Galatian War - Knowledge

768: 29: 979: 305: 1079: 624:, one of the three Galatian tribes. The consul held an assembly and addressed his troops about the upcoming war. Vulso then sent envoys to Eposognatus, the chief of a section of the Tolistobogii, and the only chief who was friendly with Pergamum. He was the only Galatian chief who had chosen to not ally with the Seleucids and had not sent them troops. Eposognatus did not have power over all members of the Tolistobogii because the Galatians were not a unified polity, their tribes and chiefs could each act independently. The envoys returned and replied that the chief of the Tolistobogii had requested the Romans not to invade his territory. He also claimed that he would attempt to negotiate the surrender of the other chiefs. 508: 613: 1147: 755:

the battle by attacking again with their light infantry. The Galatians were once again attacked by long-range weapons; the Galatian center broke due to the first charge of the legions and fled to their camp. The flanks stood their grounds for longer but were eventually forced to retreat. The Romans chased them and plundered the Galatian camp as the surviving Galatians fled across the river to join the women, children and the Trocmi gathered across the Halys river. Eight thousand Galatians were killed and an unknown number were captured. The location of Mount Magaba, where this battle was fought, is thought to be

424: 690: 4650: 732: 913:, 16,320 gold philippics and 250,000 Attalid coins. The loot taken during this campaign was so large that all the Roman ships on the Anatolian coast could not carry it; Athenaeus had to provide the Pergamese fleet to carry the remainder. As a result of the campaign and its loot, Greco-Asiatic rituals and luxury began to be introduced to Rome. Livy and other ancient historians blamed these influences for the moral decline of the Roman Republic. Livy had observed the following about the triumph and its consequences: 686:. On Mount Olympus, the Galatians had fortified themselves with a ditch and other defensive works. For the first two days after their arrival, the Romans scouted the mountains. During the Romans' first patrol, they were attacked by Galatian cavalry. The latter were twice the size of the Roman cavalry guarding the patrol, and the Romans were pushed back to their camp. The Galatians had deployed around 4,000 soldiers to hold a hill overlooking the route to Mount Olympus. 1003:, an anti-Vulso historian. Grainger also argues that Livy, in all likelihood, had overstated the numbers of the Galatian combatants. He argues that Vulso had been sent to attack the Galatians only as a front, and that the actual intent was to use the presence of Roman troops on Seleucid territories to claim those territories for Rome and the allies. Grainger further argues that Vulso had the powers to negotiate with the Galatians and all other kingdoms east of the 751:. Their other aim was to assassinate Vulso at the conference. Enroute to the conference, the Romans saw the Galatian cavalry numbering around 1,000 soldiers charging at them. In the skirmish that followed, the Galatians overpowered Vulso's cavalry escort of 500 men. However, they were driven back when the cavalry numbering around 600 soldiers that had been accompanying the Roman foragers arrived and forced the Galatians to retreat. 1090:, a pace of 6 and 1/3rd miles a day. Livy states that the army had marched at the speed of five miles a day from Acoridos Come to Beudos. Grainger argues this is likely an understatement; the army had covered the 50 miles between the two cities in four days, it had then marched 48 miles in the subsequent three days. This is a distance of 98 miles covered in seven days, with the average pace being 14 miles a day. 1039:

Grainger notes that their cavalry had been very effective, but they had used it erringly at Ancyra as infantry. Grainger argues that the strategy of the Galatians had been to keep the Roman army in the vicinity of their mountainous strongholds till winter arrived, when they would be cut off. However, he writes that the Galatians had been either incompetent at or unaware of

578:. Grainger argues that 275 talents of silver and 60,000 medimnoi of grain was the minimum total loot during the marches, the food being sufficient for 41 days for about 35,000 soldiers. He notes that Vulso had extracted a substantial amount of money and food from probable Seleucid allies, thus reducing the resources they could have provided to the Seleucids for a new war. 609:. Grainger argues that the guides provided by Seleucus were not helping the Romans with navigation but with safe passage. The Romans found the cities on their route deserted; Livy says this was due to fear of the Romans, while Grainger argues it could have been a Seleucid measure to avoid skirmishes and thus protect the truce. 1177:

The historian Michael Taylor arrives at an estimate of ~24 million denarii for the value of Vulso's loot and ~2.6 million denarii for the value of the distributions to the soldiers. Taylor estimates that the remaining 21.6 million denarii were distributed as repayments to Roman citizens; the formula

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Grainger has used details provided by Livy to calculate the total loot taken during the campaigns in Asia Minor. Vulso's distribution of the loot to the soldiers was estimated at 308 talents or 18.5 million denarii, the government's share of the loot after making these distributions was estimated at

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The Romans spent the next two days scouting the surrounding area and on the third day they met the Galatian army consisting of about 50,000 to more than 60,000 men; Grainger is sceptical of this number. The Galatian cavalry had been deployed on the flanks but was used as infantry. The Romans started

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Joined by troops from Pergamum, the Romans marched inland, avoiding cities held by the Seleucids and attacking those which had not formally allied with the latter. Modern historians argue that this measure was taken to preserve the Roman–Seleucid truce while also weakening potential Seleucid allies.

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argues that Vulso's campaign completed the long historical process of confining the Galatians to Galatia; their first settlements in Asia Minor had been in the coastal regions. Heinen also argues that Vulso's campaign put an end to the "great age of the Celtic mercenary". Strobel, however, contends

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were to cease their raids and to stay confined within their own lands, however, they were not put under Roman or allied control and were left free. Envoys from cities in Asia Minor settled by Greeks came to congratulate Vulso for his victory against the Gauls. The envoys visited Vulso in the winter

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with the Seleucids. The territories through which the Roman army had marched during this campaign were transferred from the Seleucids to either Rome or its allies, which modern historians argue was one of the purposes of the campaign. When Vulso returned to Rome, he was charged with threatening the

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Grainger states that the Galatians had followed plans and their commanders had maintained control during both battles. He cites Livy who had observed that the Galatians had relied entirely on passive defenses against a possible siege, but had not armed themselves with long range ballistic weapons.

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argues that the Senate had heard representations against the Galatians from both the king of Pergamum and the Greek cities in Asia Minor, and that it had kept the army deployed in Asia Minor in order to deal with the Galatians. For the size of this army, the historian John D. Grainger arrives at a

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finally stormed the Galatian camp, the defenders fled down the mountains; many fell down cliffs or succumbed to attacks by the Roman-allied cavalry at the foothills. Livy's text states that the Galatians lost 40,000 people either killed or captured during this battle. Grainger notes that Livy had

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during the spring season. Vulso assumed command of Scipio's army, which was now idle since the Seleucids had been defeated. He was sent to conclude the treaty Scipio was arranging and ensure Antiochus accepted the terms set by the Romans. However, he was not content with the task given to him and

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being present near Ancyra. Grainger argues that these forces, allies of the Galatians and Seleucids, could have pulled the Romans into a war further into the Seleucid inner territories, where they would have had difficulty defending themselves against an attack by the Seleucids and their allies.

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and found it deserted; they nevertheless destroyed it. While encamped there, they received a messenger sent by Eposognatus. The messenger reported that Eposognatus had failed in persuading the Galatians not to attack and that they were mustering nearby in the mountains. The Tolistobogii and the

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by the Senate. As a result of the campaign, Greco-Asian religious rituals and luxury began to be introduced to Rome, which ancient historians blamed for the moral decline of the Roman Republic. The loot brought by Vulso was used to repay Roman taxpayers and also for increased expenditure on

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26.3 talents of gold and 264.1 talents of silver. Vulso's share of the loot is unknown but is thought to be substantial. Vulso also had to pay a year's extra salary to his army on their return to Rome as pledged by Scipio; an infantryman's yearly pay was 108 denarii in this period.

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to reduce the size of Vulso's army, but it did not pass. Three modern historians have thus argued that the Senate was aware of the likelihood of a war with the Galatians, and that it had allowed the continued deployment of the army either to counterbalance the Seleucids or fill the

504:; he argues that Vulso chose not to pass through these wealthier cities because they were fortified by the Seleucids and an attack on them could trigger a new war. Grainger further argues that Vulso's primary intent in this campaign was to weaken Seleucid allies, not to loot. 431:

This was the first war started by a Roman general without the permission of the Senate or the people. Vulso started his preparations for the war by summoning the Pergamese to help. Since the King of Pergamum, Eumenes II ,was in Rome at the time, his brother and regent

635:, drove it back towards the Roman camp and caused significant casualties. The Roman cavalry counterattacked and drove back the Galatians, who might have broken their formations. The Galatian attack might have been intended for reconnaissance. Vulso then arrived in 1211:

and king Eumenes, 800 Pergamene cavalry, 500 Tralli and Cretans, and 2,000 Macedonian and Thracian volunteers" in Scipio's army before the Battle of Magnesia. Grainger says there could have been ~5,000 allied soldiers in Vulso's army before the start of the

543:, which had taken over all their country except the capital. The consul accepted their request. He entered Termessian territory, allowing the Termessians to enter his alliance for fifty talents and for their withdrawal from Sindian territory. 1277:

The historian Stephen Mitchell notes: "40,000 according to Claudius Antipater; 10,000 according to the usually generous Valerius Antias, but Livy stresses the difficulty in computing the number of casualties. Prisoners could be more easily

639:, on the border of the Galatian lands; here he began negotiations with Eposognatus, a chief of the Tolistobogii. Meanwhile Vulso and his army marched, within five days, through the Axylon, an area without trees. He built a bridge over the 814:. When he returned her to the Galatians for a ransom, she signaled to one of her tribesman, who then killed the centurion. Chiomara then gave the head of the centurion to her husband as proof of her revenge. The historian 1762: 986:

The historians John D. Grainger and Nels W. Førde argue that most historians have accepted Livy's account of the war without critical analysis. Grainger points out that Livy had cited his account of the war in book 38 to

893:) each from the spoils of war, officers were paid twice as much while cavaliers were paid thrice as much. The loot Vulso brought to Rome was used by the Roman Senate to pay off the debts it had incurred during the 1190:

for every 1000 asses of the assessed value of their property. This calculation has been inverted to arrive at an estimate of 900 million denarii for the total valuation of the property held by Roman taxpayers.

