Genetically modified food

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from Brazil nuts, which could be an allergen. A gene from the Brazil nut was inserted into soybeans during laboratory trials. Because it was discovered that those who were allergic to Brazil nuts could also be allergic to genetically modified soybeans, the experiment was stopped. In vitro assays such as RAST or serum from people allergic to the original crop could be applied to test the allergenicity of GM goods with known source of the gene. This was established in GM soybeans that expressed Brazil nut 2S proteins and GM potatoes that expressed cod protein genes. The expression and synthesis of new proteins that were previously unavailable in parental cells were achieved by gene transfer from the cells of one organism to the nuclei of another organism. The potential risks of allergy that may develop with the intake of transgenic food come from the amino acid sequence in protein formation. However, there have been no reports of allergic reactions to currently approved GM foods for human consumption, and experiments showed no measurable difference in allergenicity between GM and non-GM soybeans.

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crops (Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources, Committee on Environmental Impacts Associated with Commercialization of Transgenic Plants, National Research Council and Division on Earth and Life Studies 2002). Both the U.S. National Research Council and the Joint Research Centre (the European Union's scientific and technical research laboratory and an integral part of the European Commission) have concluded that there is a comprehensive body of knowledge that adequately addresses the food safety issue of genetically engineered crops (Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health and National Research Council 2004; European Commission Joint Research Centre 2008). These and other recent reports conclude that the processes of genetic engineering and conventional breeding are no different in terms of unintended consequences to human health and the environment (European Commission Directorate-General for Research and Innovation 2010).

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transcribed and translated into plant cells. Antibodies are often produced in response to the introduction of antigens, in which the pathological microflora obtains the immune response towards specific antigens. The transgenic organisms are usually applied to use as oral vaccines, which allows the active substances to enter the human digestive system, targeting the alimentary tract in which stimulate a mucosal immune response. This technique has been widely used in vaccine production including rice, maize, and soybeans. Additionally, transgenic plants are widely used as bioreactors in the production of pharmaceutical proteins and peptides, including vaccines, hormones, human serum albumin (HSA), etc. The suitability of transgenic plants can helps meet the demand for the rapid growth of therapeutic antibodies. All this has given new impetus to the development of medicine.

1955:(RR) soybean: "The amplification of soybean lectin gene by end-point polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was successfully achieved in all the steps of extraction and refining processes, until the fully refined soybean oil. The amplification of RR soybean by PCR assays using event-specific primers was also achieved for all the extraction and refining steps, except for the intermediate steps of refining (neutralisation, washing and bleaching) possibly due to sample instability. The real-time PCR assays using specific probes confirmed all the results and proved that it is possible to detect and quantify genetically modified organisms in the fully refined soybean oil. To our knowledge, this has never been reported before and represents an important accomplishment regarding the traceability of genetically modified organisms in refined oils." 1860:

however, the sense of crisis that this has generated for the European Union has intensified. Some member states, including Germany, France, Austria, Italy, and Luxembourg, have even banned the planting of certain GM food in their countries in response to public resistance to GM foods. The whole thing is set against a backdrop of consumers holding the attitude that GM foods are harmful to both the environment and human health, revolting against GM foods in an anti-biotech coalition. The current political deadlock over GM foods is also a consequence of the ban and has yet to be resolved by scientific methods and processes. Public opinion tends to politicize the GM issue, which is the main obstacle to an agreement in the EU.

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of the World Health Organization (WHO, 2002). These foods have been assessed for increased risks to human health by several national regulatory authorities (inter alia, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, China, the United Kingdom and the United States) using their national food safety procedures (ICSU). To date no verifiable untoward toxic or nutritionally deleterious effects resulting from the consumption of foods derived from genetically modified crops have been discovered anywhere in the world (GM Science Review Panel). Many millions of people have consumed foods derived from GM plants - mainly maize, soybean and oilseed rape - without any observed adverse effects (ICSU).

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other fields. 12 The EU law regulates the development and use of GMOs by allocating responsibilities to different authorities, public and private, accompanied by limited recognition of public information, consultation, and participation rights. The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) provided certain rights and protection for GM biotechnology in the EU. However, the value of human dignity, liberty, equality, and solidarity, as well as the status of democracy and law, as emphasized in the European Charter of Fundamental Rights, are considered the ethical framework governing the employment of scientific and technological research and development.

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traditional crops for water, light, and nutrients. Crossbreeding of spreading pollens with the surrounding organisms has led to the introduction of the modified resistant genes. An international database that demonstrated genetic contaminations with undesired seeds has been a major problem due to the expansion of field trials and commercially viable cultivation of GM crops around the world. Even a decrease in the number of one pest under the impact of a pest-resistant weed could increase the population of other pests that compete with it. Beneficial insects, so named because they prey on crop pests, were also exposed to dangerous doses of Bt.

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modified foods could also include religious and cultural groups, because the nature of GM foods goes against what they believe are natural products. On the one hand, it was found that consumers in most European countries, especially in northern Europe, the UK and Germany, believe that the benefits of GM foods do not outweigh the potential risks. On the other hand, consumers in the United States and other European countries generally hold to view that the risks of GM foods could be far less than the benefits it brought. GM foods are then expected to be supported by more appropriate policies and clearer regulations.

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GM products (mainly maize and soybeans) are as safe and nutritious as the respective conventional non-GM plant, and those raising still serious concerns, was observed. Moreover, it is worth mentioning that most of the studies demonstrating that GM foods are as nutritional and safe as those obtained by conventional breeding, have been performed by biotechnology companies or associates, which are also responsible of commercializing these GM plants. Anyhow, this represents a notable advance in comparison with the lack of studies published in recent years in scientific journals by those companies.

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research groups, is that biotechnology, and in particular GMOs, are not per se more risky than e.g. conventional plant breeding technologies." The World Health Organization, the American Medical Association, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the British Royal Society, and every other respected organization that has examined the evidence has come to the same conclusion: consuming foods containing ingredients derived from GM crops is no riskier than consuming the same foods containing ingredients from crop plants modified by conventional plant improvement techniques.

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consumer acceptance of biotechnology. The concept of transplanting animal DNA into plants is unsettling for many people. Studies have shown that consumers' attitudes towards GM technology are positively correlated to their knowledge about it. It was found that elevated acceptance of genetic modification is usually associated with a high education level, whereas high levels of perceived risks are associated with the opposite. People tend to worry about unpredictable dangers due to the lack of sufficient knowledge to predict or avoid negative impacts.

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Canada, Colombia, EU, Japan, Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Philippines, the Russian Federation and Singapore. Pulp from the refining process is used as animal feed. The sugar produced from GM sugar beets contains no DNA or protein – it is just sucrose that is chemically indistinguishable from sugar produced from non-GM sugar beets. Independent analyses conducted by internationally recognized laboratories found that sugar from Roundup Ready sugar beets is identical to the sugar from comparably grown conventional (non-Roundup Ready) sugar beets.

