89:
27:
2608:
80:, and other creatures, including the occasional human diver. Acting as designed, the nets restrict movement, causing starvation, laceration and infection, and suffocation in those that need to return to the surface to breathe. It's estimated that around 48 million tons (48,000 kt) of lost fishing gear is generated each year, not including those that were abandoned or discarded and these may linger in the oceans for a considerable time before breaking-up.
2312:
117:
2596:
1269:
322:
Fishing nets are often made from extremely high quality plastics to ensure suitable strength, which makes them desirable for recycling. Initiatives like
Healthy Seas are connecting environmental cleanup projects to manufacturers to re-use these materials. Recycled waste nets can be made into yarn and
307:
closed - after a season's diving 22 tons of fishing gear was sent to the
Aquafil Group for recycling back into new Nylon 6 material. In 2012 Pascal van Erp formally founded the not-for-profit Ghost Fishing organisation. In 2020 the Ghost Fishing Foundation rebranded as the Ghost Diving Foundation.
303:
target and non-target species. A total of 15 different species were released from retrieved ALDFG, including 239 lobsters (67% were market-sized) and seven groundfish (including five species-at-risk). The commercial losses from ALDFG in
Southwest Nova Scotia were estimated at $ 175,000 CAD annually.
144:
If this is not done, the net can continue to catch fish until the weight of the catch exceeds the buoyancy of the floats. The net then sinks, and the fish are devoured by bottom-dwelling crustaceans and other fish. Then the floats pull the net up again and the cycle continues. Given the high-quality
302:
One retrieval initiative in
Southwest Nova Scotia in Canada conducted 60 retrieval trips, searched ~1523 square kilometers of the seafloor and removed 7064 kg of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) (comprising 66% lobster traps and 22% dragger cable). Lost traps continued to capture
306:
In 2009 world-renowned Dutch technical diver Pascal van Erp started to recover abandoned ghost fishing gear entangled on North Sea wrecks. He soon inspired others. Organised teams of volunteer technical divers recovered tons of ghost fishing gear off the
Netherlands coastline. The loop was then
258:
Researches in Brazil used social media to estimate how ghost nets have negatively affected the
Brazilian marine biota. Footage of ghost nets found on Google and YouTube were obtained and analyzed to arrive at the results of the study. They found that ghost nets have an adverse effect on several
326:
In
Australia, the Carpentaria Ghost Nets Program has collaborated with indigenous communities to increase awareness of ghost nets and to foster long term solutions. The program has trained indigenous northern Australians in scouting for ghost nets and in removing ghost nets and other plastic
167:
The French government offered a reward for ghost nets handed in to local coastguards along sections of the
Normandy coast between 1980 and 1981. The project was abandoned when people vandalized nets to claim rewards, without retrieving anything at all from the shoreline or ocean.
255:, is a genetically distinct variation of the olive ridley sea turtle. Ghost nets pose a threat to the continued existence of the northern Australian variety. Without further action to preserve the northern Australian olive ridley sea turtle, the population could face extinction.
291:
Legalizing gear retrievals and establishing waste management systems is required to manage and mitigate abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear at-sea. The company Net-works worked out a solution to turn discarded fishing nets into carpet tiles.
318:
Net amnesty schemes such as
Fishing for Litter create incentives for the collection and responsible disposal of end of life fishing gear. These schemes address the root cause for many net abandonments, which is the financial cost of their disposal.
314:
Fisheries
Committee in 2018. Mr. Flack, who led the committee, said: "Abandoned fishing nets are polluting our seas, wasting fishing stocks and indiscriminately killing whales, sea lions or even dolphins. The tragedy of ghost fishing must end".
213:
consists of fishing related plastics. Fishing nets account for about 1% of the total mass of all marine macroplastics larger than 200 millimetres (7.9 in), and plastic fishing gear overall constitutes over two-thirds of the total mass.
614:
Lebreton, L.; Slat, B.; Ferrari, F.; Sainte-Rose, B.; Aitken, J.; Marthouse, R.; Hajbane, S.; Cunsolo, S.; Schwarz, A.; Levivier, A.; Noble, K.; Debeljak, P.; Maral, H.; Schoeneich-Argent, R.; Brambini, R.; Reisser, J. (22 March 2018).
