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ingested by marine life. Oysters and clams are popular vehicles for human microplastic consumption. Animals who are within the general vicinity of the water are also affected by the plastic in the ocean. Studies have shown 36% species of seabirds are consuming plastic because they mistake larger pieces of plastic for food. Plastic can cause blockage of intestines as well as tearing of interior stomach and intestinal lining of marine life, ultimately leading to starvation and death.
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same 2018 study found that, while microplastics dominate the area by count, 92% of the mass of the patch consists of larger objects which have not yet fragmented into microplastics. Some of the plastic in the patch is over 50 years old, and includes items (and fragments of items) such as "plastic lighters, toothbrushes, water bottles, pens, baby bottles, cell phones, plastic bags, and
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estimated that the oceans might contain more weight in plastics than fish by the year 2050. Some long-lasting plastics end up in the stomachs of marine animals. Plastic attracts seabirds and fish. When marine life consumes plastic allowing it to enter the food chain, this can lead to greater problems
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project claimed that the patch covers 1.6 million square kilometres (620,000 square miles) consisting of 45,000–129,000 metric tons (50,000–142,000 short tons) of plastic as of 2018. Its goal is to remove half of the plastic pollution by 2027 using floating barriers anchored to the seabed. The
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Animals can also become trapped in plastic nets and rings, which can cause death. Plastic pollution affects at least 700 marine species, including sea turtles, seals, seabirds, fish, whales, and dolphins. Cetaceans have been sighted within the patch, which poses entanglement and ingestion risks to
182:
In 2014, there were five areas across all the oceans where the majority of plastic concentrated. Researchers collected a total of 3070 samples across the world to identify hot spots of surface level plastic pollution. The pattern of distribution closely mirrored models of oceanic currents with the
86:
estimated that "for every square mile of ocean" there are about "46,000 pieces of plastic". The 10 largest emitters of oceanic plastic pollution worldwide are, from the most to the least, China, Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Egypt, Malaysia, Nigeria, and
Bangladesh, largely
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drowning. If the trash gets stuck around a ligament that is not vital for airflow, the ligament may grow with a malformation. Plastic's existence in the ocean becomes cyclical because marine life that is killed by it ultimately decompose in the ocean, re-releasing the plastics into the ecosystem.
591:
With the increased amount of plastic in the ocean, living organisms are now at a greater risk of harm from plastic consumption and entanglement. Approximately 23% of aquatic mammals, and 36% of seabirds have experienced the detriments of plastic presence in the ocean. Since as much as 70% of the
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Not all marine life is affected by the consumption of plastic. Some instead find themselves tangled in larger pieces of garbage that cause just as much harm as the barely visible microplastics. Trash that has the possibility of wrapping itself around a living organism may cause strangulation or
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Larger animals are also affected by plastic consumption because they feed on fish, and are indirectly consuming microplastics already trapped inside their prey. Likewise, humans are also susceptible to microplastic consumption. People who eat seafood also eat some of the microplastics that were
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are only millimeters wide, sealife at nearly every level of the food chain is affected. Animals who feed off of the bottom of the ocean risk sweeping microplastics into their systems while gathering food. Smaller marine life such as mussels and worms sometimes mistake plastic for their prey.
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It turns out that about 90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans gets flushed through just 10 rivers: The
Yangtze, the Indus, Yellow River, Hai River, the Nile, the Ganges, Pearl River, Amur River, the Niger, and the Mekong (in that
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photodegrades into smaller and smaller pieces, it concentrates in the upper water column. As it disintegrates, the pieces become small enough to be ingested by aquatic organisms that reside near the ocean's surface. Plastic may become concentrated in
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For a discussion of the current sampling techniques and particle size, see Peter Ryan, Charles Moore et al., Monitoring the abundance of plastic debris in the marine environment. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 27 July 2009 vol. 364 no. 1526 1999–2012,
66:
Within garbage patches, the waste is not compact, and although most of it is near the surface of the ocean, it can be found up to more than 30 metres (100 ft) deep in the water. Patches contain plastics and debris in a range of sizes from
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Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra; García-de-Lomas, Juan; Ruiz, Andrea; Fernández-de-Puelles, María L. (2014-07-15).
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Cózar, Andrés; Echevarría, Fidel; González-Gordillo, J. Ignacio; Irigoien, Xabier; Úbeda, Bárbara; Hernández-León, Santiago; Palma, Álvaro T.; Navarro, Sandra; García-de-Lomas, Juan; Ruiz, Andrea; Fernández-de-Puelles, María L. (2014-07-15).