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Bt genes are usually obtained from the soil bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis, and they can generate a protein that breaks down in the insect’s gut, releasing a toxin called delta-endotoxin, which causes paralysis and death. Concerns about resistance and off-target effects of crops expressing Bt toxins, consequences of transgenic herbicide-tolerant plants caused by the use of herbicide, and the transfer of gene expression from GM crops via vertical and horizontal gene transfer are all related to the expression of transgenic material.

1192:(Bt) that kills certain insects. About 90% of the corn grown in the US was genetically modified in 2010. In the US in 2015, 81% of corn acreage contained the Bt trait and 89% of corn acreage contained the glyphosate-tolerant trait. Corn can be processed into grits, meal and flour as an ingredient in pancakes, muffins, doughnuts, breadings and batters, as well as baby foods, meat products, cereals and some fermented products. Corn-based masa flour and masa dough are used in the production of taco shells, corn chips and tortillas. 12175: 1121: 79: 1667:

nutraceutical levels and health-promoting chemicals, making them a desirable component of a varied diet. Among the notable breakthroughs of genetic modification is Golden Rice, whose genome is altered by the injection of the vitamin A gene from a daffodil plant conditioning provitamin A production. This increases the activity of phytoene synthase, which therefore synthesizes a higher amount of beta-carotene, followed by modification and improvement of the level of iron and

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scientists. The major disagreements include whether GM foods can be safely consumed, harm the human body and the environment and/or are adequately tested and regulated. The objectivity of scientific research and publications has been challenged. Farming-related disputes include the use and impact of pesticides, seed production and use, side effects on non-GMO crops/farms, and potential control of the GM food supply by seed companies.

12206: 1534:). "Despite methods that are becoming more and more sensitive, tests have not yet been able to establish a difference in the meat, milk, or eggs of animals depending on the type of feed they are fed. It is impossible to tell if an animal was fed GM soy just by looking at the resulting meat, dairy, or egg products. The only way to verify the presence of GMOs in animal feed is to analyze the origin of the feed itself." 13662: 12216: 1012: 13650: 12196: 10237: 12165: 1217: 1146:. The plant's flowering cycle was changed to provide for more uniform growth and quality. The fruit "does not have the ability to propagate and persist in the environment once they have been harvested", according to USDA APHIS. According to Del Monte's submission, the pineapples are commercially grown in a "monoculture" that prevents seed production, as the plant's flowers aren't exposed to compatible 1798:. Regulation also varies depending on the intended product's use. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety. European and EU regulation has been far more restrictive than anywhere else in the world: In 2013 only 1 cultivar of maize/corn and 1 cultivar of potato were approved, and eight EU member states did not allow even those. 1526:, much of which is composed of the leftovers from processing crops, including GM crops. For example, approximately 43% of a canola seed is oil. What remains after oil extraction is a meal that becomes an ingredient in animal feed and contains canola protein. Likewise, the bulk of the soybean crop is grown for oil and meal. The high-protein defatted and toasted soy meal becomes livestock feed and 1658:. Genetically modified (GM) food crops can be cultivated in locations with unfavorable climatic conditions on occasion. The quality and yield of genetically modified foods are often improved. These foods tend to grow more quickly than conventionally cultivated ones. Furthermore, the application of genetically modified food could be beneficial in resisting drought and poor soil. 1431:, though the majority of lecithin commercially available is derived from soy. Sufficiently processed lecithin is often undetectable with standard testing practices. According to the FDA, no evidence shows or suggests hazard to the public when lecithin is used at common levels. Lecithin added to foods amounts to only 2 to 10 percent of the 1 to 5 g of 3190:. Overall, a broad scientific consensus holds that currently marketed GM food poses no greater risk than conventional food... Major national and international science and medical associations have stated that no adverse human health effects related to GMO food have been reported or substantiated in peer-reviewed literature to date. 1757:" (GRAS) and therefore do not require additional testing if the GMO product is substantially equivalent to the non-modified product. If new substances are found, further testing may be required to satisfy concerns over potential toxicity, allergenicity, possible gene transfer to humans or genetic outcrossing to other organisms. 1966:(NRCS). Suggestions include educating farmers on the importance of coexistence, providing farmers with tools and incentives to promote coexistence, conducting research to understand and monitor gene flow, providing assurance of quality and diversity in crops, and providing compensation for actual economic losses for farmers. 1613:(also called rBST, or bovine growth hormone or BGH) is approved for administration to increase milk production. rBST may be present in milk from rBST treated cows, but it is destroyed in the digestive system and even if directly injected into the human bloodstream, has no observable effect on humans. The FDA, 3595:

GM foods currently available on the international market have passed safety assessments and are not likely to present risks for human health. In addition, no effects on human health have been shown as a result of the consumption of such foods by the general population in the countries where they have

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Despite various concerns, today, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the World Health Organization, and many independent international science organizations agree that GMOs are just as safe as other foods. Compared with conventional breeding techniques, genetic engineering is far

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The presented articles suggesting possible harm of GMOs received high public attention. However, despite their claims, they actually weaken the evidence for the harm and lack of substantial equivalency of studied GMOs. We emphasize that with over 1783 published articles on GMOs over the last 10 years

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Currently available transgenic crops and foods derived from them have been judged safe to eat and the methods used to test their safety have been deemed appropriate. These conclusions represent the consensus of the scientific evidence surveyed by the ICSU (2003) and they are consistent with the views

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Consumers could be categorized based on their attitudes regarding genetically modified foods. The ‘attitudinal’ sector of US consumers could be explained in part by cognitive characteristics that are not always observable. Individual characteristics and values, for example, can play a role in shaping

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Scientists suggest that consumers should also pay attention to the health issues associated with the utilizations of pesticide-resistant and herbicide-resistant plants. The ‘Bt’ genes cause insect resistance in today's GM crops; however, other methods to confer insect resistance are in the works. The

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The European Union's control of genetically modified organisms is a particular part of an image of the promise and limitations of debate as a framework for supranational regulation. The issues posed by the EU’s GMO regulation have caused major problems in agriculture, politics, societies, status, and

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that currently available food derived from GM crops poses no greater risk to human health than conventional food, but that each GM food needs to be tested on a case-by-case basis before introduction. Nonetheless, members of the public are much less likely than scientists to perceive GM foods as safe.

