
5361:
5249:
5246:
5225:
5224:
5199:
5197:
5190:
5185:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5158:Main article:
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4711:
4684:
4677:
4664:
4657:
4633:
4630:
4608:
4605:
4600:
4597:
4593:geodetic datum
4580:must be used.
4578:fitting method
4574:overdetermined
4565:
4564:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4531:
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3506:
3492:
3491:Message format
3489:
3480:Main article:
3477:
3474:
3454:
3451:
3445:
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3429:
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3401:
3398:
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3393:
3353:
3352:
3341:
3338:
3335:
3306:
3295:
3268:
3246:M982 Excalibur
3218:
3215:
3194:classified as
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3175:
3172:seismic hazard
3157:
3151:
3145:
3139:
3129:
3097:
3087:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3018:GPS for mining
3015:
3010:
2997:
2978:
2968:
2961:Fleet tracking
2958:
2952:
2941:
2931:
2921:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2849:
2835:
2804:
2801:
2785:Main article:
2781:
2780:
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2737:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2630:
2627:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2601:
2556:Cape Canaveral
2532:Cape Canaveral
2504:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2475:
2472:
2432:orbital period
2428:ascending node
2342:
2339:
2325:
2324:
2283:
2281:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2257:dead reckoning
2220:
2217:
2184:
2181:
2158:
2155:
2121:time of flight
2117:
2116:
2113:
2092:
2089:
2070:speed of light
2055:
2054:
2013:
2011:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1954:GPS developer
1952:
1951:
1933:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1822:Ground Segment
1818:
1815:
1800:
1797:George W. Bush
1793:
1790:Galileo system
1786:
1783:
1766:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1731:Emblem of the
1719:2nd Space Wing
1715:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1675:
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1395:
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1372:
1361:
1360:
1326:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1308:
1170:
1167:
1028:Al Bartholemew
1005:Doppler effect
988:
985:
896:
893:
848:US Coast Guard
812:
809:
774:), originally
762:
761:
759:
758:
751:
744:
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502:
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493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
471:Map projection
468:
457:
452:
447:
445:Geodetic datum
442:
437:
421:
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410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
399:
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393:
388:
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377:
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317:
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306:
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287:
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280:
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272:
268:
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259:
257:
251:
249:
248:
247:
246:
243:
241:
235:
233:
229:
228:
224:
223:
222:1 sidereal day
220:
218:Revisit period
214:
213:
198:
197:Orbital period
194:
193:
190:
189:Orbital height
186:
185:
178:
174:
173:
169:
168:
165:
164:Total launches
161:
160:
147:
143:
142:
141:31 operational
139:
136:Current usable
132:
131:
128:
121:
120:
116:
115:
112:
108:
107:
104:
100:
99:
96:
92:
91:
88:
84:
83:
81:US Space Force
78:
74:
73:
70:
66:
65:
61:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18769:
18758:
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18452:
18448:
18442:
18439:
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18432:
18430:
18427:
18426:
18425:
18422:
18420:
18419:List of clubs
18417:
18413:
18410:
18409:
18408:
18405:
18404:
18402:
18398:
18390:
18387:
18385:
18382:
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18283:
18273:
18270:
18268:
18265:
18263:
18260:
18259:
18257:
18253:
18247:
18246:SportSoftware
18244:
18242:
18239:
18237:
18234:
18233:
18231:
18227:
18224:
18222:
18218:
18208:
18205:
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18152:
18151:
18150:
18147:
18146:
18144:
18140:
18134:
18131:
18129:
18126:
18124:
18123:Control point
18121:
18120:
18118:
18114:
18111:
18107:
18097:
18094:
18092:
18089:
18087:
18084:
18082:
18081:Alleycat race
18079:
18077:
18074:
18073:
18071:
18067:
18061:
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17214:
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17169:
17167:
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17156:
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17136:
17134:
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17119:
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17114:
17111:
17109:
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17096:
17094:
17091:
17087:
17084:
17082:
17079:
17078:
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17074:
17071:
17069:
17066:
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17044:
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17021:
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16929:
16926:
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16916:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16903:
16901:
16897:
16894:
16892:
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16888:
16886:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16869:
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16859:
16850:
16848:
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16843:
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16771:
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16755:
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16398:
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16388:
16386:
16383:
16381:
16378:
16376:
16373:
16371:
16368:
16366:
16363:
16361:
16358:
16354:
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16339:
16336:
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16321:
16316:
16314:
16311:
16309:
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16299:
16297:
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16219:
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16214:
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16139:
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16132:
16129:
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16106:
16102:
16099:
16097:
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16091:
16089:
16086:
16084:
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16079:
16076:
16074:
16071:
16066:
16062:
16059:
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16057:
16054:
16049:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16037:
16036:
16034:
16032:
16029:
16025:
16022:
16020:
16017:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16001:
15999:
15997:
15994:
15990:
15987:
15985:
15982:
15981:
15979:
15977:
15974:
15972:
15969:
15965:
15962:
15960:
15957:
15956:
15955:
15952:
15948:
15945:
15943:
15940:
15939:
15938:
15935:
15930:
15925:
15923:
15920:
15915:
15913:
15910:
15908:
15905:
15901:
15898:
15897:
15895:
15893:
15890:
15885:
15883:
15880:
15878:
15875:
15871:
15868:
15866:
15863:
15861:
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15856:
15853:
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15851:
15848:
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15845:
15841:
15833:
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15825:
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15822:
15820:
15817:
15812:
15808:
15805:
15803:
15800:
15799:
15797:
15792:
15790:
15787:
15785:
15782:
15780:
15777:
15772:
15767:
15762:
15757:
15752:
15748:
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15740:
15736:
15733:
15732:
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15728:
15724:
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15720:
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15716:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15702:
15699:
15697:
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15693:
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15689:
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15684:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15659:
15657:
15654:
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15649:
15645:
15642:
15640:
15637:
15636:
15634:
15632:
15629:
15624:
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15614:
15609:
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15599:
15597:
15594:
15590:
15587:
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15582:
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15579:
15574:
15569:
15567:
15564:
15562:
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15523:
15518:
15516:
15513:
