Geiseltal (fossil deposit)

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areas were clayey sediments were found, which indicates a reduction in the flow force of the streams. The fossil finds are concentrated in the former bank areas. Most of the animals died there, as in the collapse funnels on the sometimes steep slopes, but were also victims of numerous predators living there. Collapse funnels and corpse fields are the most common, the stream courses are rather rare and were only discovered in the mid-1950s. The state of preservation of the vertebrate fossils in the corpse fields and in the streams is similar and reveals certain rearrangements due to water movement combined with skeletal decay. In the collapse funnels, complete skeletal remains were only found in the central and deepest parts, where the carcasses were completely covered with water. Towards the edges of the funnels, clear disarticulations of the skeletons can also be observed. The significant finds of fossilized

2214:. Due to the relative proximity to the coast, the altitude at that time probably did not exceed 50 m above sea level. The climate was generally subtropical with frost-free and dry winters with an average temperature of at least 5 °C and humid summers with a growing season of up to nine months and an average of 25 °C in the warmest month, as determined by the numerous fruits and seeds. The annual precipitation was probably around 2070 mm. Due to the significant differences in temperature during the summer and winter months, the landscape was subject to an annual periodicity of rainy and dry seasons, which can also be demonstrated by tree rings and a fine warve of the lignite. As a result, leaf fall can be regarded as probable, so that the leaves formed a loose litter layer on the ground. From the lower to the middle coal, however, an increasing dryness of the climate could be determined. 666:

complete skeletons. The good preservation of soft tissue, which is very poorly preserved in fossil form, should be emphasized. Despite the good preservation conditions, a large proportion of the fossils are not autochthonous, but were transported during fossilization, caused by the flow of water. This applies mainly to the finds from the mortuary fields and the streams. The depositional conditions of the fossils can generally be regarded as parautochthonous to partly allochthonous. The exact number of finds is unclear, the inventory of the former Geiseltalmuseum of the University of Halle comprises around 50,000 objects, most of which are vertebrates. During the intensive excavation phase of the 1960s, the collection grew by more than 5830 objects per year. An analysis of more than 10,000 vertebrate remains revealed that almost half of them were

2419:, where they were able to prove a new type of site in addition to those already defined by Weigelt. The increase in coal extraction led to more excavation work being carried out to accompany mining, so that the 1960s and 1970s in particular represented a high point in the exploration of the Geiseltal. It was only when the coal reserves began to dwindle (the eastern and south-eastern Geiseltal had already been exhausted by the early 1970s and the abandoned open-cast mines had been partially flooded) and mining moved to the more northern and western parts of the Geiseltal, where fossil preservation was less good, that the scientific on-site investigations also declined and came to a temporary end in 1985. During this research phase, more than 55 new sites were discovered, including 23 with vertebrate remains. 2469:

then director Horst Werner Matthes. However, the new exhibition opened in 1950 had to be closed and reduced in size. In the following years, technical and financial bottlenecks meant that it was not possible to invest in a more modern exhibition or in repairing the buildings of the Neue Residenz, which made it necessary to protect individual objects from damage due to rain or thaw. This only changed for the better after 1989 with the political change in the GDR. However, the building fabric of the Neue Residenz remained in poor condition. When the current Institute of Geosciences moved to new and more modern premises on the new campus at Von-Seckendorf-Platz in 2004, only the Geiseltal Museum and its collection remained and celebrated its 70th anniversary there.

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the "Creodonta" and "Condylarthra", which occur to a small extent at least in Messel and in the Geiseltal. Differences can also be seen in other groups of finds. For example, the jewel beetles are relatively common in the Geiseltal with more than a quarter of all beetle finds, whereas in Messel they are rather rare with less than a tenth, although there is a generally higher diversity of forms of beetles overall. The fact that only a few forms of jewel beetles occur simultaneously at both sites indicates significant ecological differences, which are also reflected in the sometimes differing diversity of the various plant and animal groups and shows that the individual fossil deposits each represent only a section of the rich landscape at that time.

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began. This led to the last investigations of a site in the southern Geiseltal from spring to fall 1992, with employees of the Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg also being involved. The following year, this last vertebrate site was flooded by rising groundwater. Between the years 2000 and 2003, the last field activities were again carried out together with the Senckenberg Research Institute in the western Geiseltal, which mainly concerned a coal seam over 20 m thick, which contained countless plant material up to 25 m long tree trunks. Due to the chemical properties of the lignite in this area of the Geiseltal, however, no vertebrate remains could be observed. In June 2003, the planned flooding of the western Geiseltal to form the

493: 1313: 1830: 840: 1736: 1623: 1822: 1124: 2026: 1675: 1136: 509: 1227: 5362: 1481: 1239: 1195:, could occasionally only move on its hind legs. Ophisauriscus can in turn be assigned to the slithers and is related to the glass slithers. The snake-like animals still had rudimentary forelimbs and hind limbs. More than 20 finds have been documented, ranging in condition from almost complete skeletons to disarticulated individual finds and remnants of skin armor. The individual bone plates of the former scales differ markedly in shape and ornamentation from today's forms. Only rarely do relatives of today's 688: 501: 219: 314:, however, there was a partially unbroken transition from the middle coal to the upper coal. The extent of the individual coal seams varies from north to south and is linked to the halokinetic and subrosive subsidence of the subsoil. subsidence of the subsurface, but it generally continues further south with the increasing stratigraphic altitude of the seams. Only the Upper Coal is formed throughout the Geiseltal. The very rich Eocene fossil community originates mainly from the Lower Coal and Middle Coal. 2169: 1325: 944: 696: 152: 1910: 1058: 1148: 658: 28: 20: 2436: 2157:. The subtropical climate at that time contributed to the formation of numerous bogs, ponds and pools with a rich vegetation on the edge of the estuary. The onset of coalification of the dead plant material led to the formation of thick lignite seams over a period of six to possibly eight million years. The area was bordered to the south by a shell limestone plateau with steep slopes sloping down to the north. The plateau itself was partly 5348: 5334: 2364:. Further finds were recovered in 1912, including several dentition remains of three individuals and belonging to the same genus. The following year, remains of turtles were observed for the first time in a plant-bearing charcoal layer, although some of the finds disintegrated after being uncovered. Some of the remaining fossils were handed over to the Geologische Landesanstalt in 427:. In contrast, the interglacial sediments of the Neumark-Nord 1 basin could also have been deposited during an "intrasaalean" interglacial period. This is indicated by the botanical remains, such as the macroflora with the extremely rich relicts of a steppe-oak-mixed forest characterized by the Tatar maple, or individual fossils of small mammals, including the dwarf forest mouse 2318:

and more diverse in Messel. In contrast, Messel is characterized by a smaller number of primate and even-toed ungulate forms, which in turn are well and diversely documented in the Geiseltal and Eckfeld, with striking differences reflected in the occurrence of different genera. Similar differences can also be identified for individual mammal genera, such as

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subsidence funnel, which is smaller and shallower and reaches diameters of 3 to 8 m. The depressions were largely filled with water when they were created and formed small ponds and pools. The often steep edges formed natural traps for vertebrates, creating a natural burrowing community. The sedimentary overlay at the bottom of the pond created

2455:. The museum simultaneously served as a collection depot and exhibition, with the latter being set up in the All Saints' Chapel on an area of 267 m². The other rooms of the New Residence were used by the Geological-Palaeontological Institute of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg. The museum's heraldic animal was the 2339: 130:. Remains of soft tissue were also found in numerous vertebrates. In total, more than 80 individual sites with more than 50,000 finds are known, including 36 with a significant number of vertebrates. Due to the good and extensive preservation of fossils, the Geiseltal is considered a conserve and concentrate deposit. 1883:, a tapir relative with a body length of 2.5 m and a shoulder height of 1 m, is also very common and represents the largest representative of the mammals from the Geiseltal. On an area of 131 m² alone, 110 individuals were discovered, probably the remains of a crocodile feeding ground. Fossil finds of 2056:, ELMA). The Geiseltalian serves as a reference for the Geiseltal fauna and also forms a middle section of the Lutetian. The few finds of the Upper Coal are referred to a younger zone, the Robiacium. The beginning of the Geiseltalian is accompanied by the appearance of early forms of the prehistoric horse 2113:

obtained there using the same measurement method, also below the find layer, yielded a value of 44.3 million years. This is also to be regarded as the lowest age. This means that the age classification of the Geiseltalium, to which an age of 47.4 to 43.4 million years is attributed today, and thus of

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and additional fragments have also been documented. They are mostly in ovoid or sausage-like form with lengths ranging from a few millimetres to a decimetre and sometimes contain remains of bones, claws or plants. Various reptiles and mammals can be assumed to have caused them. Some of the fossilized

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Rather rare are the remains of birds, which have been identified with more than half a dozen families and a good twice as many identifiable genera. Complete skeletons were rarely observed; disarticulated parts and limb remains are more common. In the latter, the joint ends are sometimes missing. Part

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The cadaver fields resembled the streams, some of which came from the western shell limestone area and ran through the Geiseltal and flowed into one of the local basins. These are channel-like depressions in the coal, in which mostly cross-layered quartz sands were deposited. Only in the deeper basin

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could be detected in the basal coal. The spatial distribution of vertebrate fossil sites reflects the conditions for the preservation of finds, which were not present to the same extent in the entire Geiseltal. As a result, the majority of vertebrate sites, especially those with complete skeletons or

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The Geiseltal heutige is increasingly present in its geography. The Neumark main threshold, a rise of the Buntsandstein, divides it into two roughly equal-sized areas, the western and eastern Geiseltal. Secondary and subordinate basins are the Elise basin, the Elisabeth basin, the Wernsdorf basin and

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from the odd-toed ungulate group, which is one of the dominant forms in the Geiseltal, but in Messel was only found with a young animal and individual tooth finds, in Eckfeld with a lower jaw and also a few tooth remains. Remarkable in Eckfeld is the previous absence of ancient mammal groups such as

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period almost 60 million years ago. The fauna, comprising several thousand bone and tooth remains, differs from that of the Geiseltal in the dominance of prehistoric mammals from the groups of Procreodi, "Condylarthra" or Leptictida, while representatives of more modern, still existing lineages such

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is comparatively extensive, with around 170 finds from around 60 individuals. The artiodactyls of the Geiseltal were all characterized by a very ancient physique with an upwardly arched back, very long tails and short front and long hind legs. They were all smaller than today's relatives and reached

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of European land mammals from 47 to 43 million years ago. The extensive finds from the animal and plant world, as well as the numerous geological data, make it possible to reconstruct the landscape quite accurately. According to this, at the time of lignite formation there was a multi-storey lowland

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open-cast mine. The aim was not only to record qualitatively complete specimens, but also to gain a quantitative overview of the fossil content of the lignite, so that even smaller or poorly preserved finds could be documented. Barnes' excavations uncovered the remains of snakes and turtles as well

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The numerous plant and animal remains, as well as the large amount of geological data, allow a fairly accurate reconstruction of the former landscape conditions. According to this, the Geiseltal in the Middle Eocene was a water-rich moorland landscape that extended in a north-south direction over a

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government. In addition, numerous scientists from other nations were involved in the analysis of the finds. The expansion of open-cast mining operations, which reached its peak in the middle of the 20th century, led to the discovery of numerous other sites, including in the Pfännerhall and Mücheln

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in Messel, whereas the number of finds from Eckefeld is comparatively smaller. While the composition of the mammal fauna generally shows similarities, there are clear differences in the details. For example, rodents and bats are underrepresented in the Geiseltal and in Eckfeld, but are more common

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area are of particular importance. Although there are no vertebrate remains here, countless floristic finds are known. For example, macro-remains in the form of conifer cones and palm leaves are found in the open-cast mines near Helmstedt, while numerous leaf finds of dicotyledonouss come from the

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in the underlying red sandstone (subrosion). As a rule, the collapse funnels can be recognized by their marginal layer faults and the resulting tectonic displacements resulting from this. Two types of funnel can be distinguished: the actual collapse funnel with diameters of 12 to 18 m and the

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sediments were deposited. Between 1986 and 2008, the individual lake basins were the focus of interdisciplinary scientific research, the results of which were published in numerous publications. The largest, around 600 m long and 400 m wide Neumark-Nord 1 basin contained the remains of a

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as well as partly gröberclastic material. The thickness of the predominantly finely layered to flaky lignite is around 30 to 80 m, but can reach over 120 m in places. In general, the Geiseltal lignite is divided into four main seams, the Lower Coal, Middle Coal (differentiated into Lower

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The lignite of the Geiseltal is subdivided into four main seams, the three lower ones were mainly fossil-bearing. The focus of the fossil distribution is in the southern and central Geiseltal. The finds include remains of plants and animals. A special feature are almost complete finds with leaves,

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In 1950, the exhibition reopened under the motto "A journey through Central Germany's geological history" - extended by eight rooms and technically revised in 1954. As a result of a university reform at the end of the 1960s, the museum and collection were to be relocated, which was averted by the

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After the political change in the GDR in 1989, the situation changed fundamentally. The original plan was to continue mining lignite in the western Geiseltal until 1998, but this was discontinued in mid-1993 due to changed market conditions and the renaturation of the entire open-cast mining area

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The special feature of the Geiseltal fossils, above all the vertebrates and especially the mammals, lies in their unique preservation in lignite, which is not found anywhere else in Central Europe. The Geiseltal is an important site for the development of mammals, as the development of individual

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deposits from the Permian geological period, around 300 to 240 million years ago. These deposits are overlain by sediments from the Buntsandstein (251 to 243 million years ago), where the lower and middle Buntsandstein predominate. In the southern part of the Geiseltal, towards the Mücheln shell

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spreading west of the Saale. In general, the heights in the eastern Geiseltal were around 100 meters above sea level, rising to 150 meters and more towards the west. However, the intensive activity of open-cast lignite minings has seriously altered the landscape, especially in the last 150

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This biostratigraphic age determination is largely based on the changes in the dental morphology of certain mammal groups, which allows the chronological occurrence of extinct species and genera to be determined. The first vertebrate finds discovered at the beginning of the 20th century, tooth

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In addition, the original coloration of certain soft parts, especially the skin, could be identified. For example, the fish palaeoesox had a zebra pattern on its body and a dark-colored back, while a greenish skin tone could be observed in frogs. In insects, the color shades of the animals are

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is one of the most common forms of crocodile in the Geiseltal and is classified in the extinct group of the Diplocynodontidae. It lived in smaller bodies of water and reached a good 1.3 m in length. A special find includes an almost complete skeleton with bone armor and five eggs in close

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The fossil material from the lignite of the Geiseltal is very rich and includes the remains of plants and animals. The floristic material is present in the form of micro and macro remains. The fauna is represented by invertebrates and vertebrates, of the latter there are also a large number of

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also ensured good preservation of the fossils. A further influence on the preservation of the animal cadavers was the flooding of the former land surface, which was quite frequent in the Middle Coal Age and led to a rapid covering of the cadavers with sediments. Both the fossil remains and the

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were bound to certain, more restricted sites. A total of more than 80 sites are known, 36 of which contain a significant number of vertebrate remains. These are mainly located in the Lower and Middle Coal, with around twice as many sites in the Middle Coal as in the Lower Coal. The upper coal

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are the most important, with 200 to 300 specimens of each, plus numerous individual bones. The articulated skeletons of the frogs are all very fragile, with larger skeletal elements close to the body prevailing over smaller ones far from the body. The remains also include a large number of

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of the later abandoned open-cast mines, larger lakes were created, which currently dominate the entire Geisel valley. The Südfeldsee and Runstedter See were created in the eastern and south-eastern Geiseltal as early as the second half of the 20th century, while in the western part the

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lignite are 50% saturated with water when fresh and dissolve very quickly as they dry out, flaking and then disintegrating into dust. For this reason, the Lacquer film method was developed at the beginning of the 1930s for the targeted recovery of fossils, especially in the Geiseltal.