124:
on the beach. Many of these floats for fish nets wash up on island beaches around the Pacific. The loss of the floats can leave fish nets drifting in the open ocean where they continue to entangle fish, birds, and marine
524:
Goodman, Alexa J.; Brillant, Sean; Walker, Tony R.; Bailey, Megan; Callaghan, Carolyn (August 2019). "A Ghostly Issue: Managing abandoned, lost and discarded lobster fishing gear in the Bay of Fundy in Eastern Canada".
160:
can be deadly for a variety of creatures, including birds and marine mammals. Over time the nets become more and more tangled. In general, fish are less likely to be trapped in gear that has been down a long time.
141:, along one edge. In this way they can form a vertical wall hundreds of metres long, where any fish within a certain size range can be caught. Normally these nets are collected by fishermen and the catch removed.
756:
Jensen, Michael P.; Limpus, Colin J.; Whiting, Scott D.; Guinea, Michael; Prince, Robert I. T.; Dethmers, Kiki E. M.; Adnyana, Ida Bagus Windia; Kennett, Rod; FitzSimmons, Nancy N. (2013-10-09).
1041:
41:
that have been abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded in the ocean, lakes, and rivers. These nets, often nearly invisible in the dim light, can be left tangled on a rocky reef or
672:
Eriksen, Marcus; Lebreton, Laurent C. M.; Carson, Henry S.; Thiel, Martin; Moore, Charles J.; Borerro, Jose C.; Galgani, Francois; Ryan, Peter G.; Reisser, Julia (2014-12-10).
917:"Retrieval of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear in Southwest Nova Scotia, Canada: Preliminary environmental and economic impacts to the commercial lobster industry"
156:, without the required "rot-out panel", also sit on the bottom, where they become self-baiting traps that can continue to trap marine life for years. Even balled-up
502:
283:
Technology systems for marking and tracking fishing gear, including GPS tracking, are being trialled to promote greater accountability and transparency.
797:
Azevedo-Santos, Valter M.; Marques, Larissa M.; Teixeira, Clarissa R.; Giarrizzo, Tommaso; Barreto, Rodrigo; Rodrigues-Filho, Jorge L. (2021-11-01).
1164:
990:
2221:
885:
758:"Defining olive ridley turtle Lepidochelys olivacea management units in Australia and assessing the potential impact of mortality in ghost nets"
577:
2361:
2286:
88:
237:
2634:
1203:
295:
Between 2008 and 2015, the US Fishing for Energy initiative collected 2.8 million pounds of fishing gear, and in partnership with
1172:
873:
601:
397:
241:
222:
341:
2214:
452:
Kuczenski, Brandon; Vargas Poulsen, Camila; Gilman, Eric L.; Musyl, Michael; Geyer, Roland; Wilson, Jono (30 July 2021).
735:
674:"Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea"
964:
191:
202:
with over 32,000 marine animals trapped inside. Ghost gear is estimated to account for 10% (640,000 tonnes) of all
915:
Goodman, Alexa J.; McIntyre, Jessie; Smith, Ariel; Fulton, Leah; Walker, Tony R.; Brown, Craig J. (October 2021).
2207:
2024:
1029:
851:
346:
1196:
1144:
1054:
368:
1108:
1042:
SeaSweepers Launches Ocean Plastics Based Clothing to Raise Funds for New Marine Plastics Recycling Center
198:
entangled in ghost nets every year along the US west coast. From 2002 to 2010, 870 nets were recovered in
2366:
2261:
987:
210:
976:
427:
280:) fishing nets are commercially made and are hence a practical solution that can be taken by fishermen.
1300:
798:
2589:
2584:
2467:
1729:
1632:
1295:
2644:
2281:
164:
Fishermen sometimes abandon worn-out nets because it is often the easiest way to get rid of them.
46:
2639:
2561:
2135:
2120:
1189:
252:
172:
1154:
26:
2115:
1986:
1290:
574:
259:
marine species, including large marine animals, such as the Bryde's whale and Guiana dolphin.
