834:'s Division of Astronomical Sciences, through the Advisory Committee of the Directorate for Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS), conducted a community-based portfolio review to make implementation recommendations that would best respond to the decadal survey science questions. The resulting report, Advancing Astronomy in the Coming Decade: Opportunities and Challenges, was released in August 2012 and included recommendations related to all of the major telescope facilities funded by NSF. The Portfolio Review Committee report ranked Gemini Observatory as a critical component of the U.S.'s future astronomical research resources and recommended that the U.S. retain a majority share in the international partnership for at least the next several years. However, given the constraints that were considered, the Committee recommended that the U.S. contribution to Gemini operations be capped in 2017 and beyond.
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Board of
Directors and are proving popular with the user community. In 2015 up to 20 percent of available telescope time was used for Large and Long programs, which in terms of hours of observing attracted five times more user demand than could be accommodated. In the same period approximately 10 percent of telescope time was assigned to the Fast Turnaround program, which in the second half of 2015 was over-subscribed by a factor of 1.6. In 2015 the remaining U.S. time allocation on Gemini was over-subscribed by a factor of approximately 2, consistent with recent years.
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582:(STFC) had proposed that, to save £4 million annually, it would aim to leave the telescope's operating consortium. At a consortium meeting in January 2008, the conclusion was made that the UK would officially withdraw from the Gemini Partnership and the Gemini Observatory Agreement effective February 28, 2007. This decision significantly disrupted observatory budgets, and resulted in the cancellation of at least one instrument in development at that time, the Precision Radial Velocity Spectrograph.
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631:(NSF), which represents the US community in all aspects of Gemini operations and development. Gemini is currently managed by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA), Inc., on behalf of the partnership through an award from NSF. AURA has operated Gemini since its construction in the 1990s.
377:(AURA) manages the operations and maintenance of the observatory through a cooperative agreement with the NSF, acting as the Executive Agency on behalf of the international partners. NSF's NOIRLab is the US national center for ground-based, nighttime optical astronomy and operates Gemini as one of its programs.
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reinstatement into the agreement, and were officially welcomed back on
February 27, 2008. However, in December 2009 it was announced that the UK would indeed leave the Gemini partnership in 2012, as well as terminating several other international science partnerships, due to continuing funding limitations.
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In
January 2012, the Gemini Observatory started a new round of instrumentation development. This process has since resulted in the development of a high-resolution optical spectrograph known as GHOST, with commissioning beginning in April 2022 and on-sky science commissioning planned for June 2022.
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The first phase of Gemini instrumentation development did not run smoothly; schedules slipped by several years, and budgets sometimes overran by as much as a factor of two. In 2003 the instrument-development process was re-analysed in the Aspen report; for example, an incentive program was introduced
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NSF serves as the
Executive Agency and acts on behalf of the international participants. NSF has one seat on the Gemini Board; an additional NSF staff member serves as the Executive Secretary to the board. Programmatic management is the responsibility of an NSF Program Officer. The Program Officer
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On 22 October 2022, the 8.1m primary mirror of the Gemini North telescope was damaged when it touched an earthquake restraint while on a wash cart, being moved for stripping the silver coating before recoating. Two chips were created, on the bottom edge and at the margin of the main mirror. This has
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NSF has since commissioned a
National Research Council study, titled "A Strategy to Optimize the U.S. Optical/Infrared System in the Era of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope". The report made a recommendation that NSF work with its partners in Gemini to ensure that Gemini-South is well positioned
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An adaptive secondary mirror has been considered for Gemini, which would provide reasonable adaptive-optics corrections (equivalent to natural seeing at the 20th-percentile level for 80% of the time) to all instruments on the telescope to which it is attached. However, as of 2017, there are no plans
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At Gemini-S the Gemini Multi-Conjugate
Adaptive Optics System (GeMS) may be used with the FLAMINGOS-2 near-infrared imager and spectrometry, or the Gemini South Adaptive Optics Imager (GSAOI), which provides uniform, diffraction-limited image quality to arcminute-scale fields of view. GeMS achieved
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Ultra Low
Expansion glass. Each blank was constructed by the fusing together of and subsequent sagging of a series of smaller hexagonal pieces. This work was performed at Corning's Canton Plant facility located in upstate New York. The blanks were then transported via ship to REOSC, located south of
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With the signing of the new
International Agreement in late 2015, support from the five signatories (the U.S., Canada, Argentina, Brazil, and Chile) is secured for the period 2016–2021. Australia withdrew from the Gemini Observatory partnership in 2015, and Korea has joined the partnership in 2018.