15508:
15506:
15503:
15498:
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15488:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15475:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15458:
15456:
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15451:
15448:
15446:
15443:
15438:
15436:
15433:
15431:
15428:
15426:
15423:
15418:
15416:
15413:
15408:
15406:
15403:
15398:
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15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15369:
15366:
15364:
15361:
15359:
15356:
15355:
15353:
15351:
15348:
15347:
15345:
15341:
15333:
15330:
15328:
15325:
15323:
15320:
15318:
15315:
15314:
15313:
15310:
15308:
15305:
15300:
15298:
15295:
15290:
15288:
15285:
15283:
15280:
15278:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15263:
15260:
15255:
15253:
15250:
15246:
15243:
15241:
15238:
15237:
15235:
15233:
15230:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15220:
15218:
15215:
15210:
15208:
15205:
15203:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15171:
15168:
15166:
15163:
15161:
15158:
15156:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15147:
15146:
15143:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15125:
15123:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15110:
15108:
15103:
15098:
15093:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15078:
15076:
15073:
15068:
15063:
15059:
15056:
15054:
15051:
15050:
15048:
15043:
15041:
15038:
15036:
15033:
15031:
15028:
15026:
15023:
15019:
15016:
15015:
15014:
15011:
15009:
15006:
15005:
15003:
14999:
14994:
14987:
14982:
14980:
14975:
14973:
14968:
14967:
14964:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14941:
14938:
14935:
14933:
14930:
14928:
14925:
14924:
14922:
14917:
14913:
14903:
14900:
14898:
14895:
14893:
14890:
14888:
14885:
14883:
14880:
14878:
14875:
14874:
14872:
14868:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14856:M1014 shotgun
14854:
14852:
14849:
14847:
14844:
14842:
14839:
14837:
14834:
14833:
14831:
14829:
14825:
14821:
14815:
14812:
14810:
14807:
14805:
14802:
14800:
14797:
14795:
14792:
14790:
14787:
14785:
14782:
14781:
14779:
14777:
14773:
14769:
14762:
14760:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14750:
14747:
14745:
14742:
14741:
14739:
14737:
14733:
14729:
14726:
14722:
14712:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14702:
14699:
14697:
14694:
14693:
14691:
14687:
14681:
14678:
14676:
14673:
14671:
14670:AGM-158 JASSM
14668:
14666:
14663:
14661:
14658:
14656:
14653:
14651:
14648:
14646:
14643:
14641:
14638:
14636:
14633:
14631:
14628:
14626:
14623:
14621:
14618:
14616:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14606:
14605:AIM-7 Sparrow
14603:
14602:
14600:
14596:
14590:
14587:
14585:
14582:
14580:
14577:
14575:
14574:M102 howitzer
14572:
14570:
14567:
14565:
14562:
14560:
14557:
14555:
14552:
14550:
14547:
14545:
14542:
14540:
14539:GAU-8 Avenger
14537:
14536:
14534:
14530:
14524:
14521:
14519:
14516:
14514:
14511:
14509:
14506:
14504:
14501:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14491:
14489:
14486:
14484:
14481:
14479:
14476:
14474:
14471:
14469:
14466:
14464:
14461:
14459:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14449:
14446:
14444:
14441:
14439:
14436:
14434:
14431:
14429:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14420:
14418:
14414:
14411:
14407:
14396:
14394:
14393:R-11 Refueler
14391:
14389:
14386:
14384:
14381:
14379:
14376:
14374:
14371:
14370:
14368:
14364:
14358:
14355:
14353:
14350:
14349:
14347:
14345:
14341:
14338:
14332:
14328:
14321:
14316:
14314:
14309:
14307:
14302:
14301:
14298:
14285:
14282:
14279:
14278:
14275:
14269:
14266:
14264:
14261:
14259:
14256:
14254:
14251:
14249:
14246:
14244:
14241:
14236:
14234:
14231:
14229:
14226:
14223:
14220:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14207:
14204:
14202:
14199:
14197:
14194:
14192:
14189:
14187:
14184:
14182:
14179:
14177:
14174:
14172:
14169:
14168:
14166:
14162:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14102:
14100:
14096:
14090:
14089:SLV-5 (Titan)
14087:
14085:
14082:
14080:
14079:SLV-3 (Atlas)
14077:
14075:
14072:
14070:
14069:SLV-1 (Scout)
14067:
14066:
14064:
14060:
14055:
14051:
14044:
14039:
14037:
14032:
14030:
14025:
14024:
14021:
14009:
14006:
14004:
14001:
13999:
13996:
13994:
13991:
13989:
13986:
13984:
13981:
13979:
13976:
13974:
13971:
13970:
13968:
13964:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13948:
13945:
13943:
13940:
13938:
13935:
13933:
13930:
13928:
13925:
13924:
13922:
13920:
13916:
13910:
13907:
13906:
13904:
13902:
13898:
13894:
13890:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13835:
13833:
13831:
13827:
13821:
13818:
13816:
13815:Time from NPL
13813:
13811:
13808:
13806:
13803:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13771:
13768:
13767:
13765:
13763:
13759:
13755:
13748:
13743:
13741:
13736:
13734:
13729:
13728:
13725:
13713:
13710:
13708:
13705:
13703:
13700:
13699:
13697:
13695:
13691:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13672:
13670:
13666:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13647:
13645:
13642:
13640:
13637:
13635:
13632:
13631:
13629:
13625:
13619:
13616:
13614:
13611:
13609:
13606:
13604:
13601:
13599:
13596:
13594:
13591:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13565:
13563:
13559:
13556:
13554:
13553:Communication
13550:
13544:
13541:
13539:
13536:
13534:
13531:
13529:
13526:
13524:
13521:
13519:
13516:
13515:
13513:
13511:
13507:
13503:
13496:
13491:
13489:
13484:
13482:
13477:
13476:
13473:
13461:
13458:
13456:
13453:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13445:Kalman filter
13443:
13441:
13438:
13437:
13435:
13431:
13425:
13422:
13420:
13417:
13415:
13412:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13395:
13392:
13390:
13387:
13385:
13382:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13365:
13363:
13361:
13357:
13351:
13348:
13346:
13343:
13341:
13338:
13336:
13333:
13332:
13330:
13326:
13320:
13319:IRNSS / NAVIC
13317:
13315:
13314:GPS / NavStar
13312:
13310:
13307:
13305:
13302:
13300:
13297:
13295:
13292:
13291:
13289:
13285:
13281:
13274:
13269:
13267:
13262:
13260:
13255:
13254:
13251:
13241:
13237:
13232:
13226:
13225:
13221:
13219:
13218:
13214:
13212:
13211:
13207:
13205:
13204:
13200:
13198:
13197:
13193:
13191:
13190:
13186:
13184:
13183:
13179:
13177:
13176:
13172:
13170:
13169:
13165:
13163:
13162:
13158:
13156:
13155:
13151:
13149:
13148:
13144:
13142:
13141:
13137:
13135:
13134:
13130:
13128:
13127:
13123:
13121:
13120:
13116:
13114:
13113:
13109:
13107:
13106:
13102:
13100:
13099:
13095:
13093:
13092:
13088:
13086:
13085:
13081:
13079:
13078:
13074:
13073:
13071:
13069:
13065:
13059:
13058:
13054:
13052:
13051:
13047:
13045:
13044:
13040:
13038:
13037:
13033:
13031:
13028:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13002:
13000:
12998:
12994:
12988:
12985:
12983:
12980:
12978:
12975:
12973:
12970:
12968:
12965:
12963:
12960:
12958:
12955:
12953:
12950:
12948:
12945:
12943:
12940:
12938:
12935:
12933:
12930:
12929:
12927:
12925:
12921:
12915:
12912:
12910:
12907:
12905:
12902:
12900:
12897:
12895:
12892:
12890:
12887:
12885:
12882:
12880:
12877:
12876:
12874:
12872:
12868:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12847:
12844:
12842:
12839:
12837:
12834:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12761:
12758:
12757:
12755:
12753:
12749:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12698:
12695:
12693:
12690:
12688:
12685:
12683:
12680:
12678:
12675:
12673:
12670:
12668:
12665:
12663:
12660:
12658:
12655:
12653:
12650:
12649:
12647:
12645:
12641:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12615:
12612:
12610:
12607:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12597:
12595:
12592:
12591:
12589:
12587:
12583:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12556:
12553:
12551:
12548:
12546:
12543:
12541:
12538:
12536:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12520:
12518:
12514:
12510:
12505:
12501:
12498:
12490:
12485:
12483:
12478:
12476:
12471:
12470:
12467:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12451:
12441:
12435:
12431:
12426:
12423:
12419:
12416:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12399:
12395:
12389:
12385:
12384:
12378:
12374:
12368:
12364:
12363:
12357:
12342:
12335:
12331:
12330:
12324:
12321:
12319:
12316:
12315:
12310:
12305:
12281:
12277:
12273:
12266:
12250:
12246:
12240:
12224:
12220:
12216:
12210:
12202:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12168:
12152:
12148:
12144:
12137:
12121:
12117:
12116:
12111:
12105:
12098:
12094:
12091:
12085:
12078:
12074:
12071:
12065:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12034:
12032:
12012:
12005:
11998:
11979:
11972:
11965:
11949:
11945:
11939:
11933:
11929:
11926:
11922:
11906:
11902:
11898:
11892:
11873:
11869:
11862:
11856:
11840:
11836:
11830:
11811:
11807:
11800:
11794:
11775:
11768:
11762:
11743:
11736:
11730:
11728:
11711:
11705:
11689:
11685:
11679:
11660:
11653:
11647:
11628:
11621:
11615:
11613:
11593:
11586:
11580:
11569:
11563:
11556:
11544:
11540:
11534:
11527:
