1811:. Duchesne points out that "the Gallican Liturgy in the features which distinguish it from the Roman, betrays all the characteristics of the Eastern Orthodox liturgies," and that "some of its formularies are to be found word for word in the Greek Orthodox texts which were in use in the Churches of the Syro-Byzantine Rite either in the fourth century or somewhat later," and infers from this that, "the Gallican Liturgy is an Oriental liturgy, introduced into the West towards the middle of the fourth century." Duchesne does not, however, note that in certain other important peculiarities the Gallican Liturgy agrees with the Roman where the latter differs from the Oriental. Controverting the third or Roman theory of origin, he stresses that
98:
1540:
2914:, in the 9th century, mentions that at Lyon there were no canticles except from the Psalms, no hymns written by poets, and no lessons except from Scripture. Mabillon says that though in his day Lyon agreed with Rome in many things, especially in the distribution of the Psalter, and admitted lessons from the Acts of the Saints, there were still no hymns except at Complin, and he mentions a similar rule as to hymns at Vienne. But the 767 Council of Tours canon 23 allowed the use of the Ambrosian hymns. Though the Psalter of the second recension of
1519:
73:
1956:
and spread thence to the countries under direct Roman influence, or whether it originated elsewhere and was adopted by Rome, there is no means of knowing. The adoption must have happened when liturgies were in rather a fluid state. The
Gallicans may have carried to an extreme the changes begun at Rome, and may have retained some archaic features which had been later dropped by Rome. During the 4th century – it has been conjectured that it was in the papacy of
5265:
1499:
2013:
were in many respects gradual. Of the three theories of origin, the
Ephesine may be dismissed as practically disproved. To both of the other two the same objection may be urged, that they are largely founded on conjecture and on the critical examination of documents of a much later date than the periods to which the conjectures relate. But at present there is little else to go upon. It may be well to mention also a theory put forward by W. C. Bishop in
3551:
5291:
4503:
1559:
1691:, enough of an independent history to require separate treatment, so that though it will be necessary to allude to both by way of illustration, this article will be devoted primarily to the rite once used in what is now France. Of the origin of the Gallican Rite there are three principal theories, between two of which the controversy is not yet settled. These theories may be termed: the Ephesine, the Ambrosian, and the Roman.
5303:
25:
1529:
3189:
a varied end, and the collect (but not the
Bidding Prayer), and the anointing of the hands with its formula are in the modern Roman Pontifical, but with very large additions. The consecration of bishops began, after an election, with a presentation and recognition, neither of which is in the modern Pontifical. Then followed a long Bidding Prayer, also not adopted in the Roman Rite, and the Consecration Prayer
1509:
5315:
1667:, until the middle or end of the 8th century. There is no information before the 5th century and very little then; and throughout the whole period there was, to judge by existing documents and descriptions, so much diversity that, though the general outlines of the rite were of the same pattern, the name must not be taken to imply more than a very moderate amount of homogeneity. The Rite of
3193:, part of which is embodied in the Preface in the Leonine and Gregorian Sacramentaries, and in the present Pontifical. During this prayer two bishops held the Book of the Gospels over the candidate, and all the bishops laid their hands on his head. Then followed the anointing of the hands, but apparently not of the head as in the modern rite, with a formula which is not in the Roman books.
3576:
3127:. That is to say, a mixed form which does not agree with the more or less contemporary Roman form in the Leonine and Gregorian Sacramentaries, though it contains some Roman prayers, is found in these two books, and it may reasonably be inferred that the differences are of Gallican origin. Moreover, extracts relating to ceremonial are given with them from the
2300:) and several pairs of Bidding Prayers and Collects, the former having the title "Exhortatio" or "Exhortatio Matutina". The Mai fragments begin with part of a Bidding Prayer and contain a fragment of a Contestatio, with that title, and fragments of other prayers, two of which have the title "Post Nomina", and two others which seem to be prayers
2399:. There are eighty-one numbered sections, of which the last is the first prayer of "Missa Romensif cottidiana", with which the manuscript breaks off. The details of Masses in this book are given in the section of the present article on the liturgical year. Masses are all Gallican as to order, but many of the actual prayers are Roman.
2801:." The meaning of manicationes and of the whole statement is obscure. In September there were fourteen psalms, two under each antiphon; in October twenty-four psalms, three to each antiphon; and from December to Easter thirty psalms, three to each antiphon. Caesarius orders six psalms at Prime with the hymn "
3188:
acclamation in
Byzantine ordinations. The Bidding Prayer and collect which follow are both in the present Roman Pontifical, though separated by much additional matter. The ordination of priests was of the same type as that of deacons, with the addition of the anointing of the hands. The address, with
2841:
made up
Vespers, combining the twelfth hour of the Divine Office (that is, of the recitation of the Psalter with its accompaniments) with a service for what, without any intention of levity, one may call "lighting-up time". The Ambrosian and Mozarabic Vespers are constructed on this principle, and so
2460:
are from a manuscript at Autun. There appears to be no reason to doubt that they are genuine. They contain mystical interpretations of the ceremonies of the Mass and of other services. Duchesne says of the descriptions, on which the interpretations are based, that "We may reconstruct from the letters
2111:
between 784 and 791 sent to
Charlemagne at his own request a copy of what was considered to be the Gregorian Sacramentary, but which certainly represented the Roman use of the end of the 8th century. This book, which was far from complete, was edited and supplemented by the addition of a large amount
2509:
The above are all that exist as directly
Gallican sources, but much information may also be gleaned from the books of the transition period, which, though substantially Roman, were much edited with Germanic tendencies and contained a large amount which was of a Gallican rather than a Roman type. The
2017:
for July 1908, to the effect that the
Gallican Liturgy was not introduced into Gaul from anywhere but was the original liturgy of that country, apparently invented and developed there. He speaks of an original independence of Rome (of course liturgically only) followed by later borrowings. This does
2689:
There is curiously little information on this point, and it is not possible to reconstruct the
Gallican Divine Office from the scanty allusions that exist. It seems probable that there was considerable diversity in various times and places, though councils, both in Gaul and Hispania, tried to bring
2012:
The Latin liturgical rites have been described as undergoing three phases, which may be called for want of better names the
Gallican, the Ambrosian, and the Roman stages. The holders of the theory no doubt recognize that the demarcation between these stages is rather vague, and that the alterations
1955:
These variations from the Eastern usages are of an early date, and it is inferred from them, and from other considerations more historical than liturgical, that a liturgy with these peculiarities was the common property of Gaul, Hispania, and Italy. Whether, as is most likely, it originated in Rome
1940:, for which, though of course the fact is found there, there is no verbal Scriptural warrant. The Mozarabic of today uses the Pauline words, and no Gallican Recital of the Institution remains in full; but in both the prayer that follows is called (with alternative nomenclature in the Gallican) post-
2936:
is known as the "Roman", it does not seem that the Gallican Psalter was used even in Gaul until a comparatively later date, though it spread thence over nearly all the West. At present the Mozarabic and Ambrosian Psalters are variants of the "Roman", with peculiarities of their own. Probably the
1968:, and second part, the Mass of the Faithful, was no longer needed, and therefore the want was felt of a position with some meaning to it for the sign of Christian unity. The long and diffuse prayers were made into the short and crisp collects of the Roman type. It was then that the variable post-
1843:
The third theory is perhaps rather complicated to state without danger of misrepresentation, and has not been so definitely stated as the other two by any one writer. It is held in part by Milanese liturgists and by many others whose opinion is of weight. In order to state it clearly it will be
2322:), described by Delisle, is a manuscript dating from the end of the 7th, or the early part of the 8th. Only a fragment, it begins with a Mass for the feast of Germanus of Auxerre, after which come prayers for the Blessing of Virgins and Widows, two Advent Masses, the Christmas Eve Mass, the
2969:(555–576), and by a comparison of these with the extant sacramentaries, not only of Gaul but of the Celtic Rite, with the Irish tracts on the Mass, with the books of the still existing Mozarabic Rite, and with the descriptions of the Hispanic Mass given by
2489:
in our knowledge of the Gallican Rite may reasonably be conjecturally filled up from the Mozarabic books, which even in their present form are those of substantially the same rite. There are also liturgical allusions in certain 5th and 6th century writers:
1885:
In the Western rites – whether Hispano-Gallican, Ambrosian, or Roman – a very large proportion of the priest's part varies according to the day, and these variations are so numerous in the Gallican Rite that the fixed part, even of the Prayer of the
2532:, and one at the Abbey of Saint Gall. The manuscripts are of the early 8th century. The groundwork is Roman, with Gallican additions and modifications. Evidence for the Gallican rites of ordination and some other matters is derived from this book.