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The Gemini
Observatory's primary mission is to serve the general astronomical communities in all of the participant countries; indeed, the Observatory provides the bulk of general access to large optical/infrared telescopes for many of the participants, and represents the only public-access 8 meter
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Since the reason for the UK breaking its part of the agreement seemed to be entirely financial, there was public outcry, including the "Save
Astronomy" movement which asked citizens to speak up against the astronomy budget cuts. The UK rethought their decision to withdraw from Gemini, and requested
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Gemini has in recent years developed innovative new observing modes. These include the ‘Large and Long’ program to support requests for large amounts of telescope time and the ‘Fast Turnaround’ program to provide quick access to the telescope. These and other modes have been approved by the Gemini
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were also involved in the Gemini Observatory partnership. However, the UK withdrew its funding at the end of 2012. In response, the observatory has significantly reduced operating costs, streamlined operations, and implemented energy-saving measures at both sites. Additionally, both telescopes are
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In any given year the two telescopes typically provided data for over 400 discrete science projects, over two-thirds of which are led by U.S. astronomers. About 50-70 percent of the top-ranked "Band 1" proposals reach 100 percent completion in any given year. Of order 90 percent of the available
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In recent years the Gemini Board has directed the observatory to support only four instruments at each telescope. Because Gemini-N and Gemini-S are essentially identical, the observatory is able to move instruments between the two sites, and does so on a regular basis. Two of the most popular
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Gemini also supports a vigorous visitor instrument program. Instruments may be brought to either telescope for short periods of time and used for specific observing programs by the instrument teams. In return for access to Gemini, the instruments are then made available to the entire Gemini
626:
The Observatory is governed by the Gemini Board, as defined by the Gemini International Agreement. The Board sets budgetary policy bounds for the Observatory and carries out broad oversight functions, with advice from a Science and Technology Advisory sub-Committee (the STAC) and a Finance
768:(CFHT) is also being used as a "visitor instrument", even though it never moves from CFHT. The instrument is connected to Gemini-North via a 270 meter long optic fibre. Known as GRACES, this arrangement provides very high resolution optical spectroscopy on an 8-meter class telescope.
539:. In addition, very high-quality infrared observations are possible due to the advanced protected silver coating applied to each telescope's mirrors, the small secondary mirrors in use (resulting in an f16 focal ratio), and the advanced ventilation systems installed at each site.
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A wide-field multi-object spectrograph achieved substantial scientific support, but would have required major changes to the design of the telescope – effectively it would have required one of the telescopes to be devoted to that instrument. The project was terminated in 2009.
830:(NRC) conducted its sixth decadal survey in astronomy and astrophysics to recommend key science questions and new initiatives for the current decade. Since both the NRC recommendations and current programs could not be accommodated within subsequent budget projections, the
602:(STScI). He was succeeded by Jean-René Roy, who served for nine months, after which time Doug Simons held the directorship from June 2006 to May 2011. He in turn was succeeded by an interim appointment of the then-retired Fred Chaffee, former director of
775:). Historically, mid-infrared observations have been obtained using T-ReCS at Gemini South and Michelle at Gemini North. Both instruments have imaging and spectroscopic capabilities, though neither is currently being used at Gemini.
384:
technology to counteract atmospheric blurring. Notably, Gemini leads in wide-field adaptive optics assisted infrared imaging and has recently commissioned the Gemini Planet Imager, enabling researchers to directly observe and study
476:, along with many other telescopes. That location provides excellent viewing conditions due to the superb atmospheric conditions (stable, dry, and rarely cloudy) above the 4,200-metre-high (13,800 ft) dormant volcano. It saw
740:
Near-infrared imaging and spectroscopy are provided by the NIRI, NIFS, GNIRS, FLAMINGOS-2, and GSAOI instruments. The availability and detailed descriptions of these instruments is documented on the Gemini Observatory Web site.
635:
monitors operations and development activities at the Observatory, nominates U.S. scientists to Gemini advisory committees, conducts reviews on behalf of the partnership, and approves funding actions, reports, and contracts.
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The currently effective International Agreement signed in 2020 November has the six signatories (Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Korea, and the US), and the Agreement is effective till the end of 2026.