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Genetically modified foods are usually edited to have some desired characteristics, including certain benefits for surviving extreme environments, an enhanced level to nutrition, the access of therapeutic substances, and the resistance genes to pesticide and herbicides. These characteristics could be

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A 2012 literature review of studies evaluating the effect of GM feed on the health of animals did not find evidence that animals were adversely affected, although small biological differences were occasionally found. The studies included in the review ranged from 90 days to two years, with several of

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was extensively adopted in the United States. 95% of beet acres in the US were planted with glyphosate-resistant seed in 2011. GM sugar beets are approved for cultivation in the US, Canada and Japan; the vast majority are grown in the US. GM beets are approved for import and consumption in Australia,

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Even greater inconsistency and confusion is associated with various "Non-GMO" or "GMO-free" labelling schemes in food marketing, where even products such as water or salt, that do not contain any organic substances and genetic material (and thus cannot be genetically modified by definition) are being

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Several scientific organizations in the US have issued studies or statements regarding the safety of GMOs indicating that there is no evidence that GMOs present unique safety risks compared to conventionally bred products. These include the National Research Council, the American Association for the

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In spite of this, the number of studies specifically focused on safety assessment of GM plants is still limited. However, it is important to remark that for the first time, a certain equilibrium in the number of research groups suggesting, on the basis of their studies, that a number of varieties of

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The literature about Biodiversity and the GE food/feed consumption has sometimes resulted in animated debate regarding the suitability of the experimental designs, the choice of the statistical methods or the public accessibility of data. Such debate, even if positive and part of the natural process

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In terms of socioeconomics, GM crops are usually dependent on high levels of external products, for example, pesticides and herbicides, which limit GM crops to high-input agriculture. This, coupled with the widespread patents held on GM crops, limited farmers’ trading rights over the harvested seeds

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Studies have proven that herbicide resistant pollen from transgenic rapeseed could spread up to 3 km, while the average gene spread of transgenic crops is 2 km and even reach to maximum 21 kilometers. The high aggressiveness of these GM crops could cause certain disasters by competing with

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The genetically modified organisms, including potato, tomato, and spinach are applied in the production of substances that stimulate the immune system to respond to specific pathogens. With the help of recombinant DNA techniques, the genes encoded for viral or bacterial antigens could be genetically

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By 2010, 29 countries had planted commercialized biotech crops and a further 31 countries had granted regulatory approval for transgenic crops to be imported. The US was the leading country in the production of GM foods in 2011, with twenty-five GM crops having received regulatory approval. In 2015,

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Shukla VK, Doyon Y, Miller JC, DeKelver RC, Moehle EA, Worden SE, Mitchell JC, Arnold NL, Gopalan S, Meng X, Choi VM, Rock JM, Wu YY, Katibah GE, Zhifang G, McCaskill D, Simpson MA, Blakeslee B, Greenwalt SA, Butler HJ, Hinkley SJ, Zhang L, Rebar EJ, Gregory PD, Urnov FD (May 2009). "Precise genome

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Members of the GM jury project were briefed on various aspects of genetic modification by a diverse group of acknowledged experts in the relevant subjects. The GM jury reached the conclusion that the sale of GM foods currently available should be halted and the moratorium on commercial growth of GM

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Here, we show that a number of articles some of which have strongly and negatively influenced the public opinion on GM crops and even provoked political actions, such as GMO embargo, share common flaws in the statistical evaluation of the data. Having accounted for these flaws, we conclude that the

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The introduction of GM crops in place of more locally adapted varieties could lead to long-term negative effects on the entire agricultural system. Much of the concern with GM technology involves encoding genes that increase or decrease biochemicals. Alternatively, the newly programmed enzyme might

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assesses GM foods for their toxicity, nutritional value, and potential to cause allergic reactions. GM foods can be authorised for sale where they present no risk to health, do not mislead consumers, and have nutritional value at least equivalent to non-modified counterparts. The Genetic Technology

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The Royal Society review (2002) concluded that the risks to human health associated with the use of specific viral DNA sequences in GM plants are negligible, and while calling for caution in the introduction of potential allergens into food crops, stressed the absence of evidence that commercially

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The EU, for example, has invested more than €300 million in research on the biosafety of GMOs. Its recent report states: "The main conclusion to be drawn from the efforts of more than 130 research projects, covering a period of more than 25 years of research and involving more than 500 independent

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consumed daily on average. Nonetheless, consumer concerns about GM food extend to such products. This concern led to policy and regulatory changes in Europe in 2000, when Regulation (EC) 50/2000 was passed which required labelling of food containing additives derived from GMOs, including lecithin.

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The discovery of DNA and the improvement of genetic technology in the 20th century played a crucial role in the development of transgenic technology. In 1988, genetically modified microbial enzymes were first approved for use in food manufacture. Recombinant rennet was used in few countries in the

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There is broad scientific consensus that genetically engineered crops currently on the market are safe to eat. After 14 years of cultivation and a cumulative total of 2 billion acres planted, no adverse health or environmental effects have resulted from commercialization of genetically engineered

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New allergies could be introduced inadvertently, according to scientists, community groups, and members of the public concerned about the genetic variation of foods. An example involves the methionine rich soybean production. Methionine is an amino acid obtained by synthesizing substances derived

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Due to the political, religious, and social differences in EU countries, the EU’s position on GM has been divided geographically, including more than 100 “GM-free” regions. Different regional attitudes to GM foods make it nearly impossible to reach a common agreement on GM foods. In recent years,

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The genetically modified foods controversy consists of a set of disputes over the use of food made from genetically modified crops. The disputes involve consumers, farmers, biotechnology companies, governmental regulators, non-governmental organizations, environmental and political activists and

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is generally associated with the development of chronic diseases and developmental aberrations. Alimentary lipids can be modified to gain an increased saturated fatty acid together with a decreased polyunsaturated fatty acid component. Genes coded for the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids are

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The largest differences between the public and the AAAS scientists are found in beliefs about the safety of eating genetically modified (GM) foods. Nearly nine-in-ten (88%) scientists say it is generally safe to eat GM foods compared with 37% of the general public, a difference of 51 percentage

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When seeking to optimise the balance between benefits and risks, it is prudent to err on the side of caution and, above all, learn from accumulating knowledge and experience. Any new technology such as genetic modification must be examined for possible benefits and risks to human health and the

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We have reviewed the scientific literature on GE crop safety for the last 10 years that catches the scientific consensus matured since GE plants became widely cultivated worldwide, and we can conclude that the scientific research conducted so far has not detected any significant hazard directly

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Another crucial link of the change in consumer attitudes towards genetically modified foods has been shown to be closely related to their interaction with socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, for example, age, ethnicity, residence, and level of consumption. Opposition to genetically

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On the basis of detailed examination of comparisons of currently commercialized GE with non-GE foods in compositional analysis, acute and chronic animal toxicity tests, long-term data on health of livestock fed GE foods, and human epidemiological data, the committee found no differences that

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Increased levels of specific nutrients in food crops can be achieved by genetic engineering. The study of this technique, sometimes known as nutritional improvement, is already well advanced. Foods are well monitored to gain specific qualities that became practical, for example, concentrated

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Andersen, Martin Marchman; Landes, Xavier; Xiang, Wen; Anyshchenko, Artem; Falhof, Janus; Østerberg, Jeppe Thulin; Olsen, Lene Irene; Edenbrandt, Anna Kristina; Vedel, Suzanne Elizabeth; Thorsen, Bo Jellesmark; Sandøe, Peter; Gamborg, Christian; Kappel, Klemens; Palmgren, Michael G. (2015).