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The Romans had then turned their attention towards the Gallic tribes of Galatia who were known for making frequent raids into other cities in Asia Minor and possessing much loot. Ancient historians noted that

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by the Senate, where the proposal to approve the triumph passed with a substantial majority. At the triumph, a minimum of 52 Galatian chiefs were exhibited in chains. All soldiers of the army were paid 168

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archers, slingers and javelinists inflicted heavy losses on the poorly armored Galatians, while those who attempted to enter into close combat were overcome by the superior weapons and armor of the Roman

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The loot from this campaign paraded at Vulso's triumph included 2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) of gold crowns, 220,000 pounds (100,000 kg) of silver, 2,103 pounds (954 kg) of gold, 127,000 Attic

783:. The Galatians sent envoys to Vulso asking for peace but because winter was approaching, he had returned to Ephesus. Vulso remained in Asia Minor for another year. During that time he concluded the 1097:

for retracing Vulso's route; both of them had travelled through the modern locations corresponding to the places Vulso had marched past. Ramsay had proposed that Vulso had travelled from Sinda via

1128:, and then finally to Cormasa. Bean notes that this march from Ürkütlü to Cormasa took Vulso two days according to Livy, and that Vulso then marched to the territory of Sagalassus near modern day 399:

in Asia Minor. The pretext he used for the invasion was that the Galatians had supplied soldiers to the Seleucid army at the Battle of Magnesia. Historians have cited the ancient Roman historian

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to argue that the principal reason for the invasion was Vulso's desire to seize the wealth of the Galatians, who had become rich from plundering their neighbors, and to gain glory for himself.

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even though their cavalry could have been used more impactfully on open fields. He uses these facts to posit that the Galatians had given up the frequent raids they had been known for.

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The army marched deeper inland from the Alander river and pitched camp near a Galatian stronghold called Cuballum/Caballum, where Vulso had captured what is assumed to be a Galatian

873:/Thrausi, a Thracian tribe, were the attackers. An unknown but significant quantity of loot was stolen by the Thracians and an unknown number of Vulso's men were killed, including 3735: 1256:

district and the central plateau". The historian David Magie notes that: "As used by modern writers, however, the Axylon denotes the 'steppe' extending from the hills north of

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When Vulso returned to Rome, he received much criticism because of his unauthorized war against the Galatians. However, he eventually overcame the opposition and was awarded a

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After the Roman victory at Mount Olympus, the Tectosagi under the command of their chief Komboiomaros asked to meet Vulso for a conference halfway between their camp and

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Grainger further argues that only when a peace with the Seleucids was finally concluded did Vulso move from his position near Galatia, where he could have performed a

1636: 5206: 682:. The location of Mount Olympus is thought to be either Çile Dağı, a hill located between Gordion and Ancyra; or Alis Daği in northern Galatia, on the border with 1754: 5696: 3444:] (in German). Vol. 1: Untersuchungen zur Geschichte und historischen Geographie des hellenistischen und römischen Kleinasien I . Akademie Verlag. 5779: 5804: 945:) with a total expenditure of 6 million denarii; the construction and renovation of roads in Italy; and the building of large structures such as the 1788: 1102: 929:

The historian Philip Kay argues that the loot brought by Manlius contributed to and drove increased spending on infrastructure, particularly by the

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doubted these figures, Grainger himself considers them to be exaggerated. A Roman unit arrived at the camp after the battle to retrieve the loot.

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of wheat. Vulso then crossed the Caularis river, Lake Cabalitis (Lake Söğüt) and arrived in Madamprum/Mandropolis. The army plundered Laco/Lagon (

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Førde, Nels W. (1979). "Cn. Manlius Vulso and the Middle Bloc during the Second Century BC". In Powell Jr., Marvin A.; Sack, Ronald H. (eds.).

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Førde argues that the army had marched south towards Termessos to receive supplies from Roman ships docking at the port of Attalia (modern day

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One medimnos of wheat weighed about 41 kilograms (90 lb), whereas one medimnoi of barley weighed around 32.5 kilograms (72 lb).

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started to plan for a new war. He addressed the soldiers, congratulated them on their victory and then proposed a new war against the

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and provided some guides to the Romans. Vulso, like he did during his previous marches, avoided Seleucid-controlled cities, namely

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Battles of The Greek and Roman Worlds: A Chronological Compendium of 667 Battles to 31 BC From the Historians of the Ancient World

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These defeats forced the Galatians to sue for peace and the Romans returned to the coast of Asia Minor, where Vulso concluded the

261:). They then marched northward and unsuccessfully attempted to negotiate with the Galatians. The Romans defeated the Galatians in 5078: 4823: 4429: 4054: 3946: 3807: 3204: 581:

The consul reached the Rhotrine Springs and he was once again met by Seleucus, who took the injured and sick Romans with him to

562:, while the historian Alan S. Hall posited that it was located east of the Lysis river, which has been triangulated near modern 4409: 4373: 4101: 3815: 5814: 4615: 1949: 245:

supplying troops to the Seleucids during the war, and that Vulso had embarked on this campaign without the permission of the

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had not yet come into their line of sight. The second attack by the Thracians was at Tempyra in southern Thrace, where the

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These two significant military defeats forced the Galatians to sue for peace. This campaign greatly enriched Vulso and his

379: 234: 145: 3714: 4140: 1920: 1628: 992: 3372:(2014). "Mediterranean Grain Prices c. 300 to 31 BC: the Impact of Rome". In Baker, Heather D.; Jursa, Michael (eds.). 6071: 3560: 3530: 3457: 3423: 3389: 3359: 3332: 3305: 3286: 3251: 3224: 3189: 3162: 3114: 3092: 3073: 3034: 3000: 2966: 1718: 901:, a resolution of the Roman Senate. The legionaries of Vulso's army, numbering around 10,000 men, were paid a second 4212: 4187: 4175: 3791: 795:

of Pergamum would give them the terms of the peace when he returned from Rome. The terms given to the Galatians at

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The Galatians: History and characteristics of the formation of Celtic states on the soil of Hellenistic Asia Minor

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Livy notes that after marching from Antiochia, it took the Roman allied army three days to cover a distance of 20

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where they were met by 1,000 infantry and 300 cavalry led by Attalus's brother, Athenaeus. They then marched to

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Die Galater: Geschichte und Eigenart der keltischen Staatenbildung auf dem Boden des hellenistischen Kleinasien

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BC. He also argues that Vulso's victories have been overstated in ancient and modern literature. The historian

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suspected that the war with Galatians had been conducted partly for the benefit of the Attalids. He notes that

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Cn. Manlio Vulsone e i grandi cambiamenti della sua epoca (Cn. Manlius Vulso and the great changes of his era)

1101:, Pogla and Andeda to reach Cormasa. Bean posits that the route Vulso had most likely used was via modern day 3845: 3748: 3149:. Vol. VII, Part I: The Hellenistic World (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 412–445. 3144: 996: 598: 693:

The Çile Dağı hill at top right, thought to be the site of the Battle of Mount Olympus, as seen from Gordion

535:), then crossed the River Cobulatus/Colobatus (the upper Istanos Çay), where he was met by ambassadors from 4579: 1650: 678:

village in the region; Oroanda is thought to be located on the southwest bank of Lake Trogitis, modern day

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before accepting a tribute of fifty talents and 20,000 medimnoi each of barley and wheat from the city of

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BC. Some projects named by Kay are the new port of and commercial infrastructure in Rome in the late 190s

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was the wife of Ortiagon, a Galatian chief. She was captured after the war by the Romans and raped by a

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Darbyshire, Gareth; Mitchell, Stephen; Vardar, Levent (2000). "The Galatian Settlement in Asia Minor".

1120:. Bean posits that Vulso would then have marched from modern Aziziye to the Lysis river valley between 978: 249:. However, modern historians argue that the war had either the covert or tacit approval of the Senate. 3515:

Documentary Sources in Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman Economic History: Methodology and Practice

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Documentary Sources in Ancient Near Eastern and Greco-Roman Economic History: Methodology and Practice

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and Eriza. Grainger notes that these cities were relatively poorer than those to the immediate north:

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then marched south, possibly to receive supplies from Roman ships at the port of Attalia (modern day

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The combined Roman–Pergamese army started their march from Ephesus. They advanced inland, passing

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to Hacıbekâr, then going northward, crossing the Samasbeli Pass and reaching the heights around

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Hall, Alan S. (1986). "R.E.C.A.M. Notes and Studies No. 9: The Milyadeis and Their Territory".