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Gemini North Shutdown Extended Following Incident During Mirror Movement On Thursday 20 October 2022 the 8.1-meter primary mirror of Gemini North suffered damage to two areas on its outer and bottom edge
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community, so that they may be used for other science projects. Instruments that have made use of this program include the Differential Speckle Survey Instrument (DSSI), the Phoenix near-infrared
748:. GPI was built by a consortium of US and Canadian institutions to fulfill the requirements of the ExAOC Extreme Adaptive Optics Coronagraph proposal. GPI is an extreme adaptive-optics imaging
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instruments. A further challenge in designing large instruments is the requirement to have a specific mass and center-of-mass position to maintain the overall balance of the telescope.
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platforms. This makes instruments like high resolution spectrographs and adaptive optics systems much more difficult to construct, due to the size and mass requirement inherent with
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sub-Committee. The U.S. holds six of the 13 voting seats on the Gemini Board. The U.S. members of the Board typically serve three year terms and are recruited and nominated by the
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on a 22.5-arcsecond-square field and can feed NIRI, NIFS or GNIRS; it can use natural or laser guide stars. In conjunction with NIRI it was responsible for the discovery of
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Both Gemini telescopes employ sophisticated state-of-the-art adaptive optics systems. Gemini-N routinely uses the ALTAIR system, built in Canada, which achieves a 30–45%
651:. The bright central star has been mostly removed by a hardware and software mask to enable the detection of the exoplanet (labelled "b") that is one millionth as bright.
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It is estimated that the two telescopes cost approximately US$ 187 million to construct, and a night on each Gemini telescope is worth tens of thousands of U.S. dollars.
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where instrument developers were guaranteed substantial allocations of telescope time if they delivered the instrument on time and lose it as the instrument is delayed.
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842:(LSST). Observatory support for the development of a next-generation medium-resolution spectrograph over the next 5–6 years addresses this recommendation directly.
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class facility in the U.S. The observatory reaches out to its community through National Gemini Offices (NGOs), the U.S. office being located in Tucson at the
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since been repaired after several months of downtime and was back observing the sky on 2 June 2023 with apparently no loss of performance or quality.
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504:. Very dry air and negligible cloud cover make this another prime telescope location (again shared by several other observatories, including the
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Both Gemini telescopes employ a range of technologies to provide world-leading performance in optical and near-infrared astronomy, including
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Together, the two telescopes cover almost all of the sky except for two areas near the celestial poles: Gemini North cannot point north of
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with extreme faintness compared to their host stars. Gemini supports research across various domains of modern astronomy, including the
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Gemini's silver coating and infrared optimization allow sensitive observations in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum (5–27
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696:(LGS) on Gemini South, part of the adaptive optics system used to correct for distortions caused by turbulence in the atmosphere
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The Gemini telescopes are equipped with modern instruments and excel in optical and near-infrared performance. They utilize
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since September 6, 2018. jennifer Lotz left in 2024 and is replaced by Scott Dahm as an interim director in January 2024.
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Gemini North returns to cosmic exploration “with a bang” following repair and refurbishment of its 8-meter primary mirror
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1414:"A Strategy to Optimize the U.S. Optical and Infrared System in the Era of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST)"
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866:(MDM observatory). The transient event was called PS1-13cbe and was located in the Galaxy SDSS J222153.87+003054.2
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devices, which significantly improve performance in the far red part of the optical spectrum (700–1,000 nm).
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spectrometer, and the TEXES mid-infrared spectrometer. The ESPaDOnS spectrograph situated in the basement of the
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1361:"Call for White Papers to define the Gemini InfraRed-Optical Spectrometer (GIROS) | Gemini Observatory"
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The "Gemini South" telescope is located at over 2,700 metres (8,900 ft) elevation on a mountain in the
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Comparison of nominal sizes of apertures of the Gemini Observatory and some notable optical telescopes
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The Gemini was one of the telescopes that observed the turn-on of a nuclear transient, along with the
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The two 8-meter mirror blanks, each weighing over 22 t (24 short tons), were fabricated from
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1165:"Revolutionary Instrument Propels Astronomical Imaging to New Extremes | Gemini Observatory"
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The Gemini Observatory's international Headquarters and Northern Operations Center is located in
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373:. The NSF is the primary funding contributor, providing about 70% of the required resources. The
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first light on December 16, 2011. Using a constellation of five laser guide stars, it achieved
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succeeded Dr. Kissler-Patig in July 2017 with an interim appointment. The current director is
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1054:"AURA and Gemini Observatory Announce New Director | SpaceRef - Your Space Reference"
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at optical wavelengths. The detectors in each instrument have recently been upgraded with
508:(SOAR) and Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory). Gemini South saw first light in 2000.