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Advancement of Science, and the American Medical Association. Groups in the US opposed to GMOs include some environmental organizations, organic farming organizations, and consumer organizations. A substantial number of legal academics have criticized the US's approach to regulating GMOs.

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Loo, Jacky Fong-Chuen; But, Grace Wing-Chiu; Kwok, Ho-Chin; Lau, Pui-Man; Kong, Siu-Kai; Ho, Ho-Pui; Shaw, Pang-Chui (2019). "A rapid sample-to-answer analytical detection of genetically modified papaya using loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay on lab-on-a-disc for field use".

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is a mixture of enzymes used to coagulate milk into cheese. Originally it was available only from the fourth stomach of calves, and was scarce and expensive, or was available from microbial sources, which often produced unpleasant tastes. Genetic engineering made it possible to extract

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The Non-GMO Project is the sole U.S. organization that does verifiable testing and places seals on labels for presence of GMO in products. The "Non-GMO Project Seal" indicates that the product contains 0.9% or less GMO ingredients, which is the European Union's standard for labeling.

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In our view, the potential for GM foods to cause harmful health effects is very small and many of the concerns expressed apply with equal vigour to conventionally derived foods. However, safety concerns cannot, as yet, be dismissed completely on the basis of information currently

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A report issued by the scientific council of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that no long-term health effects have been detected from the use of transgenic crops and genetically modified foods, and that these foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional

1876:(Precision Breeding) Act passed into law on 23 March 2023. The UK government said it would allow farmers to "grow crops which are drought and disease resistant, reduce use of fertilisers and pesticides, and help breed animals that are protected from catching harmful diseases". 2083:

Another concern raised by ecologists is the possible spread of the pest-resistant genes to wildlife. This is an example of gene pollution, which is often associated with a decrease in biodiversity, proliferation resistant weeds, and the formation of new pests and pathogens.

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therefore introduced into plant cells, increasing the synthesis of polyunsaturated omega-3 acids. This omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is responsible to lower the level of LDL cholesterol and triglyceride level as well as the incidence rate of cardiovascular diseases.

1671:. This affects the rice’s color and vitamin content, which is beneficial in places where vitamin A shortage is common. In addition, increased mineral, vitamin A, and protein content has played a critical role in preventing childhood blindness and iron deficiency anemia. 8084: 3700:

available GM foods cause clinical allergic manifestations. The BMA shares the view that there is no robust evidence to prove that GM foods are unsafe but we endorse the call for further research and surveillance to provide convincing evidence of safety and benefit.

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crops should be continued. These conclusions were based on the precautionary principle and lack of evidence of any benefit. The Jury expressed concern over the impact of GM crops on farming, the environment, food safety and other potential health effects.

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The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation, which varied due to geographical, religious, social, and other factors.

471:, and the possession of therapeutic substances, are often extracted and transferred to the target organisms, providing them with superior survival and production capacity. The improved utilization value usually gave consumers benefit in specific aspects. 1832:. Like USDA, EPA also oversees field testing and the distribution of crops that have had contact with pesticides to ensure environmental safety. In 2015 the Obama administration announced that it would update the way the government regulated GM crops. 1835:

In 1992 FDA published "Statement of Policy: Foods derived from New Plant Varieties". This statement is a clarification of FDA's interpretation of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to foods produced from new plant varieties developed using

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Different GM organisms include different genes inserted in different ways. This means that individual GM foods and their safety should be assessed on a case-by-case basis and that it is not possible to make general statements on the safety of all GM

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The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation. Countries such as the United States, Canada, Lebanon and Egypt use

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approval in the United States, after the USDA said it would not have to go through the agency's regulatory process. The agency considers the mushroom exempt because the editing process did not involve the introduction of foreign DNA, rather several

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US and Canadian national policy is to require a label only given significant composition differences or documented health impacts, although some individual US states (Vermont, Connecticut and Maine) enacted laws requiring them. In July 2016,

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In some jurisdictions, the labeling requirement depends on the relative quantity of GMO in the product. A study that investigated voluntary labeling in South Africa found that 31% of products labeled as GMO-free had a GM content above 1.0%.

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Efforts across the world that are being made to help restrict and label GMO's in food involve anti-genetic engineering campaigns and in America the "Just Label It" movement is joining organizations together to call for mandatory labeling.

9541: 882:(TALENs), and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR). TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages. TALENs have greater target specificity, while CRISPR is easier to design and more efficient. 1326:

examined transgenic experimentation on terrestrial livestock species as well as aquatic species such as fish and shellfish. The review examined the molecular techniques used for experimentation as well as techniques for tracing the

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Paine JA, Shipton CA, Chaggar S, Howells RM, Kennedy MJ, Vernon G, Wright SY, Hinchliffe E, Adams JL, Silverstone AL, Drake R (April 2005). "Improving the nutritional value of Golden Rice through increased pro-vitamin A content".

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The foundation of genetic engineering is DNA, which directs the production of proteins. Proteins are also the common source of human allergens. When new proteins are introduced they must be assessed for potential allergenicity.

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Costa, Joana; Mafra, Isabel; Amaral, Joana S.; Oliveira, M.B.P.P. (2010). "Monitoring genetically modified soybean along the industrial soybean oil extraction and refining processes by polymerase chain reaction techniques".

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to determine if further testing is required, while many countries such as those in the European Union, Brazil and China only authorize GMO cultivation on a case-by-case basis. In the U.S. the FDA determined that GMOs are

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Adoption by farmers has been rapid, between 1996 and 2013, the total surface area of land cultivated with GM crops increased by a factor of 100. Geographically though the spread has been uneven, with strong growth in the

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Ye, Xudong; Al-Babili, Salim; Klöti, Andreas; Zhang, Jing; Lucca, Paola; Beyer, Peter; Potrykus, Ingo (2000-01-14). "Engineering the Provitamin A (β-Carotene) Biosynthetic Pathway into (Carotenoid-Free) Rice Endosperm".

1633:, analyzing submitted evidence, found a "compositional difference" between milk from rBGH-treated cows and milk from untreated cows. The court stated that milk from rBGH-treated cows has: increased levels of the hormone 531:(GMO) is not clear and varies widely between countries, international bodies and other communities, has changed significantly over time, and was subject to numerous exceptions based on "convention", such as exclusion of 944:

based one. Genetically modified crops engineered to resist herbicides are now more available than conventionally bred resistant varieties. Most currently available genes used to engineer insect resistance come from the

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been approved. Continuous application of safety assessments based on the Codex Alimentarius principles and, where appropriate, adequate post market monitoring, should form the basis for ensuring the safety of GM foods.