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estimates the patch to be hundreds of kilometers across, with a density of more than 200,000 pieces of debris per square kilometer. The garbage originates from human-created waste traveling from rivers into the ocean and mainly consists of
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343:'s state in 2007, making the former ten years younger. The South Pacific garbage patch is not visible on satellites, and is not a landmass. Most particles are smaller than a grain of rice. A researcher said: "This cloud of
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by human populations. These human-caused collections of plastic and other debris are responsible for ecosystem and environmental problems that affect marine life, contaminate oceans with toxic chemicals, and contribute to
2001:
259:, or even by casual boaters or divers in the area. This is because the patch is a widely dispersed area consisting primarily of suspended "fingernail-sized or smaller"—often microscopic—particles in the upper
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Research indicates that the patch is rapidly accumulating. The patch is believed to have increased "10-fold each decade" since 1945. The gyre contains approximately six pounds of plastic for every pound of
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which has the highest density of marine debris and plastic. The
Pacific Garbage patch has two mass buildups: the western garbage patch and the eastern garbage patch, the former off the coast of
392:. The patch does not appear as a continuous debris field. As with other patches in each of the five oceanic gyres, the plastics in it break down to ever smaller particles, and to constituent
518:(without changing chemically). This process continues down to the molecular level. Some plastics decompose within a year of entering the water, releasing potentially toxic chemicals such as
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Despite the common public perception of the patch existing as giant islands of floating garbage, its low density (4 particles per cubic metre (3.1/cu yd)) prevents detection by
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408:; primarily particles that are invisible to the naked eye. The concentration of particle debris has been estimated to be approximately 10,000 particles per square kilometer.
339:. The degradation of plastics in the ocean also leads to a rise in the level of toxics in the area. The garbage patch was confirmed in mid-2017, and has been compared to the
1997:
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Thompson, R. C.; Olsen, Y.; Mitchell, R. P.; Davis, A.; Rowland, S. J.; John, A. W.; McGonigle, D.; Russell, A. E. (2004). "Lost at Sea: Where is All the
Plastic?".
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59:. Once waterborne, marine debris becomes mobile. Flotsam can be blown by the wind, or follow the flow of ocean currents, often ending up in the middle of
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See the relevant sections below for specific references concerning the discovery and history of the patch. A general overview is provided in
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Lebreton, Laurent; Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Peytavin, Axel; Strietman, Wouter Jan; Smeding-Zuurendonk, Ingeborg; Egger, Matthias (2022-09-01).
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Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A. (22 March 2018).
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Ivar Do Sul, Juliana A.; Costa, Monica F. (2014-02-01). "The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment".
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150:. These garbage patches contain 90 million tonnes (100 million short tons) of debris. Other identified patches include the
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There have only been a few awareness and clean-up efforts for the North
Atlantic garbage patch, such as The Garbage Patch State at
1726:
2414:
Sigler, Michelle (2014-10-18). "The
Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions".
1946:
Sigler, Michelle (2014-10-18). "The
Effects of Plastic Pollution on Aquatic Wildlife: Current Situations and Future Solutions".
1480:
127:, and accounting for "90 percent of all the plastic that reaches the world's oceans". Asia was the leading source of mismanaged
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1104:
Dautel, Susan L. (2007). "Transoceanic Trash: International and United States
Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch".
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The North
Atlantic patch is one of several oceanic regions where researchers have studied the effects and impact of plastic
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1998:"The garbage patch territory turns into a new state - United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization"
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1026:"Industrialised fishing nations largely contribute to floating plastic pollution in the North Pacific subtropical gyre"
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Gibbs, Susan E.; Salgado Kent, Chandra P.; Slat, Boyan; Morales, Damien; Fouda, Leila; Reisser, Julia (9 April 2019).
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2705:"Exceptional and rapid accumulation of anthropogenic debris on one of the world's most remote and pristine islands"
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Research in 2017 reported "the highest density of plastic rubbish anywhere in the world" on remote and uninhabited
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447:. The garbage patch is a large risk to wildlife (and to humans) through plastic consumption and entanglement.
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626:. The beaches contained an estimated 37.7 million items of debris together weighing 17.6 tonnes. In a study
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1808:"Mānoa: UH Mānoa scientist predicts plastic garbage patch in Atlantic Ocean | University of Hawaii News"
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650:"Marine Debris in the North Pacific A Summary of Existing Information and Identification of Data Gaps"
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2256:"UN Ocean Conference: Plastics Dumped In Oceans Could Outweigh Fish by 2050, Secretary-General Says"
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Garbage patches grow because of widespread loss of plastic from human trash collection systems. The
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Transoceanic Trash: International and United States
Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
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2810:"No one lives on this remote Pacific island – but it's covered in 38 million pieces of our trash"
290:. This growing patch contributes to other environmental damage to marine ecosystems and species.