11523:
11520:
11514:
11507:
11501:
11494:
11488:
11480:
11478:9781119018612
11474:
11470:
11466:
11462:
11455:
11447:
11443:
11438:
11433:
11429:
11422:
11415:
11409:
11401:
11397:
11393:
11389:
11385:
11381:
11377:
11370:
11368:
11359:
11355:
11351:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11330:GPS Solutions
11324:
11316:
11312:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11281:
11265:
11261:
11255:
11251:
11250:
11242:
11226:
11222:
11216:
11212:
11211:
11203:
11201:
11184:
11180:
11174:
11170:
11169:
11161:
11145:
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10909:Aviation Week
10906:
10900:
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10022:September 28,
10017:
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9805:September 25,
9800:
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9695:
9691:
9687:
9683:
9676:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9646:
9645:GPS Solutions
9642:
9635:
9626:
9621:
9617:
9613:
9609:
9605:
9601:
9594:
9585:
9580:
9576:
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9488:
9484:
9480:
9476:
9469:
9460:
9455:
9451:
9447:
9443:
9439:
9438:GPS Solutions
9435:
9428:
9420:
9416:
9411:
9406:
9401:
9400:10.2196/35549
9396:
9393:(5): e35549.
9392:
9388:
9384:
9377:
9369:
9365:
9361:
9357:
9353:
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9341:
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9280:
9273:
9265:
9261:
9258:. p. 2.
9257:
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9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9026:
9017:
9012:
9008:
9004:
9000:
8996:
8995:GPS Solutions
8992:
8985:
8976:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8954:GPS Solutions
8951:
8944:
8936:
8932:
8927:
8922:
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8914:
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8906:
8902:
8895:
8879:
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8609:
8593:
8592:Bloomberg.com
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8397:
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8377:
8371:
8364:
8360:
8357:
8352:
8348:
8344:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8331:GPS Solutions
8328:
8325:Agnew, D.C.;
8321:
8312:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8289:
8273:
8269:
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6892:
6888:
6882:
6871:September 15,
6866:
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6454:. SPACE.com.
6453:
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6106:
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6096:
6080:
6076:
6075:IEEE Spectrum
6072:
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6034:
6018:
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5989:
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5873:
5854:
5847:
5843:
5837:
5818:
5811:
5807:
5803:
5797:
5786:September 24,
5781:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5714:
5699:
5694:10 Nm/kg
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5668: =
5667:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5654: =
5653:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5629:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5605:United States
5596:
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5400:
5396:
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5360:
5358:
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5268:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5242:
5237:
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5231:
5221:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5200:This article
5198:
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5182:
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5168:
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5145:
5141:
5136:
5132:
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4907:
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4884:
4878:
4869:
4863:
4854:
4848:
4839:
4832:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:least-squares
4815:
4813:
4805:Least squares
4797:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4782:
4772:
4767:
4760:
4756:
4752:
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4710:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4652:
4648:
4638:
4629:
4625:
4623:
4622:trilateration
4613:
4604:
4596:
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4591:
4587:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4550:
4547:
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4407:
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4333:
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4325:
4322:
4316:
4311:
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4297:
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4265:
4264:
4263:
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4227:
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4221:
4218:
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4209:
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4157:
4149:
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4123:
4109:
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4099:
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4080:
4070:
4062:
4053:
4049:
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4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3982:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3948:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3909:
3899:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3811:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3798:Aviation Week
3793:
3782:
3770:
3765:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3725:pseudo-random
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3684:
3682:
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3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
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3648:
3645:
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3625:
3624:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3607:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3573:
3572:subcommutated
3555:
3551:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3488:
3483:
3476:Communication
3473:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3450:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3392:
3390:
3385:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:air-to-ground
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3236:
3235:unguided bomb
3231:
3223:
3214:
3212:
3207:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3183:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3036:Mental health
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2946:
2943:GPS-equipped
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:in 2006, and
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2824:Amateur radio
2822:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2794:
2788:
2777:
2774:
2766:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2740:This section
2738:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2641:
2636:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2572:space weather
2569:
2568:Kalman filter
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2471:
2469:
2468:constellation
2464:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2448:line of sight
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2399:
2370:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2341:Space segment
2338:
2336:
2332:
2321:
2318:
2310:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2284:This section
2282:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2237:time transfer
2233:
2226:
2216:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2205:Doppler shift
2202:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
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2105:
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2098:
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2082:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2062:
2061:atomic clocks
2051:
2048:
2040:
2030:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2014:This section
2012:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1961:
1958:received the
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
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1885:
1881:
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1860:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1812:mobile phones
1809:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1767:
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1760:
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1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
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1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1717:In 1992, the
1716:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:Ronald Reagan
1665:
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1401:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1369:
1357:
1348:is available.