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Crops and foods produced using recombinant DNA techniques have been available for fewer than 10 years and no long-term effects have been detected to date. These foods are substantially equivalent to their conventional

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Because of the difficulty of detecting the origin of derivatives like lecithin with current testing practices, European regulations require those who wish to sell lecithin in Europe to employ a comprehensive system of

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Snell, C; Bernheim, A; Berge, JB; Kuntz, M; Pascal, G; Paris, A; Ricroch, AE (2012). "Assessment of the health impact of GM plant diets in long-term and multigenerational animal feeding trials: A literature review".

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I began this article with the testimonials from respected scientists that there is literally no scientific controversy over the health effects of GMOs. My investigation into the scientific literature tells another

1840:. FDA encouraged developers to consult with the FDA regarding any bioengineered foods in development. The FDA says developers routinely do reach out for consultations. In 1996 FDA updated consultation procedures. 1242:, a deficiency which each year is estimated to kill 670,000 children under the age of 5 and cause an additional 500,000 cases of irreversible childhood blindness. The original golden rice produced 1.6μg/g of the 3979: 13448: 970:(CpTI). CpTI was first approved for use cotton in 1999 and is currently undergoing trials in rice. Less than one percent of GM crops contained other traits, which include providing virus resistance, delaying 3517: 3914: 3518:

National Academies Of Sciences, Engineering; Division on Earth Life Studies; Board on Agriculture Natural Resources; Committee on Genetically Engineered Crops: Past Experience Future Prospects (2016).

7391: 9714:"To better detect potential harms of bioengineered foods, the Council believes that pre-market safety assessment should shift from a voluntary notification process to a mandatory requirement." p. 7 9302: 3474:"Bioengineered foods have been consumed for close to 20 years, and during that time, no overt consequences on human health have been reported and/or substantiated in the peer-reviewed literature". 1637:(IGF-1); higher fat content and lower protein content when produced at certain points in the cow's lactation cycle; and more somatic cell counts, which may "make the milk turn sour more quickly". 6655: 1544:

produced by genetically modified microorganisms are also integrated into animal feed to enhance availability of nutrients and overall digestion. These enzymes may also provide benefit to the gut

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Black RE, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Ezzati M, Mathers C, Rivera J (January 2008). "Maternal and child undernutrition: global and regional exposures and health consequences".

905:. The first crops developed were used for animal or human food and provide resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, spoilage or chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a 9548: 990:

in 2013. Although doubts have been raised, most studies have found growing GM crops to be beneficial to farmers through decreased pesticide use as well as increased crop yield and farm profit.

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One existing crop, genetically engineered "golden rice" that produces vitamin A, already holds enormous promise for reducing blindness and dwarfism that result from a vitamin-A deficient diet.

11790: 7283: 6767: 3393: 2202:"Biochemical Method for Inserting New Genetic Information into DNA of Simian Virus 40: Circular SV40 DNA Molecules Containing Lambda Phage Genes and the Galactose Operon of Escherichia coli" 7045:

Ye X, Al-Babili S, Klöti A, Zhang J, Lucca P, Beyer P, Potrykus I (January 2000). "Engineering the provitamin A (beta-carotene) biosynthetic pathway into (carotenoid-free) rice endosperm".

629:(Bt) Potato was approved for cultivation, making it the first pesticide producing crop to be approved in the US. Other genetically modified crops receiving marketing approval in 1995 were: 7904:

Klein, Joachim; Altenbuchner, Josef; Mattes, Ralf (1998-02-26). "Nucleic acid and protein elimination during the sugar manufacturing process of conventional and transgenic sugar beets".

4554: 4377: 1795: 764:

Creating genetically modified food is a multi-step process. The first step is to identify a useful gene from another organism that you would like to add. The gene can be taken from a

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The legal and regulatory status of GM foods varies by country, with some nations banning or restricting them, and others permitting them with widely differing degrees of regulation.

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salmon was the only animal approved for commercial production, sale and consumption by the FDA. It is the first genetically modified animal to be approved for human consumption.

1150:

sources. Importation into Hawaii is banned for "plant sanitation" reasons. Del Monte launched sales of their pink pineapples in October 2020, marketed under the name "Pinkglow".

493:

Genetically modified foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering as opposed to traditional

6834: 577:) are used to breed the next generation and organisms lacking the trait are not bred, is a precursor to the modern concept of genetic modification (GM). With the discovery of 9730: 4651: 2050:

The conflicts have continued since GM foods were invented. They have occupied the media, the courts, local, regional, national governments, and international organizations.

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developed by crossing 'SunUp' and nontransgenic yellow-fleshed "Kapoho". The GM cultivar was approved in 1998 and by 2010 80% of Hawaiian papaya was genetically engineered.

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To date, no material differences in composition or safety of commercialized GE crops have been identified that would justify a label based on the GE nature of the product.

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Opponents claim that long-term health risks have not been adequately assessed and propose various combinations of additional testing, labeling or removal from the market.

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that moves it from regulation based on characteristics of the development-process (process-based regulation) to characteristics of the product (product-based regulation).

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without paying royalties. Other arguments against GM crops held by some opponents are based on the high costs of isolating and distributing GM crops over non-GM crops.

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in the late 1990s, was developed for the fast food market. It was withdrawn in 2001 after retailers rejected it and food processors ran into export problems. In 2011,

738:

and second set of CRISPR-edited food has gone on public sale in Japan: two fish of which one species grows to twice the size of natural specimens due to disruption of

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Genetically modified livestock are organisms from the group of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, birds, horses and fish kept for human consumption, whose genetic material (

1606:

was made with FPC. Its global market share approached 80%. By 2008, approximately 80% to 90% of commercially made cheeses in the US and Britain were made using FPC.

1530:. 98% of the US soybean crop goes for livestock feed. In 2011, 49% of the US maize/corn harvest was used for livestock feed (including the percentage of waste from 11958: 9728:

Proposals for managing the coexistence of GM, conventional and organic crops Response to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs consultation paper.

9747: 2153: 7730: 4632: 2401: 13698: 9636: 8848: 6768:"Availability of Petition for Determination of Nonregulated Status of Potato Genetically Engineered for Low Acrylamide Potential and Reduced Black Spot Bruise" 6196: 3918: 1951:

In a January 2010 paper, the extraction and detection of DNA along a complete industrial soybean oil processing chain was described to monitor the presence of

982:

and parts of Asia and little in Europe and Africa in 2013 only 10% of world cropland was GM, with the US, Canada, Brazil, and Argentina being 90% of that. Its

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it is expected that some of them should have reported undesired differences between GMOs and conventional crops even if no such differences exist in reality.

360: 8168: 5362:

Grizot S, Smith J, Daboussi F, Prieto J, Redondo P, Merino N, Villate M, Thomas S, Lemaire L, Montoya G, Blanco FJ, Pâques F, Duchateau P (September 2009).

4540:

James, Clive (2010). "Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995: The First Decade of Crop Biotechnology".