187:, being the highest density of plastic accumulation. The other four garbage patches include the
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1180:"The 'Great Pacific Garbage Patch' Is Ballooning, 87,000,000,000 Tons of Plastic and Counting"
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2716:
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2532:
2423:
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2200:
1955:
1393:"Great Pacific garbage patch: Plastic turning vast area of ocean into ecological nightmare"
1350:
Evans-Pughe, Christine (February 2017). "Can we engineer our way towards cleaner oceans?".
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8:
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Carpenter, E.J.; Smith, K.L. (1972). "Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface, in Science".
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Frias, J.; Nash, Roisin (2019). "Microplastics: Finding a consensus on the definition".
1088: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
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286:. A similar patch of floating plastic debris is found in the Atlantic Ocean, called the
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2336:"These 5 Marine Animals Are Dying Because of Our Plastic Trash… Here's How We Can Help"
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animals using the Great Pacific garbage patch as a migration corridor or core habitat.
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Royer, Sarah-Jeanne; Ferrón, Sara; Wilson, Samuel T.; Karl, David M. (2018-08-01).
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224:(also Pacific trash vortex and North Pacific garbage patch) is a garbage patch, a
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2213:
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2764:"Remote South Pacific island has highest levels of plastic rubbish in the world"
2016:
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3082:
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1302:
1279:"Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic"
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547:
511:
2785:"38 million pieces of plastic waste found on uninhabited South Pacific island"
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1967:
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on North Beach, each day 17 to 268 new items washed up on a 10-metre section.
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extends both vertically and horizontally. It's more like smog than a patch".
19:
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when species that have consumed plastic are then eaten by other predators.
438:, originally documented in 1972. A 22-year research study conducted by the
381:
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260:
124:
108:
96:
60:
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particles, in the central North Pacific Ocean. It is located roughly from
3233:
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2097:"Accumulation and fragmentation of plastic debris in global environments"
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818:
The 10 top-ranked rivers transport 88–95% of the global load into the sea
575:
527:
519:
249:
120:
112:
92:
2120:
1909:
1829:
1124:"World's largest collection of ocean garbage is twice the size of Texas"
955:
884:
396:. As with the other patches, the field constitutes an elevated level of
3515:
3109:
3043:
2896:
2321:
1654:
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1213:
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457:, as most of the research and cleanup efforts have been focused on the
369:
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116:
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39:
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1882:
3571:
3053:
3008:
2983:
2921:
2023:
1864:"Scientists find giant plastic rubbish dump floating in the Atlantic"
1693:"The Garbage Patch In The Oceans: The Problem And Possible Solutions"
584:
500:
324:
100:
79:
and consumer goods and appliances lost from flood and shipping loss.
76:
2189:"Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment"
1511:
1509:
1210:
775:
Christian Schmidt; Tobias Krauth; Stephan Wagner (11 October 2017).
178:
Of the five gyres on this map, all have significant garbage patches.
2829:
2095:
Barnes, D. K. A.; Galgani, F.; Thompson, R. C.; Barlaz, M. (2009).
1231:
1017:
627:
514:, plastic disintegrates into ever smaller pieces while remaining a
283:
248:. The collection of plastic and floating trash originates from the
1487:
1518:"There's Another Huge Plastic Garbage Patch in The Pacific Ocean"
1506:
1155:
Ecosystems and Human Health: Toxicology and Environmental Hazards
539:
534:
515:
397:
393:
332:
252:, including countries in Asia, North America, and South America.
195:
located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the
158:
located between eastern South America and the tip of Africa, the
2686:"Pygmy sperm whale died in Halifax Harbour after eating plastic"
166:
found east of South Africa listed in order of decreasing size.
450:
405:
147:
24:
1611:
1360:
1276:
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510:
in the neustonic layer of water. Unlike organic debris, which
1727:"OSU: Reports of giant ocean 'garbage patch' are exaggerated"
1637:
1582:
1565:
1553:
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that displays plastic bags in the ocean that look similar to
139:
2359:
1369:
Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective
672:
Interactions of Land, Ocean and Humans: A Global Perspective
2362:"Cetacean sightings within the Great Pacific Garbage Patch"
2094:
1595:
Opinion: Islands are 'natural nets' for plastic-choked seas
832:"Almost all plastic in the ocean comes from just 10 rivers"
831:
389:
174:
131:, with China alone accounting for 2.4 million metric tons.
