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species can also be generalists, there is more competition between species, reducing the amount of resources for all generalists in an ecosystem. Specialist herbivores can have morphological differences as compared to generalists that allow them to be more efficient at hunting a certain prey item, or able to eat a plant that generalists would be less tolerant of.
221:
A benefit of a specialist species is that because the species has a more clearly defined niche, this reduces competition from other species. On the other hand, generalist species, by their nature, cannot realize as much resources from one niche, but instead find resources from many. Because other
206:, in which the fish constantly develops defenses against the parasite, while the parasite in turn evolves adaptations to cope with the specific defenses of its host. This tends to drive the
101:((butterflies and moths), many are specialist species. It is estimated that about half of native US bee species are pollen specialists, meaning they collect resources from specific
120:
The distinction between generalists and specialists is not limited to animals. For example, some plants require a narrow range of temperatures, soil conditions and
47:), others less so, and some can tolerate many different environments. In other words, there is a continuum from highly specialized to broadly generalist species.
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are often specialists, but those that eat a variety of plants may be considered generalists. A well-known example of a specialist animal is the monophagous
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do not all fit neatly into either group, however. Some species are highly specialized (the most extreme case being monophagous,
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is a generalist, because it has a natural range that includes most of North and
Central America, and it is omnivorous, eating
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When environmental conditions change, generalists are able to adapt, but specialists tend to fall victim to
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Clutton-Brock, T.H. (1975). "Feeding behaviour of red colobus and black and white colobus in East Africa".
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is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can make use of a variety of different
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can sometimes adapt to urban environments and other areas modified by humans, becoming examples of
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439:"Capture efficiency and trophic adaptations of a specialist and generalist predator: A comparison"
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can thrive only in a narrow range of environmental conditions or has a limited diet. Most
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of more specialized species provided conditions remain relatively stable. This involves
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much more easily. For example, if a species of fish were to go extinct, any specialist
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has a home range of 70 ha, which it requires to find patchy shoots, flowers and fruit.
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https://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/range556/appl_behave/projects/different_strokes.html
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332:"What is the role of native bees in the United States? | U.S. Geological Survey"
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155:(leaf-eaters), whose food-source is less abundant; they need a bigger area for
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could be considered a specialist species. It will die during winters at high
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Species that is able to thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions
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with other organisms. For example, a fish and its parasites are in an
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to survive while others can tolerate a broader range of conditions. A
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504:"Specialist versus generalist insect herbivores and plant defense"
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Michálek, Ondřej; Petráková, Lenka; Pekár, Stano (2017).
190:. On the other hand, a species with a highly specialized
167:, a folivore generalist, needs a home range of only 15
97:
When it comes to insects, particularly native bees and
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229:
113:. This reliance underscores the critical role of
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139:is controlled for, specialist feeders such as
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416:Townsend, C.; Begon, M.; Harper, J. (2003)
354:
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1529:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
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1301:
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171:. On the other hand, the more specialized
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1427:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1066:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
159:. An example comes from the research of
54:
1459:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
117:in supporting ecological food chains.
2112:
1267:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
358:An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology
348:
1296:
549:
1282:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
355:Krebs, J. R.; Davies, N. B. (1993).
82:, which subsists almost entirely on
1732:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
501:
13:
1485:Ecological effects of biodiversity
132:or if it receives too much water.
14:
2131:
821:Generalist and specialist species
420:(2nd edition) p.54-55 Blackwell,
1544:Occupancy–abundance relationship
306:Langellotto, Gail (2021-07-28).
232:
45:eating one specific type of food
1564:Relative abundance distribution
1277:Plant defense against herbivory
1144:Competitive exclusion principle
856:Mesopredator release hypothesis
214:as new species are formed, and
105:. For instance, the threatened
1149:Consumer–resource interactions
495:
430:
410:
375:
324:
299:
275:
50:
1:
1995:Biological data visualization
1822:Environmental niche modelling
1549:Population viability analysis
523:10.1016/j.tplants.2012.02.006
268:
109:exclusively lays its eggs on
1480:Density-dependent inhibition
7:
1949:Liebig's law of the minimum
1784:Resource selection function
675:Metabolic theory of ecology
283:"Insects Are a Lot Like Us"
225:
151:than generalists like some
10:
2136:
1849:Niche apportionment models
1569:Relative species abundance
773:Primary nutritional groups
670:List of feeding behaviours
502:Ali, Jared G. (May 2012).