3265:
Peyron believed the fragment was written in the 7th century and Hammond suspected that the Peyron fragment was from the same manuscript as the Mai fragment; nevertheless, according to Hammond, the fragments belong to the Gallican type liturgies
2026:
The later history of the Gallican rite is obscure and filled with liturgical anarchy. France had no clear capital; Toledo occasionally tried to impose liturgical law, but only over Visigothic areas, and without much success. The Councils of
2363:), described by Delisle, is a manuscript dating from the end of the 7th century and once belonging to the Petau Library. The name is due to a 15th-century note at the beginning of the book, and hence it has been attributed by Tommasi and
3057:, both of which are incomplete, along with a few details in the second Letter of Germanus of Paris. The forms given in the Stowe Missal and the Bobbio Missal are too much Romanized to well illustrate the Gallican Rite. The form given in
1988:. This reform, possibly through the influence of Ambrose, was adopted at Milan, but not in Gaul and Hispania. At a still later period, during the 5th and 6th centuries, changes were again made at Rome, principally attributed to
1844:
necessary to point out first certain details in which all the Latin liturgical rites agree with one another in differing from the Eastern, and in this we speak only of the Mass, which is of far more importance than either the
2425:, it has been attributed to Paris. It contains the Prophetical Lessons, epistles, and Gospels for the year from Christmas Eve onwards. At the end are the lessons of a few special Masses, for the burial of a bishop, for the
3080:
ceremonies which are mixed with the Baptismal service in the two books are not very characteristic. The couplets of invitatory and collect which occur in the Roman Good Friday service are given with verbal variations in
3764:
2554:
There are many manuscripts of the Gregorian Sacramentary. It represents the sacramentary sent by Adrian I to Charlemagne, after it had been rearranged and supplemented by Gelasian and Gallican editions in France.
3712:
The ancient liturgies of the Gallican Church: now first collected with an introductory dissertation, notes, and various readings, together with parallel passages from the Roman, Ambrosian, and Mozarabic
3032:. and probably fixed would be the priest's devotions at Communion. Most of these are very short and only the most important passage wanting is the one fixed passage in the Prayer of Consecration, the
1827:) as "foreign importations" and did not recognize in them the ancient usage of his own Church, and he thinks it hard to explain why the African Church should have accepted the Roman reforms, while
2977:, gave a very full account constructed on this basis, though some will differ from him in his supplying certain details from Ambrosian books, and in his claiming the Bobbio Missal Sacramentary as
1624:, which comprised the majority use of most of Western Christianity for the greater part of the 1st millennium AD. The rites first developed in the early centuries as the Syriac-Greek rites of
2988:
is, therefore, of less importance than it would be in, for instance, the Roman Mass or the Ambrosian Mass. Thus the fixed parts of the service would only be: (a) the three Canticles, (b) the
1906:
intercessory prayers, and they occur in a form borrowed later from the Gallican in the ordination services, but in general the invitation to prayer is reduced to its lowest terms in the word
3757:
2112:
of matter derived from the Gallican books and from the Roman book known as the Gelasian Sacramentary, which had been gradually supplanting the Gallican. It is probable that the editor was
2018:
not seem to exclude the idea that Rome and the West may have had the germ of the Western Rite in common. Again the theory is conjectural and is only very slightly stated in the article.
970:
2984:
Jenner's analysis shows that the Gallican Mass contained a very small number of fixed elements and that nearly the whole service was variable according to the day. The absence of an
2116:, Charlemagne's principal liturgical advisor. Copies were distributed throughout Charlemagne's empire, and this "composite liturgy", as Duchesne describes, "from its source in the
1936:) and date the Institution by the betrayal, and of the less important anaphoras, most either use the same expression or paraphrase it. The Western liturgies date from the Passion,
3750:
2120:
spread throughout all the churches of the Frankish Empire and at length, finding its way to Rome gradually supplanted there the ancient use." More than half a century later, when
1866:, as in the Syro-Jacobite Rite, or on certain days, as in Byzantine and East Syrian, but they are complete in themselves and do not contain passages appropriate to the day. The
2737:
But the application of these names is sometimes obscure. It is not quite clear whether Nocturns and Lauds were not joined together as Matins; Caesarius speaks of Prima, while
2217:
2797:" are ordered. This evidently means twelve psalms, two under each antiphon. In August there seem to have been no psalms, because there were festivals and Masses of saints. "
2673:
19-year-cycle, the Gallican Church continued to use the 532-year-cycle, until the end of the 8th or beginning of the 9th century. Lent began with the first Sunday, not with
2868:
There is a short passage which throws a little light upon the Lyon use of the end of the 5th century in an account of the Council of Lyon in 499. The council, assembled by
3214:
3146:
3134:
2074:
speculates that some of these represent originally Gallican liturgies with Roman elements introduced, while evaluating others, such as the Gelasian Sacramentary and the
3238:
3202:
2618:
as the key-day for Advent Sunday, so that, as at present in the Mozarabic and Ambrosian Rites, there were six Sundays of Advent (but only two Advent Masses survive in
1960:(366–384) – liturgical reforms were made at Rome: the position of the Great Intercession and of the Pax were altered, the latter perhaps because the form of the
2124:
wished to see what the ancient Gallican Rite had been like, it was necessary to import Hispanic priests to celebrate it in his presence. Subsequently, with the
2853:". The rules of Caesarius and Aurelian both speak of two nocturns with lessons, which include on the feasts of martyrs lessons from their passions. They order
3242:
2666:
1835:
is not really Roman, but Gallican, much Romanized at a later period, and that the Gubbio variations of which Innocent I complained were borrowed from Milan.
4884:
2953:, may well have known about some of these of his own knowledge; but through the 7th century there are indications of adoption of the Roman or the Monastic
3174:
and towel to subdeacons. Bidding Prayers and all are in the Roman Pontifical of today. In the ordination of deacons there is a form which is found in the
5239:
4266:
2973:. One may arrive at a fairly clear and general idea of the service, though there exists no Gallican Ordinary of the Mass and no Antiphoner. Duchesne, in
2690:
about some uniformity. The principal authorities are the Councils of Agde (506) and Tours (567) and allusions in the writings of Gregory of Tours and
4207:
3777:
3561:
1587:
1435:
1169:
2346:, are Gallican in order with many Roman prayers. The Good Friday prayers are, with a few verbal variations, exactly as those in the Roman Missal.
2264:
1976:
were altered into a fixed Canon of a type similar to the Roman Canon of today, though perhaps this Canon began with the clause which now reads "
2445:". This lectionary is purely Gallican with no apparent Roman influence. The manuscript has not been printed in its entirety, but Mabillon, in
4538:
975:
2949:
and the Ambrosian, all of which seem to have been going on then. The unknown writer, though his opinion is of no value on the origin of the
4998:
3821:
3158:, were very short, and consisted simply of the delivery of the instruments: keys to the porters; books of lectors and exorcists; cruets to
1119:
1452:
435:
2176:
There are no manuscripts of the Gallican Rite earlier than the later part of the 7th century, though the descriptions in the letters of
4560:
3123:
services of the Gallican Rite do not occur in any of the avowedly Gallican books. They are found in the Gelasian Sacramentary and the
3852:
520:
4778:
2677:. There is a not very intelligible passage in the canons of the Council of Tours to the effect that all through August there were "
1462:
612:
1856:
The Eastern Eucharists of whatever rite are marked by the invariability of the priest's part. There are, it is true, alternative
1365:
2004:. These later reforms were not adopted at Milan which retained the books of the first reform, which are now known as Ambrosian.
1902:
embodying the suggestions of the Bidding Prayer, addressed to God. These Bidding Prayers have survived in the Roman Rite in the
4848:
2577:
are the chief authorities on this point, and to these may be added some information to be gathered from the regulations of the
3862:
3857:
3667:
2694:. The general arrangement and nomenclature were very similar to those of the Celtic Rite. There were two principal services,
1580:
411:
4669:
4009:
2669:
532-year-cycle in 457, the Gallican Church, unlike the Celts, did the same; but when, in 525, the Roman Church adopted the
2665:
depended, of course, on Easter. When the Roman Church altered the Easter computation from the old 84-year-cycle to the new
1683:. It was so nearly allied to the Gallican Rite that the term Hispano-Gallican is often applied to the two. But the Iberian
1442:
4872:
4860:
4738:
3806:
2546:(Vat. Reg. Lat. 257) is a fragment of a sacramentary similar to the Gelasian Sacramentary, though not identical with it.