2300:"Harbour snow dumping dangerous to environment: biologist"
2279:"Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere"
2051:
1754:, Susan L. Dautel, 3 Golden Gate U. Envtl. L.J. 181 (2009)
1668:"Across the Pacific Ocean, plastics, plastics, everywhere"
1605:
1562:
SustainableBusiness.com News access-date=10 December 2021
644:
642:
2186:
2154:"Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean, After All – And Fast"
1918:"How Bad Is the Plastic Pollution in the Atlantic?"
1866:. Perthnow.com.au. 26 February 2010. Archived from
639:
368:, discovered in 2010, is a marine garbage patch, a
315:and plastic particle pollution, within the ocean's
1536:"Ocean Geography ~ MarineBio Conservation Society"
1496:"Plastic Breaks Down in Ocean, After All And Fast"
694:
777:"Export of Plastic Debris by Rivers into the Sea"
592:trash is estimated to be on the ocean floor, and
3690:
2703:Lavers, Jennifer L.; Bond, Alexander L. (2017).
2522:
2270:
1106:Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal
2709:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2696:
963:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
892:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
861:
704:"Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean"
480:
461:, a similar garbage patch in the north Pacific.
2755:
2662:"Plastic pollution found inside dead seabirds"
1763:
3090:
2845:
2502:"Giant Ocean-Trash Vortex Attracts Explorers"
1560:First Voyage to South Atlantic Pollution Site
1498:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
864:"Asia Leads World in Dumping Plastic in Seas"
657:United States Environmental Protection Agency
311:is an area of ocean with increased levels of
3104:
1572:New garbage patch discovered in Indian Ocean
1177:
1838:"Scientists study huge ocean garbage patch"
1349:
550:, leading to further environmental impact.
3097:
3083:
2852:
2838:
2702:
1618:Our Ocean Backyard: Exploring plastic seas
1481:"South Pacific Gyre – Correntes Oceânicas"
1420:"Huge Garbage Patch Found in Atlantic Too"
191:between the North America and Africa, the
2738:
2728:
2629:
2385:
2230:
2212:
2128:
1318:
1219:
1067:
1000:
982:
929:
911:
613:
553:
323:, which itself spans from waters east of
2499:
1891:"Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean"
1455:"Plastic rubbish blights Atlantic Ocean"
1157:(3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 116.
574:
494:
173:
18:
2467:"Plastic waste taints the ocean floors"
2464:
829:
465:
199:located west of South America, and the
162:located west of South America, and the
3691:
2761:
2603:
2413:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2297:
2253:
2004:from the original on 11 September 2017
1945:
1915:
1835:
1690:
1417:
1399:from the original on 12 September 2015
1103:
874:from the original on 23 February 2015.
785:Environmental Science & Technology
570:
499:Washed-up plastic waste on a beach in
154:between North America and Africa, the
3078:
2833:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2276:
2151:
1665:
1515:
1493:
1366:
1178:Albeck-Ripka, Livia (22 March 2018).
1152:
1134:from the original on 15 February 2020
951:
949:
669:
418:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
357:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
300:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
212:These paragraphs are an excerpt from
169:
3034:Shutdown of thermohaline circulation
2859:
2782:
2302:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
1888:
1818:from the original on 28 October 2019
1452:
1198:from the original on 11 January 2020
862:Robert Lee Hotz (13 February 2015).
830:Franzen, Harald (30 November 2017).
702:; Wilcox, Chris (12 February 2015).
622:in South Pacific as a result of the
560:2017 United Nations Ocean Conference
84:United Nations Environmental Program
2606:"The Dirt on Ocean Garbage Patches"
2394:
1928:from the original on 19 August 2014
1897:from the original on 27 August 2017
1889:Gill, Victoria (24 February 2010).
1461:from the original on 27 August 2017
1453:Gill, Victoria (24 February 2010).
1418:Lovett, Richard A. (2 March 2010).
46:particles caused by the effects of
13:
2567:
2298:Holmes, Krissy (18 January 2014).
1608:, Petroleum, CNN Tech 24 June 2010
959:"Plastic debris in the open ocean"
946:
888:"Plastic debris in the open ocean"
14:
3715:
2465:Perkins, Sid (17 December 2014).
2152:Barry, Carolyn (20 August 2009).
2034:from the original on 3 March 2021
1840:. Perthnow.com.au. Archived from
1494:Barry, Carolyn (20 August 2009).
663:
412:
3672:
3661:
2907:Environmental impact of shipping
2416:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
2277:Moore, Charles (November 2003).
1948:Water, Air, & Soil Pollution
1729:. 4 January 2011. Archived from
1666:Moore, Charles (November 2003).
1083:
388:, one of the five major oceanic
294:
206:
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2678:
2654:
2597:
2516:
2493:
2458:
2353:
2328:
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2145:
2088:
2045:
1939:
1856:
1836:Gorman, Steve (4 August 2009).