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These were the men who first brought into Rome bronze couches, expensive bedclothes, tapestries

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A Roman mile is equivalent to around 0.92 miles (1.48 km; 4,900 ft; 1,620 yd).

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Livy had written about a combined total of 4,000 soldiers deployed by Morzius (the prince of

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Taylor, Michael James (2017). "State Finance in the Middle Roman Republic: A Reevaluation".

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had sent a pamphlet to the Rhodians to this effect, perhaps to instigate them against Rome.

853:. On his return journey, he was attacked twice by Thracian thieves. The first attack was at 4474: 4466: 4401: 4254: 4022: 3924: 3914: 3840: 3472: 1660: 1140: 554:

to seize the city of Cormasa in Pisidia, and there seized a large booty. The archaeologist

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possible range of 30 to 35 thousand total soldiers, including those fielded by the allies.

670:, the latter under the command of their chief Gaulotos, occupied Mount Olympus; while the 570:

and instead chose to travel north. He passed Xyline Come and Darsa, then took the city of

273:. The Romans then defeated a larger Galatian contingent on a hill near Ancyra (modern day 8: 5996: 4684: 4609: 4302: 4244: 3278: 507: 497: 353: 321: 3513:(2014). "Wheat Prices in Ptolemaic Egypt". In Baker, Heather D.; Jursa, Michael (eds.). 1078: 612: 5148: 4388: 4287: 4003: 3835: 3765: 3692: 3661: 3630: 3599: 3536: 3496: 3395: 3257: 3120: 3040: 2958: 995:, both of whom were political enemies of Vulso. However, Livy also cited material from 842: 539:, a town in Pisidia. The ambassadors asked for assistance fighting against the city of 493: 357: 299: 242: 91: 4713: 861:), where the middle of Vulso's column was attacked by 10,000 Thracians when the Roman 756: 4968: 4707: 4703: 4499: 4322: 4312: 4016: 4008: 3998: 3904: 3675: 3644: 3613: 3582: 3577: 3556: 3526: 3484: 3453: 3419: 3385: 3355: 3328: 3301: 3282: 3247: 3220: 3185: 3158: 3110: 3088: 3069: 3030: 2996: 2980: 2962: 2140: 1265: 1248:

The historian Stephen Mitchell postulates that the location of Axylon is either "the

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The harbor in Attalia, modern day Antalya, where Vulso may have received his supplies

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movement on any Seleucid reinforcements or armies arriving from Syria. The historian

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A map showing the route most likely to be the one Vulso took on his march to Galatia

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Contested Triumphs: Politics, Pageantry, and Performance in Livy's Republican Rome

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with Antiochus and divided the lands of the Asia Minor coast between Pergamum and

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Grainger, John D. (1995). "The Campaign of Cn. Manlius Vulso in Asia Minor".

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and the weapons in use at the time. He observes that the Galatians opted for

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that the Galatians had probably settled in Galatia out of their own will.

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as the Galatians had gathered great wealth through their many conquests in

776: 689: 621: 412: 407: 246: 96: 3761: 3449: 3351: 3324: 3243: 3135:(1984). "The Syrian-Egyptian Wars and the new kingdoms of Asia Minor". In 3044: 1710: 1249: 241:, had justified the invasion by saying that it was in retaliation for the 5862: 5196: 5038: 4958: 4940: 4878: 4858: 4632: 4519: 4449: 4424: 4419: 4368: 4049: 3978: 3865: 1146: 1011: 910: 748: 735:

A map of the course and tributaries of the Halys river, now known as the

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occupied another mountain. This information was received from Oroanda, a

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Political map of Asia Minor after the Treaty of Apamea, legend in German

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On the third day, the Romans attacked the Galatian position with their

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peace between the Seleucids and Rome. He was cleared and was granted a

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War between the Galatian Gauls and the Roman Republic fought in 189 BC

6021: 5914: 5872: 5847: 5827: 5784: 5686: 5653: 5648: 5613: 5603: 5558: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5523: 5498: 5483: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5373: 5325: 5281: 5216: 5108: 5093: 5013: 5008: 4798: 4793: 4773: 4763: 4728: 4197: 3776: 1921:"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Abacaenum, Alanader" 866: 811: 796: 719: 675: 671: 594: 567: 540: 484:. The army passed through or encamped at cities like Gordiu Teichos, 222: 101: 28: 3688: 3657: 3626: 3595: 2669: 2667: 1166:. He also argues that one of the reasons why the army had camped at 1093:

The archaeologist George Ewart Bean cites the British archaeologist

858: 731: 6001: 5971: 5961: 5896: 5891: 5880: 5867: 5857: 5794: 5721: 5691: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5583: 5573: 5528: 5488: 5418: 5398: 5378: 5358: 5316: 5311: 5301: 5291: 5276: 5171: 5123: 5103: 5058: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5003: 4978: 4921: 4808: 4803: 4783: 4768: 4758: 2976: 2523: 2487: 1261: 1167: 1032: 1028: 958: 890: 862: 846: 823: 815: 807: 767: 683: 644: 636: 632: 528: 461: 441: 270: 136: 2835: 2823: 661:

The next day, the Romans and the Pergamese arrived at the city of

631:. While they were there, the Galatian cavalry attacked the army's 5981: 5906: 5876: 5822: 5751: 5638: 5608: 5598: 5593: 5568: 5548: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5493: 5478: 5408: 5246: 5231: 5181: 5128: 5113: 5098: 5088: 5068: 5063: 5043: 5018: 4973: 4936: 4931: 4916: 4873: 4868: 4848: 4838: 4828: 4788: 4753: 4699: 4694: 4689: 2703: 2664: 1253: 1230:

Possibly the Çavdir Çay river according to historian David Magie.

1183: 1155: 1087: 715: 662: 628: 602: 571: 481: 477: 445: 396: 387: 269:

and Ancyra; or Alis Daği in northern Galatia, on the border with

266: 258: 210: 58: 3211:. Oxford Studies on the Roman Economy. Oxford University Press. 2628: 2601: 2427: 6011: 5986: 5976: 5929: 5852: 5741: 5578: 5563: 5403: 5368: 5321: 5261: 5251: 5221: 5201: 5118: 5073: 4998: 4993: 4843: 4833: 3010: 2193: 1988: 1687:, pp. 114–116.For the location of Cormasa, see pages 91–97 1221:

One medimnos of wheat weighed around 41 kilograms (90 lb).

1158:), which may have been carrying materials received through the 1098: 1007:, which he wouldn't have had without approval from the Senate. 870: 819: 788: 744: 702: 667: 606: 559: 551: 520: 516: 373: 274: 238: 229:

and were in the midst of concluding a treaty with the latter.

218: 106: 62: 3021:. Translated by Pothecary, Sarah. Princeton University Press. 2787: 2775: 2751: 1690: 6035: 6016: 5886: 5448: 4911: 4813: 4723: 4674: 4595: 2475: 2024: 1816: 1336:

One denarius had around 4.49 grams (0.158 oz) of silver.

1318:

One denarius had around 4.49 grams (0.158 oz) of silver.

1300:

One denarius had around 4.49 grams (0.158 oz) of silver.

1159: 547: 532: 485: 473: 392: 198: 2919: 2907: 2618: 2616: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2171: 2169: 1517: 344:. The Romans pursued Antiochus and the Seleucids across the 5832: 5256: 4853: 4669: 2946: 2640: 2550: 2405: 2403: 2000: 1901: 1405: 1356: 1354: 1352: 791:. When the Galatian envoys came, Vulso told them that King 400: 2799: 2739: 2376: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2210: 2208: 2056: 2054: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1950:"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Cuballum" 1804: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 877:, a commissioner sent to advise on the Treaty of Apamea. 643:

and crossed over to its northern bank, where priests from

558:

posited that Cormasa was the modern village of Eğnes near

308:

The Roman Republic, Galatia and the Seleucid Empire in 200

2883: 2613: 2451: 2415: 2244: 2166: 2086:"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), Oroanda" 1828: 1737: 1735: 1666: 1507: 1505: 1381: 265:, thought to be either Çile Dağı, a hill located between 4564: 3610: 2847: 2763: 2691: 2567: 2565: 2540: 2538: 2511: 2463: 2400: 2364: 2187: 2160: 1678: 1611: 1609: 1557: 1475: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1432: 1371: 1369: 1349: 3580:(1959). "Notes and Inscriptions from Pisidia. Part I". 3085:

The Galatians: Celtic Invaders of Greece and Asia Minor

2895: 2727: 2715: 2589: 2577: 2302: 2300: 2261: 2205: 2066: 2051: 2041: 2039: 1971: 1569: 1492: 1490: 1327:

A talent weighed around 22.42 kilograms (49.4 lb).