2281:
2062:
Throughout this period, there was a slow process of Romanization in the Gallican rite, accelerated in the 8th century by
1114:
642:
3229:, which may be presumed to have borrowed from it. A 9th century commentary on the ritual of a dedication, attributed by
1933:
4597:
3826:
1625:
1415:
1129:
4531:
3793:
3773:
3698:
3656:
2789:, with Alleluia (presumably as Antiphon). For Matins there is a curious arrangement which reminds one of that in the
1629:
1532:
1482:
1410:
1395:
1094:
161:
2338:, Good Friday and Easter Sunday ceremonies and the baptismal service, Masses for the Sundays after Easter up to the
1890:, is strangely little. Certain varying prayers of the Hispano-Gallican Rite have a tendency to fall into couples, a
5340:
4657:
3811:
3607:
The ancient liturgy of Antioch and other liturgical fragments: being an appendix to "Liturgies Eastern and Western"
3085:; in both, however, there are other prayers of a similar type and prayers for some of the Hours of Good Friday and
1929:
1777:
1573:
1512:
1425:
1326:
1109:
900:
721:
637:
459:
315:
272:
132:
2167:
of the French dioceses in the 17th to mid-19th centuries. These have nothing to do with the ancient Gallican Rite.
1784:(Lyon), was the principal centre of Gallican development. He lays great stress on the incontestable importance of
5335:
5212:
4675:
4613:
4604:
4014:
3831:
1789:
1492:
1400:
1124:
143:
46:
5068:
4687:
4295:
2893:
1707:, was once very popular among Anglican scholars. According to it the Gallican Rite went back to one brought to
1487:
752:
545:
228:
139:
111:
2292:(Preface) with other prayers of Gallican type. The Bunsen fragment contains part of a Mass for the Dead (post-
5345:
5227:
4663:
3705:
Describes Rose's research (quoting him extensively) into early Gallican, monasticism, missions, worship, etc.
3588:
Christian worship: its origin and evolution : a study of the Latin liturgy up to the time of Charlemagne
3178:
but has not been adopted in the Roman Rite, the recognition by the people, after an address, with the cry of
1640:
1370:
1340:
1140:
740:
2905:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2602:
It is probable that there were many variations in different times and places, and that the influence of the
2051:(581, 623) made attempts at imposing liturgical consistency, but only at a local level. In the 7th century,
1663:
The Gallican Rite was used from before the 5th century, and likely prior to the Diocletian reform in AD 293
4524:
4116:
2957:
instead of the Gallican, or to mix them up, a tendency which was resisted at times by provincial councils.
2222:
1430:
1405:
1335:
797:
295:
3742:
2582:
1788:(Milan) as the capital of the Western Roman Empire from 286 to 402 and of the Church of Milan in the late
3879:
2573:
2269:
1700:
1522:
1457:
1447:
1360:
1058:
685:
602:
535:
376:
5258:
5281:
4150:
2482:
1345:
97:
2590:
2227:(760–781). It contains eleven Masses of purely Gallican type, one of which is a Mass for the feast of
5234:
4428:
3801:
3217:
was exclusively funerary and contained little else but the deposition of the relics, as shown in the
1355:
1331:
578:
310:
2193:
4731:
4681:
4435:
3129:
1823:, spoke of usages which Duchesne recognizes as Gallican (e.g. the position of the Diptychs and the
1502:
1250:
1053:
965:
940:
862:
690:
617:
425:
248:
81:
3647:. Translated by Charles Underhill Quinn. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. pp.
3205:
does not occur in the recognized Gallican books and from prayers in the Gelasian Sacramentary and
3002:(d) the Dismissal, (e) the priest's prayers at the Offertory, (f) the Great Intercession, (g) the
2937:
decadence of the Gallican Divine Office was very gradual. In an 8th-century manuscript tract, the
2506:, and some information may be gathered from the decrees of the Gallican councils mentioned above.
1740:
4982:
4651:
4608:
4195:
3591:. Translated by M. L. McClure (5th ed.). London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
2966:
2919:
2117:
1965:
1894:, or invitation to pray, sometimes of considerable length and often partaking of the nature of a
950:
735:
102:
3648:
3275:
The Bunsen fragments belong to the Gallican type liturgies classification, according to Hammond.
5244:
5222:
4994:
4813:
4808:
4631:
4622:
4507:
4223:
3615:
3241:
manuscript are the other authorities from which Duchesne derives his details. The order of the
2861:
2426:
1984:
once read "Fac nobis hanc oblationem". This may have been introduced by a short, variable post-
1655:. Ireland is also known to have had a form of this Gallican Liturgy mixed with Celtic customs.
1617:
1563:
1177:
444:
955:
5268:
4803:
4721:
4580:
3566:
2519:
2276:
2071:
1760:
910:
757:
666:
607:
597:
525:
506:
492:
233:
194:
184:
38:
4617:
3605:
2653:
a large space is given to the services of the two days before Easter, and in the latter the
43:. It may be out of date, or may reflect the point of view of the Catholic Church as of 1913.
5217:
4977:
4758:
4748:
4716:
4190:
4111:
4031:
3923:
3901:
3816:
3579:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the
3033:
2985:
2586:
2486:
1921:
1652:
1637:
1609:
1104:
1078:
960:
777:
745:
627:
482:
290:
258:
189:
2048:
8:
5295:
5187:
4798:
4414:
4081:
3234:
3184:
2615:
2285:
2228:
2103:
2094:
1961:
1675:
to the end of the 11th century, and lingered as an archaeological survival in chapels at
1544:
705:
418:
393:
348:
5044:
4954:
4942:
4919:
4783:
4693:
4635:
4036:
3641:
2970:
2691:
2595:
2499:
2491:
2372:
2209:
2044:
1857:
1793:
1145:
1018:
885:
675:
540:
515:
497:
238:
206:
199:
166:
2645:
has a Mass for the feast of Germanus of Auxerre before the two Advent Masses. In both
2473:
Much side light is thrown on the Gallican Rite by the Celtic books, especially by the
4483:
3721:
3694:
3673:
3652:
3619:
3592:
3222:
3138:
2670:
2495:
2129:
2036:
2028:
1668:
1605:
1028:
782:
587:
564:
487:
383:
332:
149:
3230:
5076:
4865:
4841:
4793:
4708:
4478:
4461:
4446:
4303:
4133:
4019:
3781:
3735:
3611:
3246:
3017:
2901:
2873:
2637:, the Luxeuil has Commons of bishops and deacons for a number of other Masses, and
2503:
2414:
2177:
2121:
2090:
2040:
1925:
1820:
1671:
was used from the 5th century in Roman provinces within the Roman civil diocese of
1321:
1280:
1270:
1260:
1048:
935:
895:
772:
680:
592:
477:
300:
216:
154:
2809:"; six psalms at Terce, Sext, and None, with an antiphon, a hymn, a lesson, and a
2449:, gives references to all the lessons and the beginnings and endings of the text.
5144:
5101:
5091:
5086:
5039:
5033:
4969:
4889:
4456:
4371:
4328:
4318:
4313:
4271:
4261:
4182:
4046:
3961:
3943:
3918:
3785:
2703:
2578:
2418:
2335:
2032:
1993:
1845:
1812:
1800:
1744:
1648:
1420:
1265:
1197:
1192:
1083:
857:
787:
557:
468:
253:
89:
2781:. The distribution of the Psalter is not known. The Council of Tours orders six
1964:
of the catechumens was disused, and the distinction between the first part, the
5319:
5126:
5096:
5081:
5023:
5013:
4948:
4931:
4773:
4473:
4466:
4353:
4323:
4308:
4251:
4241:
4074:
3847:
3717:
3586:
3175:
3090:
2978:
2719:
2681:", but this is not borne out by the existing sacramentaries or the Lectionary.
2662:
2113:
2001:
1997:
1957:
1891:
1832:
1773:
1728:
1684:
1296:
1275:
1238:
1228:
1155:
1150:
1063:
991:
814:
762:
647:
622:
552:
366:
221:
4626:
3681:
2606:
brought about gradual assimilation to Rome. The year, as is usual, began with
2231:, but the others do not specify any festival. One Mass is written entirely in
5329:
5307:
5018:
4901:
4823:
4763:
4726:
4451:
4246:
4064:
3890:
3725:
3677:
3596:
3580:
3555:
3163:
2674:
2478:
2422:
2388:
2364:
2108:
1824:
1808:
1748:
1676:
1644:
1613:
1291:
1233:
996:
980:
836:
831:
700:
695:
34:
3710:
3623:
1952:
in the Gallican Masses, so that it is clear that this form existed in both.