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The museum was closed from the end of 2011 until May 2018 and the collection was not open to the public. It was reopened as part of the Long Night of Museums on May 5, 2018. In spring 2015, a special exhibition entitled "From the dawn: horse-hunting crocodiles and giant birds" at the

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Mark J. Sier, Wil Roebroeks, Corrie C. Bakels, Mark J. Dekkers, Enrico Brühl, Dimitri De Loecker, Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Norbert Hesse, Adam Jagich, Lutz Kindler, Wim J. Kuijper, Thomas Laurat, Herman J. Mücher, Kirsty E. H. Penkman, Daniel Richter, Douwe J.J. van Hinsbergen:

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were the second most frequently represented with 2,000 finds. The scientific evaluation of the entire fossil record is still ongoing, and numerous fossil creatures were first described on the basis of the material found in the Geiseltal. The vertebrates alone comprise more than 120

2052:. The exact age of the Geiseltal lignites can be determined relatively precisely by the occurrence of certain mammal forms. This places the rich finds of the Lower Coal up to the Upper Middle Coal in the Geiseltalian zone, a stage within the stratigraphy of European land mammals ( 1810:. This approximately 70 cm long and about 4 kg heavy animal was not only the most common, but also the largest cloven-hoofed animal of the Geiseltal and is widely distributed over the Lower and Middle Coal. In addition, a few remains of other even-toed ungulates such as 306:

and Upper Middle Coal) and Upper Coal, but also has a local Basiskohle in the northern Geiseltal. With the exception of the base coal, all seams are subdivided into further seam sections. The individual seams reach a thickness of 10 to partly 60 m. They are interrupted by

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from the dog poison family are also characteristic. Several up to 44 cm long bark remains with the so-called "monkey hair", fossilized milky sap tubes, attached to them are also assigned to this plant family. Monocotyledons have less diversity. Among these, mainly the

2239:, bats and some primates. The ponds and pools were home to aquatic or amphibious animals. Of particular note are the numerous crocodile forms, which, like today, preferred a much warmer climate and thus also represent an important climate indicator. The richness of the 909:

only via tiny egg clutches measuring just a few millimetres. These are deposited in double rows on the leaf of an angiosperm and are similar to those left by pond damselflies today ("lestid" type). The group of flying insects also includes fan-winged insects, whereby a

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others; pre-Tertiary thresholds are the Kayna threshold and the eastern threshold. Geologically, the Geiseltal represents a subsidence structure whose formation has not yet been fully clarified, but which was controlled by several processes. It is possible that in the

205:, was only completed in 2011. Today, the western and eastern Geiseltal valleys are separated by a tipping dam up to 140 m high, which, in addition to the current course of the Geisel River, also carries important transportation routes such as roads and railways. 628:

These are more extensive areas with fossil finds that extend over areas of up to 80 × 100 m. The fossils are usually found in large depressions and are generally covered by a 20 to 30 cm thin layer of charcoal. They are remnants of the former land surface and

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is more extensively exposed at the southern edge of the Geiseltal (former Mücheln open-cast mine). Here, four warm-cold phase cycles could be detected in a small depression, of which the two upper ones with the Bölling Interstadial (in the classical sense) and the

2313:, whereby Messel is roughly contemporaneous with the Lower Coal of the Geiseltal, Eckfeld with the Upper Middle Coal. In addition to plant and invertebrate finds, a large number of vertebrate remains are known from both sites, currently comprising around 130 2392:

as a field of research. For the purpose of better preservation of fossils, Ehrhard Voigt (1905-2004) developed the lacquer film method at the beginning of the 1930s. Only one year later, the only significant upper coal site with over 20 individuals of

2399:, including an almost complete skeleton, was examined in the same open-cast mine. Scientific research in the Cecilie open-cast mine came to a standstill in 1935 due to the depletion of coal reserves. Further excavations were then carried out in the 366:

The retreat of the inland glacier of the Saale glacial period led to the formation of drainless and mostly water-filled depressions, particularly in the north-eastern part of the Geiseltal, in the former open-cast mining field Neumark-Nord, through

72:, the investigations can be divided into two research phases. Due to the increasing depletion of the raw material deposits, the excavations gradually came to a standstill in the mid-1980s and finally ended at the beginning of the third millennium. 63:

period 48 to 41 million years ago. There is evidence that coal was first mined in the Geiseltal in 1698, but the first fossils only came to light by chance at the beginning of the 20th century. Scheduled scientific excavations began in 1925 by the

419:, the Warm Period sediments of the two basins show a succession typical of the Eemian Warm Period (128,000 to 115,000 years ago) typical succession. For the Neumark-Nord 2 basin, an Eemian classification is supported by further analyses, such as 897:. Since the insects are preserved almost exclusively with their backs, the sometimes magnificent coloration of the animals has been preserved, but the exact species assignment cannot be made with certainty in all cases. Flying insects such as 2048:. This also determined the more precise relative age of the lignites, which had previously only been suspected. The Middle Eocene is dated to an age of 47.8 to 41.3 million years and consists of the lower stage Lutetian and the upper stage 712:

as microflora, which alone occupy more than 100 stratigraphically relevant taxa, the macro-remains are particularly important. These include leaves, twigs, branches, bark and stems as well as fruits, seeds and inflorescences. At least 18

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of the Zechstein salt combined with the chemical weathering of the shell limestone (subrosion) led to mass loss in the subsoil, which resulted in the subsidence of the overlying layers and the formation of the basin. The salt movement

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Calcite sphere from the Geiseltal, set up in the garden of the Zoological Institute of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; diameter 1.5 m, weight 5 t; formed by the penetration of calcareous water into the fossil-bearing

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river shifted its course as far as the Geiseltal and created the so-called Körbisdorf Terrace. The inland ice of the Saale Cold Period (320,000 to 128,000 years ago) only passed over the Geiseltal during the first advance, known in

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Profen open-cast mine. The general vegetation history determined on the basis of the microflora largely corresponds to that of the Geiseltal. Vertebrate sites of the same age are not known from the immediate region. However, the

180:, which gives the valley its name, flows through the Geiseltal. It rises in St. Micheln near Mücheln from one of the largest springs in central Germany and drains after 19 km in Merseburgd via the Gotthardtsteiche into the 2388:(1890-1948) continued to teach. Weigelt's research focused on fossilization processes, for a better understanding of which he examined numerous recent decaying animal cadavers. He called this "biostratinomy", thus anticipating 1365:). There are over three dozen finds of this large ground-running bird, including several leg bones, but also skull remains and parts of the wings, which represent the largest collection of all sites in Europe. For a long time, 1277:, is somewhat larger and also numerous. Due to its relatively long limbs and hoof-like spread end phalanges of the toes, this crocodile is assumed to have a more terrestrial lifestyle. The largest predator in the Geiseltal was 543:

soft parts, are concentrated in the central and southern Geiseltal, mainly near the Neumark main sill and in the adjacent Wernsdorfer Kessel to the east. The majority of the sites are therefore located in the open-cast mines

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has survived. Such chemofossils also include "monkey hair", which is often found in large quantities. These are fibrous, light-brown structures flattened by storage in the lignite, which have been preserved through natural

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in Saxony-Anhalt. It extends over a length of 15 km from west-northwest to east-southeast and over a width of 0.5 to 5 km. In the north it borders on the flat Merseburg red sandstone plateau, in the south on the

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characterized by two elongated fingers and circular-arched incisors. The enlarged front teeth were used to gnaw tree bark, and the long fingers were used to drill into crevices and cracks for insects. In its way of life,

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years, and in addition to the destruction of several villages, has also led to the shaping of an area of around 90 km² with the course of the Geisel river being shifted several times to the south. As a result of the

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measurements have identified tectonic faults, the so-called Geiseltal-Nordrand-Störung (Geiseltal northern edge fault), which in some places reaches a jump height of up to 200 m in the upper layers (red sandstone).

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in Halle provided information on the latest findings from research into the Geiseltal fossil deposit. Between November 2017 and May 2018, some important fossils from the Geiseltal were part of the special exhibition

578:, which penetrated from the south or southwest from the area of the Querfurt-Freyburg Mulde during the formation of the lignite as circulating groundwater. These largely neutralized the decomposing properties of the 1337:

of the bird fauna is therefore interpreted as food remains of crocodiles and large snakes. In addition, the proportion of female animals is quite high, which can be recognized by the formation of medullary bones, a

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The Former Geiseltal Museum (1934-2011), the Eocene Geiseltal Fossilagerstätte (Germany) and the Scientific Meaning of Ben Barnes as a Pioneer of Systematic Quantitative Vertebrate Excavations in the Geiseltal

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In addition to individual and stray finds and occasional finds from drill cores, a total of three different types of vertebrate sites can be distinguished, some of which also occur in different combinations:

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decreased in weight (averaging 39 kg in the Lower Coal and 26 kg in the Upper Middle Coal). This is possibly an example of the gradual adaptation to different ecological niches to avoid too strong

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Sintered tree trunk from the Geiseltal, set up in the garden of the Zoological Institute of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg; original height 4.7 m, largest trunk diameter 0.9 m, split into two

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have also been preserved in the lignite of the Geiseltal, which is extremely rare. Fossil soft tissues were first discovered in the Geiseltal in 1934, making them one of the very first such finds from the

1855:, which is represented by several species. A complete skeleton with a 56 cm long torso, a 20 cm long skull and a shoulder height of 40 cm was discovered in 1933. Other genera that occur are 1347:

is a relatively small representative of the prehistoric jawed birds, which has been identified by its rear extremities and also by a partial skeleton. It was originally considered to be related to the

822:, among others. However, the frequently transmitted palm tribes cannot be precisely classified taxonomically. Other representatives of the monocotyledons have also been described, for example from the 3395:

Erster Nachweis von Kleinlibellen-Eilogen (Insecta, Zygoptera, Lestidae) in der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des ehemaligen Tagebaus Mücheln, Baufeld Neumark-Nord (Geiseltal, Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland).

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The bog area was interspersed with numerous small pools and ponds, around eight to ten meters in diameter, which are indicated by collapse funnels and served as drinking places for the fossil fauna.

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length of four to five kilometers and was located near the coast at a bay that penetrated far inland. This land incision, known as the Central German Estuary, was at least temporarily exposed to the

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examined originates from an area beneath the fossil-bearing lake sediments of the Messel Pit, the age value is to be regarded as the maximum age, meaning that the finds there are somewhat younger (

1381:, Geiseloceros had an exotic status. It was documented by leg bones and connected wing remains, on which the shimmering blue wing feathers are also recognizable. Today, both taxa are classified as 2033:

The faunistic remains, especially of mammals, are important for the exact age classification of the lignite of the Geiseltal, which also allows a comparison with other sites and outcrops. This

1191:, a slightly built lizard with an extremely long tail and fine skin scales, which was probably an arboreal dweller. Due to the short forelimbs, it is assumed that Geiseltaliellus, like today's 2350:

in the Geiseltal can be traced back to the year 1698, the first fossils were discovered relatively late. The earliest fossil find dates back to 1908 and includes remains of the tapir relative

407:. The large mammal fauna of the smaller Neumark-Nord 2 basin was similar in principle to that of the larger basin, but with a few exceptions it was small and disarticulated. A large number of 239:

limestone plateau, however, there are also remnants of the Upper Buntsandstein, in which the shell limestone deposits are found at the edges of the valley. The following Hiatus comprises the

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New species of Amphirhagatherium (Choeropotamidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the late Eocene Headon Hill Formation of Southern England and phylogeny of endemic European Anthracotheroids.

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Die Schildkröten aus den Mitteleozänen Sedimenten des Eckfelder Maares mit taxonomischen Notizen zu Testudo eocaenica Hummel, 1935 (Mitteleozän, Deutschland, Rheinland-Pfalz, Vulkaneifel).

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mining fields (which comprised the former Pauline, Elisabeth, Emma and Elise II areas of the western Geiseltal). In the process, the scientists discovered one of the richest fossil sites,

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appeared extremely rarely with only a few lower jaw fragments, a possibly also more land-dwelling animal that was small in stature at 1.5 m in length. In contrast to the other forms,

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began, which reached its final water level in spring 2011, creating one of the largest artificial lakes in Central Europe. This marked the final end of scientific activities at the site.

2290:

as the primates occur rather rarely or are completely absent, as in the even-toed ungulates and odd-toed ungulates. Walbeck thus represents an important testimony from the early phase of

918:

from the excretions of a beetle, only 140 μm long and 90 μm wide, forms one of the few examples of this developmental stage of the insect group worldwide. Very small numbers of

3876:

Studies on Cenozoic crocodiles: 8. Bergisuchus dietrichbergi KUHN (Sebecosuchia: Bergisuchidae n. fam.) from the Middle Eocene of Germany, some new systematic and biological conclusions.

1163:

was quite a large animal, reaching a length of 60 cm, with several complete skeletons and additional moulting remains. It was originally counted among the real lizards, but some special

959:

is very extensive with around 2000 specimens, including many complete skeletal individuals, but comprises a total of only 5 families with just as many genera. The most common are the

1708:, the latter two being the most common and each comprising around a dozen fossils. Overall, all creodonts found in the Geisel Valley were relatively small, with a complete skull of 1373:

on some bones from the Geiseltal showed that the bird was mainly vegetarian. Eocathartes was originally counted among the true carnivorous birds. This was supposed to represent the

4109:

Synonymy and actual affinities of the putative Middle Eocene „New World vulture“ Eocathartes LAMBRECHT, 1935 and „hornbill“ Geiseloceros LAMBRECHT, 1935 (Aves, Ameghinornithidae).

1407:, a fossil sailor, via an upper arm bone. Smaller representatives of the birds are found with the mouse birds, of which several partial skeletons are available, such as those of 4681:

Erstnachweis von Plagiolophus cartieri Stehlin (Palaeotheriidae, Perissodactyla) in der Unteren Mittelkohle (uMK, MP 12) des Geiseltales bei Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland).

3915:

Evidence for prey preference partitioning in the middle Eocene high-diversity crocodylian assemblage of the Geiseltal-Fossillagerstätte, Germany utilizing skull shape analysis.

2443:

The Geiseltal Museum was opened in 1934, just nine years after the start of the excavations, due to the immense amount of finds in the Neue Residenz, which was commissioned by

310:-silty sedimentary sections (the so-called main middle), which represent guiding horizons and serve to differentiate the seams. In the southern Geiseltal in the open-cast mine 1926:. The discoveries were only made with the development of the lacquer film method. This made it possible to recognize the fine scale relief in individual fishs, for example in 2243:

and the long depositional period of around 3 million years also reveals certain networks of relationships that go beyond pure food chains. This can be seen, for example, in

1841:

have the most extensive finds. These also had an ancient physique with an arched back and four toes on the front feet and three on the hind feet, which today only occurs in

2085:

measurement methods are not available from the Geiseltal. However, they have been carried out at sites of approximately the same age. For example, data determined using

4537:

Un Haplobunodontidae nouveau, Hallebune krumbiegeli nov. gen. nov. sp. (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) dans L’Eocene Moyen du Geiseltal pres Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt, Allemagne).

4334:

Un nouveau Saturninia (Nyctitheriidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) de l’assise OK (Oberkohle, MP 14) du bassin lignitifère du Geiseltal (Eocène moyen supérieur d’Allemagne).

3672:

Palaeoamyda messeliana nov. comb. (Testudines, Pan-Trionychidae) from the Eocene Messel Pit and Geiseltal localities, Germany, taxonomic and phylogenetic insights.

3192:

Die Mikroflora des Geiseltales. IV: Die stratigraphische Stellung des Geiseltalprofils im Eozän und die sporenstratigraphische Untergliederung des mittleren Eozän.