3019:

Strabo's Geography: A Translation for the Modern World

2811: 2499: 2439: 2352: 2312: 2232: 2012: 1856: 1732: 1545: 1502: 1465: 1463: 1461: 818:

was very impressed with her and conversed with her at

176:

40,000 dead or captured at Mount Olympus (overstated)

2871: 2859: 2562: 2535: 2388: 1776: 1629:"Cobulatus | Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography" 1606: 1429: 1417: 1393: 1366: 941:

BC; the remodeling of the Roman sewerage system (the

527:

as indemnity and promised to provide him with 10,000

2679: 2324: 2297: 2220: 2036: 1889: 1487: 925:... and when a cook began to be a valued possession. 1458: 597:. The Romans instead marched from Acoridos Come to 3734:(PhD thesis). University of California, Berkeley. 3009: 2829: 2652: 436:took command of the Pergamese army. He joined the 3314: 2493: 1207:There were "3,000 auxiliaries contributed by the 6048: 3553:Taken at the Flood: The Roman Conquest of Greece 3172:Helm, Marian; Roselaar, Saskia T., eds. (2023). 804:BC, and gave him 212 golden wreaths as a gift. 566:. Grainger notes that Vulso did not fully enter 3713:(PhD thesis) (in Italian). University of Pisa. 2283: 2281: 1875: 1873: 1871: 865:had marched past the Thracian position and the 356:, decisively defeated the Seleucid army at the 826:also related this account in his essay titled 616:Map of Asia Minor with the major cities marked 332:. The Romans intervened, defeating him at the 4580: 4213: 3792: 3570: 2955:Rome and the Mediterranean: Books XXXI to XLV 833:Vulso began his return journey to Rome in 188 515:The army then advanced into the territory of 4176:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 3171: 2925: 2913: 2556: 1708: 1182:of the Roman government was refunding every 3271:Anatolia: Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor 3174:Spoils in the Roman Republic: Boon and Bane 3143:; Frederiksen, M. W.; Astin, A. E. (eds.). 427:A statue of Attalus II in modern day Turkey 4587: 4573: 4220: 4206: 3799: 3785: 3547: 3466: 2622: 2481: 2445: 2421: 1834: 1711:"Lysis (river): a Pleiades place resource" 1360: 650: 27: 3703: 3509: 3217:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199681549.001.0001 2889: 2709: 2697: 2634: 2607: 2595: 2529: 2517: 2409: 2090:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1954:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1925:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1759:Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University 1717:. R. Talbert, Sean Gillies, Tom Elliott. 1563: 1523: 1481: 1073: 620:They soon arrived on the border with the 523:. Moagetes persuaded Vulso to accept 100 519:, ruled by Moagetes, who Livy says was a 511:Map of Asia Minor with its regions marked 3641: 3406: 3368: 3268: 3082: 2901: 2841: 2769: 2757: 2745: 2733: 2721: 2673: 2505: 2358: 2318: 2272: 2238: 2214: 2199: 2072: 2060: 2030: 2018: 1994: 1982: 1907: 1862: 1822: 1810: 1741: 1672: 1584: 1551: 1511: 1452: 1440: 1423: 1399: 1387: 1375: 1145: 1077: 982:The Taurus Mountains in central Anatolia 977: 766: 730: 688: 611: 506: 422: 303: 3947:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 3728:Finance, Manpower, and the Rise of Rome 3432: 3412:Geschichte der kleinasiatischen Galater 3295: 2817: 2793: 2781: 2457: 2433: 2382: 2255: 2175: 973: 468:where they were met by Antiochus' son, 415:created by their defeat. The historian 6062:Wars involving the Kingdom of Pergamon 6049: 4227: 3806: 3745: 3741:from the original on 17 December 2020. 3724: 3501:: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default ( 3416:History of the Galatians of Asia Minor 3341: 3131: 3101: 2805: 2583: 2571: 2544: 2394: 2306: 2188:Darbyshire, Mitchell & Vardar 2000 2161:Darbyshire, Mitchell & Vardar 2000 2113: 2045: 1895: 1469: 406:A proposal had been introduced in the 33:A map showing the location of Galatia. 4616:Celtic settlement of Southeast Europe 4568: 4201: 3780: 3315:Pelikan Pittenger, Miriam R. (2009). 3233: 3063: 2877: 2865: 2685: 2469: 2370: 2330: 2226: 2006: 1782: 1709:Foss, C.; Mitchell, S. (2017-10-27). 1615: 1496: 1411: 348:; and together with their ally, King 6087:2nd century BC in the Roman Republic 4430:Pyrrhus' invasion of the Peloponnese 4055:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 3672: 3576: 3052: 2975: 2853: 1794: 1715:Pleiades: a gazetteer of past places 1696: 1684: 1656: 647:met him and prophesied his victory. 386:BC and deployed to Asia, arrived at 180:Tolistobogii and Tectosagi massacred 164:30 - 35,000 Roman and allied forces 3467:von Bredow, Iris (1 October 2006). 3198: 2658: 2646: 1960:from the original on 4 January 2023 1287:Tempyra was located to the east of 993:Lucius Aemilius Paullus Macedonicus 897:. The citizens were paid through a 726: 221:. The Romans had just defeated the 13: 4410:Antigonid–Nabataean confrontations 3720:from the original on 20 June 2024. 3319:. University of California Press. 3279:10.1093/oso/9780198140801.001.0001 2939: 1931:from the original on 19 March 2023 14: 6098: 6057:Wars involving the Roman Republic 3517:. Oxbow Books. pp. 260–288. 3376:. Oxbow Books. pp. 289–312. 1721:from the original on 27 June 2024 1639:from the original on 28 July 2024 4648: 4188:Military history of ancient Rome 3418:] (in German). Otto Zeller. 3066:Studies in honor of Tom B. Jones 2945: 2342: 2287: 2096:from the original on 6 June 2024 1879: 1846: 1765:from the original on 14 May 2024 1596: 1535: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1303: 382:, elected a Roman consul for 189 4171:Civil wars of the Third Century 2107: 2078: 1942: 1913: 1747: 1702: 1621: 1294: 1281: 1271: 1242: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1201: 546:Vulso marched for two days via 451: 3725:Taylor, Michael James (2015). 3481:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1203680 2830:Frankopan & Pothecary 2024 1: 3749:American Journal of Philology 3344:Celts and the Classical World 3155:10.1017/CHOL9780521234450.015 3146:The Cambridge Ancient History 2934: 997:Quintus Claudius Quadrigarius 961:at an unnamed location in 179 293: 3296:Montagu, John Drogo (2015). 2989:The Rise of the Roman Empire 1343: 841:BC. He returned via Thrace, 762: 440:a few days later with 1,000 161:Over 50,000 men (overstated) 7: 4379:Wars of Alexander the Great 3555:. Oxford University Press. 1016:Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia 968: 368:and began settling it with 263:the battle on Mount Olympus 10: 6103: 3704:Menicucci, Chiara (2013). 3571:Research papers and theses 3269:Mitchell, Stephen (1995). 3209:Rome's Economic Revolution 3083:Grainger, John D. (2020). 2532:, pp. 45–46, fn. 120. 2137:10.1524/klio.1930.23.23.98 1699:, pp. 141–142, fn. 5. 654: 297: 205:, supported by their ally 61:, Asia Minor (present-day 6030: 5942: 5905: 5813: 5770: 5662: 5344: 5147: 4892: 4744: 4737: 4657: 4646: 4602: 4594: 4551: 4387: 4298:Wars of the Delian League 4278: 4235: 4184: 4129:Roman conquest of Britain 4100: 3814: 3087:. Pen & Sword Books. 2844:, pp. 36–37, fn. 41. 2676:, pp. 23, fn. 1, 24. 2436:, pp. 2.1.56–2.1.57. 170: 155: 126: 82: 37: 26: 21: 6072:Wars involving the Celts 4323:Second Peloponnesian War 3346:. Taylor & Francis. 3236:Roman Rule in Asia Minor 3176:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 3107:The Attalids of Pergamon 3057: 2951:McDonald, Alexander Hugh 2926:Helm & Roselaar 2023 2914:Helm & Roselaar 2023 2649:, pp. 217–219, 233. 2557:Helm & Roselaar 2023 2115:Ramsay, William Mitchell 1194: 875:Quintus Minucius Thermus 458:Magnesia on the Maeander 209:. The war was fought in 197:BC between the Galatian 4308:First Peloponnesian War 3826:Roman conquest of Italy 3141:Ogilvie, Robert Maxwell 1266:Laodiceia Catacecaumene 1095:William Mitchell Ramsay 657:Battle of Mount Olympus 651:Battle of Mount Olympus 193:was a war fought in 189 4515:Seleucid Dynastic Wars 4440:Seleucid–Parthian Wars 4374:Expansion of Macedonia 3523:10.2307/j.ctvh1dn9m.17 3382:10.2307/j.ctvh1dn9m.16 3342:Rankin, David (2002). 3182:10.25162/9783515133708 2712:, p. 86, fn. 231. 2637:, p. 84, fn. 226. 2610:, p. 81, fn. 219. 2494:Pelikan Pittenger 2009 2202:, p. 24, fn. 126. 1997:, p. 24, fn. 124. 1414:, p. 233, fn. 10. 1151: 1083: 1074:Logistics and finances 989:Lucius Furius Purpureo 983: 927: 772: 740: 694: 617: 512: 428: 313: 166:2,800 Pergamese troops 127:Commanders and leaders 4627:First Transalpine War 4156:Domitian's Dacian War 4075:Liberators' civil war 3762:10.1353/ajp.2017.0004 3450:10.1515/9783050069999 3352:10.4324/9780203441985 3325:10.1525/9780520942776 3244:10.1515/9781400887743 3234:Magie, David (1950). 