1525:
276:
fishing nets decompose naturally under water after a certain period of time. Coconut fibre (
2406:
2271:
1901:
1868:
1668:
1285:
1066:
928:
862:
810:
687:
628:
534:
902:
8:
2291:
1744:
757:
311:
226:
1070:
932:
814:
691:
632:
538:
2600:
2487:
2444:
2429:
2371:
2343:
1873:
1691:
1371:
710:
673:
649:
616:
550:
475:
199:
799:"Digital media reveal negative impacts of ghost nets on Brazilian marine biodiversity"
2424:
2328:
2276:
2256:
2095:
1724:
1642:
1434:
1169:
1082:
1078:
946:
834:
826:
779:
715:
654:
597:
554:
479:
393:
351:
299:
turned this into enough electricity to power 182 homes for one year by incineration.
2199:
941:
916:
822:
546:
454:"Plastic gear loss estimates from remote observation of industrial fishing activity"
2612:
2472:
2419:
2353:
1926:
1858:
1838:
1637:
1485:
1376:
1074:
936:
818:
769:
705:
695:
644:
636:
568:
542:
465:
1709:
2566:
2386:
2100:
2064:
1971:
1946:
1409:
1176:
994:
739:
700:
581:
1181:
1055:"Tackling 'ghost nets': Local solutions to a global issue in northern Australia"
2571:
2540:
2515:
2505:
2497:
2376:
2338:
2301:
2175:
2110:
2105:
2049:
1785:
1754:
1617:
1553:
1540:
1490:
1470:
1465:
1361:
1320:
1310:
1223:
640:
617:"Evidence that the Great Pacific Garbage Patch is rapidly accumulating plastic"
296:
230:
218:
16:
Fishing net left or lost in the sea, endangering marine animals or human divers
171:
In September 2015, the Global Ghost Gear Initiative (GGGI) was created by the
145:
synthetics that are used today, the destruction can continue for a long time.
2628:
2391:
2160:
2090:
1966:
1906:
1749:
1739:
1663:
1573:
1558:
1548:
1424:
1086:
830:
783:
503:
Hidden problem of 'ghost gear': the abandoned fishing nets clogging up oceans
363:
336:
273:
245:
203:
42:
732:
116:
2530:
2525:
2510:
2477:
2266:
2150:
2059:
2054:
1863:
1815:
1795:
1719:
1714:
1591:
1581:
1515:
1457:
1447:
1442:
1419:
1386:
1366:
1328:
1277:
1248:
1030:
Fourth Element Closes The Loop With The Launch Of ‘Ocean Positive’ Swimwear
950:
838:
719:
658:
157:
2535:
2462:
2434:
2381:
2296:
2251:
2145:
2125:
2034:
2009:
1941:
1921:
1916:
1888:
1853:
1622:
1500:
1475:
1353:
1243:
138:
121:
38:
1268:
217:
According to the SeaDoc Society, each ghost net kills $ 20,000 worth of
2457:
2130:
2044:
1976:
1936:
1843:
1833:
1770:
1563:
1530:
1505:
1414:
1343:
1338:
57:
2311:
796:
470:
453:
2556:
2520:
2452:
2333:
2039:
2019:
2004:
1996:
1790:
1601:
1510:
1480:
1394:
1305:
1235:
1159:
774:
413:
153:
69:
1134:
2482:
2180:
2165:
2155:
2069:
2029:
1981:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1931:
1896:
1878:
1828:
1800:
1734:
1627:
1596:
1586:
1520:
1404:
1333:
678:
105:
20:
451:
2414:
2396:
2320:
2243:
2234:
2230:
2140:
1848:
1823:
1805:
1780:
1775:
1647:
1258:
1253:
1006:
130:
112:
become entangled in ghost nets. Most go unnoticed and unrecorded.
93:
73:
53:
2170:
2085:
1495:
1399:
1149:
310:
A plan to protect UK seas from ghost fishing was backed by the
195:
109:
101:
97:
65:
1017:
613:
1139:
1129:
248:
protected zone perimeters. One protected turtle was rescued.
61:
2014:
1053:
Gunn, Riki; Hardesty, Britta Denise; Butler, James (2010).
523:
277:
134:
77:
49:
914:
671:
1111:
965:
The 'Ghost Fishing' organisation puts divers centre stage
755:
240:(AFMA) recovered 10 tonnes of abandoned nets within the
2229:
267:
225:
calculated that ghost crab pots capture 1.25 million
519:
517:
515:
182:
means "abandoned, lost and discarded fishing gear".