1355:

has in common with the ancient pine birds, some characteristics of the hind legs are more reminiscent of today's cranes. With a total height of up to 1.8 m,

5153:

Herbert Frankenhäuser, Werner Löhnertz, Jens L. Franzen, Uwe Kaufluss, Martin Koziol Herbert Lutz, Dieter F. Mertz, Jens Mingram, Torsten Wappler, Volker Wilde:

2251:, which represent the two most common mammal forms and probably had a special ecological relationship due to the use of the same food resources. However, while 1431:, which represents the hornbills and hops. In addition, hawk-like species were present, but these can be determined with less certainty, but possibly belong to 875:. However, these are extremely rare with only 15 specimens and usually only the remains of the armor are preserved. The most frequently found invertebrates are 4011:

Hindlimb morphology of Palaeotissuggests palaeognathous affinities of the Geranoididae and other “crane-like” birds from the Eocene of the Northern Hemisphere.

3307:

Molluskenfunde (Gastropoda der Ordnung Pulmonata CUVIER 1795 in der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales und ihre fazielle und stratigraphische Bedeutung).

1076:

have survived, especially their shell remains, which are usually flattened by the sediment load. All turtles known from the Geiseltal can be counted among the

4885:

Palaeoenvironmental conditions for the natural vulcanization of the Eocene“monkeyhair”laticifers from Geiseltal, Germany, as elucidated by Raman spectroscopy.

415:

humans were discovered in the shore areas of both basins. humans have been discovered. There is still no agreement on the age position. According to various

4736:

Neue Funde von Rhinocerolophiodon (n. gen.), Lophiodon, und Hyrachyus (Ceratomorpha, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) aus dem Eozän des Geiseltals bei Halle (DDR).

4715:

Neue Funde von Rhinocerolophiodon (n. gen.), Lophiodon, und Hyrachyus (Ceratomorpha, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) aus dem Eozän des Geiseltals bei Halle (DDR).

889:

is recorded with eight species, but belongs to the black beetle group. There are also several other beetle families, including the leaf-horned beetles, the

859:

and which sometimes occurred in masses, are represented by around 20 genera and are ideal for the reconstruction of small biotopes. The same applies to the

2821:

Zum Stand der archäologischen Untersuchungen im Tagebau Neumark-Nord, Ldkr. Merseburg-Querfurt (Sachsen-Anhalt) – Vorbericht zu den Ausgrabungen 2003–2005.

2384:

as teeth and bones of various ungulates. The work resulted in the first comprehensive scientific publication in 1927. After Walther retired from teaching,

2137:(more precisely in the Lutetian), which promoted the formation of lignite, such as the Helmstedt lignite field in the northwest or the lignite deposits of 5262:

Press release of the press office of Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, number 237/2011 from October 21, 2011 (), last accessed on March 25, 2018.

559:

and are spread over an area of around 20 km². The quality of the fossil preservation decreases sharply to the north and west and partly to the east.

4313:

New paroxyclaenid mammals from the early Eocene of the Paris Basin (France) shed light on the origin and evolution of these endemic European cimolestans.

4079:

Aus der Morgendämmerung: Pferdejagende Krokodile und Riesenvögel. Neueste Forschungsergebnisse zur eozänen Welt Deutschlands vor ca. 45 Millionen Jahren.

2517:

Aus der Morgendämmerung: Pferdejagende Krokodile und Riesenvögel. Neueste Forschungsergebnisse zur eozänen Welt Deutschlands vor ca. 45 Millionen Jahren.

1930:, as well as in pangolins and more rarely in crocodiles. The skin of numerous frogs could be examined, the individual layers of which, the epidermis and 1690:

with around 50 finds, including mainly lower jaws, but also some skulls, upper jaw fragments and isolated remains of the locomotor system. These include

661:

Left: Distribution of vertebrate finds in the Geiseltal among the vertebrate groups - Right: Detailed section of the find proportions within the mammals

2097:, which from a biostratigraphic point of view corresponds to the lower coal section of the Geiseltal, and yielded an age of 47.8 million years. As the 1887:

are known from all fossil-bearing seams, whereby the genus underwent a significant increase in body size from bottom to top. In addition, its relative

3554:

The skeletal taphonomy of anurans from the Eocene Geiseltal Konservat-Lagerst€atte, Germany: insights into the controls on fossil anuran preservation.

3172:

Die Erhaltung von Epithelzellen mit Zellkernen, von Chromatophoren und Corium in fossiler Froschhaut aus der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

2486:

in Halle. In 2012, the entire collection was awarded the status of "nationally valuable cultural asset" and is therefore protected by the government.

2206:

watercourses that periodically overflowed their banks. Towards the south in the direction of the Muschelkalk range, these forests merged into a dense

2856:

Jaqueline Strahl, Matthias R. Krbetschek, Joachim Luckert, Björn Machalett, Stefan Meng, Eric A. Oches, Ivo Rappsilber, Stefan Wansa, Ludwig Zöller:

5034:

Palynologische Untersuchungen tertiärer Ablagerungen aus dem ehemaligen Braunkohletagebau Mücheln-Westfeld (Geiseltal, Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland).

1072:

are among the most common fossil finds and can be assigned to almost a dozen families with around 20 genera. Due to the humid environment, numerous

134:

groups can be observed there over a period of several million years. This makes the mammal fauna a reference for the Geiseltalium, a section of the

2190:

plant communities grew in the adjacent bank area. In the wider area there were shrub and forest landscapes of palm-pine forests, interspersed with

4049:

Reappraisal of the bone inventory of Gastornis geiselensis (Fischer, 1978) from the Eocene “Geiseltal Fossillagerstätte” (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany).

3710:

Eolacertidae: a new extinct clade of lizards from the Palaeogene; with comments on the origin of the dominant European reptile group – Lacertidae.

2858:

Geologie, Paläontologie und Geochronologie des Eem-Beckens Neumark-Nord 2 und Vergleich mit dem Becken Neumark-Nord 1 (Geiseltal, Sachsen-Anhalt).

2235:

lived mainly in the forests. The rich insect fauna in turn provided food for numerous other animals, such as frogs, frogs and pangolins, but also

226:

The geology of the Geiseltal has been well investigated since the beginning of the 20th century during preliminary investigations to determine

1043:

occurs less frequently. This genus, known as crocodile newts, is still found in East and Southeast Asia and its representatives belong to the

5322: 4947:

3rd International Conference of Continental Ichnology. Halle (Saale), Germany; 23rd - 29th September. Abstract Volume & Field Trip Guide.

1988:

Other finds are mainly the food remains of numerous animals, which were also discovered early on, for example in 1935 in the tapir relative

3229:

Fossilization of the Eocene „monkeyhair“ laticifer tree from Geiseltal, Germany: A deeper undertsanding using micro-CT and pyrolysis GC/MS.

1203:

has a 19 cm long skull, making this lizard one of the largest in the Geiseltal. A good 60 complete specimens can be counted among the

3956:

An updated review of the middle Eocene avifauna from the Geiseltal (Germany), with comments on the unusual taphonomy of some bird remains.

3748:

Eocene Lizards of the Clade Geiseltaliellus from Messel and Geiseltal, Germany, and the Early Radiation of Iguanidae (Reptilia: Squamata).

230:

storage conditions with deep boreholes. These were only 100 m apart in individual sections. The geological subsurface consists largely of

3378:

Die eozänen Käferfaunen des Geiseltales und der Grube Messel – ein Vergleich unter systematischen und paläoökologischen Gesichtspunkten.

2944:

Die Ostrakodenfauna der Interglazialbecken von Neumark-Nord (Geiseltal, Sachsen-Anhalt) und ihre Aussage zur stratigraphischen Stellung.

1377:

in the Geiseltal and has been described on the basis of parts of the body skeleton as well as feathers. Furthermore, as a member of the

1250:

Crocodiles are also documented in large numbers, with around 120 complete skeletons, as well as countless isolated bones and teeth. The

4778:

34. Tagung des Arbeitskreises für Wirbeltierpaläontologie der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft 16. bis 18. März 2007 in Freyburg/Unstrut.

2619:

34. Tagung des Arbeitskreises für Wirbeltierpaläontologie der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft 16. bis 18. März 2007 in Freyburg/Unstrut.

2528:

34. Tagung des Arbeitskreises für Wirbeltierpaläontologie der Paläontologischen Gesellschaft 16. bis 18. März 2007 in Freyburg/Unstrut.

1967:. They represent fossilized milky sap tubes of rubber-producing woody plants from the dog poison family, of which leaves of the genus 1804:

is only represented by a few fragments of teeth. Several skeletal remains, including seven almost complete ones, can be attributed to

3511:

Anthracoperca siebergi VOIGT 1934 (Pisces, Perciformes) – Ergebnisse einer Neuuntersuchung der mitteleozänen Barsche des Geiseltales.

2376: 65: 5295:

Exhibition of the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg at the Leopoldina March to May 2015 (), last accessed on March 25, 2018.

4868:

Initial results on the biomarker composition and „Affenhaar“ from Middle Eocene lignites of the Geiseltal (Sachsen-Anhalt, Germany).

4774:

Zahnmorphologie und stratigraphische Verbreitung von Hyrachyus minimus (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) in den eozänen Geiseltalschichten.

1492:

The Higher mammals are considerably more extensive and diverse. A few characteristically strongly shaped long bones are assigned to

1171:, which in turn forms the sister group of the true lizards. A largely complete but heavily fragmented skull is the only evidence of 293:

The entire deposits of the Palaeogene reach a thickness of up to around 200 m in the Geiseltal, but are largely limited to the

3727:

A new gecko (Squamata, Gekkota) from the Eocene of Geiseltal (Germany) implies long-term persistence of European Sphaerodactylidae.

3002:

Late glacial stable isotope record, radiocarbon stratigraphy, pollen and mollusc analyses from the Geiseltal area, Central Germany.

4574:

Rekonstruktion des Skelettes und der Biologie von Anthracobunodon weigelti (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) aus dem Eozän des Geiseltales.

1449:

fauna comprises remains from around two dozen families with more than 50 genera. Among the most primitive representatives are the

1106:), a land tortoise, which had an average shell length of 50 to 60 cm, possibly up to 120 cm. Another, rather smaller form is 5280: 1029:

family, a now extinct group of frogs. Further fossil material may well belong to a closely related representative. Of the newts,

5000:

A numerical age for the Messel fossil deposit (UNESCO World Heritage Site) derived from Ar/Ardating on a basaltic rock fragment.

4926:

First record of gut contents from a middle Eocene equid from the Geiseltal near Halle (Saale), Sachsen-Anhalt, Central Germany.

1652:

has survived with several skulls and mandibles. One of the few almost complete skeletons of an adapid primate in the world is

1573:

is also very rare, but with several, partly completely toothed lower jaws. Rodents are rare and occurred in only a few forms.

3103:

Die Übertragung fossiler Wirbeltierleichen auf Zellulose-Filme, eine neue Bergungsmethode für Wirbeltiere aus der Braunkohle.

4460:

A new genus Eurotherium (Mammalia, Creodonta) in reference to taxonomic problems with some Eocene hyaenodontids of Eurasia.

3270:

Monokotylen in der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales bei Merseburg (Sachsen-Anhalt) und ihre ökologische Bedeutung.

3066:

Letzte Grabungsaktivitäten im südwestlichen Geiseltal bei Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland) in den Jahren 1992 und 1993.

1950:, parts of the hair coat have been found. It was also possible to document muscles, cartilage and the like, right down to 582:

of the fens in the former Geiseltal, but were, as can be seen from the finds, only locally effective. To a lesser extent,

5403: 5308:

Special exhibition of the State Museum of Prehistory Halle November 2017 to May 2018 (), last accessed on March 25, 2018.

2202:

trees, which were rich in herbs and light and had several growth levels. These forests were crisscrossed by a network of

3127:

Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe.

2371:

Further turtle discoveries in 1925 then led to systematic scientific excavations, which were initiated by the geologist

1664:

known from the Messel Pit, had a distinctly short facial skull and large eye sockets, indicating a nocturnal lifestyle.

4613:

Taxonomie der eozänen Artiodactyla (Mammalia) des Geiseltales mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Rhagatherium.

4403:

Jens Lorenz Franzen, Philip D. Gingerich, Jörg Habersetzer, Jørn H. Hurum, Wighart von Koenigswald und B. Holly Smith:

1351:, but later considered to be in the ancestral line of today's Ostriches. In addition to the clear characteristics that 1341:-rich bone substance on the medullary tubes of the long bones, which is formed during the development of the eggs. The 139:

forest near the coast, which was interspersed with streams, ponds and bogs. The forest was subject to the influence of

3655:

Trionychidenfunde (Flußschildkröten) aus der Gattung Trionyx GEOFFROY 1809 aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

2876:

Direct terrestrial–marine correlation demonstrates surprisingly late onset of the last interglacial in central Europe.

4199:

The Phylogeny of Living and Extinct Pangolins (Mammalia, Pholidota) and Associated Taxa: A Morphology Based Analysis.

3765:

Middle Eocene (Geiseltalian) anguid lizards from Geiseltal and Messel, Germany. I. Ophisauriscus quadrupes KUHN 1940.

2309:

in Rhineland-Palatinate are of outstanding importance in a supra-regional comparison. Both represent sites in former

2133:

from the Middle Coal, formed numerous bays and local depressions and basins, especially in the middle section of the

1845:. Over 310 lower and 120 upper jaw remains, including two complete skeletons, come from the horse relatives from the 1217:

was up to 2.3 m long, a total of 243 vertebrae could be recognized in a largely complete specimen. Furthermore,

273: 1531:

have been found. This predatory animal moved by jumping on its hind legs, which indicates the basal position of the

2483: 1601:, of which 25 complete skeletons with parts of the wing skin are known. They can largely be assigned to the genera 3693:

Osteology and relationships of Eolacerta robusta, a lizard from the Middle Eocene of Germany (Reptilia, Squamata).

4233:

Origin and evolution of the Pseudorhyncocyonidae, a European Paleogene famaly of insectivorous placental mammals.

2379:

coordinated. English-born Ben Barnes took over the local management. He mainly investigated various areas in the

1267:

proximity; it is one of the world's rare examples of brood care in fossil crocodiles. At a good 1.7 m in length,

5398: 4068:

vom 30. August 2013, in: Forschung/Aktuelles, website of the Max Planck Society (), accessed December 11, 2013.

3083:

Kalk, Kieselsäure und Schwefeleisen in der Braunkohle des Geiseltales und ihre Bedeutung für die Fossilisation.

2285:

in the northwest of Saxony-Anhalt is one of the most extensive mammal communities in the world from the Middle

2211: 1557:

are documented. The short-snouted animals were probably arboreal. Their remains were originally classified as "

562:

Vertebrate finds from lignites are very rare worldwide and have not yet been observed outside the Geiseltal in

2255:

increased in body size over time (averaging 124 kg in the Lower Coal and 223 kg in the Upper Coal),

143:

and was home to a species-rich fauna. The entire fossil record of the Geiseltal is under national protection.

5383: 5017:

Numerical dating of the Eckfeld maar fossil site, Eifel, Germany: calibration mark for the Eocene time scale.

4182:

Eurotamandua joresi, ein Myrmecophagide aus dem Eozän der „Grube Messel“ bei Darmstadt (Mammalia, Xenarthra).

3859:

Phylogenetic relationships of Palaeogene ziphodont eusuchians and the status of Pristichampsus Gervais, 1853.

2165:

created limestone water which penetrated the moorland and ensured the excellent preservation of the fossils.

4220:

Jahrbuch des Halleschen Verbandes für die Erforschung der Mitteldeutschen Bodenschätze und ihrer Verwertung.

2017:, possibly from crocodiles. Crocodiles have occasionally left bite marks on mammal bones and turtle shells. 4596:

Habitus-Rekonstruktion von Anthracobunodon weigelti (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) aus dem Eozän des Geiseltales.