3103:Hansen, Esther Violet 2796:, p. 68, fn. 55. 2784:, p. 58, fn. 17. 2163:, p. 89, fn. 24. 2009:, p. 1307, n. 8. 1149: 1081: 981: 915: 837:BC and arrived in 187 770: 734: 692: 615: 510: 426: 334:Battle of Thermopylae 324:, the Emperor of the 307: 298:Further information: 178:8,000 dead at Ancyra 171:Casualties and losses 4415:Seleucid–Mauryan war 4255:Second Messenian War 4161:Trajan's Dacian Wars 3846:Roman–Hernician wars 3199:Kay, Philip (2014). 2760:, p. 60, fn. 6. 2033:, p. 53, fn. 5. 1825:, p. 35, fn. 3. 974:Strategy and warfare 800:of either 189 or 188 739:in modern day Turkey 380:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 235:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 146:Gnaeus Manlius Vulso 74:Roman Allied victory 4685:Gallo-Roman culture 4610:Battle of the Allia 4303:Third Messenian War 4260:Lydian–Milesian War 4245:First Messenian War 4060:Roman–Parthian Wars 3851:Roman–Volscian wars 3831:Roman–Etruscan Wars 3300:. Pen & Sword. 3027:10.1353/book.124889 2959:Bettenson, Henry S. 2856:, pp. 115–116. 2808:, pp. 424–425. 2484:, pp. 135–136. 2472:, pp. 241–243. 2385:, pp. 109–110. 2373:, pp. 239–240. 1910:, pp. 159–160. 1526:, pp. 26, 174. 933:of 184, 179 and 174 322:Antiochus the Great 5967:Basel-Münsterhügel 4490:Roman–Seleucid War 4349:Theban–Spartan War 4288:Greco-Persian Wars 4229:Ancient Greek wars 4166:Roman–Persian Wars 4065:Caesar's civil war 3937:Roman–Seleucid war 3836:Roman-Aequian wars 3808:Ancient Roman wars 3578:Bean, George Ewart 3125:10.7591/j.cttq4444 2981:Scott-Kilvert, Ian 2496:, pp. 98–100. 1813:, pp. 33, 35. 1390:, pp. 25, 29. 1152: 1084: 984: 965:BC, among others. 889:(equivalent to 42 773: 741: 695: 618: 513: 494:Heraclea at Latmus 429: 358:Battle of Magnesia 314: 300:Galatians (people) 227:Roman–Seleucid War 6082:180s BC conflicts 6042: 6041: 5938: 5937: 4969:Bituriges Vivisci 4562: 4561: 4500:War against Nabis 4313:Second Sacred War 4195: 4194: 4151:Jewish–Roman wars 4023:Sulla's civil war 4017:Bellum Octavianum 3905:Illyro-Roman Wars 3878:Roman–Gallic wars 3856:Roman–Sabine wars 3676:Anatolian Studies 3645:Anatolian Studies 3614:Anatolian Studies 3583:Anatolian Studies 3549:Waterfield, Robin 3473:Brill's New Pauly 3370:Rathbone, Dominic 3137:Walbank, Frank W. 3053:Secondary sources 2993:Walbank, Frank W. 2748:, pp. 38–39. 2586:, pp. 91–92. 2460:, p. 2.1.57. 2258:, p. 2.1.56. 2178:, p. 2.1.55. 1675:, pp. 34–35. 1455:, pp. 23–24. 1264:and southward to 899:senatus consultum 718:. When the Roman 556:George Ewart Bean 525:talents of silver 217:, in present-day 187: 186: 78: 77: 6094: 4742: 4741: 4652: 4589: 4582: 4575: 4566: 4565: 4555:Military history 4525:Mithridatic Wars 4510:Maccabean Revolt 4458: 4435:Chremonidean War 4364:Third Sacred War 4359: 4265:First Sacred War 4222: 4215: 4208: 4199: 4198: 4117:Marcomannic Wars 4028:Mithridatic Wars 3952:Celtiberian Wars 3841:Roman–Latin wars 3801: 3794: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3742: 3740: 3733: 3721: 3719: 3712: 3700: 3669: 3638: 3607: 3566: 3544: 3511:von Reden, Sitta 3506: 3500: 3492: 3463: 3429: 3403: 3365: 3338: 3311: 3292: 3265: 3230: 3195: 3168: 3128: 3098: 3079: 3048: 3015:Frankopan, Peter 3006: 2991:. Translated by 2972: 2957:. Translated by 2929: 2923: 2917: 2911: 2905: 2899: 2893: 2887: 2881: 2875: 2869: 2863: 2857: 2851: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2821: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2767: 2761: 2755: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2467: 2461: 2455: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2398: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2295: 2285: 2276: 2270: 2259: 2253: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2203: 2197: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2164: 2158: 2149: 2148: 2111: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2101: 2082: 2076: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2043: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1965: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1877: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1773: 1771: 1770: 1751: 1745: 1739: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1706: 1700: 1694: 1688: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1664: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1625: 1619: 1613: 1604: 1594: 1588: 1582: 1567: 1561: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1500: 1494: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1409: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1385: 1379: 1373: 1364: 1358: 1337: 1334: 1328: 1325: 1319: 1316: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1298: 1292: 1285: 1279: 1275: 1269: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1213: 1205: 1138: 1111: 1064: 1060: 1045:mountain warfare 1041:military tactics 1005:Taurus Mountains 964: 955:Basilica Aemilia 940: 936: 924: 920: 895:Second Punic War 840: 836: 828:Bravery of Women 822:; the historian 803: 785:Treaty of Apamea 727:Battle of Ancyra 460:and the city of 417:Esther V. Hansen 385: 370:Scipio Asiaticus 363: 336:and forcing the 319: 311: 290:infrastructure. 282:Treaty of Apamea 196: 48: 39: 38: 31: 19: 18: 6102: 6101: 6097: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6091: 6067:Ancient Galatia 6047: 6046: 6043: 6038: 6026: 5944: 5934: 5901: 5809: 5766: 5658: 5340: 5143: 4888: 4733: 4714:La Tène culture 4653: 4644: 4598: 4593: 4563: 4558: 4547: 4463:Macedonian Wars 4456: 4383: 4357: 4344:Theban hegemony 4274: 4231: 4226: 4196: 4191: 4180: 4146:Civil war of 69 4134:Boudican revolt 4103: 4096: 3972:Cantabrian Wars 3910:Macedonian Wars 3817: 3810: 3805: 3738: 3731: 3717: 3710: 3689:10.2307/3642831 3658:10.2307/3642912 3627:10.2307/3643015 3596:10.2307/3642333 3573: 3563: 3533: 3494: 3493: 3460: 3426: 3408:Stähelin, Felix 3392: 3362: 3335: 3308: 3289: 3254: 3227: 3192: 3165: 3117: 3095: 3076: 3060: 3055: 3037: 3003: 2995:Penguin Books. 2969: 2961:Penguin Books. 2942: 2940:Primary sources 2937: 2932: 2924: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2824: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2800: 2792: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2768: 2764: 2756: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2623:Waterfield 2014 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2563: 2555: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2482:Waterfield 2014 2480: 2476: 2468: 2464: 2456: 2452: 2446:von Bredow 2006 2444: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2422:Waterfield 2014 2420: 2416: 2408: 2401: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2341: 2337: 2329: 2325: 2317: 2313: 2305: 2298: 2286: 2279: 2271: 2262: 2254: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2225: 2221: 2213: 2206: 2198: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2174: 2167: 2159: 2152: 2112: 2108: 2099: 2097: 2084: 2083: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2059: 2052: 2044: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1972: 1963: 1961: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1932: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1878: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1841: 1835:Waterfield 2014 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1793: 1789: 1785:, p. 1158. 1781: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1753: 1752: 1748: 1740: 1733: 1724: 1722: 1707: 1703: 1695: 1691: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1667: 1655: 1651: 1642: 1640: 1627: 1626: 1622: 1618:, p. 1157. 