263:List of feeding behaviours
2098:
2030:Ecosystem based fisheries
1972:
1872:
1797:
1670:
1642:Interspecific competition
1607:
1534:Minimum viable population
1467:
1392:Maximum sustainable yield
1377:Intraspecific competition
1372:Effective population size
1335:
1252:Anti-predator adaptations
1237:
1116:
1043:
1000:
922:
889:
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763:Photosynthetic efficiency
698:
592:
248:Cosmopolitan distribution
74:are usually generalists.
2020:Ecological stoichiometry
1985:Alternative stable state
533:– via Cornell.edu.
1864:Ontogenetic niche shift
1727:Ideal free distribution
1637:Ecological facilitation
1387:Malthusian growth model
1357:Consumer-resource model
1214:Paradox of the plankton
1179:Energy systems language
899:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
866:Optimal foraging theory
841:Heterotrophic nutrition
511:Trends in Plant Science
165:black-and-white colobus
2010:Ecological forecasting
1954:Marginal value theorem
1752:Landscape epidemiology
1687:Cross-boundary subsidy
1622:Biological interaction
972:Microbial intelligence
660:Green world hypothesis
200:evolutionary arms race
68:
2015:Ecological humanities
1914:Ecological energetics
1859:Niche differentiation
1722:Habitat fragmentation
1490:Ecological extinction
1437:Small population size
1189:Feed conversion ratio
1169:Ecological succession
1101:San Francisco Estuary
1015:Ecological efficiency
957:Microbial cooperation
443:Ecology and Evolution
418:Essentials of Ecology
194:is more effective at
163:, who found that the
58:
2040:Evolutionary ecology
2005:Ecological footprint
2000:Ecological economics
1924:Ecological threshold
1919:Ecological indicator
1789:Source–sink dynamics
1742:Land change modeling
1737:Insular biogeography
1589:Species distribution
1328:Modelling ecosystems
987:Microbial metabolism
826:Intraguild predation
615:Biogeochemical cycle
581:Modelling ecosystems
308:"Insect specialists"
188:also face extinction
59:Generalists such as
2090:Theoretical ecology
2065:Natural environment
1929:Ecosystem diversity
1899:Ecological collapse
1889:Bateman's principle
1844:Limiting similarity
1757:Landscape limnology
1579:Species homogeneity
1417:Population modeling
1412:Population dynamics
1229:Trophic state index
455:2017EcoEv...7.2756M
384:Folia Primatologica
361:. Wiley-Blackwell.
2101:Outline of ecology
2050:Industrial ecology
2045:Functional ecology
1909:Ecological deficit
1854:Niche construction
1817:Ecosystem engineer
1594:Species–area curve
1515:Introduced species
1330:: Other components
1262:Deimatic behaviour
1164:Ecological network
1096:North Pacific Gyre
1081:hydrothermal vents
1020:Ecological pyramid
967:Microbial food web
778:Primary production
723:Foundation species
312:Garden Ecology Lab
212:niche partitioning
173:red colobus monkey
69:
37:specialist species
21:generalist species
2107:
2106:
1990:Balance of nature
1747:Landscape ecology
1632:Community ecology
1574:Species diversity
1510:Indicator species
1505:Gradient analysis
1382:Logistic function
1290:
1289:
1247:Animal coloration
1224:Trophic mutualism
962:Microbial ecology
753:Photoheterotrophs
738:Myco-heterotrophy
650:Ecosystem ecology
635:Carrying capacity
600:Abiotic component
463:10.1002/ece3.2812
396:10.1159/000155671
258:Fitness landscape
161:Tim Clutton-Brock
107:monarch butterfly
2127:
1807:Ecological niche
1779:selection theory
1599:Umbrella species
1584:Species richness
1520:Invasive species
1500:Flagship species
1407:Population cycle
1402:Overexploitation
1367:Ecological yield
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1199:Mesotrophic soil
1139:Climax community
1071:Marine food webs
1010:Biomagnification
811:Chemoorganotroph
665:Keystone species
625:Biotic component
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449:(8): 2756–2766.