1757:
1745:
1719:
1702:
1684:
1588:
1528:
1473:
1446:
1411:
1385:
1343:
1248:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.022
1171:
1116:
1096:
604:
430:is a garbage patch of man-made
351:
335:, and south until reaching the
331:continent, as far north as the
134:The best known of these is the
2604:Kaiser, Jocelyn (2010-06-18).
1691:Sesini, Marzia (August 2011).
1644:Life aquatic choked by plastic
1371:. CRC Press. pp. 147–48.
878:
855:
823:
768:
688:
674:. CRC Press. pp. 147–48.
1:
2631:10.1126/science.328.5985.1506
1778:10.1126/science.175.4027.1240
1516:Nield, David (25 July 2017).
633:
337:Antarctic Circumpolar Current
2762:Cooper, Dani (16 May 2017).
2545:10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.036
2214:10.1371/journal.pone.0200574
1395:. Santa Barbara News-Press.
1353:Engineering & Technology
481:Photodegradation of plastics
428:North Atlantic garbage patch
420:North Atlantic garbage patch
288:North Atlantic garbage patch
203:found east of South Africa.
193:South Atlantic garbage patch
189:North Atlantic garbage patch
156:South Atlantic garbage patch
152:North Atlantic garbage patch
63:where currents are weakest.
7:
2917:Fish diseases and parasites
2254:Wright, Pam (6 June 2017).
2162:National Geographic Society
2000:. unesco.org. 22 May 2019.
1916:Orcutt, Mike (2010-08-19).
1428:National Geographic Society
459:Great Pacific garbage patch
341:Great Pacific garbage patch
309:South Pacific garbage patch
302:South Pacific garbage patch
222:Great Pacific garbage patch
214:Great Pacific garbage patch
197:South Pacific garbage patch
185:Great Pacific Garbage Patch
160:South Pacific garbage patch
136:Great Pacific garbage patch
75:, to large objects such as
29:Great Pacific Garbage Patch
10:
3720:
2783:Hunt, Elle (15 May 2017).
2387:10.1007/s12526-019-00952-0
2318:Public Radio International
1303:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
1153:Philp, Richard B. (2013).
1052:10.1038/s41598-022-16529-0
484:
469:
434:found floating within the
417:
366:Indian Ocean garbage patch
359:Indian Ocean garbage patch
356:
299:
211:
201:Indian Ocean garbage patch
164:Indian Ocean garbage patch
3657:
3589:
3559:
3523:
3514:
3489:
3383:
3307:
3156:
3125:
3116:
2989:Nonpoint source pollution
2867:
2479:10.1038/nature.2014.16581
2436:10.1007/s11270-014-2184-6
1968:10.1007/s11270-014-2184-6
1483:– via Google Sites.
1223:Marine Pollution Bulletin
440:Sea Education Association
376:, suspended in the upper
3649:Thermohaline circulation
3024:Plastic pellet pollution
2500:Handwerk, Brian (2009).
2284:Natural History Magazine
2158:National Geographic News
1673:Natural History Magazine
1581:, Lori Bongiorno, Green
1424:National Geographic News
476:Marine plastic pollution
73:plastic pellet pollution
57:greenhouse gas emissions
3597:Atmospheric circulation
3148:Transpolar Drift Stream
2892:Cultural eutrophication
2730:10.1073/pnas.1619818114
2525:Environmental Pollution
2066:10.1126/science.1094559
1649:14 October 2012 at the
984:10.1073/pnas.1314705111
913:10.1073/pnas.1314705111
806:10.1021/acs.est.7b02368
731:10.1126/science.1260352
542:, thereby entering the
183:North Pacific Gyre, or
142:and the latter between
23:Trash washed ashore in
3699:Marine garbage patches
3668:Environment portal
3622:Marine garbage patches
3436:Indonesian Throughflow
3340:Indonesian Throughflow
3029:Point source pollution
2113:10.1098/rstb.2008.0205
1715:10.1098/rstb.2008.0207
1698:. Columbia University.
1600:6 October 2012 at the
1577:2 October 2011 at the
614:Deposits on landmasses
588:
581:Mote Marine Laboratory
554:Effects on marine life
503:
319:. This area is in the
179:
31:
3497:Antarctic Circumpolar
2258:. The Weather Channel
1367:Maser, Chris (2014).
670:Maser, Chris (2014).