5149:
5121:
5051:
4743:
4587:
4555:
4547:
4376:
4348:
4278:
4218:
4172:
4167:
4155:
3874:
3869:
3772:
3151:
3086:
3008:
2923:
2799:
Toto Augusto manicationes fiant, quia festivitates sunt et missae sanctorum
2525:
2474:
2252:
2070:
period, which are all that are left, contain many Roman elements. The 1913
1887:
1804:
1792:, and conjectures that a liturgy of Oriental origin, introduced perhaps by
1755:
1716:
1621:
1390:
1207:
1202:
1073:
1068:
890:
868:
767:
711:
305:
126:
1731:. The idea originated partly in a statement in the 8th-century tract in a
72:
5207:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5154:
5139:
5134:
4853:
4836:
4788:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4381:
4366:
4361:
4123:
4091:
4086:
4059:
3896:
2930:
2098:
2067:
1903:
1688:
945:
730:
371:
285:
243:
211:
3225:
manuscript, the Gallican Rite resembled more closely that of the modern
2524:
There are three extant manuscripts of the Gelasian Sacramentary, one at
1754:. This theory "may be dismissed as practically disproved," according to
5028:
4909:
4256:
4128:
4106:
4101:
3906:
3604:
Hammond, Charles E. (1879). "Fragments of ancient Gallican liturgies".
3226:
3120:
2881:
2855:
2805:", two lessons, one from the old and one from the New Testament, and a
2417:, but because among its very few saints' days it contains the feast of
2409:
2376:
2260:
2205:
2201:
2089:(742–66). The Roman chant was introduced about 760, and by a decree of
2086:
2052:
1989:
1862:
1785:
1732:
1664:
1187:
915:
905:
657:
632:
401:
5056:
4283:
3155:
3077:
2634:
2232:
2213:
1816:
1680:
1212:
652:
569:
530:
449:
2529:
2413:(Luxeuil) is a 7th-century manuscript discovered by Mabillon in the
4877:
4831:
4768:
4592:
4576:
4502:
4069:
4004:
3987:
3973:
3884:
3554: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3099:
2869:
2731:
2380:
2368:
2339:
2180:(555–76) take one back another century. The known manuscripts are:
2164:
2063:
1875:
1871:
1781:
1724:
1720:
1672:
1558:
1316:
1023:
1011:
876:
388:
280:
5290:
4925:
4914:
4753:
4140:
4096:
4024:
3967:
3527:
3159:
2994:
2911:
2888:. Then psalms were sung and a lesson was read from the prophets (
2723:
2699:
2611:
2331:
2149:
2125:
2056:
1899:
1867:
1828:
1712:
1099:
1006:
1001:
852:
361:
2845:
Caesarius mentions a blessing given by the bishop at the end of
2375:. Duchesne, judging by the inclusion of Masses for the feast of
2288:. The Peyron fragment contains part of what looks like a Lenten
2251:
The Peyron, Mai, and Bunsen fragments are disjointed palimpsest
4936:
4516:
4162:
4145:
4054:
3979:
3931:
3693:. Platina: St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood. pp. 701–716.
3639:
Bouyer, Louis (1968) . "The Gallican and Mozarabic Eucharist".
3144:
The ceremonial contained therein agrees with that described in
2965:
The chief authorities for the Gallican Mass are the letters of
2915:
2695:
2630:
2607:
2434:
2392:
2256:
2157:
2153:
1908:
1895:
1751:
3643:
Eucharist: theology and spirituality of the eucharistic prayer
2078:, as Roman liturgies with Gallican additions and adaptations.
3949:
3937:
3167:
2782:
2711:
2384:
2240:
2216:. The manuscript, which is late 7th century, had belonged to
1879:
1797:
1633:
822:
792:
454:
3318:
For the full list of variables, in the Reichenau fragments,
3182:
This is used for priests and bishops also, for example, the
3137:, but now known to be a Gallican decree "promulgated in the
1807:, Mediolanum, to the Roman provinces in Gaul, Hispania, and
4584:
3955:
3171:
2715:
2082:
1708:
122:
2626:
and the Luxeuil Lectionary both begin with Christmas Eve.
1653:
which had a few early centers of Christianity in the south
3369:
Bibliothèque nationale de France. Manuscript. Latin 974.
2918:, now used in all the churches of the Roman Rite except
2107:
in 789, the Gallican chant was abolished in its favour.
3515:
3049:
The authorities for the Gallican Baptismal Service are
2851:
cumque expleto Lucernario benedictionem populo dedisset
2821:" of the Ambrosian Rite), two antiphons, a hymn, and a
2793:. Normally in summer (apparently from Easter to July) "
3689:
Hieromonk Damascene (2003). "Western Orthodox Roots".
2132:, the Gallican rite was the official form of liturgy.
1870:
of course vary with the day in all rites, and varying
5279:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3419:
2859:
to be sung at Lauds and during the Paschal days, and
2387:. Masses are numbered, the manuscript beginning with
2342:
Mass, where the manuscript breaks off. Masses, as in
2280:
at Milan, and those fragments which are an eponym of
2000:; these three popes are the eponyms of three varying
1851:
1776:
puts forward in place of the Ephesine. He holds that
1643:. By the 5th century, it was well established in the
3672:. Translated by Catherine M. Antony. London: Sands.
3503:
3491:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3399:
2817:
a "Psalmus Directaneus", whatever that may be (cf. "
2391:
which is numbered III. Probably there were once two
2246:
5240:
Conference of the Latin Bishops of the Arab Regions
3688:
3378:For the order of the consecration of a church, see
2452:
1848:or the occasional services in determining origins.
1831:himself a Roman, refused them. He assumes that the
3730:Contains reconstructions from several manuscripts.
3640:
3305:For a reconstructed order of a Gallican Mass, see
3111:. There is no blessing of the new fire in either.
3103:and its Preface nearly exactly as in the Roman, a
2829:, eighteen psalms, an antiphon, hymn, lesson, and
2599:, as to the Gallican practice in the 6th century.
2135:
1920:Another Western peculiarity is in the form of the
1739:) to such an origin, and partly in a statement of
3570:. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3396:
33:This article incorporates unedited text from the
5327:
3709:Neale, John M.; Forbes, George H., eds. (1855).
3141:towards the end of the 5th century" (Duchesne).
2171:
3196:
2926:, is known as the "Gallican", while the older,
2892:,), more psalms and a lesson from the Gospels,
1980:", but according to the pseudo-Ambrosian tract
3209:. Duchesne's analysis of both rites shows, in
2878:feast of Just. The vigil was kept at his tomb.
4532:
3758:
3093:consists of a Bidding Prayer and collect (in
2833:. From this it seems as though the office of
2066:. Nearly all the Gallican books of the later
1747:(664) respecting the Johannine origin of the
1581:
3666:Cabrol, Fernand (1934). "The Mass in Gaul".
3284:For a list of liturgical year variations in
3016:(j) the Recital of the Institution, (k) the
2160:. This was only a variant of the Roman Rite.
3708:
2307:
4539:
4525:
3765:
3751:
3039:
1699:The Ephesine theory, first put forward by
1588:
1574:
96:
3853:Divine Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts
2549:
2144:has also been applied to two other uses:
1924:. The principal Eastern liturgies follow
1735:, which refers the Service of the Gauls (
3691:Father Seraphim Rose: his life and works
3584:
3537:
3521:
3044:
2614:days a week during Advent and mentioned
2513:
2437:is ordained, when a priest is blessed, "
603:Outside the Church there is no salvation
3603:
3509:
3497:
2865:sung on Sundays and greater festivals.
2753:, while Aurelian distinguishes between
1898:, addressed to the congregation, and a
1882:; but the priest's part remains fixed.
5328:
4234:
3665:
3638:
3559:
3533:
3485:
3379:
3357:
3340:
3323:
3306:
3293:
2934:now used in St. Peter's Basilica only,
2610:. The Council of Mâcon arranged three
2571:, and the Gallican adaptations of the
2558:
2183:
436:Realms beyond the States of the Church
4520:
3863:Divine Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
3858:Divine Liturgy of St. Basil the Great
3746:
3716:(in Latin and English). Burntisland:
3114:
2402:
2007:
1658:
4010:Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament
3150:by Isidore of Seville. The forms of
2684:
2535:
2458:The Letters of St. Germanus of Paris
2330:and other ceremonies preparatory to
2198:Mémoire sur d'anciens Sacramentaires
1508:
47:broader and more recent perspectives
18:
16:Historical form of Christian liturgy
2722:; and probably two night services,
2510:principal of these are as follows.