4165:

Additionals to the Geiseltal Mammalian faunas, Middle Eocene: Didelphidae, Nyctitheriidae. Myrmecophagidae.

2615:

Exkursion: Ehemaliges Geiseltalrevier, südwestlich von Halle (Saale). Aus der Vita des eozänen Geiseltales.

2524:

Exkursion: Ehemaliges Geiseltalrevier, südwestlich von Halle (Saale). Aus der Vita des eozänen Geiseltales.

1120:, whose shell reached a length of around 30 cm. The animal was well adapted to a life in fresh water. 4426:

Ein neuer Creodontier: Prodissopsalis theriodis van Valen 1965 aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

3537:

Die eozänen Froschlurche der Geiseltal-Sammlung: Interdisziplinäre Zugänge zum Rätsel der Fossilerhaltung.

2828: 2495: 5155:

Das Eckfelder Maar in der Vulkaneifel – Fenster in einen küstenfernen Lebensraum vor 44 Millionen Jahren.

3412:

Neufunde und Ergänzungen zur Fortpflanzungsbiologie fossiler Kleinlibellen (Insecta, Odonata, Zygoptera).

1784:, both of which are also documented with a few finds. The representatives of the somewhat more developed 1181:, for which in turn a closer relationship to today's European leaf-fingered gecko can be considered. The 717:

can be identified from the fruits and seeds alone. In total, more than two dozen families with around 40

476: 356: 4503:

Eurodexeinae, eine neue Unterfamilie der Artiodactyla (Mammalia) aus dem Unter- und Mitteleozän Europas.

3936:

Ultrastrukturen und Erhaltungsbedingungen fossiler Krokodil-Eierschalen aus dem Geiseltal (Mitteleozän).

4945:

In: Michael Buchwitz, Daniel Falk, Hendrik Klein, Dorothee Mertmann, Arila Perl, Oliver Wings (Hrsg.):

3451:

The oldest fossil strepsipteran larva (Insecta: Strepsiptera) from the Geisel Valley, Germany (Eocene).

2150: 31:

View over the central Geisel valley from the north, with the spoil tip at Pfännerhall in the background

3977:

Palaeotis Weigelti n. g. n. sp., eine fossile Trappe aus der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

3842:

Rare in situ preservation of adult crocodylian with eggs from the Middle Eocene of Geiseltal, Germany.

2971: 566:. There are several reasons for the good fossil preservation in the Geiseltal. Mainly responsible are 4598:

In: Jan Michal Burdukiewicz, Lutz Fiedler, Wolf-Dieter Heinrich, Antje Justus, Enrico Brühl (Hrsg.):

4320: 3963: 3638:

A new genus of ‘Ptychogasteridae’ (Chelonii, Testudinoidea) from the Geiseltal (Lutetian of Germany).

2109:

in Rhineland-Palatinate represents a biostratigraphic equivalent to the upper Middle Coal. Data from

1796:

in today's Europe, have been observed most frequently. An almost complete skeleton is available from

4602:(Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte in Halle, 57). Halle/Saale 2003, p. 153–176. 3494:

An attempt at the palaeontological history of the European mudminnows (Pisces, Teleostei, Umbridae).

3227:

Victoria E. McCoy, Arnoud Boom, Oliver Wings, Torsten Wappler, Conrad C. Labandeira, Carole T. Gee:

2787:

Quartärforschung im Tagebau Neumark-Nord, Geiseltal (Sachsen-Anhalt) und ihre bisherigen Ergebnisse.

2747: 1938:. Feathers have been found on some remains of birds, some of which were colored; the flight skin of 163:, a peripheral area of the Central German Lignite Mining Area, is located about 20 km south of 23:

View over the western Geisel valley from the south, with the spoil tip at Klobikau in the background

4412: 4405:

Complete Primate Skeleton from the Middle Eocene of Messel in Germany: Morphology and Paleobiology.

3898:

Die Lebensweise und Ökologie der Geiseltal-Krokodilier – Abschied von traditionellen Lehrmeinungen.

3000:

Tatjana Böttger, Achim Hiller, Frank Wolfgang Junge, Thomas Litt, Dietrich Mania, Norbert Scheele:

2539:

Das eozäne Geiseltal: ein mitteleuropäisches Braunkohlenvorkommen und seine Pflanzen- und Tierwelt.

2444: 2146: 1994:

as a greenish plant mass. They have also been found in other mammals such as the prehistoric horse

1833:

Skeleton of Propalaeotherium from the Geiseltal, discovered in 1933 and one of the best-known finds

526:

contained only one relevant site and was otherwise largely fossil-free, which is partly due to the

471:

has been preserved in the most recent warmer sequence (Alleröd Interstadial) just below the recent

5388: 3468:

Ein fossiler Saitenwurm (Gordius tenuifibrosus n. sp.) aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

2893:

Preliminary luminiscense dating results for two Middle Palaeolithic occupations at Neumark-Nord 2.

1893:

appeared rarer and was found with about 75 dentition remains and some parts of the body skeleton.

1642:, of which several genera occurred in the Geiseltal and which may have been precursors of today's 446:

of the last cold period (Weichselian Cold Period; 115,000 to 11,600 years ago), which carries the

2217:

This diverse landscape was inhabited by numerous animals. Leaf- and fruit-eating mammals such as

1301:

group. Detailed investigations revealed that all crocodiles in the Geiseltal occupied different

5082: 4892: 2461:

prehistoric horse skeleton from 1933. The exhibition was interrupted shortly before the end of

1159:

Scale crawlers are recorded with almost 300 complete specimens plus numerous individual finds.

609:-like depressions with a symmetrical structure. They were formed syngenetically by leaching of 459: 408: 193: 5319:

National wertvolles Kulturgut. Länderverzeichnisse national wertvollen Kulturgutes der Länder.

4371:

Pronycticebus neglectus – An almost complete adapid primate specimen from the Geiseltal (GDR).

1096:

and was thus closely related to the ornamental turtles. At the other end of the size range is

5141: 5120: 5015:

Dieter F. Mertz, Carl C. Swisher III, Jens Lorenz Franzen, Franz-Otto Neuffer, Herbert Lutz:

3922: 2964:

Warthe-Kaltzeit oder Warthe-Stadium – zur stratigraphischen Gliederung des jüngeren Quartärs.

2261: 1873: 1612: 492: 347: 2841:

Zur stratigraphischen Einstufung von Neumark-Nord aufgrund neuer pollenanalytischer Befunde.

1597:

with a very long tail and a total length of 40 cm. Also significant are the remains of

1309:(stomach stones), which prove the presence of crocodiles even without fossil preservation. 935:

on insects is a special feature, as such parasites are extremely rare in the fossil record.

2916:(Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte, 62). Halle/Saale 2010, p. 327–337. 2899:(Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte, 69), Halle/Saale 2014, p. 131–136. 2272:

From the regional neighborhood of the Geiseltal, the equally old lignite outcrops from the

789:. Gale shrubs, predominantly fern myrtle, are very common. Plant remains from lime family, 256: 4791:

Weichteile an Fischen, Amphibien und Reptilien aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

1774:

is somewhat more developed, as evidenced by a crushed skull. Its closer relatives include

1312: 1287:

and preferred open waters. It is documented with several complete skeletons. In contrast,

8: 5367: 3575:

Generic diversity and distributional dynamics of the Palaeobatrachidae (Amphibia: Anura).

3253:

Die Makroflora aus dem Mitteleozän des Geiseltalgebietes, kurze Übersicht und Vergleiche.

2793:(Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte, 62). Halle/Saale 2010, p. 11–69. 2410:

Excavation work was resumed in 1949 and was subsequently funded on a larger scale by the

1616: 467:

Period as well as the Alleröd Interstadial and the Younger Dryas Period. A thin layer of

455: 187:

Originally, the area of the Geiseltal was relatively flat, which can be explained by the

4757:

Zur systematischen Stellung von Chasmotherium RÜTIMEYER 1862 (Mammalia, Perissodactyla).

4354:

Kleinsäugetiere aus dem Geiseltal und Messel im Kontext alttertiärer Faunenentfaltungen.

4250:

Der erste Pantolestide (Proteutheria, Mammalia) aus dem Eozän des Geiseltales bei Halle.

4143:

Neue Beuteltierreste aus der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales bei Halle (Saale).

2897:

Multidisciplinary studies of the Middle Palaeolithic record from Neumark-Nord (Germany).

2692:(Veröffentlichungen des Landesmuseums für Vorgeschichte, 62). Halle/Saale 2010,p. 71–80. 5189:

Jahrbuch des Halleschen Verbandes für die Erforschung der mitteldeutschen Bodenschätze.

4018: 3358:

Systematic revision of the fossil cerambycids from Geiseltal (Coleoptera Cerambycidae).

2291: 1829: 1477:, as a relatively complete skeleton has survived, but it comes from a juvenile animal. 454:

horizons are embedded in the loess, which refer to the particularly cold phases of the

424: 412: 379:

rich large mammal fauna, including complete skeletons of the European forest elephant,

276:

about 65 million years ago. This led to an increase in pressure on the originally flat

84:. One of the most famous finds is that of a complete skeleton of the prehistoric horse 2738:

Thomas Litt, Karl-Ernst Behre, Klaus-Dieter Meyer, Hans-Jürgen Stephan, Stefan Wansa:

1088:

with a well ossified shell around 18 cm long. Similar dimensions were reached by

3994:

Palaeotis weigelti restudied: a small Middle Eocene ostrich (Aves: Struthioniformes).

3236: 2542: 2231: 2207: 1806: 1686:

The now extinct "Creodonta" were more predatory animals. These include above all the

1668:

is very diverse with several species, but belongs to a more modern family of primates

1374: 1026: 633:

areas flooded by inundation and are mainly concentrated in the central Geisel valley.

567: 1712:

measuring around 12 cm in length. A crushed skull and a single posterior upper

1167:

characteristics, however, led to the establishment of the independent family of the

5393: 5260:

Geiseltalmuseum schließt – Fossilien ab 2015 im Naturkundlichen Universitätsmuseum.

3209:

Ein Farnhorizont aus dem Mitteleozän des Geiseltales (Sachsen-Anhalt, Deutschland).

2686:

Beitrag zur Klärung der Lagerungsverhältnisse des Quartärs im Tagebau Neumark-Nord.

2501: 2462: 2457: 2404: 2385: 2372: 2225: 2153:

and limnic deposits in the Geiseltal deposits (the main agents) as legacies of the

2090: 2058: 1851: 1594: 1461: 1370: 1302: 1256: 839: 714: 575: 360: 331: 86: 69: 4825:Über das Haarkleid einiger Säugetieren aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales. 4647:

Revision der Equoidea aus den eozänen Braunkohlen des Geiseltales bei Halle (DDR).

3290:

Das Braunkohlenvorkommen im Geiseltal mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Genesis.

3196:

Abhandlungen des Zentralen Geologischen Institutes, Paläontologische Abhandlungen.

2927:

Die Vegetation von Neumark-Nord - Eine Rekonstruktion anhand karpologischer Reste.

4664:

Eurohippus n. g., a new genus of horses from the Middle to Late Eocene of Europe.

3543:

Junges Forum für Sammlungs- und Objektforschung – Band V, Berlin, 2021, p. 39–47.

2448: 2191: 2086: 2044:, led to the classification of the lignite in the geological epoch of the Middle 2034: 1846: 1785: 1735: 1622: 1417: 1187: 928: 785:

families. The latter sometimes also form dense leaf layers, such as in the genus

770: 579: 504:

Spatial distribution of vertebrate sites in the western and central Geisel valley

269: 155:

Geiseltal open-cast mining area, mapped at the 2 m thickness limit of the lignite

4943:

Ichnofossils of the Eocene Fossillagerstätte Geiseltal (Saxony-Anhalt, Germany).

3152:

Die Geiseltalgrabungen des Jahres 1933 und die Biostratonomie der Fundschichten.

3044:

Die Referenzfauna des Geiseltalium, MP Levels 11 bis 13 (Mitteleozän, Lutetium).

2705:

In: Gerhard H. Bachmann, Bodo-Carlo Ehling, Rudolf Eichner, Max Schwab (Hrsg.):

2639:

In: Gerhard H. Bachmann, Bodo-Carlo Ehling, Rudolf Eichner, Max Schwab (Hrsg.):

2583:

In: Gerhard H. Bachmann, Bodo-Carlo Ehling, Rudolf Eichner, Max Schwab (Hrsg.):

2403:

open-cast mine, among others, but came to a standstill in 1938. The outbreak of

1821: 1549:. The Paroxyclaenidae are directly related, but only a 12 cm long skull of 1123: 5353: 5339: 4216:

Die Säugetierfauna der Mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales bei Halle a. S.

3863:

Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

3679: 2740:

Stratigraphische Begriffe für das Quartär des norddeutschen Vereisungsgebietes.

2306: 2106: 2025: 1935: 1838: 1776: 1674: 1570: 1284: 1196: 1135: 563: 535: 420: 261: 202: 177: 2914:

Neumark-Nord: Ein interglaziales Ökosystem des mittelpaläolithischen Menschen.

2791:

Neumark-Nord: Ein interglaziales Ökosystem des mittelpaläolithischen Menschen.

2690:

Neumark-Nord: Ein interglaziales Ökosystem des mittelpaläolithischen Menschen.

2342:

Johannes Walther, initiator of the scientific excavations in the Geisel Valley

2267: 1283:

with a body length of around 3 m. It was ecologically similar to today's

1226: 618:

and the anaerobic conditions prevailing there led to the formation of fossils.

508: 5377: 4388:

Der sechste Messel-Primate (Mammalia, Primates, Notharctidae, Cercamoniinae).

3782:

New morphological data for Eosaniwa koehni and revised phylogenetic analysis.

3734: 3561: 2452: 1964: 1763: 1542: 1480: 1433: 1427: 1422: 1238: 1044: 1031: 687: 500: 404: 396: 218: 188: 164: 52: 48: 5134:

The importance of Messel for interpreting Eocene Holarctic mammalian faunas.

3601:

Beiträge zur Schildkrötenfauna der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

2910:

Kleinsäugerreste aus den pleistozänen Beckenablagerungen von Neumark-Nord 1.

2168: 1502:, but according to further investigations it represents a basal form of the 1324: 943: 695: 151: 59:. It is an important site of now extinct plants and animals from the Middle 5243:

60 Jahre Geiseltalmuseum an der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.

2635:

Karl-Heinz Radzinski, Bodo-Carlo Ehling, Reinhard Kunert, Gerhard Beutler:

2424: 2411: 2187: 1789: 1771: 1562: 1527: 1494: 1425:

living on Madagascar is documented. Individual bone elements also refer to

1397: 1298: 1279: 1269: 1262: 1219: 1168: 1117: 1085: 1040: 960: 762: 758: 583: 518: 472: 439: 198: 135: 95: 4698:

Die tapiroiden Perissodactylen aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

3573:

Michael Wuttke, Tomáš Přikryl, Viacheslav Yu. Ratnikov und Zdeněk Dvořák:

1909: 5096:

Die Aufdeckung der bisher ältesten tertiären Säugetierfauna Deutschlands.

4520:

Artiodactyla aus den eozänen Braunkohlen des Geiseltales bei Halle (DDR).

4443:

Les créodontes (Mammifères) du gisement du Geiseltal (Eocène Moyen, RDA).

2407:

in 1939 put a definitive end to this first important period of research.