578:
498:
177:
22:
16:Gyre of marine debris
3039:Silver nanoparticles
1623:20 June 2010 at the
466:Environmental issues
3541:South Atlantic Gyre
3536:North Atlantic Gyre
3004:Ocean deoxygenation
2999:Ocean acidification
2814:The Washington Post
2721:2017PNAS..114.6052L
2622:2010Sci...328.1506K
2537:2014EPoll.185..352I
2506:National Geographic
2428:2014WASP..225.2184S
2378:2019MarBd..49.2021G
2366:Marine Biodiversity
2205:2018PLoSO..1300574R
1960:2014WASP..225.2184S
1772:(4027): 1240–1241.
1733:on 14 February 2011
1633:Santa Cruz Sentinel
1604:Marcus Eriksen for
1502:on August 26, 2009.
1295:2018NatSR...8.4666L
1240:2019MarPB.138..145F
1044:2022NatSR..1212666L
975:2014PNAS..11110239C
969:(28): 10239–10244.
904:2014PNAS..11110239C
898:(28): 10239–10244.
868:Wall Street Journal
798:2017EnST...5112246S
792:(21): 12246–12253.
723:2015Sci...347..768J
571:Plastic consumption
526:and derivatives of
436:North Atlantic Gyre
384:, specifically the
87:through the rivers
3551:South Pacific Gyre
3546:North Pacific Gyre
3426:Equatorial Counter
3330:Equatorial Counter
2994:Nutrient pollution
2887:Aquatic toxicology
2512:on August 3, 2009.
2168:on August 26, 2009
1844:on 29 January 2011
1653:14 November 2010,
1283:Scientific Reports
1184:The New York Times
1031:Scientific Reports
756:on 22 January 2019
624:South Pacific Gyre
589:
579:An exhibit at the
504:
321:South Pacific Gyre
180:
170:Identified patches
32:
3686:
3685:
3679:Oceans portal
3585:
3584:
3531:Indian Ocean Gyre
3510:
3509:
3072:
3071:
2927:Friendly Floatees
2715:(23): 6052–6055.
2584:Smithsonian Ocean
2580:"Marine Plastics"
2107:(1526): 1985–98.
2028:The Ocean Cleanup
1922:Popular Mechanics
1540:www.marinebio.org
696:Jambeck, Jenna R.
455:The Ocean Cleanup
386:Indian Ocean Gyre
272:The Ocean Cleanup
270:Researchers from
257:satellite imagery
52:plastic pollution
3711:
3677:
3676:
3666:
3665:
3602:Boundary current
3521:
3520:
3476:South Equatorial
3461:North Korea Cold
3456:North Equatorial
3370:South Equatorial
3360:North Madagascar
3299:West Spitsbergen
3289:South Equatorial
3269:North Equatorial
3123:
3122:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3076:
3075:
2969:Invasive species
2861:Marine pollution
2854:
2847:
2840:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2692:. 16 March 2015.
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2666:www.scotsman.com
2658:
2652:
2651:
2633:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2576:
2565:
2564:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2508:. Archived from
2497:
2491:
2490:
2462:
2456:
2455:
2411:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2340:One Green Planet
2332:
2326:
2325:
2320:. Archived from
2310:
2304:
2303:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2216:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2164:. Archived from
2149:
2143:
2142:
2132:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1933:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1870:on 14 April 2012
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1812:manoa.hawaii.edu
1804:
1798:
1797:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1723:
1717:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1676:. Archived from
1663:
1657:
1641:
1635:
1615:
1609:
1592:
1586:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:Sciencealert.com
1513:
1504:
1503:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1430:. Archived from
1415:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1322:
1275:
1217:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1004:
986:
953:
944:
943:
933:
915:
882:
876:
875:
859:
853:
852:
846:
844:
827:
821:
820:
781:
772:
766:
765:
763:
761:
755:
749:. Archived from
708:
692:
686:
685:
667:
661:
660:
654:
646:
620:Henderson Island
548:greenhouse gases
508:photodegradation
487:Photodegradation
71:and small scale
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3682:
3671:
3660:
3653:
3612:Ekman transport
3581:
3555:
3506:
3485:
3421:East Korea Warm
3416:East Australian
3379:
3375:West Australian
3325:East Madagascar
3303:
3152:
3138:North Icelandic
3112:
3103:
3073:
3068:
3064:Water pollution
2979:Mercury in fish
2863:
2858:
2828:
2818:
2816:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2791:
2781:
2777:
2769:ABC News Online
2760:
2756:
2701:
2697:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2670:
2668:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2587:
2586:. 30 April 2018
2578:
2577:
2568:
2521:
2517:
2498:
2494:
2463:
2459:
2412:
2395:
2358:
2354:
2345:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2324:on 6 June 2014.
2312:
2311:
2307:
2296:
2292:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2199:(8): e0200574.