2485:may also be of service, while most
2349:
2282:Christian Charles Josias von Bunsen
1767:
1528:
13:
4598:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
3632:
3322:, and Germanus's description, see
3105:Collectio post benedictionem cerei
2880:This began with a lesson from the
2745:; Caesarius distinguishes between
2593:(581), and from Gregory of Tours'
2055:'s missionaries likely introduced
1915:
1852:Invariability of the Priest's part
1694:
14:
5357:
3564:". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2247:Peyron, Mai, and Bunsen Fragments
2081:The Roman Liturgy was adopted at
1803:from 355 to 374, spread from the
5313:
5301:
5289:
5264:
5263:
4546:
4501:
3574:
3549:
3065:has a much fuller form with the
2679:festivitates et missae sanctorum
2629:Both books also have Commons of
2453:Letters of St. Germanus of Paris
2021:
1930:First Epistle to the Corinthians
1772:The second theory is that which
1557:
1538:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1498:
1497:
901:Catechism of the Catholic Church
71:
23:
5213:Latin Church in the Middle East
3372:
3363:
3346:
2998:, etc., at the Gospel, (c) the
2661:are given at great length. The
2468:
2148:a French use introduced by the
2136:Other uses of the name Gallican
1838:
1632:and were first translated into
45:It should be edited to reflect
3329:
3312:
3299:
3278:
3269:
3259:
3020:. Possibly fixed would be the
1948:" come at the end of the post-
1723:, who had received it through
1608:and other ritual practices in
229:History of the Catholic Church
1:
3669:The Mass of the Western Rites
3389:
3352:For the baptismal service in
3335:For the baptismal service in
3237:, and the 8th or 9th century
3133:, formerly attributed to the
2842:is the Byzantine Hesperinos.
2172:Manuscripts and other sources
1641:Praetorian prefecture of Gaul
4117:Divine Worship: Daily Office
3739:(London: A.R. Mowbray, 1958)
3197:The Consecration of a church
2795:sex antiphonae binis psalmis
2255:. Those fragments which are
2218:John II, Bishop of Constance
7:
3610:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3109:Collectio post hymnum cerri
2960:
2604:Martyrologium Hieronymianum
2574:Martyrologium Hieronymianum
2429:, when a bishop preaches, "
2383:(d. 680), attributes it to
2235:verse, except for the post-
686:Infallibility of the Church
10:
5362:
4508:Catholic Church portal
4151:Divine Worship: The Missal
3215:Roman Rite of Consecration
3213:, that at a time when the
3147:De Officiis Ecclesiasticis
3135:Fourth Council of Carthage
2975:Origines du Culte chrétien
2941:is distinguished from the
2517:
2483:Ambrosian Liturgy and Rite
2200:. They were discovered by
1620:that developed within the
1564:Catholic Church portal
5253:
5235:Eastern Catholic Churches
5200:
5114:
5067:
5006:
4993:
4968:
4900:
4822:
4707:
4644:
4569:
4554:
4498:
4427:
4341:
4294:
4217:
4206:
4181:
4045:
3998:Other liturgical services
3997:
3917:
3840:
3792:
3733:Porter, William Stevens.
3585:Duchesne, Louis (1919) .
2803:Fulgentis auctor aetheris
2702:; and four Lesser Hours,
2583:Fourth Council of Orléans
1938:Qui pridie quam pateretur
3946:(first hour of daylight)
3252:
3203:Consecration of a church
3130:Statuta Ecclesia Antiqua
2900:, and a lesson from the
2563:The Luxeuil Lectionary,
2481:. A comparison with the
2316:Missale Gallicanum Vetus
2309:Missale Gallicanum Vetus
1878:, etc., are sung by the
1636:in various parts of the
1604:is a historical form of
1251:Eastern Catholic liturgy
1054:Eastern Catholic liturgy
863:Sixto-Clementine Vulgate
249:Four Marks of the Church
5341:Christianity in Francia
4983:Liturgical use of Latin
4609:Pierbattista Pizzaballa
4196:Liturgical use of Latin
3560:Jenner, Henry (1909). "
3061:is the least complete.
3040:The Occasional Services
2967:Saint Germanus of Paris
2641:has six Sunday Masses.
2591:Second Council of Mâcon
2439:in profectione itineris
2431:et plebs decimas reddat
1966:Mass of the Catechumens
1545:Vatican City portal
971:Philosophy of canon law
691:Mystical Body of Christ
5336:Latin liturgical rites
5245:Western Rite Orthodoxy
4885:Santiago de Compostela
4814:1983 Code of Canon Law
4789:Protestant Reformation
4732:Historical development
3976:(Anglican Use Vespers)
3239:Angoulême Sacramentary
3089:. The Blessing of the
2862:Gloria in excelsis Deo
2791:Rule of St. Columbanus
2771:Initium Noctis Paschae
2550:Gregorian Sacramentary
2427:dedication of a church
2194:Léopold Victor Delisle
2059:elements to the rite.
1860:which are used either
1618:Latin liturgical rites
5259:Doctors of the Church
4722:History of the papacy
4581:Patriarch of the West
4047:Liturgical literature
3982:(West Syriac Vespers)
3841:Eucharistic liturgies
3822:Anointing of the Sick
3567:Catholic Encyclopedia
3045:The Baptismal Service
2779:ad Duodeciman Paschae
2520:Gelasian Sacramentary
2514:Gelasian Sacramentary
2447:De Liturgia Gallicana
2277:Biblioteca Ambrosiana
2072:Catholic Encyclopedia
1815:(416) in a letter to
1761:Catholic Encyclopedia
1741:Colmán of Lindisfarne
1687:has, like the allied
1612:. It is not a single
1120:Anointing of the Sick
911:Apostolic exhortation
608:Infused righteousness
526:Immaculate Conception
234:History of the papacy
39:Catholic Encyclopedia
5346:Catholic terminology
4978:Ecclesiastical Latin
4749:Early African church
4717:Apostolic succession
4191:Ecclesiastical Latin
4112:Liturgy of the Hours
4032:Liturgy of the Hours
3902:Pontifical High Mass
3034:Words of Institution
2986:Ordinary of the Mass
2981:rather than Celtic.
2920:St. Peter's Basilica
2443:lectiones cotidianae
2212:, in the library of
2208:manuscript from the
1944:and the catchwords "
1922:Words of Institution
1638:Western Roman Empire
1610:Western Christianity
1463:the Age of Discovery
1453:Sex and gender roles
1443:Role in civilization
1436:in the United States
1079:Liturgy of the Hours
613:Invincible ignorance
483:Crucifixion of Jesus
291:College of Cardinals
259:Apostolic succession
103:St. Peter's Basilica
5188:Pre-Tridentine Mass
4799:Counter-Reformation
4561:order of precedence
4415:Pre-Tridentine Mass
4183:Liturgical language
3292:, and Luxeuil, see
3243:Celtic Consecration
3235:Remigius of Auxerre
3191:Deus omnium honorum
2785:at Sext and twelve
2667:Victorius Aquitaine
2559:The Liturgical Year
2371:, which was in the
2286:Abbey of Saint Gall
2229:Germanus of Auxerre
2190:Reichenau Fragments
2184:Reichenau Fragments
2104:Admonitio generalis
2095:Mayor of the Palace
1705:Origines Liturgicae
1645:Roman civil diocese
1616:but rather several
1476:Links and resources
536:Perpetual virginity
507:Blessed Virgin Mary
394:Divinum illud munus
296:Ecumenical councils
239:Ecumenical councils
5045:Extraordinary form
4955:Isidore of Seville
4943:Augustine of Hippo
4920:Hilary of Poitiers
4636:Francesco Moraglia
4618:Filipe Neri Ferrão
4267:Extraordinary Form
3684:on 6 January 2009.
3115:Ordination Service
3012:dialogue, (i) the
2971:Isidore of Seville
2928:a revision of the
2692:Caesarius of Arles
2596:Historia Francorum
2500:Caesarius of Arles
2492:Hilary of Poitiers
2403:Luxeuil Lectionary
2373:Visigothic Kingdom
2284:were found at the
2274:were found in the
2210:Abbey of Reichenau
2008:Summary of origins
1659:History and origin
1019:Christian humanism
916:Epistula Encyclica
676:College of Bishops
384:Consubstantialitas
207:Early Christianity
5277:
5276:
5196:
5195:
5110:
5109:
4964:
4963:
4703:
4702:
4514:
4513:
4494:
4493:
4423:
4422:
4337:
4336:
3970:(sunset/evening)
3736:The Gallican Rite
3562:The Gallican Rite
3249:is very similar.