1614: 1607: 1595: 1591: 1583: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1546: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1510: 1503: 1495: 1488: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1459: 1451: 1447: 1439: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1410: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1367: 1361:Waterfield 2014 1359: 1350: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1286: 1282: 1276: 1272: 1252:plain" or "the 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1216: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1180:urban quaestors 1132: 1105: 1076: 1062: 1054: 1027:notes that the 1001:Valerius Antias 976: 971: 962: 947:Basilica Porcia 938: 934: 922: 918: 838: 834: 801: 765: 729: 711:Roman auxiliary 659: 653: 641:Sangarius River 587:Seleucia Sidera 454: 383: 361: 326:Seleucid Empire 317: 309: 302: 296: 194: 179: 177: 165: 148: 141: 139: 135: 133: 119: 113: 66: 46: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6100: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6040: 6039: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5974: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5948: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5911: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5819: 5817: 5815:Eastern Europe 5811: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5668: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5339: 5338: 5333: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5153: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4964:Bituriges Cubi 4961: 4956: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4641:(50 BC–476 AD) 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4613: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4599: 4592: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4445:Cleomenean War 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4393: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4340: 4335: 4333:Corinthian War 4330: 4328:Phyle Campaign 4325: 4320: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4284: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4224: 4217: 4210: 4202: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4179: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4124: 4119: 4108: 4106: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4081:Bellum Siculum 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4025: 4020: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3991: 3986: 3984:Jugurthine War 3981: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3957:Lusitanian War 3954: 3944: 3939: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3907: 3902: 3901: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3822: 3820: 3818:Roman Republic 3812: 3811: 3804: 3803: 3796: 3789: 3781: 3775: 3774: 3756:(1): 143–180. 3743: 3722: 3701: 3670: 3639: 3608: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3567: 3561: 3545: 3541:j.ctvh1dn9m.17 3531: 3507: 3464: 3458: 3430: 3424: 3404: 3400:j.ctvh1dn9m.16 3390: 3366: 3360: 3339: 3333: 3312: 3306: 3293: 3287: 3266: 3252: 3231: 3225: 3205:Wilson, Andrew 3196: 3190: 3169: 3163: 3129: 3115: 3099: 3093: 3080: 3074: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3035: 3007: 3001: 2973: 2967: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2930: 2928:, p. 207. 2918: 2916:, p. 236. 2906: 2894: 2892:, p. 270. 2890:von Reden 2014 2882: 2880:, p. 238. 2870: 2868:, p. 236. 2858: 2846: 2834: 2832:, p. xli. 2822: 2810: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2772:, p. 165. 2762: 2750: 2738: 2726: 2714: 2710:Menicucci 2013 2702: 2700:, p. 151. 2698:Menicucci 2013 2690: 2688:, p. 234. 2678: 2663: 2661:, p. 302. 2651: 2639: 2635:Menicucci 2013 2627: 2625:, p. 137. 2612: 2608:Menicucci 2013 2600: 2596:Menicucci 2013 2588: 2576: 2574:, p. 130. 2561: 2559:, p. 206. 2549: 2547:, p. 159. 2534: 2530:Menicucci 2013 2522: 2520:, p. 164. 2518:Menicucci 2013 2510: 2498: 2486: 2474: 2462: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2424:, p. 144. 2414: 2412:, p. 149. 2410:Menicucci 2013 2399: 2397:, p. 247. 2387: 2375: 2363: 2351: 2335: 2333:, p. 240. 2323: 2311: 2296: 2277: 2275:, p. 164. 2260: 2243: 2231: 2229:, p. 239. 2219: 2217:, p. 163. 2204: 2192: 2180: 2165: 2150: 2117:(1930-12-01). 2106: 2077: 2075:, p. 160. 2065: 2063:, p. 162. 2050: 2035: 2023: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1985:, p. 161. 1970: 1941: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1867: 1855: 1839: 1837:, p. 138. 1827: 1815: 1803: 1787: 1775: 1746: 1731: 1701: 1689: 1677: 1665: 1649: 1620: 1605: 1589: 1587:, p. 291. 1568: 1566:, p. 131. 1564:Menicucci 2013 1556: 1544: 1528: 1524:Menicucci 2013 1516: 1501: 1499:, p. 235. 1486: 1484:, p. 133. 1482:Menicucci 2013 1474: 1457: 1445: 1428: 1416: 1404: 1392: 1380: 1365: 1363:, p. 135. 1347: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1302: 1293: 1280: 1270: 1241: 1232: 1223: 1214: 1209:Achaean League 1199: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1075: 1072: 1050:The historian 1025:Felix Stähelin 975: 972: 970: 967: 764: 761: 728: 725: 699:light infantry 655:Main article: 652: 649: 453: 450: 366:sued for peace 364:BC. Antiochus 340:to retreat to 330:invaded Greece 295: 292: 203:Roman Republic 185: 184: 181: 173: 172: 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 153: 152: 143: 129: 128: 124: 123: 117:Roman Republic 114: 112: 111: 110: 109: 104: 99: 88: 85: 84: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 68: 67: 57: 55: 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 24: 23: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6099: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6045: 6037: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5983: 5980: 5978: 5975: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5912: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5661: 5655: 5652: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5237:Longostaletes 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4705: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4640: 4637: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4607: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4557: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4543:War of Actium 4541: 4538: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4354: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4293:Aeginetan War 4291: 4289: 4286: 4285: 4283: 4281: 4277: 4271: 4270:Sicilian Wars 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4250:Lelantine War 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4218: 4216: 4211: 4209: 4204: 4203: 4200: 4190: 4189: 4183: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4113: 4112:Germanic wars 4110: 4109: 4107: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4092:War of Actium 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4082: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4070:War of Mutina 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3967:Sertorian War 3965: 3963: 3962:Numantine War 3960: 3958: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3857: 3854: 3852: 3849: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3813: 3809: 3802: 3797: 3795: 3790: 3788: 3783: 3782: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3744: 3737: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3716: 3709: 3708: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3564: 3562:9780191664144 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3532:9781782976516 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3461: 3459:9783050025438 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3434:Strobel, Karl 3431: 3427: 3425:9783535012786 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3391:9781782976516 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3361:9781134747214 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3334:9780520942776 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3307:9781848327900 3303: 3299: 3294: 3290: 3288:9780198150299 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3253:9780691655031 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3226:9780199681549 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3191:9783515133692 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3164:9780521234450 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133:Heinen, Heinz 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3116:9780801406157 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3094:9781526770714 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3075:9783788705602 3071: 3067: 3062: 3061: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3036:9780691243139 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3002:9780141920504 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985:Radice, Betty 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2968:9780141960814 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2943: 2927: 2922: 2915: 2910: 2904:, p. 42. 