2178: 2072:, while the end is indicated by the first appearance of primates such as 2068: 1959: 1927: 1918: 1748: 1692: 1687: 1648: 1639: 1513: 1455: 1403: 1289: 1209: 1177: 1112: 1057: 1009: 965: 894: 818: 790: 774: 645: 531: 468: 464: 388: 99: 91: 4032:

Der Riesenlaufvogel Diatryma aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

2546: 1545:

group, whose appearance and way of life corresponded roughly to today's

1535:, as this no longer occurs in modern insectivores. The rarely occurring 1147: 2474: 2302: 2286: 2236: 2183: 2162: 2082: 2014: 1982: 1951: 1867: 1758: 1728: 1585: 1537: 1532: 1508: 1388: 1383: 1306: 1098: 1077: 999: 974: 932: 885: 742: 738: 527: 522: 416: 392: 323: 281: 252: 244: 231: 140: 123: 77: 5113:

Small-mammal postcrania from the middle Paleocene of Walbeck, Germany.

2435: 2338: 1297:

represents a primitive and more distant crocodilian relative from the

1260:, which was only about 0.8 m long and had a rather narrow snout. 657: 173: 27: 19: 4883:

Mara I. Lönartz, Victoria E. McCoy, Carole T. Gee, Thorsten Geisler:

4842:

Weichteile an Säugetieren aus der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

4780:(Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften, BH 23), 2007, p. 161–173. 2496:

Geiseltal Collection at the Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg

2395: 2389: 2352: 2320: 2277: 2240: 2219: 2199: 2049: 2040: 2009: 2004: 1990: 1889: 1879: 1861: 1717: 1660: 1654: 1603: 1575: 1558: 1503: 1450: 1357: 1343: 1274: 1251: 1014: 991: 923: 906: 902: 890: 868: 823: 807: 794: 778: 451: 447: 400: 375: 343: 327: 280:, which then flowed sideways. In the northern area of the Geiseltal, 277: 265: 235: 168: 160: 111: 44: 5075:

Divergent mammalian body size in a stable Eocene greenhouse climate.

3541:

Eine Frage der Perspektive. Objekte als Vermittler von Wissenschaft.

2723:

Stratigraphische Revision der Wirbeltierfundstellen des Geiseltales.

1901:

and stands at the base of the evolution of rhinoceroses and tapirs.

1421:, identified by several limb bones, a fossil predecessor of today's 1401:, also belongs to a similar relationship. There is also evidence of 761:, some of which occur in clusters. The latter are classified in the 737:, among others - predominantly remains of the more highly developed 346:

of the Elster glacial period (400,000 to 335,000 years ago). In the

176:

shell limestone plateau of the Querfurt-Freyburger Mulde. The River

4808:

Das Vorkommen von Federn in der eozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

4761:

Berichte der deutschen Gesellschaft für geologische Wissenschaften.

3123:

Die Fossilfundstellen der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

2295: 2142: 1713: 1580: 1522: 1499: 1378: 1192: 983: 872: 864: 860: 848: 801:

is dominant, are found in large numbers. The long narrow leaves of

782: 734: 615: 606: 571: 432: 368: 298: 4949:(Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften BH 46), 2019, p. 15–18. 1013:

from the family of European shovel-footed toads, to which today's

847:

Invertebrates were first mentioned in 1913 and are very numerous.

435:

fauna as well as other findings do not suggest an Eneolithic age.

334:(0.78 to 0.012 million years ago). The oldest layers, spared from 5293:

Aus der Morgendämmerung: Pferdejagende Krokodile und Riesenvögel.

4267:

Die Creodontier aus der mitteleozänen Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

4126:

Erstnachweis eines Seglers aus dem Geiseltal (Aves: Apodiformes).

2621:(Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften BH 23), 2007, p. 1–16. 2347: 2282: 2273: 2203: 2195: 2154: 2145:

further south. This branched system also led to the formation of

2114:

the finds from the Geiseltal, can be regarded as quite reliable.

1913:

Fossilized milky sap tubes ("monkey hair") from the Geisel Valley

1793: 1635: 1470: 1392: 1348: 1338: 1164: 1069: 1004: 977:

family, the latter to the pike-like family. Another bony fish is

750: 671: 380: 351: 339: 335: 227: 115: 56: 40: 5185:

Eine eozäne Wirbeltier-Fauna aus der Braunkohle des Geiseltales.

2503:

Aus der Morgendämmerung: Pferdejagende Krokodile und Riesenvögel

2465:

in 1945, when the finds had to be removed for security reasons.

1541:, on the other hand, was a stocky, semi-aquatic animal from the 883:

dominate here, with jewel beetles accounting for 28%. The genus

733:- some of these in concentrated enrichments of ribbed ferns and 4963:

Das Vorkommen der Gattung Lophiodon in der Braunkohle Sachsens.

4311:

Floréal Solé, Olivia Plateau, Kévin Le Verger, Alain Phélizon:

2985:

Spät- und Postglazial im Geiseltal (mittleres Elb-Saalegebiet).

2365: 2134: 2110: 2098: 2074: 2045: 1931: 1923: 1722: 1619:

of 30 to 70 kHz due to the structure of the ear ossicles.

1469:

in particular. Both genera are ancestors of the South American

1446: 1204: 1182: 1073: 919: 898: 880: 876: 852: 705: 667: 610: 539: 371: 294: 240: 81: 60: 5223:

On taphonomy: collages and collections at the Geiseltalmuseum.

3434:

Neue Geländearbeiten im ehemaligen Braunkohlerevier Geiseltal.

1971:

are present from the Geiseltal. According to the recent genus

1904: 1849:

group. Of particular note is the well-known prehistoric horse

326:

in the Geiseltal consists of up to 50 m thick deposits of the

2357: 2314: 2158: 2138: 2094: 1973: 1842: 1643: 1546: 1391:, a group of larger ratites with closer relationships to the 1172: 1021:

lived largely terrestrially. In contrast, the equally common

911: 856: 812: 777:

are the largest group with around 20 families. These include

746: 722: 718: 709: 676: 443: 384: 181: 119: 3539:

In: Ernst Seidl, Frank Steinheimer, Cornelia Weber (Hrsg.):

3372: 3370: 1579:

was very large, around one meter long, and resembled modern

691:

Branch and leaf fragments of Doliostrobus from the Geiseltal

4580:

Reihe B, Beiheft 12, 2000, p. 57–141, ;here: p. 59 and 107.

4053:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen.

3816:

Die Schlangen (Boidae) aus dem Mitteleozän des Geiseltales.

3498:

Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen.

2310: 2268:

Comparison with regionally and nationally significant sites

2129: 2124: 1939: 1766:

group, although only a few bone remains have survived. The

995: 956: 754: 730: 726: 307: 302: 127: 107: 5073:

Simon J. Ring, Hervé Bocherens, Oliver Wings, Márton Rab:

1305:. There are also fragments of crocodile eggs and numerous 1080:

and include around 500 specimens. These include the genus

1039:

that grew up to 25 cm long and had very short limbs.

648:

come only from the collapse funnels and the corpse fields.

4967:

Centralblatt für Mineralogie, Geologie und Paläontologie.

3367: 2895:

In: Sabine Gaudzinski-Windheuser, Wil Roebroeks (Hrsg.):

2029:

Stratigraphic position of the Geiseltal within the Eocene

1753: 1598: 1583:. Few dentition remains come from the again much smaller 1525:

of Madagascar. A partial skeleton and a lower jaw of the

1395:. A large foot bone, which can probably be attributed to 1036: 630: 487: 442:

by stream gravels of the Geisel and several meters thick

103: 5147: 2862:

Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart (Quaternary Science Journal).

2744:

Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart (Quaternary Science Journal).

2695: 1110:, however, their exact systematic position is disputed. 222:

Geological structure of the Geiseltal in the block image

5174:

Mitteldeutsches Braunkohlenrevier 3. Senftenberg, 2009.

4915:

N F 3 (14), 1935, p. 369–402, here: p. 376 and 384–385.

4284:

Paroxyclaenidae, an Extinct Family of Eurasian Mammals.

4092:

Drei neue Vogelformen aus dem Lutétium des Geiseltales.

2631: 2629: 2627: 2172:

Thick layer of leaves of Dryophyllum from the Geiseltal

1658:. This early primate, which was closely related to the 272:, which also caused the folding of the Alps during the 4766: 4590: 4588: 4586: 1756:. One of the most primitive cloven-hoofed animals was 1506:

with a similar way of life. The Small Mammals include

987:, there is also a representative of the bony ganoids. 4477:

Some Europaea Proviverrini (Mammalia, Deltatheridia).

4430:

Hallesches Jahrbuch für Mitteldeutsche Erdgeschichte.

4363: 4271:

Hallesches Jahrbuch für Mitteldeutsche Erdgeschichte.

4159: 4157: 4155: 4036:

Hallesches Jahrbuch für Mitteldeutsche Erdgeschichte.

3834: 3780:

Olivier Rieppel, Jack L. Conrad, Jessica A. Maisano:

3763:

Robert M. Sullivan, Thomas Keller, Jörg Habersetzer:

3702: 3404: 2717: 2715: 2680: 2678: 5329: 5227:

British Journal for the History of Science – Themes.

5069: 5067: 4877: 4639: 4397: 4369:

Urs Thalmann, Hartmut Haubold, Robert Denis Martin:

4071: 3907: 3868: 3757: 3503: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3387: 3376:

Thomas Hörneschmeyer, Gert Tröster, Sonja Weidmann:

3223: 3221: 2660: 2658: 2624: 1465:. There are several skulls and lower jaw remains of 5026: 4866:Angelika Otto, Bernd R. T. Simoneit, Volker Wilde: 4583: 4546: 4529: 4512: 4495: 3874:Torsten Rossmann, Michael Rauhe, Francesco Ortega: 3774: 3262: 3024:

Wirbeltiergrabung- und forschung im Geiseltaleozän.