3223:Saint-Amand Abbey
3211:Christian worship
3207:Missale Francorum
3139:province of Arles
3125:Missale Francorum
3071:expositio symboli
3006:formula, (h) the
2728:ad initium noctis
2685:The Divine Office
2671:Dionysius Exiguus
2655:expositio symboli
2544:Missale Francorum
2537:Missale Francorum
2502:, and especially
2496:Sulpicius Severus
2379:and the feast of
2324:expositio symboli
2192:are described in
2130:Kingdom of Sicily
2076:Missale Francorum
1606:Christian liturgy
1598:
1597:
1439:
1029:Neo-scholasticism
805:
804:
783:Seven deadly sins
706:Perfect community
588:Baptism of desire
488:Harrowing of Hell
64:
63:
5353:
5318:
5317:
5316:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5293:
5285:
5267:
5266:
5077:Benedictine Rite
5065:
5064:
5004:
5003:
4995:Liturgical rites
4820:
4819:
4794:Council of Trent
4779:Age of Discovery
4759:East–West Schism
4567:
4566:
4541:
4534:
4527:
4518:
4517:
4506:
4505:
4479:East Syriac Rite
4447:Alexandrian Rite
4436:Eastern Catholic
4429:Eastern Catholic
4304:Benedictine Rite
4292:
4291:
4232:
4231:
4226:liturgical rites
4215:
4214:
4134:Roman Pontifical
3990:(end of the day)
3924:Liturgical hours
3767:
3760:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3729:
3704:
3685:
3680:. Archived from
3662:
3646:
3627:
3600:
3578:
3577:
3571:
3553:
3552:
3541:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3513:
3507:
3501:
3495:
3489:
3483:
3383:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3350:
3344:
3333:
3327:
3316:
3310:
3303:
3297:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3263:
3247:An Leabhar Breac
3067:traditio symboli
2947:Cursus Scottorum
2943:Cursus Romanorum
2935:
2902:Pauline epistles
2879:
2874:king of Burgundy
2819:Psalmus Directus
2659:traditio symboli
2616:St. Martin's Day
2587:Council of Tours
2569:Missale Gallicum
2565:Missale Gothicum
2504:Gregory of Tours
2415:Abbey of Luxeuil
2357:Missale Gothicum
2351:Missale Gothicum
2328:traditio symboli
2273:
2226:
2178:Germain of Paris
2122:Charles the Bald
2091:Pepin of Herstal
2015:Church Quarterly
1928:'s words in the
1926:Paul the Apostle
1821:bishop of Gubbio
1768:Ambrosian theory
1590:
1583:
1576:
1562:
1561:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1433:
1351:Relations with:
1322:Anti-Catholicism
936:Cardinal Virtues
896:Athanasian Creed
773:Hypostatic union
681:Deposit of faith
593:Baptism of blood
478:Passion of Jesus
344:
343:
311:Eastern Churches
301:Episcopal polity
129:
100:
75:
68:
67:
59:
56:
50:
27:
26:
19:
5361:
5360:
5356:
5355:
5354:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5326:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5312:
5302:
5300:
5288:
5280:
5278:
5273:
5249:
5192:
5182:Missa Venatoria
5106:
5102:Norbertine Rite
5092:Cistercian Rite
5087:Carthusian Rite
5063:
5040:Tridentine Mass
5036:(Ordinary form)
5034:Mass of Paul VI
4999:Liturgical days
4997:
4989:
4960:
4896:
4818:
4699:
4640:
4601:
4558:
4550:
4545:
4515:
4510:
4500:
4490:
4457:Antiochene Rite
4437:
4433:
4430:
4419:
4409:Missa Venatoria
4333:
4329:Norbertine Rite
4319:Cistercian Rite
4314:Carthusian Rite
4290:
4272:Tridentine Mass
4262:Mass of Paul VI
4225:
4221:
4209:
4202:
4177:
4041:
3993:
3940:(early morning)
3922:
3919:Canonical hours
3913:
3836:
3788:
3786:Catholic Church
3771:
3701:
3659:
3635:
3633:Further reading
3630:
3616:2027/hvd.ah51jq
3575:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3532:
3528:
3520:
3516:
3508:
3504:
3496:
3492:
3484:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3351:
3347:
3334:
3330:
3317:
3313:
3304:
3300:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:classification.
3264:
3260:
3255:
3199:
3117:
3047:
3042:
2963:
2939:Cursus Gallorum
2927:
2877:
2876:, began on the
2767:Vespera Paschae
2687:
2663:moveable feasts
2579:Council of Agde
2561:
2552:
2540:
2522:
2516:
2471:
2463:Ordo Gallicanus
2455:
2419:Saint Genevieve
2405:
2354:
2336:Maundy Thursday
2312:
2267:
2249:
2220:
2186:
2174:
2138:
2118:Imperial chapel
2085:in the time of
2024:
2010:
1994:Pope Gelasius I
1978:Quam oblationem
1918:
1916:The Institution
1854:
1846:canonical hours
1841:
1813:Pope Innocent I
1801:bishop of Milan
1770:
1745:Synod of Whitby
1737:Cursus Gallorum
1697:
1695:Ephesine theory
1661:
1614:liturgical rite
1594:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1539:
1537:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1385:
1384:Societal issues
1377:
1376:
1375:
1311:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1287:
1256:
1246:
1245:
1219:
1193:Post-Vatican II
1183:
1172:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1136:
1090:
1084:Liturgical year
1043:
1035:
1034:
1033:
986:
966:Social teaching
951:Catholic ethics
930:
922:
921:
920:
886:Apostles' Creed
858:Sixtine Vulgate
817:
807:
806:
788:Beatific vision
722:Other teachings
643:Moral influence
469:Paschal mystery
341:
340:
322:
321:
320:
275:
265:
264:
263:
254:One true church
179:
171:
121:
106:
90:Catholic Church
60:
54:
51:
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5359:
5349:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5323:
5322:
5310:
5298:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5271:
5261:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5210:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5190:
5185:
5178:
5171:
5164:
5159:
5158:
5157:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5129:
5127:Aquileian Rite
5124:
5118:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5097:Dominican Rite
5094:
5089:
5084:
5082:Carmelite Rite
5079:
5073:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5048:
5047:
5037:
5026:
5024:Mozarabic Rite
5021:
5016:
5014:Ambrosian Rite
5010:
5008:
5001:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4959:
4958:
4952:
4949:Pope Gregory I
4946:
4940:
4934:
4932:Pope Damasus I
4929:
4923:
4917:
4912:
4906:
4904:
4902:Church Fathers
4898:
4897:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4828:
4826:
4824:Apostolic sees
4817:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4774:Western Schism
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4729:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4679:
4673:
4670:Constantinople
4667:
4661:
4655:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4629:
4620:
4611:
4602:
4573:
4571:
4564:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4521:
4512:
4511:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4488:
4487:
4486:
4476:
4474:Byzantine Rite
4471:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4356:
4354:Aquileian Rite
4351:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4324:Dominican Rite
4321:
4316:
4311:
4309:Carmelite Rite
4306:
4300:
4298:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4264:
4254:
4252:Mozarabic Rite
4249:
4244:
4242:Ambrosian Rite
4238:
4236:
4229:
4212:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4187:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4126:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4075:Roman Breviary
4067:
4062:
4057:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3992:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3977:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3887:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3848:Divine Liturgy
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3790:
3789:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3741:
3740:
3731:
3718:Pitsligo Press
3706:
3699:
3686:
3663:
3657:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3601:
3572:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:, p. 408.
3526:
3524:, p. 149.
3514:
3502:
3490:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3371:
3362:
3345:
3328:
3311:
3298:
3277:
3268:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3231:Edmond Martène
3219:Ordines Romani
3198:
3195:
3176:Byzantine Rite
3116:
3113:
3091:Paschal Candle
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
2962:
2959:
2686:
2683:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2539:
2534:
2518:Main article:
2515:
2512:
2470:
2467:
2454:
2451:
2404:
2401:
2395:Masses, as in
2353:
2348:
2311:
2306:
2248:
2245:
2185:
2182:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2137:
2134:
2114:Alcuin of York
2023:
2020:
2009:
2006:
2002:sacramentaries
1998:Pope Gregory I
1982:De Sacramentis
1958:Pope Damasus I
1917:
1914:
1892:Bidding Prayer
1853:
1850:
1840:
1837:
1833:Ambrosian Rite
1774:Louis Duchesne
1769:
1766:
1729:John of Patmos
1701:William Palmer
1696:
1693:
1685:Mozarabic Rite
1660:
1657:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1535:
1525:
1515:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1288:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1156:Biblical canon
1153:
1148:
1143:
1137:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1064:Divine Liturgy
1061:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
994:
992:Augustinianism
984:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
932:
931:
928:
927:
924:
923:
919:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
881:
880:
879:
874:
873:
872:
865:
860:
847:
846:
845:Official Bible
842:
841:
840:
839:
834:
826:
825:
819:
818:
813:
812:
809:
808:
803:
802:
801:
800:
795:
790:
785:
780:
778:Predestination
775:
770:
765:
763:Amillennialism
760:
755:
750:
749:
748:
738:
733:
725:
724:
718:
717:
716:
715:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
670:
669:
663:
662:
661:
660:
655:
650:
648:Sanctification
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
623:Means of grace
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
582:
581:
575:
574:
573:
572:
567:
562:
561:
560:
550:
549:
548:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
510:
509:
503:
502:
501:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
472:
471:
465:
464:
463:
462:
457:
452:
447:
439:
438:
432:
431:
430:
429:
422:
415:
405:
404:
398:
397:
396:
391:
386:
381:
380:
379:
374:
369:
357:
356:
355:
354:
342:
339:
338:
335:
329:
328:
327:
324:
323:
319:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
277:
276:
271:
270:
267:
266:
262:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
225:
224:
219:
214:
204:
203:
202:
197:
192:
181:
180:
177:
176:
173:
172:
170:
169:
164:
158:
157:
152:
147:
136:
135:
130:
118:
115:
114:
108:
107:
105:, Vatican City
101:
93:
92:
86:
85:
77:
76:
62:
61:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5358:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5321:
5311:
5309:
5299:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5270:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5255:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5168:Missa Nautica
5165:
5163:
5162:Gallican Rite
5160:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:Rite of Braga
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4979:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4903:
4899:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:Scholasticism
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:First Martyrs
4737:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Papal primacy
4725:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4606:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4557:
4556:Patriarchates
4553:
4549:
4542:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4509:
4504:
4497:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4452:Armenian Rite
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4432:
4426:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:Missa Nautica
4392:
4390:
4389:Gallican Rite
4387:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4301:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Rite of Braga
4245:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4148:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4118:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4065:Book of hours
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3986:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3916:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3891:Missa Cantata
3888:
3886:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3700:1-887904-07-7
3696:
3692:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3664:
3660:
3658:0-268-00498-6
3654:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3637:
3636:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3581:public domain
3573:
3569:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3556:public domain
3548:
3547:
3539:
3538:Duchesne 1919
3535:
3530:
3523:
3522:Duchesne 1919
3518:
3512:, p. 53.