2903: 2902:Grainger 1995 2898: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2850: 2843: 2842:Grainger 1995 2838: 2831: 2826: 2820:, p. 80. 2819: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2778: 2771: 2770:Grainger 2020 2766: 2759: 2758:Stähelin 1974 2754: 2747: 2746:Grainger 1995 2742: 2736:, p. 39. 2735: 2734:Grainger 1995 2730: 2724:, p. 38. 2723: 2722:Grainger 1995 2718: 2711: 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2674:Grainger 1995 2670: 2668: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2617: 2609: 2604: 2598:, p. 83. 2597: 2592: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2566: 2558: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2531: 2526: 2519: 2514: 2508:, p. 60. 2507: 2506:Stähelin 1974 2502: 2495: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2471: 2466: 2459: 2454: 2447: 2442: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2418: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2396: 2391: 2384: 2379: 2372: 2367: 2361:, p. 24. 2360: 2359:Mitchell 1995 2355: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2332: 2327: 2321:, p. 56. 2320: 2319:Stähelin 1974 2315: 2309:, p. 91. 2308: 2303: 2301: 2293: 2289: 2284: 2282: 2274: 2273:Grainger 2020 2269: 2267: 2265: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2241:, p. 57. 2240: 2239:Stähelin 1974 2235: 2228: 2223: 2216: 2215:Grainger 2020 2211: 2209: 2201: 2200:Mitchell 1995 2196: 2190:, p. 89. 2189: 2184: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2162: 2157: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2131:(23): 98–99. 2130: 2126: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2074: 2073:Grainger 2020 2069: 2062: 2061:Grainger 2020 2057: 2055: 2048:, p. 90. 2047: 2042: 2040: 2032: 2031:Stähelin 1974 2027: 2021:, p. 23. 2020: 2019:Mitchell 1995 2015: 2008: 2003: 1996: 1995:Mitchell 1995 1991: 1984: 1983:Grainger 2020 1979: 1977: 1975: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1945: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1916: 1909: 1908:Grainger 2020 1904: 1898:, p. 88. 1897: 1892: 1885: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1865:, p. 36. 1864: 1863:Grainger 1995 1859: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1836: 1831: 1824: 1823:Grainger 1995 1819: 1812: 1811:Grainger 1995 1807: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1784: 1779: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1750: 1744:, p. 35. 1743: 1742:Grainger 1995 1738: 1736: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1686: 1681: 1674: 1673:Grainger 1995 1669: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1585:Rathbone 2014 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1554:, p. 34. 1553: 1552:Grainger 1995 1548: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1514:, p. 26. 1513: 1512:Grainger 1995 1508: 1506: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1483: 1478: 1472:, p. 89. 1471: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1454: 1453:Grainger 1995 1449: 1443:, p. 33. 1442: 1441:Grainger 1995 1437: 1435: 1433: 1426:, p. 27. 1425: 1424:Grainger 1995 1420: 1413: 1408: 1402:, p. 28. 1401: 1400:Grainger 1995 1396: 1389: 1388:Grainger 1995 1384: 1378:, p. 25. 1377: 1376:Grainger 1995 1372: 1370: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1353: 1348: 1333: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1297: 1290: 1284: 1274: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1245: 1236: 1227: 1218: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1171: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1080: 1071: 1068: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 980: 966: 960: 956: 952: 951:Pons Aemilius 948: 944: 943:Cloaca Maxima 932: 926: 914: 912: 911:tetradrachmas 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 769: 760: 758: 752: 750: 746: 738: 733: 724: 721: 717: 712: 708: 704: 700: 691: 687: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 658: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 633:advance guard 630: 625: 623: 614: 610: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 589:, Apollonia, 588: 584: 579: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 509: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 425: 421: 418: 414: 409: 404: 402: 398: 394: 389: 381: 377: 375: 371: 367: 360:in 190 or 189 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338:Seleucid army 335: 331: 327: 323: 306: 301: 291: 288: 283: 278: 277:in Turkey). 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 230: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 192: 182: 175: 174: 169: 163: 160: 159: 154: 151: 147: 144: 138: 131: 130: 125: 122: 118: 115: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 94: 93: 90: 89: 87: 86: 81: 73: 70: 69: 64: 60: 56: 53: 52: 44: 41: 40: 36: 30: 25: 20: 6044: 6032: 5957:Argentomagus 5925:Tolistobogii 5757:Vertamocorii 5307:Vertamocorii 5272:Segovellauni 5192:Budenicenses 4984:Coriosolites 4819:Mediomatrici 4629:(125–121 BC) 4621:Galatian War 4620: 4612:(ca. 387 BC) 4553: 4505:Galatian War 4504: 4495:Aetolian War 4457:(220–217 BC) 4403: 4402:Wars of the 4358:(357–355 BC) 4342:Wars of the 4338:Boeotian War 4186: 4141:Armenian War 4104:Roman Empire 4087:Perusine War 4079: 4015: 3994:Servile Wars 3989:Cimbrian War 3942:Galatian War 3941: 3861:Samnite Wars 3753: 3747: 3727: 3706: 3680: 3674: 3649: 3643: 3618: 3612: 3587: 3581: 3552: 3514: 3468: 3441: 3437: 3415: 3411: 3373: 3343: 3316: 3297: 3270: 3262:j.ctt1m3p0n4 3235: 3208: 3201:Bowman, Alan 3173: 3145: 3106: 3084: 3065: 3018: 2988: 2954: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2825: 2818:Strobel 1996 2813: 2801: 2794:Strobel 1996 2789: 2782:Strobel 1996 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2681: 2654: 2642: 2630: 2603: 2591: 2579: 2552: 2525: 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2458:Montagu 2015 2453: 2441: 2434:Montagu 2015 2429: 2417: 2390: 2383:Strobel 1996 2378: 2366: 2354: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2256:Montagu 2015 2234: 2222: 2195: 2183: 2176:Montagu 2015 2128: 2122: 2109: 2098:. Retrieved 2089: 2080: 2068: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1962:. Retrieved 1953: 1944: 1933:. Retrieved 1924: 1915: 1903: 1891: 1858: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1806: 1790: 1778: 1767:. Retrieved 1758: 1749: 1723:. Retrieved 1714: 1704: 1692: 1680: 1668: 1652: 1641:. Retrieved 1632: 1623: 1592: 1559: 1547: 1531: 1519: 1477: 1448: 1419: 1407: 1395: 1383: 1332: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1296: 1283: 1273: 1260:eastward to 1258:Lake Akşehir 1244: 1235: 1226: 1217: 1203: 1178:used by the 1176: 1172: 1164:Roman Sicily 1153: 1092: 1085: 1067:Heinz Heinen 1052:Karl Strobel 1049: 1037: 1009: 985: 928: 916: 907: 879: 832: 827: 806: 774: 753: 742: 696: 660: 626: 622:Tolistobogii 619: 605:and finally 580: 545: 514: 455: 452:March inland 430: 413:power vacuum 408:Roman Senate 405: 378: 372:, the Roman 315: 279: 251: 247:Roman Senate 231: 191:Galatian War 190: 188: 140:Komboiomaros 97:Tolistobogii 83:Belligerents 22:Galatian War 5945:settlements 5863:Hercuniates 5712:Gallianates 5702:Bromanenses 5197:Camactulici 5149:Narbonensis 5039:Nitiobroges 4959:Bodiocasses 4941:Brannovices 4879:Veliocasses 4859:Silvanectes 4633:Gallic Wars 4520:Achaean War 4455:Social War 4450:Lyttian War 4425:Syrian Wars 4420:Pyrrhic War 4389:Hellenistic 4369:Foreign War 4356:Social War 4102:Wars of the 4050:Gallic Wars 3979:Achaean War 3866:Pyrrhic War 3816:Wars of the 3683:: 137–157. 2806:Heinen 1984 2584:Hansen 1971 2572:Taylor 2015 2545:Taylor 2017 2395:Rankin 2002 2307:Hansen 1971 2046:Hansen 1971 1896:Hansen 1971 1470:Hansen 1971 1133: [ 1106: [ 1088:Roman miles 1055: [ 1014:) and king 1012:Paphlagonia 749:Halys river 720:legionaries 502:Themisonium 490:Aphrodisias 213:in central 132:Eposognatus 6051:Categories 6007:Magetobria 5920:Tectosages 5843:Cornacates 5838:Britolagai 5790:Lactorates 5762:Votodrones 5737:Montunates 5717:Gennanates 5554:Savincates 5474:Cosuanetes 5424:Bodiontici 5414:Benacenses 5394:Ausuciates 5389:Aneuniates 5384:Ambisontes 5364:Adunicates 5354:Acitavones 5336:Vulgientes 5330:Tectosages 5287:Tricastini 5267:Segobrigii 5167:Allobroges 5157:Agesinates 5139:Viducasses 5054:Petrocorii 4989:Durocasses 4953:Eburovices 4949:Diablintes 4902:Abrincatui 4884:Viromandui 4864:Suessiones 4779:Caeracates 4639:Roman Gaul 4635:(58–50 BC) 4485:Cretan War 4397:Lamian War 4318:Samian War 4122:Gothic War 3883:Punic Wars 3871:Social War 3590:: 67–117. 