3097:

Panchin, Alexander Y.; Tuzhikov, Alexander I. (January 14, 2016). "Published GMO studies find no evidence of harm when corrected for multiple comparisons".

2909:

of review by the scientific community, has frequently been distorted by the media and often used politically and inappropriately in anti-GE crops campaigns.

456:

and for better nutrient profiles. The production of golden rice in 2000 marked a further improvement in the nutritional value of genetically modified food.

404:. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods, such as 9707: 9325: 3451: 7398: 2925:"State of Food and Agriculture 2003–2004. Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor. Health and environmental impacts of transgenic crops" 2017: 11923: 8877: 6233: 623:

that delayed ripening. China was the first country to commercialize a transgenic crop in 1993 with the introduction of virus-resistant tobacco. In 1995,

7446: 6659: 1427:. It can be found in egg yolks and oil-producing plants. It is an emulsifier and thus is used in many foods. Corn, soy and safflower oil are sources of 581:

in the early 1900s and various advancements in genetic techniques through the 1970s it became possible to directly alter the DNA and genes within food.

13443: 5180:

National Research Council (US) Committee on Identifying and Assessing Unintended Effects of Genetically Engineered Foods on Human Health (2004-01-01).

1501:

and is used in prepared foods. There is a vanishingly small amount of protein or DNA from the original crop in vegetable oil. Vegetable oil is made of

4248: 2864: 1591:(FPC) used by cheese producers has an amino acid sequence that is identical to bovine rennet. The majority of the applied chymosin is retained in the 13433: 11953: 11409: 7712: 4296: 9673: 9251: 8059: 7287: 933:

like cotton, soybean, maize/corn and canola and the vast majority of the introduced traits provide either herbicide tolerance or insect resistance.

11913: 5336: 4526: 12252: 10331: 9175: 7628: 1063:, where there is an exemption on growing and releasing any varieties of GM papaya, more than 80% of grown and imported papayas were transgenic. 11090: 7845: 2187:, Prepared by the UK GM Science Review panel (July 2003). Chairman Professor Sir David King, Chief Scientific Advisor to the UK Government, P 9 1760:

Some studies purporting to show harm have been discredited, in some cases leading to academic condemnation against the researchers such as the

879: 8497: 6582:"Genetically Modified Organisms (Control of Release) Ordinance Cap. 607: Review of the Exemption of Genetically Modified Papayas in Hong Kong" 4732:

Webster, TM; Grey, TL (2015). "Glyphosate-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Morphology, Growth, and Seed Production in Georgia".

1807: 1791: 11845: 10269: 9789: 6922: 6807: 6749: 1825: 1630: 9353: 7568:

O'Sullivan, Lisa; Bolton, Declan; McAuliffe, Olivia; Coffey, Aidan (2019-03-25). "Bacteriophages in Food Applications: From Foe to Friend".

3802: 12098: 11812: 9276: 8240: 7871: 7570: 7007:. South Dakota State University, College of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, Agricultural Experiment Station. June 2004. Archived from 4818: 719:. Widespread planting of GM crops resistant to glyphosate has led to the use of glyphosate to control weeds and many weed species, such as 9129: 6581: 4969: 12036: 10904: 9723: 8619: 7964: 4274: 1935: 1602:. FPC products have been on the market since 1990 and as of 2015 had yet to be surpassed in commercial markets. In 1999, about 60% of US 1587:, the key enzyme. The modified microorganism is killed after fermentation. Chymosin is isolated from the fermentation broth, so that the 1701: 1629:

have independently stated that dairy products and meat from rBST-treated cows are safe for human consumption. On 30 September 2010, the

13483: 10241: 8753: 4658: 1047:

stated, "without it, the state's papaya industry would have collapsed". In China, a transgenic PRSV-resistant papaya was developed by

730:

food has gone on public sale in Japan. Tomatoes were genetically modified for around five times the normal amount of possibly calming

11874: 9206: 7708: 7511:

Coffey, Aidan; Ross, R. Paul (2002). "Bacteriophage-resistance systems in dairy starter strains: molecular analysis to application".

6050:

Areal FJ, Riesgo L, Rodríguez-Cerezo E (February 2013). "Economic and agronomic impact of commercialized GM crops: a meta-analysis".

4450: 2427:"Draft Environmental Assessment and Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact Concerning a Genetically Engineered Atlantic Salmon" 353: 8954: 6898: 6853: 6838: 6398: 3422: 11918: 11780: 10987: 9876:"Genetically modified plants and food hypersensitivity diseases: Usage and implications of experimental models for risk assessment" 8902: 8209: 5010: 4767:

Boonstra, Evert; de Kleijn, Roy; Colzato, Lorenza S.; Alkemade, Anneke; Forstmann, Birte U.; Nieuwenhuis, Sander (6 October 2015).

925:. GM crops have been produced to improve harvests through reducing insect pressure, increase nutrient value and tolerate different 9727: 1721:

for foods that have been verified to both be genetically modified – in particular in a way that is ensured to be well-understood,

13516: 13488: 12528: 11888: 10777: 7427: 2128: 2041: 1821: 1015:

Three views of a papaya, cultivar "Sunset", which was genetically modified to create the cultivar 'SunUp', which is resistant to

498: 309: 8815: 7246: 13493: 12809: 12344: 9084: 6723: 4353: 3645:

These principles dictate a case-by-case premarket assessment that includes an evaluation of both direct and unintended effects.

3186:

It is therefore not surprising that efforts to require labeling and to ban GMOs have been a growing political issue in the USA

1963: 1002:

emerged naturally 8000 years ago by embedding of genes from bacteria, that increased its sugar content. Kyndt et al 2015 finds

8844: 8026: 6265:

Soucy, Shannon M.; Huang, Jinling; Gogarten, Johann Peter (2015-07-17). "Horizontal gene transfer: building the web of life".

4227: 3578: 1737:) in the U.S. and possibly the world, giving consumers the binary choice of either genetically modified food or organic food. 13551: 13458: 11879: 11827: 11732: 10085: 10037: 8533: 6879: 6241: 5895: 5255: 4477: 4326:"Organisms obtained by mutagenesis are GMOs and are, in principle, subject to the obligations laid down by the GMO Directive" 4079: 3537: 3363: 2740: 2634: 2594: 1958:

According to Thomas Redick, detection and prevention of cross-pollination is possible through the suggestions offered by the

1334:

Some mammals typically used for food production have been modified to produce non-food products, a practice sometimes called

8928: 8778:"Consumer acceptance, valuation of and attitudes towards genetically modified food: Review and implications for food policy" 7776: 5411:

Gao H, Smith J, Yang M, Jones S, Djukanovic V, Nicholson MG, West A, Bidney D, Falco SC, Jantz D, Lyznik LA (January 2010).

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Culpepper, Stanley A; et al. (2006). "Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia".