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has signed an agreement to become a full participant of the Gemini Observatory.
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Gemini Planet Imager (GPI) image of a planet orbiting a distant star known as
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1141:"Gemini Observatory : Adaptive Optics Instrumentation and Capabilities"
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now operated remotely from Base Facility Operations centers located in
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One decision made during design to save money was eliminating the two
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of 0.08 arc-seconds in H band over a field of 87 arc-seconds square.
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University Park. The Southern Operations Center is located on the
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1439:"Rapid 'turn-on' of a nuclear transient observed by astronomers"
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A Gentle Rain of Starlight: The Story of Astronomy on Mauna Kea
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1075:"AURA selects Kissler-Patig as new Gemini Observatory Director"
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One of the most exciting new instruments at Gemini is GPI, the
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947:"Republic of Korea Becomes a Full Participant in Gemini"
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for faint-object spectroscopy early in the era of the
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Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy
535:, multi conjugate adaptive optics, and multi-object
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The "Gemini North" telescope, officially called the
1382:"GHOST Gemini High Resolution Optical SpecTrograph"
1542:Photos of Gemini and other Mauna Kea observatories
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680:to implement such an upgrade to either telescope.
516:Gemini South, on Cerro Pachón in the Chilean Andes
367:Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KASI)
2122:Buildings and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii
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1396:"US NSF - MPS - AST - Division Portfolio Review"
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578:In November 2007 it was announced that the UK's
488:Gemini North on the summit of Hawaii's Mauna Kea
480:in 1999 and began scientific operations in 2000.
40:Gemini North in Hawaii and Gemini South in Chile
704:Mosaic of a sample of disks found in new survey
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397:and evolution, galaxy structure and dynamics,
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898:List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
337:The observatory is owned and operated by the
330:List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
1562:"Science funding cuts to hit UK astronomers"
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1210:"Dusty Disks Imaged from NSF's NOIRLab"
451:Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory
302:comprises two 8.1-metre (26.6 ft)
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1009:. Saveastronomy.org.uk. Archived from
808:National Optical Astronomy Observatory
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610:, who held the post until June 2017.
326:telescopes available to astronomers.
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1988:
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2107:Astronomical observatories in Chile
1604:Astronomical observatories in Chile
1515:UK Re-instated as Partner in Gemini
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1537:Resolution of UK Partnership Issue
984:. Ausgo.aao.gov.au. Archived from
779:Instrumentation development issues
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559:for final grinding and polishing.
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594:The first director of Gemini was
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963:. Gemini.edu. 13 November 2002
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723:UK Astronomy Technology Centre
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2102:2000 establishments in Hawaii
1363:. Gemini.edu. 13 January 2012
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210:4,213 m (13,822 ft)
2097:2000 establishments in Chile
1910:Nicholas U. Mayall Telescope
1773:Santiago Metropolitan Region
1167:. Gemini.edu. 6 January 2012
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447:University of Hawaii at Hilo
212:2,722 m (8,930 ft)
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1490:National Science Foundation
1470:National Science Foundation
1250:"GMOS | Gemini Observatory"
1032:"UK physics budget slashed"
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832:National Science Foundation
731:integral field spectroscopy
717:instruments are the Gemini
629:National Science Foundation
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405:, and the structure of the
339:National Science Foundation
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1905:Víctor M. Blanco Telescope
1898:Telescopes and Instruments
719:Multi-Object Spectrographs
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1941:Lars Lindberg Christensen
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1492:announcement, 2023-06-07
1472:announcement, 2022-11-01
1342:. Gemini.edu. 2009-06-01
1314:. Lna.br. Archived from
1007:"Study Astronomy Online"
822:Prospects (2017 onwards)
622:Governance and oversight
399:supermassive black holes
280:Related media on Commons
194:Gemini South Observatory
154:Gemini North Observatory
16:Astronomical observatory
903:Mauna Kea Observatories
1288:"Gemini Planet Imager"
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604:W. M. Keck Observatory
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143:19.82396°N 155.46984°W
56:Alternative names
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1042:on December 22, 2009.