3045:jj.9669315 2935:References 2878:Førde 1979 2866:Førde 1979 2686:Førde 1979 2470:Førde 1979 2371:Førde 1979 2331:Førde 1979 2227:Førde 1979 2100:2024-07-08 2007:Magie 1950 1964:2024-07-28 1935:2024-07-28 1783:Magie 1950 1769:2024-07-28 1725:2024-06-27 1643:2024-07-28 1616:Magie 1950 1497:Førde 1979 1412:Førde 1979 1278:reckoned." 1262:Lake Tatta 1162:levied on 903:stipendium 793:Eumenes II 781:Asia Minor 737:Kızılırmak 680:Lake Suğla 601:, then to 599:Metropolis 576:Sagalassus 438:Roman army 434:Attalus II 350:Eumenes II 346:Aegean Sea 342:Asia Minor 294:Background 255:Roman army 215:Asia Minor 150:Attalus II 6022:Vertillum 5997:Entremont 5943:Pre-Roman 5915:Aigosages 5873:Scordisci 5848:Costoboci 5828:Arabiates 5800:Tarusates 5785:Cocosates 5772:Aquitania 5747:Subinates 5687:Arusnates 5682:Anesiates 5664:Cisalpina 5654:Vindelici 5649:Vesubiani 5614:Vediantii 5604:Triulatti 5559:Sebaginni 5544:Rucinates 5539:Quariates 5534:Nemeturii 5524:Nantuates 5499:Graioceli 5484:Eguiturii 5469:Ceutrones 5464:Caturiges 5459:Catubrini 5454:Catenates 5444:Calucones 5439:Brixentes 5434:Brigianii 5429:Brigantii 5374:Ambidravi 5326:Arecomici 5282:Tolosates 5217:Dexivates 5109:Tricasses 5094:Segusiavi 5014:Lemovices 5009:Latobrigi 4907:Ambiliati 4799:Catalauni 4794:Catuslugi 4774:Bellovaci 4764:Atrebates 4729:Vergobret 4704:Cisalpine 4280:Classical 3652:: 23–43. 3621:: 75–97. 3497:cite book 3489:1574-9347 3475:. Brill. 2854:Hall 1986 2145:2192-7669 1697:Hall 1986 1685:Bean 1959 1344:Citations 1250:Eskişehir 1212:campaign. 887:sestertii 867:rearguard 843:Macedonia 812:centurion 797:Lampsacus 763:Aftermath 672:Tectosagi 595:Dokimeion 568:Pamphylia 541:Termessos 498:Apollonia 466:Antiochia 243:Galatians 223:Seleucids 102:Tectosagi 92:Galatians 6033:Part of: 6002:Gergovia 5992:Ensérune 5972:Bibracte 5962:Avaricum 5897:Varciani 5892:Taurisci 5881:Celegeri 5868:Latobici 5858:Eravisci 5795:Sotiates 5722:Insubres 5707:Cenomani 5692:Bagienni 5672:Anamares 5644:Vergunni 5634:Vennones 5629:Venostes 5624:Venisami 5619:Velaunii 5589:Suanetes 5584:Sogionti 5574:Segusini 5529:Nemaloni 5489:Gallitae 5419:Bergalei 5399:Avantici 5379:Ambilici 5359:Adanates 5317:Vocontii 5312:Verucini 5302:Tritolli 5297:Tricorii 5292:Tricores 5277:Suelteri 5207:Cenomani 5172:Anatilii 5124:Vellavii 5104:Tigurini 5059:Pictones 5034:Namnetes 5029:Mandubii 5024:Lingones 5004:Helvetii 4979:Carnutes 4945:Cenomani 4922:Andecavi 4809:Eburones 4804:Condrusi 4784:Caeroesi 4769:Atuatuci 4759:Aresaces 4719:Religion 4708:Galatian 4700:Language 4665:Ambactus 4623:(189 BC) 4404:Diadochi 3770:26360897 3736:Archived 3715:Archived 3551:(2014). 3436:(1996). 3410:(1974). 3207:(eds.). 3105:(1971). 3013:(2024). 2987:(eds.). 2979:(2003). 2977:Polybius 2949:(2005). 2659:Kay 2014 2647:Kay 2014 2094:Archived 1958:Archived 1929:Archived 1795:Polybius 1763:Archived 1719:Archived 1657:Polybius 1637:Archived 1168:Abbassus 1033:Hannibal 1029:Rhodians 1021:flanking 969:Analysis 959:Macellum 957:, and a 863:vanguard 847:Thessaly 824:Plutarch 816:Polybius 808:Chiomara 684:Bithynia 676:Phrygian 645:Pessinus 637:Abbassus 564:Çeltikçi 529:medimnoi 470:Seleucus 462:Alabanda 444:and 500 442:infantry 354:Pergamum 271:Bithynia 207:Pergamum 201:and the 156:Strength 142:Gaulotos 137:Chiomara 134:Orgiagon 121:Pergamum 54:Location 5982:Cenabum 5907:Galatia 5877:Dindari 5823:Anartes 5805:Vasates 5752:Taurini 5727:Libicii 5639:Veragri 5609:Ucennii 5599:Tebavii 5594:Suetrii 5569:Segovii 5549:Salassi 5519:Medulli 5514:Licates 5509:Ingauni 5504:Iemerii 5494:Genauni 5479:Ecdinii 5409:Belouni 5247:Nearchi 5232:Ligauni 5227:Libicii 5187:Bormani 5182:Avatici 5177:Atacini 5129:Venelli 5114:Tulingi 5099:Sequani 5089:Senones 5084:Santoni 5069:Redones 5064:Rauraci 5049:Parisii 5044:Osismii 5019:Lexovii 4974:Cadurci 4937:Aulerci 4932:Arverni 4917:Ambarri 4894:Celtica 4874:Triboci 4869:Treveri 4849:Paemani 4839:Nemetes 4829:Menapii 4789:Caletes 4754:Ambiani 4746:Belgica 4738:Peoples 4695:Oppidum 4690:Nemeton 4680:Eubages 4658:Culture 4603:History 4527: ( 4465: ( 4237:Archaic 3697:3642831 3666:3642912 3635:3643015 3604:3642333 3469:Tempyra 3017:(ed.). 2953:(ed.). 1254:Haymana 1184:assidui 1156:Antalya 1141:Yazıköy 1126:Elmacık 1122:Kozluca 1114:Aziziye 1103:Ürkütlü 931:censors 891:denarii 882:triumph 855:Cypsela 777:legions 757:Elmadağ 716:velites 707:Trallia 663:Gordion 629:oppidum 603:Synnada 572:Lysinoe 482:Pisidia 478:Phrygia 446:cavalry 397:Galatia 388:Ephesus 287:triumph 267:Gordion 259:Antalya 225:in the 211:Galatia 183:Unknown 59:Galatia 6077:189 BC 6012:Noreia 5987:Cularo 5977:Bibrax 5952:Alesia 5930:Trocmi 5853:Gotini 5742:Orobii 5732:Marici 5677:Anauni 5579:Sentii 5564:Seduni 5404:Belaci 5369:Alauni 5346:Alpina 5322:Volcae 5262:Salyes 5252:Oxybii 5242:Memini 5222:Helvii 5212:Comani 5202:Cavari 5162:Albici 5134:Veneti 5119:Turoni 5074:Ruteni 4999:Gabali 4994:Esuvii 4927:Arouii 4844:Nervii 4834:Morini 4533:Second 4479:Fourth 4471:Second 4038:Second 4004:Second 3930:Fourth 3920:Second 3893:Second 3768: 3695: 3664: 3633: 3602: 3559: 3539: 3529: 3487: 3456: 3422: 3398: 3388: 3358: 3331: 3304: 3285: 3260: 3250: 3223: 3188: 3161: 3123: 3113: 3091: 3072: 3043: 3033: 3011:Strabo 2999: 2965: 2143: 1633:Archli 1118:Bozlar 1099:Comama 1063: 963: 953:, the 949:, the 939: 935: 923: 919: 871:Trausi 859:İpsala 851:Epirus 839: 835: 820:Sardis 802: 789:Rhodes 745:Ancyra 709:. The 703:Thrace 668:Trocmi 607:Beudos 591:Lysias 583:Apamea 560:Burdur 552:Andeda 521:tyrant 517:Cibyra 384: 374:consul 362: 328:, had 318: 316:In 191 310: 275:Ankara 239:consul 237:, the 219:Turkey 195: 107:Trocmi 71:Result 63:Turkey 47: 6036:Celts 6017:Tylis 5887:Serdi 5449:Carni 5079:Sagii 4912:Aedui 4824:Meldi 4814:Leuci 4724:Vātes 4675:Druid 4596:Gauls 4537:Third 4529:First 4475:Third 4467:First 4043:Third 4033:First 4009:Third 3999:First 3925:Third 3915:First 3898:Third 3888:First 3766:JSTOR 3739:(PDF) 3732:(PDF) 3718:(PDF) 3711:(PDF) 3693:JSTOR 3662:JSTOR 3631:JSTOR 3600:JSTOR 3537:JSTOR 3440:[ 3414:[ 3396:JSTOR 3258:JSTOR 3121:JSTOR 3058:Books 3041:JSTOR 2347:38.37 2292:38.27 1884:38.18 1851:38.15 1799:21.36 1661:21.35 1601:38.14 1540:38.12 1195:Notes 1188:asses 1186:25.5 1160:tithe 1137:] 1130:Düver 1110:] 1059:] 857:(now 701:from 548:Pogla 537:Sinda 533:Lagbe 486:Tabae 474:Caria 393:Gauls 199:Gauls 5879:and 5833:Boii 5780:Boii 5697:Boii 5328:and 5257:Reii 4854:Remi 4670:Bard 3557:ISBN 3527:ISBN 3503:link 3485:ISSN 3454:ISBN 3420:ISBN 3386:ISBN 3356:ISBN 3329:ISBN 3302:ISBN 3283:ISBN 3248:ISBN 3221:ISBN 3186:ISBN 3159:ISBN 3111:ISBN 3089:ISBN 3070:ISBN 3031:ISBN 2997:ISBN 2963:ISBN 2947:Livy 2343:Livy 2288:Livy 2141:ISSN 2124:Klio 1880:Livy 1847:Livy 1597:Livy 1536:Livy 1289:Sale 1139:and 1124:and 1116:and 991:and 849:and 705:and 593:and 550:and 500:and 480:and 401:Livy 320:BC, 253:The 189:The 42:Date 3758:doi 3754:138 3685:doi 3654:doi 3623:doi 3592:doi 3519:doi 3477:doi 3446:doi 3378:doi 3348:doi 3321:doi 3275:doi 3240:doi 3213:doi 3178:doi 3151:doi 3023:doi 2133:doi 395:of 376:. 352:of 45:189 6053:: 4951:, 4947:, 4943:, 4706:, 4535:, 4531:, 4477:, 4473:, 4469:, 3764:. 3752:. 3691:. 3681:36 3679:. 3660:. 3650:45 3648:. 3629:. 3619:50 3617:. 3598:. 3586:. 3535:. 3525:. 3499:}} 3495:{{ 3483:. 3471:. 3452:. 3394:. 3384:. 3354:. 3327:. 3281:. 3256:. 3246:. 3219:. 3203:; 3184:. 3157:. 3139:; 3119:. 3039:. 3029:. 2983:; 2666:^ 2615:^ 2564:^ 2537:^ 2402:^ 2345:, 2299:^ 2290:, 2280:^ 2263:^ 2246:^ 2207:^ 2168:^ 2153:^ 2139:. 2129:23 2127:. 2121:. 2092:. 2088:. 2053:^ 2038:^ 1973:^ 1956:. 1952:. 1927:. 1923:. 1882:, 1870:^ 1849:, 1797:, 1761:. 1757:. 1734:^ 1713:. 1659:, 1635:. 1631:. 1608:^ 1599:, 1571:^ 1538:, 1504:^ 1489:^ 1460:^ 1431:^ 1368:^ 1351:^ 1268:". 1143:. 1135:tr 1108:tr 1057:de 905:. 845:, 830:. 496:, 492:, 476:, 448:. 312:BC 49:BC 5883:) 5875:( 5332:) 5324:( 4955:) 4939:( 4710:) 4702:( 4588:e 4581:t 4574:v 4539:) 4481:) 4221:e 4214:t 4207:v 3800:e 3793:t 3786:v 3772:. 3760:: 3699:. 3687:: 3668:. 3656:: 3637:. 3625:: 3606:. 3594:: 3588:9 3565:. 3543:. 3521:: 3505:) 3491:. 3479:: 3462:. 3448:: 3428:. 3402:. 3380:: 3364:. 3350:: 3337:. 3323:: 3310:. 3291:. 3277:: 3264:. 3242:: 3229:. 3215:: 3194:. 3180:: 3167:. 3153:: 3127:. 3097:. 3078:. 3047:. 3025:: 3005:. 2971:. 2448:. 2349:. 2294:. 2147:. 2135:: 2103:. 1967:. 1938:. 1886:. 1853:. 1801:. 1772:. 1728:. 1663:. 1646:. 1603:. 1542:. 1291:. 65:)

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