2994: 2885: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2537:Günter Krumbiegel, Ludwig Rüffle, Hartmut Haubold: 5111:Kenneth D. Rose, Gerhard Storch, Katrin Krohmann: 5009: 4992: 4957: 4955: 4918: 4452: 4435: 4197:Timothy J. Gaudin, Robert J. Emry, John R. Wible: 4191: 4152: 3752:Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History. 3567: 3324:Ostracodenfunde im Tagebau Neumark-Süd (Geiseltal) 3117: 3115: 2850: 2813: 2712: 2675: 2579:Joachim Wirth, Rudolf Eichner, Andreas Schroeter: 1615:family, whose representatives already hunted with 926:occur. The discovery of a stringworm of the genus 496:Stratigraphic distribution of the vertebrate sites 5199: 5197: 5105: 5064: 4935: 4860: 4326: 3986: 3719: 3421: 3218: 2977: 2655: 5375: 5237: 5235: 5057: 5055: 4977: 4975: 4903: 4901: 4600:Erkenntnisjäger. Festschrift für Dietrich Mania. 4464:Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences Paris. 4305: 4298: 4296: 4242: 3546: 3529: 3316: 3299: 3284: 3282: 3186: 3184: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3018: 3016: 3014: 2983:Dietrich Mania, Maria Seifert, Matthias Thomae: 2867: 2833: 2732: 2568: 1207:, including two genera of giant snakes from the 4952: 4568: 4566: 4526:19 (1), 1989, S. 131–160, besonders p. 152–155. 4348: 4346: 3647: 3146: 3144: 3112: 3038: 3036: 2919: 2845:Altenburger naturwissenschaftliche Forschungen. 2825:Jahresschrift für mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte. 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2294:of mammals shortly after the extinction of the 745:are represented by palm ferns, some with whole 5324:), No. 14805, last accessed on April 11, 2019. 5306:Klimagewalten – Treibende Kraft der Evolution. 5194: 4909:Lophiodon in der oberen Kohle des Geiseltales. 4851: 4776:In: Jörg Erfurt, Lutz Christian Maul (Hrsg.): 4728: 4707: 4685:Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie. 4673: 4486: 4084: 4081:Halle (Saale), 2015, p. 1–120, here: p. 66–75. 3969: 3552:Daniel Falk, Oliver Wings, Maria E. McNamara: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2617:In: Jörg Erfurt, Lutz Christian Maul (Hrsg.): 2526:In: Jörg Erfurt, Lutz Christian Maul (Hrsg.): 1871:. There are only a few teeth of the very rare 1199:occur. A poorly preserved partial skeleton of 1035:is particularly numerous. It is an amphibious 810:occur in large numbers and are represented by 5232: 5088: 5052: 5043: 5004:Courier des Forschungsinstitutes Senckenberg. 4987:Courier des Forschungsinstitutes Senckenberg. 4972: 4898: 4857:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 189–193. 4749: 4690: 4656: 4622: 4492:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 165–172. 4418: 4380: 4302:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 160–165. 4293: 4041: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3831:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 142–145. 3825: 3791: 3590:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 119–124. 3584: 3526:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 114–118. 3520: 3279: 3247: 3245: 3181: 3166: 3164: 3097: 3095: 3075: 3053: 3011: 2956: 2936: 2902: 2759: 2757: 2755: 2356:, which were picked up rather by chance by a 867:crustaceans with 10 genera. Further finds of 5258:Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg: 5177: 4834: 4817: 4605: 4563: 4343: 4259: 4024: 3950: 3948: 3928: 3840:Alexander K. Hastings und Meinolf Hellmund: 3615: 3613: 3593: 3486: 3477: 3341:Crustaceenreste aus der Geiseltalbraunkohle. 3333: 3158:N F 1 (4/5), 1934, p. 552–600, here: p. 578. 3141: 3132: 3033: 2796: 2590: 1977:, however, the "monkey hair" is referred to 1498:. Originally considered a member of today's 753:with cones and branches. The latter include 363:as the "Drenthe I Phase" or "Main Drenthe". 5285: 5215: 5210:Anuário do Instituto de Geociências - UFRJ. 5061:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 34–37. 5049:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 41–43. 4941:Daniel Falk, Victoria McCoy, Oliver Wings: 4783: 4634:Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften. 4469: 4276: 4254:Zeitschrift für Geologische Wissenschaften. 4239:56 (4), 2013, S. 807–835, hier: S. 818–820. 4225: 4208: 4205:16, 2009, p. 235–305, here: p. 241 and 274. 4174: 4135: 4118: 3851: 3754:50 (2), 2009, p. 219–306, hier: p. 256–257. 3685: 3664: 3630: 3515:Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaften. 3483:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 53–90. 3350: 3138:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 25–34. 2931:Elefantenreich - Eine Fossilwelt in Europa. 2774: 2769:Elefantenreich – Eine Fossilwelt in Europa. 2670:Elefantenreich – Eine Fossilwelt in Europa. 2646: 2480:Climate Forces - Driving Force of Evolution 2430: 2117: 1934:, can be recognized down to the individual 1905:Soft tissue, chemofossils and food residues 1553:and a 5 cm long lower jaw fragment of 1131:from the Middle Eocene of the Geisel Valley 521:were found in all areas of the coal seams, 184:. Its catchment area is about 35 km². 5247:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 5164: 5126: 5038:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 4930:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 4889:Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments. 4872:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 4800: 4617:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 4578:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 4483:8 (4), 1965, p. 638–665, hier: p. 653–658. 4358:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 3940:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 3902:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 3885: 3740: 3460: 3399:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 3382:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 3257:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 3242: 3213:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 3201: 3198:26, 1976, p. 47–92, here: p. 47 and 51–57. 3161: 3092: 3028:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 2752: 2727:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 2565:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 7–14. 2559: 2532:Hallesches Jahrbuch für Geowissenschaften. 4744:Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaft. 4723:Zeitschrift für geologische Wissenschaft. 4630:Weitere eozäne Equiden aus dem Geiseltal. 4188:61 (3/6), 1981, p. 247–289, here: p. 253. 4101: 4077:Alexander K. Hastings, Meinolf Hellmund: 4003: 3945: 3913:Alexander K. Hastings, Meinolf Hellmund: 3808: 3725:Andrea Villa, Oliver Wings, Márton Rabi: 3610: 3443: 2765:Zur Geschichte des Geiseltals im Quartär. 2515:Alexander K. Hastings, Meinolf Hellmund: 2447:and built between 1531 and 1537 near the 2333: 1473:. Taxonomically difficult to classify is 704:Among the quite common plant remains are 268:forces in the subsurface, resulting from 247:of a period of around 140 million years. 201:, one of the largest artificial lakes in 66:Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg 4458:Paul David Polly, Brigitte Lange-Badré: 4441:Brigitte Lange-Badré, Hellmund Haubold: 4058: 3865:103, 2013, p. 521–550, here: p. 524–527. 3799:Die Wirbeltierausgrabungen im Geiseltal. 2701:Horst Blumenstengel, Wilfried Krutzsch: 2652:Krumbiegel, Rüffle, Haubold 1983, p. 23. 2434: 2337: 2167: 2127:based on pollen finds of the palm genus 2024: 1908: 1828: 1825:Skeleton of Lophiodon from the Geiseltal 1820: 1788:, which are more closely related to the 1734: 1673: 1621: 1479: 1323: 1311: 1237: 1225: 1223:occurs, as well as some rolling snakes. 1146: 1134: 1122: 1056: 942: 838: 694: 686: 656: 507: 499: 491: 217: 150: 146: 76:fruits and stems, but also skeletons of 26: 18: 5161:47, 2009, p. 263–324, here: p. 301–303. 5159:Mainzer Naturwissenschaftliches Archiv. 3769:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg. 3625:Mainzer naturwissenschaftliches Archiv. 5376: 5304:Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte Halle: 4645:Jens Lorenz Franzen, Hartmut Haubold: 4552:Jerry J. Hooker, Katherine M. Thomas: 1770:from the closely related group of the 1638:. Particularly important here are the 1634:Remarkable remains also come from the 938: 843:Gastropod shill from the Geisel Valley 769:has also survived. The remains of the 488:Preservation and distribution of finds 5311: 3410:Meinolf Hellmund, Winfried Hellmund: 3393:Meinolf Hellmund, Winfried Hellmund: 2891:Daniel Richter, Matthias Krbetschek: 1897:was more modern in construction than 1052: 438:The entire layer package is overlaid 301:sediments are initiated by clays and 288: 213: 90:from 1933. Other vertebrates include 5298: 5252: 4317:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 3708:Andrej Čerňanský, Krister T. Smith: 3416:Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. 2925:Dieter-Hans Mai, Jeanette Hoffmann: 2808:Zeitschrift für angewandte Geologie. 2541:Ziemsen, Wittenberg 1983, p. 1–227, 2375:(1860-1937) initiated and which the 1092:, which used to belong to the genus 350:(335,000 to 320,000 years ago), the 317: 297:(56 to 34 million years ago). These 264:) in particular was associated with 5265: 3697:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 3455:Insect Systematics & Evolution. 3296:17, 1914, p. 1–105, here: p. 31–33. 2328: 2276:area (the Weißelster basin) or the 13: 3981:Jahrbuch des Halleschen Verbandes. 2912:In: Dietrich Mania u. a. (Hrsg.): 2789:In: Dietrich Mania u. a. (Hrsg.): 2721:Hartmut Haubold, Matthias Thomae: 2688:In: Dietrich Mania u. a. (Hrsg.): 2666:Zur Entstehung der Geiseltalsenke. 1942:has survived. In mammals, such as 1720:and were originally classified as 981:, a relative of the perches. With 773:are much more extensive. Here the 167:and about 10 km southwest of 14: 5415: 4321:doi:10.1080/14772019.2018.1551248 4163:Gerhard Storch, Hartmut Haubold: 3964:doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2020.06.011 3294:Archiv für Lagerstättenforschung. 2684:Matthias Thomae, Ivo Rappsilber: 2664:Matthias Thomae, Ivo Rappsilber: 2489: 2439:Geiseltal Museum, exhibition room 1175:to date. It belongs to the genus 5360: 5346: 5332: 5138:Palaeobiology Palaeoenvironment. 4998:Dieter F. Mertz, Paul R. Renne: 4924:Volker Wilde, Meinolf Hellmund: 4772:Kerstin Hlawatsch, Jörg Erfurt: 4704:45, 1964, p. 1–101, here: p. 71. 4413:doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005723 3579:Palaeobiology Palaeoenvironment. 3509:Norbert Micklich, Jean Gaudant: 3432:Volker Wilde, Meinolf Hellmund: 2002:, also of the ostrich-like bird 1369:was considered a carnivore, but 834: 590: 517:While plants and sometimes also 4332:Bernhard Sigé, Gerhard Storch: 1877:. With almost 180 individuals, 1025:was an aquatic animal from the 1017:also belongs. Like the latter, 482: 5083:doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60379-7 4893:doi:10.1007/s12549-022-00566-8 4518:Jörg Erfurt, Hartmut Haubold: 4466:Série 2 317, 1993, p. 991–996. 4015:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 3992:Peter Houde, Hartmut Haubold: 2519:Halle (Saale), 2015, p. 1–120. 2038:remains of the tapir relative 1: 5317:Kulturgutschutz Deutschland: 5142:doi:10.1007/s12549-012-0090-8 5121:doi:10.1007/s12542-013-0211-3 5117:Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 4113:Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 3923:doi:10.1017/S0016756815001041 3880:Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 3599:Stefanie Zimmermann-Rollius: 3535:Daniel Falk, Michael Stache: 3362:Entomapeiron Paleoentomology. 3178:N F 3 (14), 1935, p. 339–360. 3107:Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 3087:Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 2933:Halle/Saale 2010, p. 140–149. 2819:Thomas Laurat, Enrico Brühl: 2553: 2509: 2473:Tschernyschewski-Haus of the 2089:originate from the important 905:have also been detected, but 765:, of which the extinct genus 5273:Alte Fossilien neu entdeckt. 4203:Journal of Mammal Evolution. 3440:136 (7/8), 2006, S. 162–173. 3276:119 (3–4), 2008, p. 217–224. 2707:Geologie von Sachsen-Anhalt. 2641:Geologie von Sachsen-Anhalt. 2585:Geologie von Sachsen-Anhalt. 2013:faecal remains also contain 2008:. At least 100 specimens of 1726:, but are now classified as 1084:from the group of Old World 973:. The former belongs to the 570:waters from the neighboring 359:as the "Zeitz Phase" and in 7: 4509:25 (2–4), 1996, p. 371–390. 4132:76 (1/2), 1998, p. 211–212. 3418:Serie B 319, 2002, p. 1–26. 3072:N. F. 30, 1997, p. 163–176. 2989:Eiszeitalter und Gegenwart. 2864:59 (1/2), 2010, p. 120–167. 2771:Halle/Saale 2010, p. 34–38. 2767:In: Harald Meller (Hrsg.): 2709:Stuttgart 2008, S. 267–292. 2672:Halle/Saale 2010, p. 27–33. 2668:In: Harald Meller (Hrsg.): 2643:Stuttgart 2008, p. 458–471. 2587:Stuttgart 2008, p. 491–493. 2581:Revier Halle und Geiseltal. 1998:and the even-toed ungulate 1747:The fossil material of the 1453:, which are represented by 1328:Skeletal reconstruction of 1230:Skeletal reconstruction of 826:and the screw tree family. 605:These are circular, partly 10: 5420: 5404:Geography of Saxony-Anhalt 4763:12A (5), 1967, p. 595–600. 4594:Jörg Erfurt, Hans Altner: 4055:269 (2), 2013, p. 203–220. 4019:doi:10.4202/app.00650.2019 4017:64 (4), 2019, S. 669–678, 3716:30 (7), 2018, S. 994–1014. 2534:Beiheft 23, 2007, p. 1–16. 2484:State Museum of Prehistory 1440: 1273:, a representative of the 721:are known. In addition to 574:rocks, here predominantly 458:. The late section of the 208: 5212:41 (1), 2018, p. 108–119. 4543:24 (1–2), 1995, p. 84–99. 4535:Jörg Erfurt, Jean Sudre: 4501:Jörg Erfurt, Jean Sudre: 4449:23 (5), 1990, p. 607–637. 4394:80 (1), 2000, p. 289–303. 4377:19 (3), 1989, p. 115–130. 4340:81 (2), 2001, p. 343–346. 4290:46 (3), 1965, p. 388–397. 4248:Wighart von Koenigswald: 4115:81 (4), 2007, p. 457–462. 4064:Max-Planck-Gesellschaft: 3882:74 (3), 2000, p. 379–392. 3848:30 (6), 2015, p. 446–461. 3788:81 (4), 2007, p. 760–769. 3699:21 (2), 2001, p. 261–278. 3517:17 (5), 1989, p. 503–521. 3330:11 (3), 1962, p. 334–353. 3313:11 (5), 1962, p. 557–603. 3237:doi:10.2110/palo.2020.052 3129:11 (6), 1962, p. 745–762. 3089:29 (1/2), 1955, p. 33–37. 2637:Südöstliches Harzvorland. 2054:European Land Mammal Ages 2020: 1958:preserved, in plants the 479:around 13,000 years ago. 374:, in which predominantly 39:is located in the former 16:Fossil deposit in Germany 5119:89 (1), 2013, p. 95–124 5102:N F 7, 1939, p. 515–528. 4848:N F 4, 1936, p. 301–310. 4831:N F 4, 1936, p. 317–334. 4814:N F 4, 1936, p. 335–340. 4797:N F 5, 1937, p. 115–142. 4670:86 (1), 2006, p. 97–102. 4668:Senckenbergiana lethaea. 4636:7 (6), 1979, p. 783–805. 4560:44(5), 2001, p. 827–853. 4392:Senckenbergiana lethaea. 4338:Senckenbergiana lethaea. 4186:Senckenbergiana lethaea. 4171:19 (3), 1989, p. 95–114. 4149:N F 4, 1936, p. 311–316. 4130:Senckenbergiana lethaea. 3822:N F 7, 1939, p. 119–133. 3803:Die Naturwissenschaften. 3786:Journal of Paleontology. 3731:Papers in Palaeontology. 3474:N F 5, 1938, p. 352–360. 3347:N F 5, 1938, p. 361–368. 3259:BH 17, 1995, p. 121–138. 2431:Presentation of findings 2118:Landscape reconstruction 2062:, but also its relative 829: 682: 652: 429:Apodemus maastrichtensis 274:Cretaceous/Tertiary turn 37:Geiseltal fossil deposit 5221:Ana María Gómez López: 3857:Christopher A. Brochu: 3733:8 (3), 2022, p. e1434, 3642:Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3607:N F 4, 1967, p. 83–104. 3560:8 (4), 2022, S. e1453, 3558:Papers in Paleontology. 3500:263/2, 2012, p. 93–109. 3384:B 17, 1995, p. 107–119. 3268:E. Kahlert, L. Rüffle: 3235:36 (1), 2021, p. 1–14, 3050:19 (3), 1989, p. 81–93. 2929:In: H. Meller (Hrsg.): 2346:Although the mining of 1739:Live reconstruction of 1521:thus resembled today's 534:under the influence of 460:Weichselian Cold Period 5040:BH 13, 2001, p. 31–39. 4874:BH 13, 2001, p. 57–68. 4806:Adolf Brachofen-Echt: 4746:5, 1977, p. 1129–1152. 4653:16 (1), 1986, p. 1–34. 4628:Horst Werner Matthes: 4424:Horst Werner Matthes: 4411:4 (5), 2009, S. e5723 4265:Horst Werner Matthes: 4124:Dennis Stefan Peters: 4066:Harmloser Terrorvogel. 3983:N F 7, 1928, p. 20–29. 3942:B 17, 1995, p. 93–105. 3680:doi:10.7717/peerj.2647 3401:BH 24, 2002, p. 47–55. 3215:BH 13, 2001, p. 69–75. 2908:Wolf-Dieter Heinrich: 2440: 2360:in the open-cast mine 2343: 2334:Scientific excavations 2283:Walbeck Fossil Deposit 2173: 2087:potassium-argon dating 2081:Absolute dating using 2030: 1914: 1834: 1826: 1744: 1743:from the Geisel Valley 1683: 1631: 1630:from the Geisel Valley 1489: 1333: 1321: 1320:from the Geisel Valley 1247: 1235: 1234:from the Geisel Valley 1156: 1144: 1143:from the Geisel Valley 1132: 1066: 1065:from the Geisel Valley 952: 844: 701: 692: 670:(5,000 pieces), while 662: 514: 505: 497: 425:radiometric age dating 223: 156: 32: 24: 5399:Paleontological sites 5271:Friederike Stecklum: 5249:B 17, 1995, p. 19–25. 