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856:Swift space telescope
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183:30.24073°S 70.73659°W
105:Mauna Kea Access Rd,
1550:by Michael J. West.
1270:"Gemini Observatory"
746:Gemini Planet Imager
608:Markus Kissler-Patig
464:Frederick C. Gillett
255:Cassegrain reflector
188:-30.24073; -70.73659
148:19.82396; -155.46984
1713:Magellan Telescopes
1640:Llano de Chajnantor
1567:The Daily Telegraph
735:Hamamatsu Photonics
453:(CTIO) campus near
178: /
138: /
90:Gemini Consortium (
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1870:Gemini Observatory
1612:Antofagasta Region
1525:2013-08-08 at the
1290:. Planetimager.org
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1121:Gemini Observatory
921:info@noirlab.edu.
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858:(aka Neil Gehrels
826:In 2010, the U.S.
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409:on large scales.
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466:Gemini Telescope
455:La Serena, Chile
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1520:Save Astronomy
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1499:External links
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1424:on 2019-10-24.
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418:United Kingdom
395:star formation
393:, exoplanets,
314:, situated in
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2057:Solar System
1986:
1970:
1958:
1936:Beth Willman
1869:
1758:Cerro Tololo
1741:
1738:Cerro Pachón
1708:Las Campanas
1565:
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1457:
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1442:
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1417:
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1355:
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1334:
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1282:
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1244:
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1224:
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1204:
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1191:. Gemini.edu
1180:
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1159:
1148:. Retrieved
1135:
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1120:
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1100:. Retrieved
1098:. 2017-07-02
1090:
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1077:. 2012-03-23
1069:
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1048:
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1011:the original
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986:the original
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659:
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537:spectroscopy
526:
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502:Cerro Pachón
462:
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440:
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411:
391:Solar System
379:
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312:Gemini South
311:
308:Gemini North
307:
299:
297:
261:Gemini South
250:Gemini North
112:Cerro Pachón
87:Organization
2045:Spaceflight
1946:Dara Norman
1400:www.nsf.gov
982:"Ausgo Faq"
927:noirlab.edu
750:polarimeter
684:Instruments
522:declination
478:first light
361:, MCTIP of
253:8.1 m
217:Established
186: /
146: /
133:155°28′11″W
120:Coordinates
69:Named after
19:Observatory
2091:Categories
2081:Technology
1448:2019-10-14
1367:2013-11-15
1346:2013-11-15
1325:2013-11-15
1294:2013-11-15
1255:2018-08-14
1235:2023-05-24
1215:2023-03-29
1195:2013-11-15
1171:2013-11-15
1150:2013-11-15
1146:. Noao.edu
1126:2024-07-17
1102:2012-03-24
1081:2012-03-24
1060:2013-11-15
1017:2013-11-15
992:2013-11-15
967:2013-11-15
932:2024-07-19
909:References
649:51 Eridani
568:Cassegrain
401:, distant
387:exoplanets
304:telescopes
241:Telescopes
192: (
173:70°44′12″W
170:30°14′27″S
152: (
130:19°49′26″N
870:Incidents
552:Corning's
474:Mauna Kea
427:La Serena
414:Australia
363:Argentina
1965:Category
1858:Programs
1809:Category
1763:La Silla
1564: —
1523:Archived
1443:phys.org
887:See also
437:Overview
416:and the
407:Universe
324:infrared
207:Altitude
102:Location
2127:NOIRLab
2069:Science
2007:Portals
1993:Commons
1851:NOIRLab
1675:Paranal
1664:NANTEN2
1486:NOIRLab
1466:NOIRLab
923:"About"
762:echelle
666:HR8799b
564:Nasmyth
543:History
500:called
495:Chilean
445:at the
403:quasars
355:CONICYT
232:.gemini
225:Website
114:, Chile
2021:Hawaii
1929:People
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365:, and
359:Brazil
351:Canada
345:, the
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1920:DECam
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1544:from
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860:Swift
557:Paris
498:Andes
328:(See
320:Chile
287:[
1752:SOAR
1690:SWGO
1654:ASTE
1649:ALMA
1644:APEX
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431:KASI
423:Hilo
318:and
310:and
298:The
234:.edu
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