1109:
Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear
390:
Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear
1052:
175:to give a unique and stronger voice to the cause.
1211:
512:
2626:
1170:Ghost nets hurting marine environment: UN report
977:Ghost Diving establishes a new chapter in the UK
886:Net-Works is net gain for poor coastal community
251:The northern Australian olive ridley sea turtle
1107:Macfadyen G, Huntington T and Cappell R (2009)
19:For the computer malware spying operation, see
392:. Rome: United Nations Environment Programme.
342:Monofilament fishing line#Environmental impact
133:. These are suspended in the sea by flotation
2215:
1197:
1155:Team Hunts Deadly 'Ghost Nets' in the Pacific
1140:Ghost Diving - International cleanup projects
2362:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
2287:Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
286:
2222:
2208:
1204:
1190:
940:
773:
709:
699:
648:
469:
387:
238:Australian Fisheries Management Authority
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
115:
87:
25:
1059:Ecological Management & Restoration
185:
2627:
1690:
1130:Film on Ghost nets in the Indian Ocean
852:Biodegradable fishing nets: advantages
30:A sea turtle entangled in a ghost net.
2203:
1689:
1221:
1185:
988:MEPs back plan to end ‘ghost fishing'
486:
323:consumer products, such as swimwear.
223:Virginia Institute of Marine Science
13:
1222:
595:Fish catching methods of the world
428:"'Ghost fishing' killing seabirds"
268:Alternative materials and practice
242:Australian Exclusive Economic Zone
14:
2656:
1123:
192:National Marine Fisheries Service
148:The problem is not just nets but
2607:
2606:
2594:
2310:
1267:
1079:10.1111/j.1442-8903.2010.00525.x
194:reported an average of 11 large
2635:Environmental impact of fishing
2595:
1150:Carpentaria Ghost Net Programme
1046:
1034:
1022:
1011:
1000:
981:
969:
957:
942:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112766
908:
895:
878:
867:
856:
845:
823:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112821
790:
749:
726:
665:
547:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104925
272:Unlike synthetic fishing nets,
2025:Double-Heart of Stacked Stones
1135:Ghost nets in the Indian Ocean
607:
587:
561:
527:Ocean & Coastal Management
445:
420:
406:
381:
347:The Derelict Crab Trap Program
129:Some commercial fishermen use
92:Many marine species including
83:
1:
1212:Fishing equipment and methods
1114:: Fisheries and Aquaculture,
1100:
701:10.1371/journal.pone.0111913
369:List of environmental issues
262:
7:
2262:Fish diseases and parasites
1165:Ghost nets kill sea turtles
762:Endangered Species Research
567:Dunagan, Christopher (2000)
330:
211:Great Pacific garbage patch
10:
2661:
1265:
641:10.1038/s41598-018-22939-w
593:Andres, Von Brandt (1984)
152:in general; old-fashioned
18:
2580:
2549:
2496:
2468:Gathering seafood by hand
2443:
2405:
2352:
2319:
2308:
2242:
2078:
1995:
1887:
1814:
1763:
1730:Gathering seafood by hand
1702:
1698:
1685:
1656:
1633:Personal flotation device
1610:
1572:
1539:
1456:
1433:
1385:
1352:
1319:
1276:
1234:
1230:
1217:
921:Marine Pollution Bulletin
803:Marine Pollution Bulletin
412:Esteban, Michelle (2002)
2282:Individual fishing quota
1160:Tracking Down Ghost Nets
905:. Accessed July 25, 2017
415:Tracking Down Ghost Nets
374:
287:Collection and recycling
209:An estimated 46% of the
43:drifting in the open sea
2136:Fishing light attractor
2121:Fish aggregating device
575:The net effect: trouble
190:From 2000 to 2012, the
173:World Animal Protection
2116:Electric pulse fishing
1987:Turtle excluder device
388:Macfadyen, G. (2009).