5140:92, 2012, p. 631–647 5100:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 5032:Horst Blumenstengel: 4981:Jens Lorenz Franzen: 4932:90, 2010, p. 153–162. 4913:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 4846:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 4829:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 4812:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 4795:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 4687:2000 (4), p. 205–216. 4662:Jens Lorenz Franzen: 4619:B 17, 1995, p. 47–58. 4386:Jens Lorenz Franzen: 4360:B 17, 1995, p. 59–64. 4288:Journal of Mammalogy. 4256:11, 1983, S. 781–787. 4147:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 4096:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 3820:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 3805:21, 1934, p. 321–325. 3771:216, 1999, p. 97–129. 3735:doi:10.1002/spp2.1434 3661:12, 1963, S. 196–223. 3581:92, 2012, p. 367–395. 3562:doi:10.1002/spp2.1453 3472:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 3457:40, 2009, p. 333–347. 3364:3 (1), 2008, p. 1–16. 3345:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 3176:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 3156:Nova Acta Leopoldina. 2950:32, 2017, p. 40–105 ( 2882:75, 2011, p. 213–218. 2810:24, 1978, p. 130–138. 2438: 2341: 2171: 2028: 1965:sulphur volcanization 1912: 1832: 1824: 1738: 1677: 1625: 1613:Palaeochiropterygidae 1611:. They belong to the 1483: 1327: 1315: 1241: 1229: 1150: 1138: 1126: 1060: 946: 842: 698: 690: 660: 511: 503: 495: 221: 154: 147:Geographical location 47:south of the city of 30: 22: 5384:Geography of Germany 5229:4, 2019, p. 195–214. 5023:8, 2000, p. 270–274. 5021:Naturwissenschaften. 5006:255, 2005, p. 67–75. 4989:255, 2005, p. 77–79. 4755:Karl-Heinz-Fischer: 4734:Karl-Heinz-Fischer: 4725:5, 1977, p. 909–919. 4713:Karl-Heinz-Fischer: 4696:Karl-Heinz-Fischer: 4273:1, 1952, p. 201–240. 4098:3, 1935, p. 361–367. 4030:Karl-Heinz Fischer: 3962:62, 2020, p. 45–59, 3921:154 (1), p. 119–146 3919:Geological Magazine. 3904:B 17 1995, p. 65–80. 3644:3, 2004, p. 125–132. 3030:B 17, 1995, p. 1–18. 3008:27, 1998, p. 88–100. 2970:22, 2011, p. 77–93 ( 2880:Quaternary Research. 2847:7, 1994, p. 328–333. 2804:Mollisoldiapirismus. 2500:Special exhibition: 2445:Cardinal Albrecht II 1316:Skeletal remains of 1118:soft-shelled turtles 871:are assigned to the 395:(forest rhinoceros, 348:Holstein Warm Period 5368:Paleontology portal 5081:10, 2020, p. 3987, 5079:Scientific Reports. 4983:Warum Geiseltalium? 4719:Rhinocerolophiodon. 4000:17, 1987, p. 27–42. 3714:Historical Biology. 3653:Günter Krumbiegel: 3627:55, 2018, p. 61–95. 3322:Günter Krumbiegel: 3305:Günter Krumbiegel: 3274:Feddes Repertorium. 3190:Wilfried Krutzsch: 3121:Günter Krumbiegel: 3109:15, 1933, p. 72–78. 2827:90, 2006, p. 9–69 ( 2377:University of Halle 2163:chemical weathering 1749:even-toed ungulates 1716:represent the true 1565:". The insectivore 1445:The very extensive 1254:are represented by 939:Fish and amphibians 873:decapod crustaceans 530:changes during the 456:Last Glacial Period 413:Middle Palaeolithic 141:subtropical climate 92:even-toed ungulates 5279:1/2018, p. 32–34 ( 5277:Scientia halensis. 5203:Meinolf Hellmund: 5094:Johannes Weigelt: 4907:Johannes Weigelt: 4679:Meinolf Hellmund: 4222:9, 1930, S. 13–41. 4090:Kálmán Lambrecht: 4047:Meinolf Hellmund: 4038:4, 1962, p. 26–33. 3975:Kálmán Lambrecht: 3797:Johannes Weigelt: 3746:Krister T. Smith: 3678:4, 2016, S. e2647 3619:Hans-Volker Karl: 3356:Francesco Vitali: 3150:Johannes Weigelt: 3064:Meinolf Hellmund: 3042:Hartmund Haubold: 2991:43, 1993, p. 1–22. 2746:56, 2007,p. 7–65 ( 2729:15, 1990, p. 3–20. 2613:Meinolf Hellmund: 2522:Meinolf Hellmund: 2441: 2344: 2174: 2103:terminus post quem 2031: 1915: 1839:odd-toed ungulates 1835: 1827: 1745: 1684: 1682:from the Geiseltal 1632: 1490: 1488:from the Geiseltal 1375:New World vultures 1334: 1332:from the Geiseltal 1322: 1248: 1246:from the Geiseltal 1236: 1157: 1155:from the Geiseltal 1145: 1133: 1078:Halsberger turtles 1067: 1053:Reptiles and birds 1007:. Quite common is 953: 951:from the Geiseltal 845: 702: 693: 663: 515: 506: 498: 328:Middle Pleistocene 289:Paleogene deposits 224: 214:Geological subsoil 157: 33: 25: 5241:Hartmut Haubold: 5191:6, 1927, p. 5–24. 5132:Kenneth D. Rose: 4969:11, 1913, p. 351. 4961:Henry Schroeder: 4651:Palaeovertebrata. 4541:Palaeovertebrata. 4524:Palaeovertebrata. 4507:Palaeovertebrata. 4475:Leigh Van Valen: 4432:8, 1967, S. 7–11. 4375:Palaeovertebrata. 4282:Leigh Van Valen: 4231:Jerry J. Hooker: 4169:Palaeovertebrata. 3998:Palaeovertebrata. 3691:Johannes Müller: 3438:Natur und Museum. 3048:Palaeovertebrata. 3022:Hartmut Haubold: 2962:Roland Fuhrmann: 2942:Roland Fuhrmann: 2305:in Hesse and the 2264:with each other. 2232:Amphirhagatherium 2000:Amphirhagatherium 1944:Amphirhagatherium 1807:Amphirhagatherium 1741:Amphirhagatherium 1389:Ameghinornithidae 1371:isotope analysiss 1303:ecological niches 1027:Palaeobatrachidae 963:, represented by 799:Rhodomyrtophyllum 477:volcanic eruption 475:as a relict of a 397:steppe rhinoceros 338:, were formed as 318:Supporting layers 68:. Interrupted by 5411: 5370: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5315: 5309: 5302: 5296: 5289: 5283: 5269: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5239: 5230: 5219: 5213: 5201: 5192: 5181: 5175: 5168: 5162: 5151: 5145: 5130: 5124: 5109: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5071: 5062: 5059: 5050: 5047: 5041: 5030: 5024: 5013: 5007: 4996: 4990: 4979: 4970: 4959: 4950: 4939: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4905: 4896: 4881: 4875: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4838: 4832: 4821: 4815: 4804: 4798: 4787: 4781: 4770: 4764: 4753: 4747: 4732: 4726: 4711: 4705: 4694: 4688: 4677: 4671: 4660: 4654: 4643: 4637: 4626: 4620: 4609: 4603: 4592: 4581: 4570: 4561: 4550: 4544: 4533: 4527: 4516: 4510: 4499: 4493: 4490: 4484: 4473: 4467: 4456: 4450: 4439: 4433: 4422: 4416: 4401: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4367: 4361: 4352:Gerhard Storch: 4350: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4291: 4280: 4274: 4263: 4257: 4246: 4240: 4229: 4223: 4214:Florian Heller: 4212: 4206: 4195: 4189: 4180:Gerhard Storch: 4178: 4172: 4161: 4150: 4141:Florian Heller: 4139: 4133: 4122: 4116: 4105: 4099: 4088: 4082: 4075: 4069: 4062: 4056: 4045: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4007: 4001: 3990: 3984: 3973: 3967: 3952: 3943: 3932: 3926: 3911: 3905: 3894: 3883: 3872: 3866: 3855: 3849: 3838: 3832: 3829: 3823: 3812: 3806: 3795: 3789: 3778: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3744: 3738: 3723: 3717: 3706: 3700: 3689: 3683: 3668: 3662: 3651: 3645: 3634: 3628: 3617: 3608: 3597: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3571: 3565: 3550: 3544: 3533: 3527: 3524: 3518: 3507: 3501: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3475: 3464: 3458: 3447: 3441: 3430: 3419: 3408: 3402: 3391: 3385: 3374: 3365: 3354: 3348: 3337: 3331: 3320: 3314: 3303: 3297: 3286: 3277: 3266: 3260: 3249: 3240: 3225: 3216: 3205: 3199: 3188: 3179: 3168: 3159: 3148: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3119: 3110: 3099: 3090: 3079: 3073: 3062: 3051: 3040: 3031: 3020: 3009: 2998: 2992: 2981: 2975: 2960: 2954: 2940: 2934: 2923: 2917: 2906: 2900: 2889: 2883: 2871: 2865: 2854: 2848: 2837: 2831: 2817: 2811: 2802:Lothar Eißmann: 2800: 2794: 2785:Dietrich Mania: 2783: 2772: 2763:Dietrich Mania: 2761: 2750: 2736: 2730: 2719: 2710: 2699: 2693: 2682: 2673: 2662: 2653: 2650: 2644: 2633: 2622: 2611: 2588: 2577: 2566: 2563: 2458:Propalaeotherium 2386:Johannes Weigelt 2373:Johannes Walther 2329:Research history 2257:Propalaeotherium 2249:Propalaeotherium 2226:Propalaeotherium 2059:Propalaeotherium 2035:biostratigraphic 1996:Propalaeotherium 1948:Propalaeotherium 1946:and more rarely 1852:Propalaeotherium 1593:named after the 1462:Amphiperatherium 1387:from the family 1257:Allognathosuchus 1045:true salamanders 1023:Palaeobatinopsis 851:, which include 469:Laacher See tuff 417:pollen analysiss 361:Northern Germany 332:Late Pleistocene 87:Propalaeotherium 43:district of the 5419: 5418: 5414: 5413: 5412: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5374: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5359: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5338: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5316: 5312: 5303: 5299: 5290: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5257: 5253: 5240: 5233: 5220: 5216: 5202: 5195: 5182: 5178: 5169: 5165: 5152: 5148: 5131: 5127: 5110: 5106: 5093: 5089: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5031: 5027: 5014: 5010: 4997: 4993: 4980: 4973: 4960: 4953: 4940: 4936: 4923: 4919: 4906: 4899: 4882: 4878: 4865: 4861: 4856: 4852: 4840:Ehrhard Voigt: 4839: 4835: 4823:Ehrhard Voigt: 4822: 4818: 4805: 4801: 4789:Ehrhard Voigt: 4788: 4784: 4771: 4767: 4754: 4750: 4733: 4729: 4712: 4708: 4695: 4691: 4678: 4674: 4661: 4657: 4644: 4640: 4627: 4623: 4610: 4606: 4593: 4584: 4571: 4564: 4551: 4547: 4534: 4530: 4517: 4513: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4474: 4470: 4457: 4453: 4440: 4436: 4423: 4419: 4402: 4398: 4385: 4381: 4368: 4364: 4351: 4344: 4331: 4327: 4310: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4281: 4277: 4264: 4260: 4247: 4243: 4230: 4226: 4213: 4209: 4196: 4192: 4179: 4175: 4162: 4153: 4140: 4136: 4123: 4119: 4106: 4102: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4072: 4063: 4059: 4046: 4042: 4029: 4025: 4008: 4004: 3991: 3987: 3974: 3970: 3953: 3946: 3933: 3929: 3912: 3908: 3896:Michael Rauhe: 3895: 3886: 3873: 3869: 3856: 3852: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3826: 3813: 3809: 3796: 3792: 3779: 3775: 3762: 3758: 3745: 3741: 3724: 3720: 3707: 3703: 3690: 3686: 3669: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3636:Sophie Hervet: 3635: 3631: 3618: 3611: 3598: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3572: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3534: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3508: 3504: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3478: 3466:Ehrhard Voigt: 3465: 3461: 3448: 3444: 3431: 3422: 3409: 3405: 3392: 3388: 3375: 3368: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3321: 3317: 3304: 3300: 3287: 3280: 3267: 3263: 3250: 3243: 3226: 3219: 3206: 3202: 3189: 3182: 3170:Ehrhard Voigt: 3169: 3162: 3149: 3142: 3137: 3133: 3120: 3113: 3101:Ehrhard Voigt: 3100: 3093: 3081:Hans Gallwitz: 3080: 3076: 3063: 3054: 3041: 3034: 3021: 3012: 2999: 2995: 2982: 2978: 2961: 2957: 2941: 2937: 2924: 2920: 2907: 2903: 2890: 2886: 2872: 2868: 2855: 2851: 2838: 2834: 2818: 2814: 2801: 2797: 2784: 2775: 2762: 2753: 2737: 2733: 2720: 2713: 2700: 2696: 2683: 2676: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2634: 2625: 2612: 2591: 2578: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2512: 2492: 2451:in the city of 2449:Halle Cathedral 2433: 2336: 2331: 2270: 2208:primeval forest 2149:, brackish and 2120: 2066:or the primate 2023: 1907: 1847:Palaeotheriidae 1786:Choeropotamidae 1626:X-ray image of 1609:Cecilionycteris 1569:from the group 1475:Microtarsioides 1443: 1418:Plesiocathartes 1275:true crocodiles 1197:monitor lizards 1188:Geiseltaliellus 1129:Geiseltaliellus 1102:(also known as 1055: 941: 837: 832: 685: 655: 616:digested sludge 600:Collapse funnel 593: 576:shell limestone 538:conditions. No 490: 485: 409:flint artifacts 357:Central Germany 320: 291: 270:plate tectonics 232:Rotliegengendes 216: 211: 149: 80:and remains of 17: 12: 11: 5: 5417: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5372: 5371: 5357: 5354:Germany portal 5343: 5340:History portal 5327: 5326: 5310: 5297: 5284: 5264: 5251: 5231: 5214: 5193: 5176: 5163: 5146: 5125: 5104: 5087: 5063: 5051: 5042: 5025: 5008: 4991: 4971: 4951: 4934: 4917: 4897: 4876: 4859: 4850: 4833: 4816: 4799: 4782: 4765: 4748: 4727: 4706: 4689: 4672: 4655: 4638: 4621: 4604: 4582: 4562: 4558:Palaeontology. 4545: 4528: 4511: 4494: 4485: 4481:Palaeontology. 4468: 4451: 4434: 4417: 4396: 4379: 4362: 4342: 4325: 4304: 4292: 4275: 4258: 4241: 4237:Palaeontology. 4224: 4207: 4190: 4173: 4151: 4134: 4117: 4100: 4083: 4070: 4057: 4040: 4023: 4002: 3985: 3968: 3944: 3934:Rolf Kohring: 3927: 3906: 3884: 3867: 3850: 3833: 3824: 3807: 3790: 3773: 3756: 3739: 3718: 3701: 3684: 3670:Edwin Cadena: 3663: 3646: 3629: 3609: 3592: 3583: 3566: 3545: 3528: 3519: 3502: 3492:Jean Gaudant: 3485: 3476: 3459: 3442: 3420: 3403: 3386: 3366: 3349: 3339:Karl Beurlen: 3332: 3315: 3298: 3278: 3261: 3251:Volker Wilde: 3241: 3217: 3207:Volker Wilde: 3200: 3180: 3160: 3140: 3131: 3111: 3091: 3074: 3052: 3032: 3010: 2993: 2976: 2955: 2935: 2918: 2901: 2884: 2866: 2849: 2832: 2812: 2795: 2773: 2751: 2731: 2711: 2694: 2674: 2654: 2645: 2623: 2589: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2535: 2520: 2511: 2508: 2507: 2506: 2498: 2491: 2490:External links 2488: 2432: 2429: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2307:Eckfelder Maar 2269: 2266: 2119: 2116: 2107:Eckfelder Maar 2022: 2019: 1969:Apocynophyllum 1906: 1903: 1777:Messelobunodon 1702:Prodissopsalis 1680:Prodissopsalis 1571:Nyctitheriidae 1442: 1439: 1285:Nile crocodile 1116:is one of the 1054: 1051: 1015:spadefoot toad 940: 937: 916:Pseudococcites 836: 833: 831: 828: 803:Apocynophyllum 763:cypress family 735:climbing ferns 684: 681: 654: 651: 650: 649: 640: 639: 635: 634: 625: 624: 623:Cadaver fields 620: 619: 602: 601: 592: 589: 564:Central Europe 489: 486: 484: 481: 450:soil. Various 421:paleomagnetics 405:spotted hyenas 340:ground moraine 319: 316: 290: 287: 215: 212: 210: 207: 203:Central Europe 189:Buntsandsteins 148: 145: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5416: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5369: 5358: 5355: 5344: 5341: 5330: 5323: 5320: 5314: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5288: 5281: 5278: 5274: 5268: 5261: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5211: 5207: 5200: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5160: 5156: 5150: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5058: 5056: 5046: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5012: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4976: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4956: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4931: 4927: 4921: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4902: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4873: 4869: 4863: 4854: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4796: 4792: 4786: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4710: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4682: 4676: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4652: 4648: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4611:Jörg Erfurt: 4608: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4572:Jörg Erfurt: 4569: 4567: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4489: 4482: 4478: 4472: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4448: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4427: 4421: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4400: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4376: 4372: 4366: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4299: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4279: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4238: 4234: 4228: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4187: 4183: 4177: 4170: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4131: 4127: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4107:Gerald Mayr: 4104: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4080: 4074: 4067: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4044: 4037: 4033: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4009:Gerald Mayr: 4006: 3999: 3995: 3989: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3954:Gerald Mayr: 3951: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3903: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3828: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3777: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3722: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3698: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3587: 3580: 3576: 3570: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3549: 3542: 3538: 3532: 3523: 3516: 3512: 3506: 3499: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3439: 3435: 