1347:
1343:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1327:This section
1325:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:William Perry
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1251:Ronald Reagan
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:gravity field
1166:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1082:nuclear triad
1079:
1076:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1052:constellation
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
984:
982:
978:
973:
971:
967:
963:
958:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
918:
892:
889:
887:
872:
871:U.S. Congress
868:
867:GPS Block III
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
836:
834:
829:
828:Ronald Reagan
825:
820:
818:
808:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
757:
752:
750:
745:
743:
738:
737:
735:
734:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
707:
705:
702:
701:
697:
695:
692:
691:
687:
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672:
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611:
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602:
601:
597:
595:
592:
591:
587:
585:
582:
581:
573:
572:
565:
562:
560:
554:
552:
546:
544:
538:
536:
532:BeiDou (BDS)
530:
528:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
505:
504:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
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474:
472:
469:
466:
462:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
434:
433:circumference
430:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
371:
367:
363:
362:
359:
356:
355:
346:
345:Senior Airman
343:
336:
327:
321:
310:
303:
291:
277:
273:
269:
260:
258:
256:
255:
253:
252:
244:
242:
240:
239:
237:
236:
234:
230:
227:Other details
225:
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211:
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191:
187:
183:
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175:
170:
166:
162:
148:
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93:
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85:
82:
79:
75:
72:United States
71:
67:
59:
54:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18590:Open events
18515:Competitions
18347:route choice
18313:Fundamentals
18086:Fell running
18033:Other sports
17930:Orienteering
17814:
14589:M134 Minigun
14508:BLU-109 bomb
14498:CBU-89 Gator
14388:R-9 Refueler
14383:R-5 Refueler
14280:Not assigned
14200:
14074:SLV-2 (Thor)
13946:
13532:
13313:
13239:
13235:
13222:
13215:
13208:
13201:
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13075:
13055:
13048:
13041:
13034:
12496:
12429:
12408:
12404:
12382:
12361:
12348:. Retrieved
12341:the original
12308:
12284:. Retrieved
12275:
12265:
12255:December 17,
12253:. Retrieved
12239:
12227:. Retrieved
12218:
12209:
12182:
12178:
12167:
12155:. Retrieved
12151:the original
12146:
12136:
12126:December 26,
12124:. Retrieved
12120:the original
12113:
12104:
12084:
12064:
12052:. Retrieved
12048:the original
12044:The Sun News
12043:
12020:December 13,
12018:. Retrieved
12011:the original
11997:
11987:December 13,
11985:. Retrieved
11978:the original
11964:
11952:. Retrieved
11948:the original
11938:
11921:
11911:December 13,
11909:. Retrieved
11900:
11891:
11881:December 13,
11879:. Retrieved
11867:
11855:
11845:December 13,
11843:. Retrieved
11839:the original
11829:
11819:December 13,
11817:. Retrieved
11805:
11793:
11783:December 13,
11781:. Retrieved
11761:
11749:. Retrieved
11716:December 13,
11714:. Retrieved
11704:
11694:December 14,
11692:. Retrieved
11678:
11668:December 13,
11666:. Retrieved
11646:
11636:December 13,
11634:. Retrieved
11627:the original
11601:November 13,
11599:. Retrieved
11592:the original
11579:
11568:"Blackboard"
11562:
11554:
11547:. Retrieved
11533:
11513:
11505:
11500:
11492:
11487:
11460:
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11427:
11421:
11413:
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11375:
11336:(3): 29–41.
11333:
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11290:
11286:
11280:
11270:February 19,
11268:. Retrieved
11248:
11241:
11229:. Retrieved
11209:
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11167:
11160:
11148:. Retrieved
11128:
11121:
11109:. Retrieved
11105:the original
11100:
11091:
11079:. Retrieved
11075:the original
11064:
11052:. Retrieved
11048:the original
11037:
11025:. Retrieved
11018:the original
10959:
10949:September 9,
10947:. Retrieved
10938:
10929:
10917:. Retrieved
10913:the original
10908:
10899:
10887:. Retrieved
10883:the original
10873:
10861:. Retrieved
10832:. Retrieved
10828:the original
10818:
10808:February 27,
10806:. Retrieved
10797:
10788:
10776:. Retrieved
10772:the original
10767:
10758:
10746:. Retrieved
10742:the original
10737:
10728:
10708:
10701:
10689:. Retrieved
10674:
10667:
10647:
10625:February 28,
10623:. Retrieved
10603:
10596:
10585:the original
10572:
10560:. Retrieved
10556:the original
10545:
10533:. Retrieved
10519:
10507:. Retrieved
10503:
10494:
10441:
10437:
10427:
10416:, retrieved
10409:the original
10400:
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10367:
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10343:
10330:
10317:
10310:
10298:. Retrieved
10294:the original
10284:
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10247:the original
10237:
10225:. Retrieved
10216:
10207:
10195:. Retrieved
10186:
10176:
10164:. Retrieved
10150:
10138:. Retrieved
10124:
10114:December 15,
10112:. Retrieved
10103:
10093:
10081:. Retrieved
10072:
10063:
10051:. Retrieved
10042:
10032:
10020:. Retrieved
10006:
9985:
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9954:. Retrieved
9929:
9917:. Retrieved
9892:
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9865:
9845:
9833:. Retrieved
9824:
9815:
9803:. Retrieved
9789:
9777:. Retrieved
9769:www.asme.org
9768:
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9087:. Retrieved
9082:
9072:
9039:
9035:
9025:
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8894:
8882:. Retrieved
8873:
8864:
8852:. Retrieved
8848:the original
8838:
8811:
8807:
8797:
8785:. Retrieved
8749:
8745:
8732:
8697:
8693:
8686:
8674:. Retrieved
8670:the original
8660:
8650:November 26,
8648:. Retrieved
8644:
8634:
8624:November 26,
8622:. Retrieved
8618:
8608:
8598:November 26,
8596:. Retrieved
8591:
8582:
8570:. Retrieved
8550:
8542:the original
8532:
8520:. Retrieved
8506:
8496:November 26,
8494:. Retrieved
8490:
8481:
8471:November 26,
8469:. Retrieved
8465:
8456:
8434:
8422:
8414:the original
8409:
8396:
8384:. Retrieved
8370:
8337:(1): 71–76.
8334:
8330:
8327:Larson, K.M.