126:
113:
31:
253:Lepidochelys olivacea
119:
91:
29:
2272:Fisheries management
186:Environmental impact
2430:Fishing tournaments
2292:Sustainable fishery
1745:Scallop aquaculture
1116:Technical paper 523
1071:2010EcoMR..11...88G
933:2021MarPB.17112766G
815:2021MarPB.17212821A
692:2014PLoSO...9k1913E
633:2018NatSR...8.4666L
539:2019OCM...18104925G
509:, 10 September 2015
312:European Parliament
221:over 10 years. The
2372:Commercial fishing
2344:History of fishing
1692:Fishing techniques
1372:Fishing rod tapers
1175:2018-08-01 at the
1007:Fishing for Litter
993:2019-08-16 at the
903:Fishing for Energy
738:2021-09-18 at the
621:Scientific Reports
580:2009-04-04 at the
458:Fish and Fisheries
200:Washington (state)
127:
114:
32:
2622:
2621:
2425:Catch and release
2329:Artisanal fishing
2277:Fisheries science
2257:Diversity of fish
2197:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2096:Cormorant fishing
1725:Flounder tramping
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1145:Ghost Net Project
863:Coir fishing nets
733:Ghost net busters
602:978-0-685-63409-7
471:10.1111/faf.12596
399:978-92-5-106196-1
352:Plastic pollution
236:In May 2016, the
229:each year in the
2652:
2610:
2609:
2598:
2597:
2567:Fishing villages
2506:Artificial flies
2473:Handline fishing
2420:Big-game fishing
2314:
2224:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2200:
1859:Longline fishing
1839:Handline fishing
1700:
1699:
1687:
1686:
1486:Original Floater
1377:Fly rod building
1271:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1091:
1090:
1050:
1044:
1038:
1032:
1028:Rosemary E Lunn
1026:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1004:
998:
985:
979:
975:Rosemary E Lunn
973:
967:
963:Rosemary E Lunn
961:
955:
954:
944:
912:
906:
899:
893:
882:
876:
871:
865:
860:
854:
849:
843:
842:
794:
788:
787:
777:
775:10.3354/esr00521
753:
747:
730:
724:
723:
713:
703:
669:
663:
662:
652:
611:
605:
591:
585:
565:
559:
558:
521:
510:
499:
484:
483:
473:
449:
443:
442:
440:
439:
424:
418:
410:
404:
403:
385:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2645:Water pollution
2625:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2576:
2572:Marine habitats
2545:
2516:Bite indicators
2492:
2439:
2401:
2348:
2315:
2306:
2238:
2228:
2198:
2185:
2101:Cyanide fishing
2074:
2065:Putcher fishing
1991:
1972:Surrounding net
1883:
1810:
1759:
1694:
1673:
1652:
1606:
1568:
1541:Bite indicators
1535:
1452:
1429:
1381:
1348:
1315:
1272:
1263:
1226:
1213:
1210:
1177:Wayback Machine
1126:
1121:
1103:
1095:
1094:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1001:
995:Wayback Machine
986:
982:
974:
970:
962:
958:
913:
909:
900:
896:
892:, 30 April 2015
890:Theguardian.com
883:
879:
872:
868:
861:
857:
850:
846:
795:
791:
754:
750:
740:Wayback Machine
731:
727:
686:(12): e111913.
670:
666:
612:
608:
592:
588:
582:Wayback Machine
566:
562:
522:
513:
507:Theguardian.com
500:
487:
450:
446:
437:
435:
426:
425:
421:
411:
407:
400:
386:
382:
377:
333:
289:
270:
265:
188:
86:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2658:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:Nets (devices)
2637:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2604:
2592:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2346:
2341:
2339:Fishing vessel
2336:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2302:Wild fisheries
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2176:Shrimp baiting
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2111:Electrofishing
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Fishing basket
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1893:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:Hawaiian sling
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1755:Trout tickling
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1554:Pellet waggler
1551:
1545:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1466:Artificial fly
1462:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1362:Bamboo fly rod
1358:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1321:Fishing sinker
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1224:Fishing tackle
1215:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1124:External links
1122:
1120:
1119:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1045:
1040:Naveen Sydney
1033:
1021:
1010:
999:
997:. 20 June 2018
980:
968:
956:
907:
894:
877:
866:
855:
844:
789:
768:(3): 241–253.