3429: 3427: 3425: 3417: 3413: 3407: 3400: 3396: 3390: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3363: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3329: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3295: 3291: 3288:W. Salzmann: 3285: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3258: 3254: 3248: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3224: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3197: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3098: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3071: 3067: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3037: 3029: 3025: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2990: 2986: 2980: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2952: 2949: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2922: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2881: 2877: 2870: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2846: 2842: 2839:Thomas Litt: 2836: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2816: 2809: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2748: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2679: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2505: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2493: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2420: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2340: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2299: 2297: 2293: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2265: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2213: 2212:laurel plants 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2076: 2071: 2070: 2065: 2064:Lophiotherium 2061: 2060: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2042: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1986: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1911: 1902: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1881: 1876: 1875: 1870: 1869: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857:Lophiotherium 1854: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1764:Diacodexeidae 1761: 1760: 1755: 1752:a maximum of 1750: 1742: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1681: 1678:Lower jaw of 1676: 1672: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1657: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1618: 1617:echolocations 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1561:", later as " 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1543:Pantolestidae 1540: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1487: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1434:Masillaraptor 1430: 1429: 1428:Messelirrisor 1424: 1420: 1419: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1385: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1361:(also called 1360: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1331: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1259: 1258: 1253: 1245: 1240: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1211: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1086:swamp turtles 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1064: 1061:Fossils from 1059: 1050: 1049: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1033: 1032:Palaeoproteus 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 985: 980: 979:Anthracoperca 976: 972: 968: 967: 962: 958: 950: 945: 936: 934: 931: 930: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 887: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 841: 835:Invertebrates 827: 825: 821: 820: 815: 814: 809: 804: 800: 796: 795:myrtle family 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 729:, primordial 728: 724: 720: 716: 711: 707: 697: 689: 680: 678: 673: 669: 659: 647: 642: 641: 637: 636: 632: 627: 626: 622: 621: 617: 612: 608: 604: 603: 599: 598: 597: 591:Finding types 588: 585: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 558: 554: 553:Geiselröhlitz 550: 546: 541: 540:fossilization 537: 533: 529: 524: 520: 519:invertebrates 510: 502: 494: 480: 478: 474: 470: 466: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 436: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 373: 370: 364: 362: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 329: 325: 315: 313: 309: 304: 300: 296: 286: 283: 279: 278:Zechstein Sea 275: 271: 267: 263: 258: 254: 248: 246: 242: 237: 233: 229: 220: 206: 204: 200: 195: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 170: 166: 165:Halle (Saale) 162: 153: 144: 142: 137: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 96:small mammals 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 73: 71: 67: 62: 58: 54: 53:Saxony-Anhalt 50: 46: 42: 38: 29: 21: 5389:Lagerstätten 5318: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5292: 5291:Leopoldina: 5287: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5259: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5209: 5204: 5188: 5184: 5183:Ben Barnes: 5179: 5171: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5149: 5137: 5133: 5128: 5116: 5112: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5078: 5074: 5045: 5037: 5033: 5028: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4986: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4946: 4942: 4937: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4912: 4908: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4692: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4667: 4663: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4633: 4629: 4624: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4599: 4595: 4577: 4573: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4540: 4536: 4531: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4497: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4446: 4442: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4374: 4370: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4337: 4333: 4328: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4287: 4283: 4278: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4244: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4193: 4185: 4181: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4103: 4095: 4091: 4086: 4078: 4073: 4065: 4060: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4026: 4014: 4010: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3959: 3955: 3939: 3935: 3930: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3897: 3879: 3875: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3814:Oskar Kuhn: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3776: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3742: 3730: 3726: 3721: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3687: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3624: 3620: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3310: 3306: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3256: 3252: 3232: 3228: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3175: 3171: 3155: 3151: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3106: 3102: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3047: 3043: 3027: 3023: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2967: 2963: 2958: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2930: 2926: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2768: 2764: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2726: 2722: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2689: 2685: 2669: 2665: 2648: 2640: 2636: 2618: 2614: 2584: 2580: 2561: 2538: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2516: 2502: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2463:World War II 2456: 2442: 2425:Geiseltalsee 2421: 2416: 2409: 2405:World War II 2400: 2394: 2380: 2370: 2361: 2351: 2345: 2319: 2300: 2271: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2216: 2188:Restionaceae 2177: 2175: 2128: 2121: 2102: 2080: 2073: 2067: 2063: 2057: 2053: 2039: 2032: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1987: 1978: 1972: 1968: 1956: 1947: 1943: 1916: 1898: 1894: 1888: 1884: 1878: 1874:Plagiolophus 1872: 1866: 1860: 1856: 1850: 1836: 1816:Rhagatherium 1815: 1812:Haplobunodon 1811: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1790:hippopotamus 1781: 1775: 1772:Dichobunidae 1767: 1757: 1746: 1740: 1727: 1721: 1709: 1706:Leonhardtina 1705: 1701: 1697: 1691: 1685: 1679: 1669: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1633: 1627: 1608: 1602: 1590: 1584: 1574: 1566: 1563:Condylarthra 1554: 1550: 1536: 1528:Leptictidium 1526: 1518: 1507: 1495:Eurotamandua 1493: 1491: 1486:Leptictidium 1485: 1484:Skeleton of 1474: 1466: 1460: 1454: 1444: 1432: 1426: 1416: 1412: 1409:Eoglaucidium 1408: 1402: 1398:Dynamopterus 1396: 1382: 1366: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1317: 1299:Sebecosuchia 1294: 1288: 1280:Asiatosuchus 1278: 1270:Boverisuchus 1268: 1263:Diplocynodon 1261: 1255: 1249: 1244:Diplocynodon 1243: 1232:Boverisuchus 1231: 1220:Palaeopython 1218: 1214: 1208: 1200: 1186: 1176: 1169:Eolacertidae 1160: 1158: 1152: 1151:Skeleton of 1140: 1128: 1127:Skeleton of 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1081: 1068: 1062: 1047: 1041:Tylototriton 1030: 1022: 1018: 1008: 989: 982: 978: 970: 964: 954: 948: 947:Skeleton of 933:parasitizing 927: 915: 895:leaf beetles 891:hook beetles 884: 846: 817: 811: 802: 798: 786: 775:dicotyledons 767:Doliostrobus 766: 703: 664: 594: 584:silicic acid 561: 556: 552: 548: 544: 516: 483:Fossil sites 473:soil horizon 440:unconformity 437: 428: 399:), but also 391:and various 365: 321: 311: 292: 249: 225: 199:Geiseltalsee 194:renaturation 186: 158: 136:stratigraphy 132: 100:insectivores 85: 74: 70:World War II 36: 34: 5321:Datenbank ( 3449:Hans Pohl: 2968:Mauritiana. 2948:Mauritiana. 2262:competition 2179:Acrostichum 2083:radiometric 2069:Europolemur 2015:gastroliths 1960:chlorophyll 1952:blood cells 1928:Thaumaturus 1917:Remains of 1818:are known. 1798:Masillabune 1754:piglet size 1710:Eurotherium 1693:Eurotherium 1688:Hyaenodonta 1666:Nannopithex 1649:Europolemur 1551:Vulpavoides 1467:Peratherium 1456:Peratherium 1404:Aegialornis 1307:gastroliths 1295:Bergisuchus 1290:Bergisuchus 1178:Geiseleptes 1113:Palaeoamyda 1019:Eopelobates 1010:Eopelobates 1000:salamanders 966:Thaumaturus 961:bony fishes 949:Eopelobates 907:damselflies 903:dragonflies 824:lily family 819:Phoenicites 797:, of which 791:Icacinaceae 787:Dryophyllum 771:angiosperms 743:gymnosperms 741:occur. The 739:seed plants 646:soft tissue 557:Pfännerhall 536:periglacial 532:Pleistocene 523:vertebrates 465:Older Dryas 448:black earth 393:rhinoceross 389:fallow deer 262:halokinesis 106:as well as 78:vertebrates 5378:Categories 5172:Geiseltal. 4740:Lophiodon. 2554:References 2510:Literature 2475:Leopoldina 2348:brown coal 2303:Messel Pit 2287:Palaeocene 2241:ecosystems 2237:leptictids 2204:meandering 2194:and other 2184:Myricaceae 2159:karstified 2151:fluviatile 2111:pyroclasts 2091:Messel Pit 2010:coprolites 1983:form taxon 1979:Coumoxylon 1919:soft parts 1868:Eurohippus 1759:Diacodexis 1729:Quercygale 1718:carnivores 1595:Messel Pit 1591:Messelmaus 1586:Masillamys 1567:Saturninia 1538:Buxolestes 1533:Leptictida 1519:Heterohyus 1509:Heterohyus 1451:marsupials 1384:Strigogyps 1318:Strigogyps 1252:alligators 1165:anatomical 1108:Hummelemys 1099:Geochelone 1082:Geiselemys 992:amphibians 990:Among the 971:Palaeoesox 957:fish fauna 924:millipedes 886:Psiloptera 869:arthropods 580:humic acid 568:calcareous 528:diagenetic 401:cave lions 344:inland ice 324:overburden 253:Palaeogene 245:Cretaceous 124:amphibians 112:crocodiles 5206:Lignites. 4738:2. Teil: 4717:1. Teil: 4702:Geologie. 4409:PLoS ONE. 3659:Geologie. 3605:Hercynia. 3328:Geologie. 3311:Geologie. 3070:Hercynia. 2482:" at the 2401:Leonhardt 2396:Lophiodon 2390:taphonomy 2353:Lophiodon 2321:Lophiodon 2296:dinosaurs 2292:radiation 2278:Helmstedt 2253:Lophiodon 2245:Lophiodon 2220:Lophiodon 2200:deciduous 2050:Bartonian 2041:Lophiodon 2005:Palaeotis 1991:Lophiodon 1899:Lophiodon 1895:Hyrachyus 1890:Hyrachyus 1885:Lophiodon 1880:Lophiodon 1862:Hallensia 1802:Hallebune 1792:and were 1782:Aumelasia 1768:Eurodexis 1762:from the 1698:Matthodon 1661:Darwinius 1655:Godinotia 1628:Godinotia 1604:Matthesia 1581:squirrels 1576:Ailuravus 1559:Creodonta 1555:Pugiodens 1514:Apatemyid 1504:pangolins 1500:anteaters 1379:hornbills 1367:Gastornis 1358:Gastornis 1353:Palaeotis 1344:Palaeotis 1330:Gastornis 1242:Skull of 1193:basilisks 1161:Eolacerta 1139:Skull of 1094:Chrysemys 861:ostracods 808:Arecaceae 452:ice wedge 372:diapirism 236:Zechstein 174:Müchelner 169:Merseburg 161:Geiseltal 45:Geiseltal 4891:, 2023, 4447:Geobios. 3960:Geobios. 3846:Palaios. 3233:Palaios. 2703:Tertiär. 2196:conifers 2192:sequoias 2143:Edderitz 1800:, while 1714:premolar 1640:Adapidae 1636:primates 1523:pinniped 1393:seriemas 1363:Diatryma 1213:family. 1201:Eosaniwa 1185:include 1141:Eosaniwa 1104:Barnesia 1090:Borkenia 1070:Reptiles 1063:Borkenia 1005:tadpoles 984:Cyclurus 975:salmonid 899:mayflies 893:and the 849:Molluscs 759:redwoods 751:conifers 715:families 672:reptiles 572:Triassic 433:ostracod 369:mollisol 299:Tertiary 266:tectonic 257:leaching 98:such as 5394:Fossils 4319:, 2019 3006:Boreas. 2547:9998655 2381:Cecilie 2362:Cecilie 2274:Leipzig 2155:estuary 2105:). The 1794:endemic 1471:opossum 1441:Mammals 1423:courols 1415:. With 1349:bustard 1339:calcium 1215:Paleryx 1183:iguanas 1153:Paleryx 1074:turtles 929:Gordius 920:spiders 881:beetles 877:insects 865:bivalve 853:mussels 668:mammals 638:Streams 545:Cecilie 381:aurochs 352:Unstrut 342:by the 336:erosion 312:Cecilie 282:seismic 228:lignite 209:Geology 116:turtles 82:insects 57:Germany 41:lignite 5170:LMBV: 3676:PeerJ. 2545: 2366:Berlin 2161:. The 2147:marine 2135:Eocene 2099:basalt 2075:Adapis 2046:Eocene 2021:Dating 1932:dermis 1924:Eocene 1843:tapirs 1723:Miacis 1644:lemurs 1589:, the 1547:otters 1447:mammal 1413:Selmes 1205:snakes 1173:geckos 994:, the 879:. The 863:, the 857:snails 779:laurel 749:, and 747:fronds 727:mosses 719:genera 710:spores 706:pollen 611:gypsum 607:doline 431:. The 376:limnic 295:Eocene 241:Keuper 178:Geisel 120:snakes 61:Eocene 2972:(PDF) 2453:Halle 2358:miner 2311:maars 2139:Egeln 2125:tides 2095:Hesse 1981:as a 1974:Couma 1936:cells 1512:, an 996:frogs 912:larva 830:Fauna 813:Sabal 783:beech 755:pines 731:ferns 723:algae 700:parts 683:Flora 653:Finds 444:loess 385:bison 303:silts 182:Saale 108:birds 49:Halle 5275:In: 5245:In: 5225:In: 5208:In: 5187:In: 5157:In: 5136:In: 5115:In: 5098:In: 5077:In: 5036:In: 5019:In: 5002:In: 4985:In: 4965:In: 4928:In: 4911:In: 4887:In: 4870:In: 4844:In: 4827:In: 4810:In: 4793:In: 4759:In: 4742:In: 4721:In: 4700:In: 4683:In: 4666:In: 4649:In: 4632:In: 4615:In: 4576:In: 4556:In: 4539:In: 4522:In: 4505:In: 4479:In: 4462:In: 4445:In: 4428:In: 4407:In: 4390:In: 4373:In: 4356:In: 4336:In: 4315:In: 4286:In: 4269:In: 4252:In: 4235:In: 4218:In: 4201:In: 4184:In: 4167:In: 4145:In: 4128:In: 4111:In: 4094:In: 4051:In: 4034:In: 4013:In: 3996:In: 3979:In: 3958:In: 3938:In: 3917:In: 3900:In: 3878:In: 3861:In: 3844:In: 3818:In: 3801:In: 3784:In: 3767:In: 3750:In: 3729:In: 3712:In: 3695:In: 3674:In: 3657:In: 3640:In: 3623:In: 3603:In: 3577:In: 3556:In: 3513:In: 3496:In: 3470:In: 3453:In: 3436:In: 3414:In: 3397:In: 3380:In: 3360:In: 3343:In: 3326:In: 3309:In: 3292:In: 3272:In: 3255:In: 3231:In: 3211:In: 3194:In: 3174:In: 3154:In: 3125:In: 3105:In: 3085:In: 3068:In: 3046:In: 3026:In: 3004:In: 2987:In: 2966:In: 2946:In: 2878:In: 2860:In: 2843:In: 2823:In: 2806:In: 2742:In: 2725:In: 2543:OCLC 2530:In: 2315:taxa 2301:The 2247:and 2229:and 2198:and 2186:and 2141:and 2130:Nypa 1940:bats 1865:and 1837:The 1780:and 1704:and 1607:and 1599:bats 1459:and 1411:and 998:and 969:and 955:The 922:and 901:and 855:and 816:and 793:and 781:and 757:and 708:and 677:taxa 555:and 513:coal 423:and 403:and 330:and 322:The 308:sand 255:the 243:and 234:and 159:The 128:fish 126:and 104:bats 102:and 35:The 2417:XIV 2412:GDR 2210:of 2093:in 1814:or 1210:Boa 1037:olm 914:of 631:bog 549:Leo 411:of 51:in 5380:: 5282:). 5234:^ 5196:^ 5066:^ 5054:^ 4974:^ 4954:^ 4900:^ 4585:^ 4565:^ 4345:^ 4295:^ 4154:^ 3947:^ 3887:^ 3612:^ 3423:^ 3369:^ 3281:^ 3244:^ 3220:^ 3183:^ 3163:^ 3143:^ 3114:^ 3094:^ 3055:^ 3035:^ 3013:^ 2974:). 2953:). 2830:). 2776:^ 2754:^ 2749:). 2714:^ 2677:^ 2657:^ 2626:^ 2592:^ 2570:^ 2368:. 2298:. 2223:, 2182:, 2078:. 1985:. 1954:. 1859:, 1732:. 1700:, 1696:, 1646:. 1437:. 725:, 679:. 551:, 547:, 387:, 383:, 122:, 118:, 114:, 110:, 94:, 55:, 5144:. 5123:. 5085:. 4895:. 4415:. 4323:. 4021:. 3966:. 3925:. 3737:. 3682:. 3564:. 3239:. 2549:. 2478:" 1670:. 1048:. 260:(

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Knowledge

Geiseltal (fossil deposit)

Index