3720: 3350:. Directorate-General for Research and Innovation. Biotechnologies, Agriculture, Food. European Commission, European Union. 742:, which controls appetite, and the other grows to 1.2 the natural average size with the same amount of food due to disabled 13541: 12219: 12082: 11893: 11822: 11747: 11566: 10993: 10983: 1351: 1323: 1138:

In 2013, the USDA approved the import of a GM pineapple that is pink in color and that "overexpresses" a gene derived from

346: 9233: 7032: 7001: 13498: 13062: 12650: 12433: 12245: 12070: 11948: 8903:"American Academy of Environmental Medicine Calls for Immediate Moratorium on Genetically Modified Foods, position paper" 7795:"EU regulations on the traceability and detection of GMOs: difficulties in interpretation, implementation and compliance" 1347: 1048: 8045: 7706: 5911: 4494: 2054: 1911: 1227:

is the most well known GM crop that is aimed at increasing nutrient value. It has been engineered with three genes that

488: 34: 12566: 11083: 10934: 8304: 6948: 2180: 2118: 1622: 1220:

Golden rice is genetically modified for an increased nutrient level, which has a different color and vitamin A content.

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environment. As with all novel foods, safety assessments in relation to GM foods must be made on a case-by-case basis.

13556: 13082: 12665: 12087: 12046: 12011: 11996: 11978: 11903: 11682: 10944: 10262: 10229: 9845: 8692: 7824: 7513: 6953: 6431: 5827: 5725: 5346: 5319: 5020: 4580: 4566: 3342: 1777: 181: 9071: 12092: 11928: 11859: 11854: 10616: 7522: 6486:

Li, Y; et al. (April 2014). "Biosafety management and commercial use of genetically modified crops in China".

3980:"The Regulation of GMOs in Europe and the United States: A Case-Study of Contemporary European Regulatory Politics" 2138: 1238:, in the edible parts of rice. It is intended to produce a fortified food to be grown and consumed in areas with a 1086:'s approval for cultivation and marketing of its Fortuna potato as feed and food. The potato was made resistant to 620: 8989: 7428:"GMO salmon firm clears one hurdle but still waits for key OKs AquaBounty began seeking American approval in 1995" 4325: 1790:

Government regulation of GMO development and release varies widely between countries. Marked differences separate

13199: 12827: 12804: 12031: 11938: 11802: 11717: 11480: 10952: 10495: 8165: 7657: 1599: 1457: 191: 9704: 6972: 6461: 3458: 1996: 13654: 13473: 13423: 13235: 13132: 12893: 12794: 12707: 12238: 12060: 11933: 11770: 11737: 10998: 10667: 9587: 4991: 2133: 1847:

that had not been approved for human consumption. It was the first-ever recall of a genetically modified food.

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to turn liquid oils into solids. The refining process removes all, or nearly all non-triglyceride ingredients.

1298: 1083: 913:. Third generation genetically modified crops could be used for non-food purposes, including the production of 759: 734:. CRISPR was first applied in tomatoes in 2014. Shortly afterwards, the first CRISPR-gene-edited marine animal/ 585: 548: 457: 209: 174: 8881: 5708:

Tan WS, Carlson DF, Walton MW, Fahrenkrug SC, Hackett PB (2012). "Precision Editing of Large Animal Genomes".

2452:"Press Announcements - FDA takes several actions involving genetically engineered plants and animals for food" 1843:

The StarLink corn recalls occurred in the autumn of 2000, when over 300 food products were found to contain a

13666: 13306: 13077: 12494: 12460: 11836: 11226: 11076: 10973: 10968: 10714: 10630: 10286: 7310: 4378:"Non GMO salt? Water? Food companies exploit GMO free labels, misleading customers, promoting misinformation" 3611:

Haslberger, Alexander G. (2003). "Codex guidelines for GM foods include the analysis of unintended effects".

528: 100: 91: 1246:, with further development increasing this 23 times. In 2018 it gained its first approvals for use as food. 13693: 13171: 12898: 12199: 12065: 10470: 10377: 10255: 9700: 9180: 7662: 7490: 7472: 7271: 6018: 4300: 4252: 3426: 2451: 1754: 1634: 1626: 1618: 1361: 1201: 589: 502: 151: 60: 9377:

Botha, Gerda M.; Viljoen, Christopher D. (2009). "South Africa: A case study for voluntary GM labelling".

6004: 711:

The most widely planted GMOs are designed to tolerate herbicides. The use of herbicides presents a strong

13318: 13211: 13122: 12935: 12923: 12832: 12521: 12119: 11817: 11775: 11129: 10978: 10604: 10589: 10533: 10524: 10475: 10400: 10341: 10326: 8063: 3660: 1679: 1095: 630: 441: 437: 156: 127: 117: 112: 8666: 1117:

grown in the US was genetically modified to resist three viruses; that variety is also grown in Canada.

668:

92% of corn, 94% of soybeans, and 94% of cotton produced in the US were genetically modified varieties.

13703: 13388: 13313: 13218: 12754: 12465: 12401: 12114: 10635: 10541: 10436: 10308: 10299: 7579: 5843:

Darmency H (August 2013). "Pleiotropic effects of herbicide-resistance genes on crop yield: a review".

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Christian M, Cermak T, Doyle EL, Schmidt C, Zhang F, Hummel A, Bogdanove AJ, Voytas DF (October 2010).

3314:"AAAS Board of Directors: Legally Mandating GM Food Labels Could "Mislead and Falsely Alarm Consumers"" 2308: 2274: 2123: 1844: 1782: 1391: 1255: 1175: 896: 445: 276: 141: 136: 105: 9829:

Public health issues related with the consumption of food obtained from genetically modified organisms

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Green: Mandatory labeling required; Red: Ban on import and cultivation of genetically engineered food.

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were approved by the USDA, becoming the first genetically modified apple approved for sale in the US.

13510: 13505: 13373: 13072: 12779: 12737: 12701: 12608: 12448: 12408: 11864: 10830: 10676: 10611: 10594: 10505: 10359: 2028: 1941: 1614: 1004: 832: 664:

in 2000, scientists had genetically modified food to increase its nutrient value for the first time.

521: 231: 146: 122: 30: 9586:

Gould F, Amasino RM, Brossard D, Buell CR, Dixon RA, Falck-Zepeda JB, et al. (September 2022).

9217: 9153: 8523: 7849: 5980: 13348: 13047: 12759: 12655: 12294: 12006: 11367: 11359: 11202: 8955:"Heterogeneity in consumer preferences for organic and genetically modified food products in Ghana" 8501: 8109:

Crevel, R.W.R.; Kerkhoff, M.A.T.; Koning, M.M.G (2000). "Allergenicity of refined vegetable oils".

6709: 6225: 5878:

Fleischer SJ, Hutchison WD, Naranjo SE (2014). "Sustainable Management of Insect-Resistant Crops".