3511:
3506:
3500:, p. 51.
3499:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3430:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3395:
3381:
3380:Jenner (1909)
3375:
3366:
3359:
3358:Jenner (1909)
3355:
3349:
3342:
3341:Jenner (1909)
3338:
3332:
3325:
3324:Jenner (1909)
3321:
3315:
3308:
3307:Jenner (1909)
3302:
3295:
3294:Jenner (1909)
3291:
3287:
3281:
3272:
3262:
3258:
3250:
3248:
3245:given in the
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3194:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3022:Confractorium
3019:
3018:Lord's Prayer
3015:
3011:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:Matthew 11:21
2891:
2887:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2840:
2839:ad Duodecimam
2836:
2832:
2828:
2827:ad Duodecimam
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2787:ad Duodecimam
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:ad Duodeciman
2752:
2751:ad Duodeciman
2748:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:Ash Wednesday
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2547:
2545:
2538:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2479:Bobbio Missal
2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:Germain Morin
2420:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:Christmas Eve
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2365:Jean Mabillon
2362:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2278:
2271:
2266:
2265:Amedeo Peyron
2262:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:in 1850 in a
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2181:
2179:
2166:
2163:the reformed
2162:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2109:Pope Adrian I
2106:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2022:Later history
2019:
2016:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1749:Quartodeciman
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1602:Gallican Rite
1591:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1554:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1504:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1473:
1472:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1411:Homosexuality
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1371:Protestantism
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:Miscellaneous
1307:
1306:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1179:
1178:Latin liturgy
1176:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1039:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
998:
997:Scholasticism
995:
993:
990:
989:
988:
982:
981:Virtue ethics
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
933:
926:
925:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
878:
875:
871:
870:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
851:
850:
849:
848:
844:
843:
838:
837:New Testament
835:
833:
832:Old Testament
830:
829:
828:
827:
824:
821:
820:
816:
811:
810:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
747:
744:
743:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
728:
727:
726:
723:
720:
719:
714:
713:
709:
707:
704:
702:
701:People of God
699:
697:
696:Papal primacy
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
673:
672:
671:
668:
665:
664:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
618:Justification
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
583:
580:
577:
576:
571:
568:
566:
563:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
508:
505:
504:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
470:
467:
466:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
437:
434:
433:
428:
427:
423:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
409:
408:
407:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
360:
359:
358:
353:
352:
351:
350:
346:
345:
336:
334:
331:
330:
326:
325:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
278:
274:
269:
268:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
209:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
182:
175:
174:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
156:
153:
151:
148:
145:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
124:
120:
119:
117:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
88:
87:
83:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
48:
42:
41:
40:
36:
35:public-domain
30:
21:
20:
5296:Christianity
5228:Titular sees
5180:
5173:
5166:
5161:
5145:Hereford Use
5122:African Rite
5052:Anglican Use
4744:Great Church
4591:
4548:Latin Church
4407:
4400:
4393:
4388:
4372:Hereford Use
4349:African Rite
4279:Anglican Use
4219:Latin Church
4173:Sacramentary
4168:Roman Ritual
4156:Roman Missal
3964:(ninth hour)
3952:(third hour)
3889:
3875:Holy Qurbono
3870:Holy Qurbana
3807:Confirmation
3734:
3711:
3690:
3682:the original
3668:
3642:
3606:
3587:
3565:
3529:
3517:
3510:Hammond 1879
3505:
3498:Hammond 1879
3493:
3374:
3365:
3353:
3348:
3336:
3331:
3319:
3314:
3301:
3289:
3285:
3280:
3271:
3261:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3190:
3183:
3179:
3154:, including
3152:minor orders
3145:
3143:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3094:
3087:Easter Vigil
3082:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3013:
3009:Sursum corda
3007:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2964:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2924:Vatican City
2910:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2727:
2707:
2688:
2678:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2601:
2594:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2553:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2526:Vatican City
2523:
2508:
2475:Stowe Missal
2472:
2469:Celtic books
2462:
2457:
2456:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2408:The Luxeuil
2407:
2406:
2396:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2275:
2259:of Cardinal
2250:
2236:
2197:
2189:
2187:
2175:
2141:
2139:
2102:
2097:, quoted in
2080:
2075:
2061:
2025:
2014:
2011:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1919:
1907:
1888:Consecration
1884:
1861:
1855:
1842:
1839:Roman theory
1805:capital city
1771:
1759:
1756:Henry Jenner
1736:
1717:St. Pothinus
1704:
1698:
1662:
1622:Latin Church
1601:
1599:
1426:Nazi Germany
1416:Sexual abuse
1350:
1223:
1208:Anglican Use
1203:Use of Sarum
1115:Confirmation
1074:Holy Qurbono
1069:Holy Qurbana
985:
976:Philosophers
891:Nicene Creed
869:Nova Vulgata
867:
768:Original sin
712:Subsistit in
710:
667:Ecclesiology
638:Satisfaction
598:Divine grace
493:Resurrection
424:
417:
410:
347:
306:Latin Church
273:Organisation
195:Resurrection
65:
52:
37:
32:
5208:Latin cross
5175:Missa sicca
5140:Durham Rite
5135:Celtic Rite
4690:(1555–1663)
4678:(1524–1963)
4676:West Indies
4672:(1204–1964)
4666:(1098–1964)
4660:(1276–1964)
4627:Rui Valério
4614:East Indies
4462:West Syriac
4402:Missa sicca
4367:Durham Rite
4362:Celtic Rite
4124:Martyrology
4092:Gospel Book
4087:Euchologion
4060:Antiphonary
3934:(nighttime)
3897:Solemn Mass
3827:Holy Orders
3534:Jenner 1909
3486:Jenner 1909
3180:Dignus est!