8320:
8295:
8288:
8276:. Retrieved
8272:the original
8246:. Retrieved
8232:
8220:. Retrieved
8216:the original
8211:
8202:
8183:
8164:
8154:February 27,
8152:. Retrieved
8145:the original
8134:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8095:. Retrieved
8091:the original
8068:November 10,
8066:. Retrieved
8059:the original
8046:
8033:. Retrieved
8002:the original
7991:
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7960:
7935:
7931:
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7883:
7858:. Retrieved
7854:
7845:
7833:. Retrieved
7829:
7820:
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7799:
7789:
7777:. Retrieved
7768:
7758:
7746:. Retrieved
7742:the original
7737:
7728:
7718:December 24,
7716:. Retrieved
7712:the original
7707:
7697:
7689:the original
7684:
7675:
7658:
7649:
7639:December 14,
7637:. Retrieved
7633:the original
7628:
7619:
7607:. Retrieved
7603:the original
7598:
7588:
7576:. Retrieved
7567:
7557:
7545:. Retrieved
7537:The Guardian
7536:
7526:
7514:. Retrieved
7510:the original
7500:
7488:. Retrieved
7474:
7464:November 24,
7462:. Retrieved
7458:the original
7448:
7436:. Retrieved
7432:the original
7422:
7399:
7387:. Retrieved
7383:the original
7351:
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7335:the original
7325:
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7309:the original
7299:
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7272:
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7222:
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7195:
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7161:
7154:
7142:. Retrieved
7133:
7124:
7112:. Retrieved
7098:
7086:. Retrieved
7072:
7060:. Retrieved
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7021:
7009:. Retrieved
6994:
6982:. Retrieved
6975:the original
6962:
6942:
6930:. Retrieved
6914:
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6895:. Retrieved
6891:the original
6881:
6869:. Retrieved
6865:the original
6855:
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6842:
6833:
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6812:
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6770:
6766:
6745:. Retrieved
6730:
6723:
6711:. Retrieved
6685:
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6662:the original
6657:
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6639:
6627:. Retrieved
6623:the original
6618:
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6597:. Retrieved
6577:
6565:. Retrieved
6561:the original
6551:
6539:. Retrieved
6535:the original
6525:
6513:. Retrieved
6509:the original
6499:
6487:. Retrieved
6481:. Jproc.ca.
6477:Jerry Proc.
6472:
6462:February 14,
6460:. Retrieved
6445:
6437:the original
6431:
6425:
6417:the original
6391:. Retrieved
6375:
6368:
6359:
6353:
6341:. Retrieved
6334:the original
6329:
6325:
6312:
6300:. Retrieved
6290:
6284:
6274:November 29,
6272:. Retrieved
6261:The Guardian
6260:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6229:
6219:
6207:. Retrieved
6187:
6180:
6168:. Retrieved
6153:
6146:
6136:November 22,
6134:. Retrieved
6130:
6121:
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6104:
6095:
6083:. Retrieved
6074:
6064:
6052:. Retrieved
6043:
6033:
6021:. Retrieved
6017:the original
5992:. Retrieved
5983:
5956:. Retrieved
5947:
5937:
5925:. Retrieved
5910:
5898:. Retrieved
5885:
5872:
5860:. Retrieved
5836:
5824:. Retrieved
5796:
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5713:
5708:10 lb).
5697:
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5681:
5677:
5673:
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5646:
5632:
5502:GPS spoofing
5412:
5401:), with the
5354:
5331:
5323:
5319:
5304:
5271:LightSquared
5263:
5251:
5228:
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5205:
5201:
5163:
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5137:
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5126:
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4785:
4781:pseudoranges
4778:
4765:
4758:
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4736:
4729:
4723:
4682:
4675:
4670:
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4650:
4646:
4644:
4632:Hyperboloids
4626:
4618:
4602:
4582:
4569:
4566:
4397:pseudoranges
4396:
4394:
4259:
4255:
4251:
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4242:
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4051:
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3980:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3863:
3834:
3830:
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3796:
3792:LightSquared
3789:
3776:
3768:
3746:
3743:
3739:
3721:
3706:
3693:
3680:
3663:
3646:
3641:Description
3615:
3608:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3549:
3547:
3508:Description
3485:
3462:
3447:
3436:relative to
3431:
3422:
3414:leap seconds
3409:
3403:
3400:Leap seconds
3395:Timekeeping
3386:
3369:
3354:
3325:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3237:, March 2003
3208:
3204:
3192:
3124:
2993:pet tracking
2818:
2797:
2790:
2769:
2760:
2749:Please help
2744:verification
2741:
2723:Applications
2693:
2669:
2661:
2629:User segment
2623:
2619:
2604:information.
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2552:Diego Garcia
2524:Diego Garcia
2505:
2488:
2465:
2460:ground track
2456:sidereal day
2453:
2439:
2436:sidereal day
2405:
2368:
2328:
2313:
2304:
2293:Please help
2288:verification
2285:
2249:
2229:
2201:random error
2197:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2166:
2136:
2125:
2118:
2109:pseudorandom
2097:carrier wave
2094:
2074:
2058:
2043:
2034:
2023:Please help
2018:verification
2015:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1953:
1944:astronautics
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1914:World War II
1902:Ivan Getting
1889:
1865:
1808:assisted GPS
1777:
1755:Bill Clinton
1636:
1629:
1386:and healthy
1351:
1346:Editing help
1328:
1304:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1263:Bill Clinton
1256:
1249:, President
1224:
1205:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1185:
1172:
1156:
1152:atomic clock
1141:
1129:
1118:
1110:
1071:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1033:
990:
987:Predecessors
974:
959:
923:
890:
864:
856:Bill Clinton
837:
821:
814:
804:GPS receiver
775:
771:
767:
765:
518:
508:Technologies
463: /
375:Fundamentals
245:$ 12 billion
146:First launch
47:
18716:WikiProject
18564:World Games
18286:Video games
18255:Open-source
18229:Proprietary
18197:Backpacking
14936:Flight Suit
14799:M16A2 Rifle
14680:Zuni rocket
14645:AGM-88 HARM
14640:AGM-86 ALCM
14584:M2 Browning
14569:L/60 Bofors
13694:Observation
13654:SpaceMobile
13561:Operational
13287:Operational
12454:FAA GPS FAQ
12157:October 29,
12115:Inside GNSS
11954:November 6,
11751:October 20,
11111:December 4,
11027:October 15,
10889:November 6,
10863:November 6,
10748:November 6,
10535:October 15,
10504:www.gps.gov
10418:December 7,
10383:October 12,
10375:. Galleon.
10053:February 8,
9882:October 13,
9874:. Gcn.com.
9835:October 10,
9089:January 26,
8715:2117/114538
8522:October 27,
8491:www.gps.gov
8378:. GPS.gov.
8248:January 31,
8222:October 27,
7659:EurekAlert!