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27:(for example, a
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1894:Bioluminescence
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1837:marine habitats
1812:Ecological trap
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517:(5): 293–302.
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240:Ecology portal
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31:with a varied
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851:Mesopredators
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2070:Regime shift
2055:Macroecology
1776:
1772:
1712:Edge effects
1682:Biogeography
1627:Commensalism
1475:Biodiversity
1352:Allee effect
1091:kelp forests
1044:Example webs
909:Detritivores
820:
748:Organotrophs
728:Kinetotrophs
680:Productivity
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514:
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357:
350:
339:. Retrieved
336:www.usgs.gov
335:
326:
315:. Retrieved
311:
301:
290:. Retrieved
286:
277:
220:
216:biodiversity
202:, a form of
177:
147:have larger
141:insectivores
134:
119:
96:
86:leaves. The
70:
36:
20:
18:
1707:Disturbance
1610:interaction
1432:Recruitment
1362:Depensation
1154:Copiotrophs
1025:Energy flow
947:Lithotrophy
891:Decomposers
871:Planktivore
846:Insectivore
836:Heterotroph
801:Bacterivore
768:Phototrophs
718:Chemotrophs
690:Restoration
640:Competition
204:coevolution
149:home ranges
137:body weight
99:lepidoptera
51:Description
29:heterotroph
2075:Sexecology
1652:Parasitism
1617:Antibiosis
1452:Resistance
1447:Resilience
1337:Population
1257:Camouflage
1209:Oligotroph
1124:Ascendency
1086:intertidal
1076:cold seeps
1030:Food chain
831:Herbivores
806:Carnivores
733:Mixotrophs
708:Autotrophs
587:components
341:2024-06-14
317:2024-06-14
292:2024-06-14
269:References
208:speciation
180:extinction
145:frugivores
84:eucalyptus
76:Herbivores
1980:Allometry
1934:Emergence
1662:Symbiosis
1647:Mutualism
1442:Stability
1347:Abundance
1159:Dominance
1117:Processes
1106:tide pool
1002:Food webs
876:Predation
861:Omnivores
788:Consumers
743:Mycotroph
700:Producers
645:Ecosystem
610:Behaviour
471:2045-7758
196:competing
184:parasites
153:folivores
130:latitudes
72:Omnivores
41:organisms
25:resources
2114:Category
2035:Endolith
1964:Xerosere
1876:networks
1692:Ecocline
1238:Defense,
914:Detritus
816:Foraging
685:Resource
531:22425020
489:28428866
253:Endemism
226:See also
157:foraging
61:raccoons
2120:Ecology
2025:Ecopath
1832:Habitat
1702:Ecotype
1697:Ecotone
1674:ecology
1672:Spatial
1608:Species
1468:Species
1339:ecology
1324:Ecology
1272:Mimicry
1240:counter
1184:f-ratio
932:Archaea
620:Biomass
593:General
585:Trophic
577:Ecology
480:5395461
451:Bibcode
92:berries
88:raccoon
1056:Rivers
952:Marine
529:
487:
477:
469:
424:
404:805763
402:
365:
186:would
126:cactus
103:genera
1973:Other
1874:Other
1827:Guild
1799:Niche
1051:Lakes
507:(PDF)
135:When
80:koala
35:). A
1061:Soil
527:PMID
485:PMID
467:ISSN
422:ISBN
400:PMID
363:ISBN
143:and
33:diet
519:doi
475:PMC
459:doi
392:doi
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169:ha
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295:.
67:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