748:
725:
664:
606:
586:
560:
511:
501:Hannah Gould,
485:
444:
434:. 28 June 2007
419:
405:
398:
379:
378:
376:
373:
372:
371:
366:
355:
354:
349:
344:
339:
332:
329:
297:Covanta Energy
288:
285:
269:
266:
264:
261:
231:Chesapeake Bay
219:Dungeness crab
187:
184:
85:
82:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2657:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2615:
2614:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Fishing banks
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2161:Otter fishing
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Blast fishing
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1816:Fishing lines
1813:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Trout binning
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1740:Pearl hunting
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1664:Fish stringer
1662:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Drop shot rig
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:Shortfloating
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1549:Fishing float
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1526:Topwater lure
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1458:Fishing lures
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1425:Worm charming
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Multifilament
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1014:
1008:
1003:
996:
992:
989:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
952:
948:
943:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
904:
898:
891:
887:
881:
875:
870:
864:
859:
853:
848:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
785:
781:
776:
771:
767:
763:
759:
752:
745:
741:
737:
734:
729:
721:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
668:
660:
656:
651:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
610:
603:
599:
596:
590:
583:
579:
576:
572:
571:
564:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
508:
504:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
481:
477:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
448:
433:
429:
423:
417:
416:
409:
401:
395:
391:
384:
380:
370:
367:
365:
364:Marine debris
362:
361:
360:
359:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
337:Drift netting
335:
334:
328:
324:
320:
316:
313:
308:
304:
300:
298:
293:
284:
281:
279:
275:
274:biodegradable
260:
256:
254:
249:
247:
246:Torres Strait
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
212:
207:
205:
204:marine litter
201:
197:
193:
183:
181:
176:
174:
169:
165:
162:
159:
155:
151:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
123:
118:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
90:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
22:
2611:
2599:
2478:Spearfishing
2267:Fish farming
2151:Kite fishing
2060:Lobster trap
2055:Fishing weir
1922:Glass floats
1911:
1889:Fishing nets
1864:Spin fishing
1796:Spearfishing
1720:Clam digging
1582:Carolina rig
1516:Surface lure
1448:Plastic worm
1443:Deadsticking
1435:Plastic bait
1420:Vermicompost
1387:Fishing bait
1367:Fishing reel
1329:Arlesey Bomb
1296:Monofilament
1278:Fishing line
1115:
1096:
1065:(2): 88–98.
1062:
1058:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1018:Healthy Seas
1013:
1002:
983:
971:
959:
924:
920:
910:
897:
889:
884:Lynn Beavis,
880:
869:
858:
847:
806:
802:
792:
765:
761:
751:
746:, 3 May 2016
743:
728:
683:
677:
667:
624:
620:
609:
594:
589:
569:
563:
530:
526:
506:
461:
457:
447:
436:. Retrieved
431:
422:
414:
408:
389:
383:
357:
356:
325:
321:
317:
309:
305:
301:
294:
290:
282:
271:
257:
250:
235:
216:
208:
189:
179:
177:
170:
166:
163:
158:fishing line
149:
147:
143:
139:glass floats
128:
39:fishing nets
34:
33:
2463:Fishing net
2435:Fly fishing
2297:Overfishing
2252:Aquaculture
2237:topic areas
2146:Ice fishing
2126:Fish toxins
2035:Fish corral
2010:Barrier net
1947:Lampuki net
1942:Lampara net
1902:Cheena vala
1854:Jug fishing
1623:Diving mask
1574:Fishing rig
1501:Spinnerbait
1476:Little Cleo
1354:Fishing rod
1244:Circle hook
744:Afma.gov.au
627:(1): 4666.
327:pollution.
122:glass float
84:Description
58:sea turtles
45:. They can
2629:Categories
2557:Fish ponds
2458:Fishfinder
2445:Techniques
2407:Recreation
2387:Processing
2367:By country
2131:Fishfinder
2045:Fish wheel
1997:Fish traps
1977:Tangle net
1937:Ice jigger
1912:Ghost nets
1844:Jiggerpole
1834:Drum lines
1771:Bowfishing
1715:Ama divers
1669:Tackle box
1564:Quiver tip
1531:Zara Spook
1506:Spoon lure
1415:Groundbait
1344:Sandsinker
1339:Downrigger
1101:References
927:: 112766.
809:: 112821.
533:: 104925.