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2150:
2146:
2093:
2089:
2050:
2046:
2037:
2035:
2022:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1834:
1830:
1821:
1819:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1664:
1660:
1651:Wayback Machine
1642:
1638:
1631:, 15 May 2010,
1625:Wayback Machine
1616:
1612:
1602:Wayback Machine
1593:
1589:
1579:Wayback Machine
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1524:. ScienceAlert.
1514:
1507:
1492:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1464:
1462:
1451:
1447:
1437:
1435:
1434:on 5 March 2010
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1379:
1365:
1361:
1348:
1344:
1218:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1135:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1101:
1097:
1022:
1018:
954:
947:
883:
879:
860:
856:
842:
840:
828:
824:
779:
773:
769:
759:
757:
753:
706:
693:
689:
682:
668:
664:
659:. 24 July 2015.
652:
648:
647:
640:
636:
616:
607:
573:
556:
533:As the plastic
493:
483:
478:
470:Main articles:
468:
463:
462:
423:
415:
410:
409:
402:chemical sludge
380:of the central
362:
354:
349:
348:
305:
297:
292:
291:
217:
209:
172:
50:and increasing
17:
12:
11:
5:
3717:
3707:
3706:
3704:Ocean currents
3701:
3684:
3683:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3644:
3639:
3637:North Atlantic
3634:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Coriolis force
3604:
3599:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3502:Tasman Outflow
3499:
3493:
3491:
3490:Southern Ocean
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Indian Monsoon
3332:
3327:
3322:
3320:Agulhas Return
3317:
3311:
3309:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3294:West Greenland
3291:
3286:
3284:South Atlantic
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3259:North Atlantic
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3209:East Greenland
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3157:Atlantic Ocean
3154:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3133:East Greenland
3129:
3127:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3106:Ocean currents
3102:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3049:Surface runoff
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2947:North Atlantic
2944:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2912:Eutrophication
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2834:
2827:
2826:
2801:
2775:
2754:
2695:
2677:
2653:
2616:(5985): 1506.
2596:
2566:
2515:
2492:
2457:
2393:
2372:(4): 2021–27.
2352:
2327:
2305:
2290:
2269:
2246:
2179:
2144:
2087:
2044:
2015:
1989:
1938:
1908:
1881:
1855:
1828:
1799:
1756:
1744:
1718:
1701:
1683:
1680:on 2009-07-06.
1658:
1636:
1610:
1587:
1585:, 27 July 2010
1564:
1552:
1542:. 17 June 2018
1527:
1505:
1486:
1472:
1445:
1410:
1384:
1378:978-1482226393
1377:
1359:
1342:
1209:
1170:
1164:978-1466567214
1163:
1145:
1115:
1095:
1016:
945:
877:
854:
837:Deutsche Welle
822:
767:
687:
681:978-1482226393
680:
662:
637:
635:
632:
615:
612:
606:
603:
572:
569:
555:
552:
482:
479:
467:
464:
424:
416:
414:
413:North Atlantic
411:
363:
355:
353:
350:
329:South American
306:
298:
296:
293:
218:
210:
208:
205:
171:
168:
48:ocean currents
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3716:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3669:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3647:
3643:
3642:South Pacific
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3627:Great Pacific
3625:
3624:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Marine debris
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Beaufort Gyre
3565:
3564:
3562:
3558:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3466:North Pacific
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3384:Pacific Ocean
3382:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3179:Baffin Island
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3100:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3077:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
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36:garbage patch
30:
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3577:Weddell Gyre
3481:Tasman Front
3308:Indian Ocean
3264:North Brazil
3214:East Iceland
3126:Arctic Ocean
3059:Urban runoff
3019:Plastic bags
2942:Indian Ocean
2931:
2877:Anoxic event
2817:. Retrieved
2813:
2804:
2792:. Retrieved
2789:The Guardian
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2342:. 2019-04-22
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1947:
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1930:. Retrieved
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1893:. BBC News.
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1872:. Retrieved
1868:the original
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1811:
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1731:the original
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714:
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608:
605:Entanglement
599:
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557:
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505:
425:
404:, and other
382:Indian Ocean
378:water column
352:Indian Ocean
317:pelagic zone
269:
261:water column
254:
219:
181:
133:
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77:fishing nets
65:
35:
33:
3560:Other gyres
3524:Major gyres
3234:Gulf Stream
2872:Algal bloom
2531:: 352–364.
2314:"Jan Pronk"
1629:Dan Haifley
1289:(1): 4666.
1234:: 145–147.