7609:October 15,
7547:December 8,
7516:October 15,
7438:October 15,
7144:February 9,
7114:October 15,
7088:October 31,
7038:Inside GNSS
6813:www.ion.org
6747:January 14,
6629:January 19,
6599:October 20,
6567:January 14,
6541:October 14,
6515:January 13,
6489:December 8,
6302:October 20,
6240:January 17,
6085:January 17,
6054:January 17,
6023:November 6,
5958:February 1,
5639:tidal range
5569:Spaceflight
5487:GPS signals
5123:Closed-form
3855:Pseudorange
3824:known as a
3482:GPS signals
3434:clock drift
3377:North Korea
3286:(PLGR) and
3248:GPS-guided
3164:earthquakes
3112:GPS drawing
2945:radiosondes
2888:Cartography
2842:troposphere
2560:nanoseconds
2416:inclination
2393: /
2381:105°12′39″W
2253:close to 0m
2245:make use of
2169:hyperboloid
2066:radio waves
1940:aeronautics
1932:avigation).
1842:California.
1679:Onizuka AFS
1399:preparation
1212:ionospheric
1197:Navstar-GPS
1169:Development
1026:(left) and
955:Gladys West
874:2 cm (
796:geolocation
776:Navstar GPS
386:Geodynamics
98:Operational
77:Operator(s)
18731:Categories
18579:University
18551:University
18504:wilderness
18487:geocaching
18434:innovators
18429:by country
18352:wayfinding
18332:Navigation
18267:Purple Pen
18190:Exceptions
18159:protractor
18091:Relay race
14946:Mess dress
14789:M4 carbine
14754:M17 Pistol
14744:M11 Pistol
14724:Small arms
14544:M61 Vulcan
14164:Satellites
14062:SLV series
13644:O3b mPOWER
13578:Globalstar
13510:Navigation
13328:Historical
13068:Block IIIF
12871:Block IIRM
12500:satellites
12350:August 22,
12286:August 10,
12247:. dw.com.
12147:Clove Blog
11210:Navigation
10691:August 16,
10562:August 12,
9941:(Report).
9904:(Report).
9444:(4): 111.
9296:2109.07745
9289:: 103277.
9213:: 101031.
9083:WhatIs.com
8572:August 24,
8035:August 22,
7830:Britannica
7539:. London.
7389:January 7,
7062:August 26,
6948:Appendix B
6170:August 16,
5826:January 3,
5764:References
5739:(that is,
5719:(that is,
5348:including
5218:March 2020
4775:Hypercones
3853:See also:
3345:bhangmeter
3178:Telematics
3125:Pokémon Go
3116:waymarking
3108:Geodashing
3104:Geocaching
3100:Recreation
3080:Sentinel-3
3068:TerraSAR-X
3042:Navigation
3008:Nikon GP-1
3000:Geotagging
2981:Geofencing
2949:dropsondes
2860:astrometry
2846:ionosphere
2838:Atmosphere
2763:March 2015
2378:39°44′49″N
2345:See also:
2307:March 2015
2101:modulation
2077:satellites
2037:March 2015
1997:Principles
1897:for 2003:
1231:Boeing 747
156:1978-02-22
138:satellites
127:satellites
18648:World Cup
18559:World Cup
18492:poker run
18342:resection
18109:Equipment
18060:Rogaining
18017:Fox Oring
15802:A/B/E/F/N
14749:M9 Pistol
14409:Munitions
14098:SB series
13998:Radio VNG
13919:Satellite
13830:Shortwave
13680:Teledesic
13668:Abandoned
13380:(retired)
12997:Block III
12924:Block IIF
12752:Block IIR
12644:Block IIA
12201:247985456
12185:: 49–59.
11432:CiteSeerX
11358:121336108
10972: PDF
10768:DailyTech
10468:1433-8351
10357:April 27,
10344:GPS World
9779:August 3,
9735:(1): 20.
9710:134160047
9651:(1): 11.
9503:125791718
9368:0966-6923
9346:: 35–44.
9321:1361-9209
9237:2665-9174
9173:0022-1430
9064:118344484
8960:(3): 74.
8935:0949-7714
8410:Crosslink
8278:April 22,
8041:Chapter 7
7952:0018-9251
7912:0018-9251
7748:August 3,
7490:August 9,
7011:March 22,
6787:0018-9219
6658:au.af.mil
6269:0261-3077
6044:The Verge
5994:April 12,
5900:April 12,
5862:April 21,
5581:Geography
5383:Low Earth
5256:'s (FCC)
5167:ephemeris
5107:Iterative
5070:−
5036:−
5004:−
4972:−
4949:∑
4908:
4888:^
4873:^
4858:^
4843:^
4794:hypercone
4790:spacetime
4691:hyperbola
4444:−
4432:~
4395:Defining
4358:−
4326:−
4294:−
4222:…
4179:−
4173:−
4161:~
4092:−
4086:−
4074:~
4017:−
4011:−
3999:~
3964:−
3952:~
3903:~
3826:Gold code
3815:Gold code
3638:Frequency
3606:minutes.
3585:ephemeris
3526:Ephemeris
3505:Subframes
3280:HAVEQUICK
3196:munitions
3160:Tectonics
3154:Surveying
3030:GPS tours
2852:Astronomy
2717:Bluetooth
2696:NMEA 0183
2579:unhealthy
2564:ephemeris
2544:Kwajalein
2267:Structure
2143:longitude
2085:spacetime
1920:ng-range
1710:In 1991,
1707:receiver.
1537:2010–2016
1512:2005–2009
1487:1997–2004
1462:1990–1997
1437:1989–1990
1412:1978–1985
1382:Currently
1354:July 2023
1078:arms race
993:Sputnik 1
975:In 1955,
465:Longitude
391:Geomatics
177:Regime(s)
18706:Category
18594:O-Ringen
18467:Climbing
18357:waypoint
18221:Software
18181:Headlamp
18142:Personal
18004:governed
17967:governed
14916:Uniforms
14870:Ordnance
14579:GAU-23/A
13863:ROA Time
13762:Longwave
13712:RapidEye
13707:Pleiades
13675:Celestri
13627:Proposed
13603:Tianlian
13598:Starlink
13414:StarFire
13409:SouthPAN
13345:Timation
12586:Block II
12495:NAVSTAR
12280:Archived
12249:Archived
12229:June 24,
12223:Archived
12219:phys.org
12093:Archived
12073:Archived
12054:April 7,
11928:Archived
11905:Archived
11872:Archived
11810:Archived
11774:Archived
11742:Archived
11688:Archived
11659:Archived
11549:June 13,
11543:Archived
11522:Archived
11400:24431129
11315:30190437
11264:Archived
11225:Archived
11183:Archived
11144:Archived
10990:Archived
10943:Archived
10919:June 20,
10857:Archived
10834:June 20,
10802:Archived
10619:Archived
10529:Archived
10509:June 21,
10486:28163638
10444:(1): 1.