438:2008-04-01
227:blue crabs
154:crab traps
150:ghost gear
137:, such as
70:crocodiles
35:Ghost nets
2550:Locations
2453:Fish trap
2377:Marketing
2334:Fisherman
2244:Fisheries
2231:Fisheries
2040:Fish nest
2020:Crab trap
2005:Almadraba
1982:Trawl net
1967:Seine net
1907:Drift net
1791:Polespear
1703:Gathering
1602:Texas rig
1511:Spoonplug
1481:Mormyshka
1395:Bait fish
1306:Power pro
1236:Fish hook
1087:1442-8903
874:Ghostgear
831:0025-326X
784:1863-5407
584:, 5 April
555:181633186
480:238820992
464:: 22–33.
263:Solutions
178:The term
2613:Category
2585:Glossary
2488:Trolling
2483:Trawling
2392:Products
2354:Industry
2181:Snagging
2166:Pa-aling
2156:Muro-ami
2141:Flossing
2106:Dredging
2070:Trabucco
2030:Eel buck
1962:Salambaw
1957:Lift net
1952:Lave net
1932:Hand net
1927:Haaf net
1917:Gill net
1897:Cast net
1879:Trotline
1874:Trolling
1829:Dropline
1801:Speargun
1735:Noodling
1628:Hip boot
1597:Hair rig
1587:Chod rig
1521:Swimbait
1334:Bombarda
1173:Archived
991:Archived
951:34330000
839:34380100
736:Archived
720:25494041
679:PLOS ONE
659:29568057
578:Archived
432:BBC News
358:General:
331:See also
131:gillnets
125:mammals.
106:dolphins
74:seabirds
54:dolphins
47:entangle
21:GhostNet
2601:Outline
2415:Angling
2397:Seafood
2382:Markets
2321:Fishing
2235:fishing
1849:Jigging
1824:Angling
1806:Trident
1781:Harpoon
1776:Gigging
1710:Abalone
1648:Wetsuit
1638:Snorkel
1611:Apparel
1400:Boilies
1286:Braided
1259:Sniggle
1254:Hookset
1118:. Rome.
1067:Bibcode
929:Bibcode
811:Bibcode
711:4262196
688:Bibcode
650:5864935
629:Bibcode
570:The Sun
535:Bibcode
233:alone.
110:dugongs
94:turtles
66:dugongs
2541:Sinker
2498:Tackle
2171:Payaos
2086:Basnig
1869:Tip-up
1764:Spears
1643:Waders
1496:Sabiki
1471:Heddon
1311:Swivel
1085:
949:
901:NOAA,
837:
829:
782:
718:
708:
657:
647:
600:
553:
478:
396:
196:whales
108:, and
102:whales
98:sharks
62:sharks
2590:Index
2531:Lures
2079:Other
1657:Other
1618:Creel
1410:Clonk
1291:Knots
551:S2CID
476:S2CID
375:Notes
180:ALDFG
135:buoys
78:crabs
2526:Line
2521:Hook
2511:Bait
2233:and
2015:Corf
1491:Plug
1405:Chum
1249:Gaff
1083:ISSN
947:PMID
835:PMID
827:ISSN
780:ISSN
716:PMID
655:PMID
598:ISBN
394:ISBN
278:coir
244:and
50:fish
37:are
2536:Rod
1112:FAO
1075:doi
937:doi
925:171
819:doi
807:172
770:doi
706:PMC
696:doi
645:PMC
637:doi
543:doi
531:181
466:doi
2631::
1097:1
1081:.
1073:.
1063:11
1061:.
1057:.
945:.
935:.
923:.
919:.
888:,
833:.
825:.
817:.
805:.
801:.
778:.
766:21
764:.
760:.
742:,
714:.
704:.
694:.
682:.
676:.
653:.
643:.
635:.
623:.
619:.
573:.
549:.
541:.
529:.
514:^
505:,
488:^
474:.
462:23
460:.
456:.
430:.
206:.
120:A
104:,
100:,
96:,
76:,
72:,
68:,
64:,
60:,
56:,
52:,
2223:e
2216:t
2209:v
1205:e
1198:t
1191:v
1089:.
1077::
1069::
953:.
939::
931::
841:.
821::
813::
786:.
772::
722:.
698::
690::
684:9
661:.
639::
631::
625:8
604:.
557:.
545::
537::
482:.
468::
441:.
402:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)