1202:26 February
843:18 December
528:polystyrene
520:bisphenol A
512:biodegrades
250:Pacific Rim
3693:Categories
3401:California
3355:Mozambique
3350:Madagascar
3044:Stormwater
2897:Cyanotoxin
2671:2019-11-08
2590:2019-11-08
2346:2020-06-10
2038:2019-11-08
2008:5 November
1932:2019-11-08
1822:2019-11-08
1655:Times Live
1546:2021-09-17
1403:13 October
634:References
544:food chain
485:See also:
400:plastics,
144:California
123:, and the
3572:Ross Gyre
3441:Kamchatka
3274:Norwegian
3249:Lomonosov
3204:Caribbean
3199:Cape Horn
3143:Norwegian
3054:Upwelling
3009:Oil spill
2984:Microbead
2922:Fish kill
2902:Dead zone
2640:0036-8075
2553:0269-7491
2487:138018931
2444:1573-2932
2223:1932-6203
2172:30 August
1976:1573-2932
1737:7 January
1311:2045-2322
1256:0025-326X
1192:0362-4331
1128:USA Today
1112:(1): 181.
1090:CC BY 4.0
1060:2045-2322
993:0027-8424
922:0027-8424
760:28 August
747:206562155
585:jellyfish
501:Singapore
325:Australia
263:known as
27:from the
3451:Mindanao
3446:Kuroshio
3431:Humboldt
3411:Davidson
3406:Cromwell
3396:Aleutian
3279:Portugal
3244:Labrador
3239:Irminger
3219:Falkland
3184:Benguela
3169:Antilles
3118:Currents
3014:Particle
2749:28507128
2690:CBC News
2648:20558704
2561:24275078
2452:51944658
2241:30067755
2193:PLOS ONE
2139:19528051
2121:40485977
2074:15131299
2032:Archived
2002:Archived
1984:51944658
1926:Archived
1895:Archived
1816:Archived
1794:20038716
1647:Archived
1621:Archived
1598:Archived
1575:Archived
1465:16 March
1459:Archived
1397:Archived
1329:29568057
1272:58550075
1264:30660255
1232:Elsevier
1196:Archived
1138:29 April
1132:Archived
1092:license.
1078:36050351
1011:24982135
940:24982135
872:Archived
814:29019247
739:25678662
628:transect
394:polymers
284:plankton
3590:Related
3471:Oyashio
3345:Leeuwin
3315:Agulhas
3224:Florida
2964:Hypoxia
2740:5468685
2717:Bibcode
2618:Bibcode
2610:Science
2533:Bibcode
2424:Bibcode
2374:Bibcode
2232:6070199
2201:Bibcode
2130:2873009
2082:3269482
2054:Science
2024:"About"
1956:Bibcode
1786:5061243
1766:Science
1457:. BBC.
1438:4 March
1337:4093211
1320:5864935
1291:Bibcode
1236:Bibcode
1069:9436981
1040:Bibcode
1002:4104848
971:Bibcode
931:4104848
900:Bibcode
850:order).
794:Bibcode
719:Bibcode
711:Science
540:neuston
535:flotsam
516:polymer
398:pelagic
333:Equator
327:to the
277:nurdles
89:Yangtze
3391:Alaska
3365:Somali
3229:Guinea
3194:Canary
3189:Brazil
3174:Azores
3164:Angola
2819:16 May
2794:16 May
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406:debris
148:Hawaii
125:Mekong
109:Ganges
97:Yellow
25:Hawaii
3516:Gyres
3110:gyres
2483:S2CID
2448:S2CID
2262:5 May
2117:JSTOR
2078:S2CID
1980:S2CID
1790:S2CID
1696:(PDF)
1583:Yahoo
1333:S2CID
1268:S2CID
780:(PDF)
754:(PDF)
743:S2CID
707:(PDF)
653:(PDF)
390:gyres
238:155°W
234:135°W
140:Japan
121:Niger
113:Pearl
93:Indus
38:is a
3254:Loop
3108:and
2959:GASB
2821:2017
2796:2017
2745:PMID
2644:PMID
2636:ISSN
2557:PMID
2549:ISSN
2440:ISSN
2264:2018
2237:PMID
2219:ISSN
2174:2009
2135:PMID
2070:PMID
2010:2014
1972:ISSN
1903:2012
1876:2012
1850:2012
1782:PMID
1739:2011
1467:2010
1440:2010
1405:2008
1373:ISBN
1325:PMID
1307:ISSN
1260:PMID
1252:ISSN
1204:2020
1188:ISSN
1159:ISBN
1140:2018
1074:PMID
1056:ISSN
1007:PMID
989:ISSN
936:PMID
918:ISSN
845:2018
810:PMID
762:2018
735:PMID
676:ISBN
558:The
524:PCBs
489:and
474:and
453:and
426:The
370:gyre
364:The
307:The
246:42°N
242:35°N
240:and
226:gyre
220:The
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105:Nile
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