10377:Archived
10348:Archived
10300:June 25,
10253:July 12,
10227:July 12,
10221:Archived
10197:March 3,
10191:Archived
10166:March 3,
10160:Archived
10140:March 3,
10134:Archived
10108:Archived
10104:NBC News
10083:March 3,
10077:Archived
10047:Archived
10016:Archived
9997:10176800
9975:Archived
9947:Archived
9910:Archived
9876:Archived
9854:Archived
9829:Archived
9799:Archived
9773:Archived
9419:35507385
9001:(1): 1.
8911:(1): 3.
8878:Archived
8874:ucar.edu
8854:July 23,
8787:March 2,
8778:Archived
8774:56017067
8724:54069697
8676:June 27,
8619:C4ISRNet
8563:Archived
8516:Archived
8445:Archived
8386:July 27,
8380:Archived
8359:Archived
8351:59397640
8242:Archived
8191:Archived
8172:Archived
8097:June 26,
8026:Archived
7860:April 4,
7835:April 4,
7810:April 4,
7804:Archived
7779:April 6,
7773:Archived
7769:BBC News
7667:Archived
7572:Archived
7568:ABC News
7541:Archived
7484:Archived
7411:Archived
7359:Archived
7341:June 20,
7315:June 20,
7283:Archived
7243:Archived
7138:Archived
7108:Archived
7082:Archived
7056:Archived
7029:Archived
7005:Archived
6951:Archived
6932:July 12,
6923:Archived
6897:June 17,
6823:June 17,
6817:Archived
6713:July 20,
6704:Archived
6590:Archived
6483:Archived
6456:Archived
6393:March 3,
6384:Archived
6343:April 9,
6296:Archived
6234:Archived
6230:BBC News
6209:July 28,
6203:Archived
6111:March 7,
6079:Archived
6048:Archived
5988:Archived
5952:Archived
5921:Archived
5894:Archived
5853:Archived
5817:Archived
5672:, where
5470:See also
5448:Japan's
5426:China's
5409:to scale
5405:and the
5393:and its
5340:system,
5307:Best Buy
5294:(NASA),
5269:company
5267:Virginia
4814:(GDOP).
4039:, where
3979:, where
3884:, where
3822:sequence
3779:May 2021
3428:Accuracy
3410:GPS time
3332:howitzer
3276:SINCGARS
3217:Military
3142:Robotics
3122:such as
3072:TanDEM-X
2803:Civilian
2657:Maynooth
2139:latitude
1804:Qualcomm
1759:dual-use
1701:Gulf War
1402:Planned
1384:in orbit
1243:Sakhalin
1192:Navstar.
1148:Timation
1075:Cold War
1059:Timation
968:and the
840:Gulf War
811:Overview
644:ISO 6709
542:(Europe)
540:Galileo
526:(Russia)
524:GLONASS
461:Latitude
450:Geodesic
408:Concepts
111:Accuracy
103:Coverage
62:GPS Logo
18604:Tiomila
18544:Masters
18477:Hunting
18412:members
18379:walking
18374:running
18207:Whistle
18176:Gaiters
18149:Compass
18069:Related
17876:957–967
17846:900–951
17839:900–999
17830:847–899
17820:835–845
17800:824–831
17760:808–816
17703:800–899
17694:755–799
17684:746–753
17629:700–735
17622:700–799
17006:A/B (I)
16861:600–699
16852:593–599
16832:581–589
16812:571–579
16802:561–569
16782:551–559
16762:543–549
16752:531–541
16742:521–529
16732:501–519
16720:500–599
15843:400–499
15814:381–397
15794:338–379
15544:300–399
15530:280–298
15520:240–278
15510:227–238
15343:200–299
15302:143–197
15001:100–199
14824:Support
14776:carbine
14732:Sidearm
14598:Missile
14336:systems
13966:Defunct
13942:Galileo
13937:GLONASS
13593:Orbcomm
13583:Iridium
13528:GLONASS
13523:Galileo
13455:Wavelet
13350:Tsiklon
13340:Transit
13309:GLONASS
13304:Galileo
12517:Block I
12459:GPS.gov
11380:Bibcode
11338:Bibcode
11295:Bibcode
11231:May 22,
11189:May 22,
11150:May 22,
11081:July 7,
11054:July 7,
10967:at the
10778:May 30,
10738:Fas.org
10477:5253894
10446:Bibcode
9956:May 23,
9919:May 23,
9825:cwu.edu
9737:Bibcode
9690:Bibcode
9653:Bibcode
9612:Bibcode
9571:Bibcode
9530:Bibcode
9483:Bibcode
9446:Bibcode
9410:9118091
9348:Bibcode
9301:Bibcode
9215:Bibcode
9153:Bibcode
9044:Bibcode
9003:Bibcode
8962:Bibcode
8913:Bibcode
8884:May 28,
8816:Bibcode
8754:Bibcode
7892:Bibcode
7708:GPS.gov
7578:May 22,
7289:May 23,
7249:May 23,
7212:May 25,
7178:May 25,
6984:May 28,
6668:June 7,
6479:"Omega"
6131:GPS.gov
5984:GPS.gov
5753:
5741:
5733:
5721:
5555:Portals
5497:GPS/INS
5419:GLONASS
5381:, from
5315:C Spire
5275:Motient
5258:Part 15
4607:Spheres
3769:updated
3601:⁄
3590:almanac
3565:⁄
3554:bitrate
3387:In the
3334:shells.
3213:-free.
3168:crustal
3094:phasors
3064:Jason-2
3060:Jason-1
2971:Geodesy
2918:Verizon
2813:antenna
2426:of the
2420:equator
2209:compass
2193:tracker
1779:GPS III
1770:Al Gore
1660:KAL 007
1631:USA-203
1394:Failure
1391:Success
1374:Launch
1201:Block I
1199:. Ten "
1092:(USAF)
1041:TRANSIT
1037:Polaris
949:of the
933:of the
895:History
879:⁄
778:, is a
704:Geo URI
674:NAVD 88
584:NGVD 29
558:(Japan)
550:(India)
534:(China)
396:History
381:Geodesy
358:Geodesy
276:gps.gov
271:Website
204:⁄
154: (
125:Nominal
18640:Junior
18599:Jukola
18537:Junior
18472:Hiking
18384:skiing
18369:hiking
18364:Racing
18241:Condes
18128:Course
17728:L (II)
17591:S (II)
17321:A (II)
17256:A (II)
17011:B (II)
16634:L (II)
16418:L (II)
16156:G (II)
16014:M (II)
14689:Target
14559:GAU-19
14554:GAU-13
14549:GAU-12
14463:GBU-28
14448:GBU-15
14334:Ground
14268:EWS-G2
14263:EWS-G1
14233:XSS-12
14228:XSS-11
14222:XSS-10
14155:ASB-11
14150:SSB-10
13927:BeiDou
13858:JN53DV
13848:HD2IOA
13702:Planet
13639:OneWeb
13613:ViaSat
13518:BeiDou
13294:BeiDou
12436:
12424:, 2012
12410:
12390:
12369:
12306:about
12199:
11475:
11434:
11398:
11356:
11313:
11256:
11217:
11175:
11136:
10716:
10682:
10655:
10611:
10484:
10474:
10466:
9994:
9708:
9501:
9417:
9407:
9366:
9319:
9235:
9171:
9122:
9062:
8933:
8772:
8722:
8349:
8307:
7979:
7950:
7910:
7203:
7169:
6795:838848
6793:
6785:
6738:
6696:
6267:
6195:
6161:
5927:May 5,
5313:, and
5298:, and
4590:WGS 84
4576:and a
4243:where
3453:Format
3365:jammed
3084:CubETH
2991:, and
2914:Sprint
2910:Nextel
2676:RS-232
2554:, and
2451:360°.