3097:only), the
2931:Vetus Itala
2847:Lucernarium
2835:Lucernarium
2815:Lucernarium
2747:Lucernarium
2743:ad Secundum
2708:ad Secundum
2589:(567), and
2334:; also the
2290:Contestatio
2268: [
2221: [
2099:Charlemagne
2068:Merovingian
2047:(578), and
1904:Good Friday
1790:4th century
1689:Celtic Rite
1533:WikiProject
1401:Health care
1346:Monasticism
1281:East Syriac
1271:West Syriac
1261:Alexandrian
1130:Holy orders
961:Probabilism
956:Personalism
946:Natural law
758:Apologetics
731:Josephology
419:Ex Cathedra
286:Roman Curia
244:Magisterium
190:Crucifixion
55:August 2015
5330:Categories
5029:Roman Rite
4910:Tertullian
4809:Vatican II
4696:(560–1451)
4684:(560–1751)
4658:Alexandria
4257:Roman Rite
4208:Liturgical
4129:Pontifical
4107:Lectionary
4102:Horologion
4037:Procession
3907:Papal Mass
3794:Sacraments
3774:Sacraments
3390:References
3354:Gallicanum
3227:Pontifical
3121:Ordination
3063:Gallicanum
3055:Gallicanum
2906:Romans 2:4
2898:Luke 10:13
2890:Isaiah 6:9
2886:Exodus 7:3
2882:Pentateuch
2856:Magnificat
2831:capitellum
2823:capitellum
2811:capitellum
2807:capitellum
2775:Gallicanum
2765:speaks of
2741:speaks of
2739:Gallicanum
2651:Gallicanum
2643:Gallicanum
2635:Confessors
2620:Gallicanum
2461:a kind of
2433:", when a
2410:Lectionary
2397:Gallicanum
2377:Symphorian
2320:Gallicanum
2261:Angelo Mai
2206:palimpsest
2202:Franz Mone
2165:Breviaries
2087:Chrodegang
2053:Columbanus
1990:Pope Leo I
1946:Qui pridie
1863:ad libitum
1786:Mediolanum
1733:manuscript
1665:Roman Gaul
1266:Antiochene
1198:Tridentine
1095:Sacraments
929:Philosophy
906:Papal bull
658:Venial sin
633:Mortal sin
565:Apparition
541:Assumption
521:Veneration
426:Deificatio
402:Divine law
377:Holy Ghost
333:Theologies
178:Background
162:Sacraments
5150:Sarum Use
5057:Zaire Use
4804:Vatican I
4605:Jerusalem
4467:Malankara
4377:Sarum Use
4284:Zaire Use
4082:Customary
3832:Matrimony
3812:Eucharist
3782:liturgies
3726:793555941
3678:557830331
3597:844623358
3170:, basin,
3156:subdeacon
3078:Holy Week
2979:Ambrosian
2528:, one at
2239:which is
2233:hexameter
2214:Karlsruhe
2140:The name
1972:and post-
1962:dismissal
1872:antiphons
1858:anaphoras
1817:Decentius
1809:Britannia
1794:Auxentius
1681:Salamanca
1626:Jerusalem
1523:Templates
1396:Evolution
1366:Orthodoxy
1341:Ecumenism
1327:Criticism
1317:Antipopes
1297:Byzantine
1276:Malankara
1239:Mozarabic
1229:Ambrosian
1213:Zaire Use
1146:Devotions
1125:Matrimony
1110:Eucharist
753:Sexuality
653:Synergism
579:Salvation
570:Mediatrix
546:Dormition
531:Mater Dei
516:Mariology
498:Ascension
450:Purgatory
412:Decalogus
316:Canon law
200:Ascension
133:Hierarchy
5269:Category
5201:See also
5155:York Use
5131:British
4970:Language
4878:Barnabas
4849:Syracuse
4784:Humanism
4769:Crusades
4688:Ethiopia
4682:Aquileia
4654:(?−1964)
4652:Carthage
4593:cathedra
4431:Churches
4382:York Use
4358:British
4070:Breviary
4015:Exorcism
4005:Asperges
3988:Compline
3974:Evensong
3885:Low Mass
3624:23760885
3337:Gothicum
3320:Gothicum
3290:Gothicum
3286:Gallicum
3160:acolytes
3100:Exsultet
3095:Gothicum
3083:Gothicum
3059:Gothicum
3051:Gothicum
3030:Communio
3026:Trecanum
3014:Sanctus,
2961:The Mass
2870:Gundobad
2763:Gothicum
2732:Nocturns
2647:Gothicum
2639:Gothicum
2624:Gothicum
2441:", and "
2381:Leodegar
2369:Narbonne
2361:Gothicum
2344:Gothicum
2340:Rogation
2302:ad Pacem
2142:Gallican
2064:Boniface
1934:11:23–25
1876:troparia
1868:lections
1782:Lugdunum
1725:Polycarp
1721:Irenaeus
1673:Hispania
1503:Category
1493:Glossary
1431:Politics
1406:HIV/AIDS
1336:Pandeism
1292:Armenian
1224:Gallican
1024:Molinism
1012:Occamism
987:Schools
941:Just war
877:Peshitta
746:Lectures
736:Morality
389:Filioque
337:Doctrine
281:Holy See
150:Theology
144:timeline
112:Overview
82:a series
80:Part of
5320:History
5282:Portals
5257:* also
5115:Defunct
5007:Current
4926:Ambrose
4915:Cyprian
4754:Vulgate
4709:History
4664:Antioch
4645:Defunct
4588:Francis
4570:Current
4484:Malabar
4438:liturgy
4342:Defunct
4235:Current
4141:Psalter
4097:Gradual
4025:Requiem
4020:Funeral
3968:Vespers
3817:Penance
3802:Baptism
3784:of the
3558::
3221:in the
3164:chalice
3073:, etc.
2995:Sanctus
2912:Agobard
2759:Complin
2724:Complin
2700:Vespers
2631:Martyrs
2612:fasting
2585:(541),
2581:(506),
2487:lacunae
2332:Baptism
2296:, post-
2294:Sanctus
2257:eponyms
2150:Normans
2128:in the
2126:Normans
2045:Auxerre
2043:(567),
2039:(529),
2035:(506),
2031:(465),
1986:Sanctus
1970:Sanctus
1950:Sanctus
1900:collect
1829:Ambrose
1743:at the
1713:Ephesus
1630:Antioch
1488:Outline
1458:Slavery
1448:Science
1361:Judaism
1105:Penance
1100:Baptism
1049:Liturgy
1042:Worship
1007:Scotism
1002:Thomism
853:Vulgate
362:Trinity
222:Fathers
155:Liturgy
140:History
127:Francis
5308:France
5223:Turkey
5218:Latins
5069:Orders
4937:Jerome
4632:Venice
4623:Lisbon
4590:(with
4296:Orders
4163:Tonary
4146:Missal
4055:Agpeya
3980:Ramsha
3958:(noon)
3932:Matins
3780:, and
3724:
3697:
3676:
3655:
3651:–337.
3622:
3595:
3583::
3356:, see
3339:, see
3107:, and
3028:, and
2955:cursus
2951:cursus
2945:, the
2916:Jerome
2825:; and
2783:psalms
2773:, and
2730:, and
2718:, and
2696:Matins
2608:Advent
2530:Zürich
2435:deacon
2393:Advent
2298:Pridie
2253:leaves
2237:Pridie
2158:Sicily
2154:Apulia
2037:Vaison
2029:Vannes
1996:, and
1974:Pridie
1942:Pridie
1909:Oremus
1896:homily
1780:, not
1752:Easter
1677:Toledo
1669:Iberia
1141:Prayer
793:Saints
553:Titles
445:Heaven
367:Father
84:on the
4890:James
4873:Milan
4861:Malta
4854:Peter
4837:Peter
4694:Grado
4224:Latin
4210:rites
3962:Nones
3950:Terce
3944:Prime
3938:Lauds
3778:rites
3713:rites
3253:Notes
3185:Axios
3168:paten
3000:Prex,
2813:; at
2726:, or
2712:Terce
2706:, or
2704:Prime
2385:Autun
2272:]
2241:prose
2225:]
2152:into
2057:Irish
2049:Mâcon
2041:Tours
1880:choir
1798:Arian
1778:Milan
1758:, in
1727:from
1711:from
1634:Latin
1513:Media
1483:Index
1421:Music
1356:Islam
1332:Deism
1234:Braga
1188:Roman
1170:Rites
1151:Bible
823:Bible
815:Texts
798:Dogma
628:Merit
558:Queen
455:Limbo
212:Peter
185:Jesus
4866:Paul
4842:Paul
4832:Rome
4585:Pope
4583:'):
4577:Rome
4559:(by
3956:Sext
3880:Mass
3722:OCLC
3695:ISBN
3674:OCLC
3653:ISBN
3620:OCLC
3593:OCLC
3201:The
3172:ewer
3119:The
3076:The
3069:and
3053:and
2992:and
2990:Ajus
2837:and
2777:has
2769:and
2757:and
2749:and
2720:None
2716:Sext
2698:and
2657:and
2649:and
2633:and
2567:and
2542:The
2477:and
2326:and
2314:The
2263:and
2188:The
2156:and
2083:Metz
2033:Agde
1796:the
1719:and
1709:Lyon
1679:and
1649:Gaul
1628:and
1600:The
1059:Mass
741:Body
460:Hell
217:Paul
167:Mary
123:Pope
4596:in
3649:315
3612:hdl
3233:to
3004:Pax
2896:or
2849:, "
2622:).
2465:".
2367:to
2196:'s
2101:'s
1825:Pax
1715:by
1703:in
1647:of
1391:Art
372:Son
349:God
5332::
4634::
4625::
4616::
4607::
4579:('
3776:,
3720:.
3618:.
3536:;
3398:^
3288:,
3166:,
3162:;
3036:.
3024:,
2922:,
2908:.
2904:,
2884:,
2872:,
2761:;
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2710:,
2498:,
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2304:.
2270:it
2243:.
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2093:,
1992:,
1912:.
1874:,
1819:,
1764:.
1651:,
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5284::
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142:(
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