2412:orbits
2211:or an
1928:id to
1854:Awards
1712:TomTom
1671:users.
1607:Total
1376:period
1329:is in
1225:After
1009:UNIVAC
945:, and
822:After
694:GCJ-02
684:ETRS89
664:WGS 84
654:NAD 83
634:GRS 80
594:OSGB36
548:NAVIC
429:radius
184:planes
106:Global
95:Status
18574:Youth
18164:thumb
18116:Event
17723:L (I)
17586:S (I)
17316:A (I)
17251:A (I)
16654:L (I)
16629:L (I)
16413:L (I)
16151:G (I)
16009:M (I)
15855:B/C/N
14772:Rifle
14433:GBU-8
14428:Mk-84
14423:Mk-82
14373:HMMWV
14258:ES-17
14253:LS-16
14248:LS-15
14243:ES-14
14216:LS-10
14145:SSB-9
14140:SSB-8
14135:SSB-7
13952:IRNSS
13932:DORIS
13790:DCF77
13634:IRIS²
13538:IRNSS
13460:RINEX
13399:NTRIP
13384:JPALS
13378:GPS·C
13373:GAGAN
13368:EGNOS
13299:DORIS
12344:(PDF)
12337:(PDF)
12197:S2CID
12014:(PDF)
12007:(PDF)
11981:(PDF)
11974:(PDF)
11875:(PDF)
11864:(PDF)
11813:(PDF)
11802:(PDF)
11777:(PDF)
11770:(PDF)
11745:(PDF)
11738:(PDF)
11662:(PDF)
11655:(PDF)
11630:(PDF)
11623:(PDF)
11595:(PDF)
11588:(PDF)
11571:(PDF)
11495:,1994
11396:S2CID
11354:S2CID
11311:S2CID
11021:(PDF)
11014:(PDF)
10588:(PDF)
10581:(PDF)
10412:(PDF)
10405:(PDF)
10351:(PDF)
10340:(PDF)
10322:(PDF)
9950:(PDF)
9939:(PDF)
9913:(PDF)
9902:(PDF)
9706:S2CID
9499:S2CID
9291:arXiv
9060:S2CID
8781:(PDF)
8770:S2CID
8742:(PDF)
8720:S2CID
8566:(PDF)
8559:(PDF)
8406:(PDF)
8347:S2CID
8148:(GIF)
8062:(PDF)
8055:(PDF)
8029:(PDF)
8022:(PDF)
7973:92–93
6978:(PDF)
6971:(PDF)
6926:(PDF)
6919:(PDF)
6791:S2CID
6707:(PDF)
6690:(PDF)
6593:(PDF)
6586:(PDF)
6387:(PDF)
6380:(PDF)
6337:(PDF)
6322:(PDF)
5856:(PDF)
5849:(PDF)
5820:(PDF)
5813:(PDF)
5690:6.673
5624:Notes
5617:World
5542:S-GPS
5407:Earth
5311:Sharp
4730:black
4256:x, y,
3866:x, y,
3729:chips
3382:PS752
3310:ICBMs
3174:maps.
3148:Sport
3076:CHAMP
3056:GRACE
3048:Orbit
2996:area.
2965:fleet
2870:with
2811:This
2715:, or
2147:geoid
2112:scale
2099:with
1924:adio
1562:2018–
1508:IIR-M
1371:Block
1335:prose
1163:SECOR
1125:SS-25
1121:SS-24
1066:OMEGA
1045:DARPA
966:LORAN
802:to a
624:SAD69
604:SK-42
419:Geoid
18272:MeOS
18236:OCAD
18154:hand
18000:IARU
17719:802
17542:695
17507:691
17477:687
17442:683
17422:681
17367:672
17327:666
17312:665
17247:655
17177:649
17157:648
17077:634
17002:621
16902:603
16887:602
16872:601
16816:580
16786:560
16766:550
16695:499
16665:498
16645:497
16625:495
16590:490
16555:485
16535:484
16471:478
16434:474
16409:471
16292:451
16252:445
16217:441
16177:435
16147:431
16122:428
16107:427
16092:426
16035:418
16000:416
15980:414
15896:405
15823:399
15798:380
15635:315
15580:306
15474:222
15354:201
15236:132
15124:118
15109:117
15049:107
14564:M240
14416:Bomb
14397:C300
14378:LSSV
14238:S-13
14224:(II)
14211:LS-9
14206:ES-8
14201:NS-7
14196:LS-6
14191:ES-5
14186:ES-4
14181:LS-3
14176:WS-2
14171:WS-1
14130:SB-6
14125:SB-5
14120:SB-4
14115:SB-3
14110:SB-2
14105:SB-1
14054:USSF
14052:and
14050:USAF
14003:WWVL
13988:OLB5
13883:YVTO
13878:WWVH
13820:WWVB
13785:Beta
13608:TDRS
13573:DSCS
13568:BGAN
13543:QZSS
13424:SDCM
13419:WAAS
13394:MSAS
13389:LAAS
12434:ISBN
12388:ISBN
12367:ISBN
12352:2008
12288:2019
12257:2016
12231:2020
12159:2016
12128:2008
12056:2011
12022:2011
11989:2011
11956:2011
11913:2011
11883:2011
11847:2011
11821:2011
11785:2011
11753:2015
11718:2011
11696:2011
11670:2011
11638:2011
11603:2011
11551:2015
11473:ISBN
11272:2021
11254:ISBN
11233:2018
11215:ISBN
11191:2018
11173:ISBN
11152:2018
11134:ISBN
11113:2018
11083:2008
11056:2008
11029:2010
10951:2009
10921:2011
10891:2011
10865:2011
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