3489: 2663:

Dizon, Francis; Costa, Sarah; Rock, Cheryl; Harris, Amanda; Husk, Cierra; Mei, Jenny (2015-12-28).

1828:(EPA) is responsible for monitoring pesticide usage, including plants modified to contain proteins 855: 805: 596:

was approved for use in several countries. Cheese had typically been made using the enzyme complex

9303:"The Potential Impacts of Mandatory Labeling for Genetically Engineered Food in the United States" 6811: 6093:

Finger R, El Benni N, Kaphengst T, Evans C, Herbert S, Lehmann B, Morse S, Stupak N (2011-05-10).

4587:. Ithaca, New York: International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications (ISAAA) 13619: 13546: 13378: 12413: 12386: 11986: 11898: 11339: 11214: 9748:"The threat of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to organic agriculture: A case study update" 6926: 6329: 6267: 3806: 3664: 3313: 2426: 1748: 1674:

Lipid composition could also be manipulated to produce desirable traits and essential nutrients.

314: 241: 186: 10480: 10225: 9280: 7880: 7825:"ISAAA Brief 43-2011. Executive Summary: Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011" 7097: 6783:"Quantification of the Impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2006" 6682: 4118:"Risk Regulation and Deliberation in EU Administrative Governance-GMO Regulation and Its Reform" 3289: 13688: 13642: 13614: 13393: 13117: 12603: 12514: 12423: 12418: 12391: 12054: 11974: 11869: 11692: 11571: 9572: 5612:"TAL nucleases (TALNs): hybrid proteins composed of TAL effectors and FokI DNA-cleavage domain" 3946: 2924: 1188: 1087: 1071: 947: 836: 820: 625: 9110: 8678: 3452:"Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health (A-12): Labeling of Bioengineered Foods" 1360:, awaiting regulatory approval since 1997, was approved for human consumption by the American 1051:

and was first approved for commercial planting in 2006; as of 2012 95% of the papaya grown in

936:

The majority of GM crops have been modified to be resistant to selected herbicides, usually a

13599: 13383: 12918: 12819: 12712: 12561: 12349: 12309: 12261: 12076: 12026: 12021: 11765: 11513: 10385: 9016:"Perspectives on the trends, challenges and benefits of green, smart and organic (GSO) foods" 7971: 7799:

CAB Reviews: Perspectives in Agriculture, Veterinary Science, Nutrition and Natural Resources

7685: 4520: 3490:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms: United States. Public and Scholarly Opinion" 2309:"Global Review of the Field Testing and Commercialization of Transgenic Plants: 1986 to 1995" 2024: 1872: 1437: 1099: 1091: 1026: 1016: 777: 8184: 7392:"Global progress toward transgenic food animals: A survey of publicly available information" 3560:

Overall finding on purported adverse effects on human health of foods derived from GE crops:

959:. The only gene commercially used to provide insect protection that does not originate from 13574: 13358: 13223: 13189: 13137: 12962: 12957: 12903: 12859: 12749: 12687: 12576: 12571: 12396: 12359: 12339: 12289: 12189: 11503: 11332: 11187: 10924: 10699: 10465: 9599: 9413: 9252:"Vermont just passed the nation's first GMO food labeling law. Now it prepares to get sued" 8393: 7354: 7054: 6342: 6149: 5519: 5465: 5199:"Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: the biology behind the "gene-jockeying" tool" 4856: 4187: 3228: 3161: 3029: 2359: 2213: 2158: 1707: 1239: 875: 851: 828: 824: 716: 562: 475: 468: 467:

Genes encoded for desired features, for instance an improved nutrient level, pesticide and

329: 8588: 8571: 4454: 4415:

Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Plants in the Old World

3833:"Evidence for Absolute Moral Opposition to Genetically Modified Food in the United States" 3563:

implicate a higher risk to human health from GE foods than from their non-GE counterparts.

3152:

Yang, Y.T.; Chen, B. (2016). "Governing GMOs in the USA: science, law and public health".

1918:) are excluded from labelling and regulation based on "convention" and traditional usage. 8: 13584: 13579: 13353: 13152: 13142: 12977: 12586: 12453: 12428: 12149: 11908: 11606: 10914: 10846: 10784: 10648: 10278: 9301:

Van Eenennaam, Alison; Chassy, Bruce; Kalaitzandonakes, Nicholas; Redick, Thomas (2014).

8965: 8735: 6410: 4176:"Environmental protection goals, policy & publics in the European regulation of GMOs" 3430: 3215: 2147: 1959: 1675: 1610: 1357: 1335: 1308: 727: 684: 672: 401: 69: 12205: 10108:"The influence of consumers' knowledge on their responses to genetically modified foods" 9603: 9417: 9072:

Risk and Regulation: U.S. Regulatory Policy on Genetically Modified Food and Agriculture

8906: 8397: 7491:"FDA takes several actions involving genetically engineered plants and animals for food" 7358: 7058: 6346: 6153: 5523: 5469: 4860: 4191: 3232: 3165: 3140:

data presented in these articles does not provide any substantial evidence of GMO harm.

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that create breaks at specific points. There are four families of engineered nucleases:

13206: 12789: 12638: 12470: 12284: 11807: 11760: 11702: 11586: 11258: 10792: 10643: 10199: 10164: 10140: 10029:

Genetically modified organisms in food production, safety, regulation and public health

10005: 9623: 9468: 9443: 9048: 9015: 8216: 7869: 7607: 7587: 7550: 7228: 7179: 7162: 7143: 7078: 7033:

Development, identification, and characterization of a glyphosate-tolerant soybean line

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in November 2015, to be raised in specific land-based hatcheries in Canada and Panama.

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Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are genetically modified plants that are used in

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Report 2 of the Council on Science and Public Health: Labeling of Bioengineered Foods.

8469: 8444: 8416: 8377: 8122: 7917: 7131: 5364:"Efficient targeting of a SCID gene by an engineered single-chain homing endonuclease" 5223: 5198: 5183:

Methods and Mechanisms for Genetic Manipulation of Plants, Animals, and Microorganisms

4845:"CRISPR technology is revolutionizing the improvement of tomato and other fruit crops" 4015: 3240: 2244: 2201: 1940:

Testing on GMOs in food and feed is routinely done using molecular techniques such as

1765: 909:). The second generation of crops aimed to improve the quality, often by altering the 324: 13368: 13363: 13291: 13240: 13014: 12994: 12982: 12942: 12913: 12881: 12799: 12692: 12660: 12556: 12134: 11943: 11629: 11263: 11248: 11230: 11144: 11029: 10919: 10909: 10204: 10186: 10145: 10127: 10081: 10043: 10033: 9997: 9989: 9950: 9942: 9903: 9895: 9891: 9851: 9841: 9653: 9627: 9615: 9563: 9473: 9317: 9088: 9053: 9035: 8822: 8797: 8653: 8593: 8529: 8474: 8421: 8358: 8300: 8277: 8126: 7921: 7794: 7599: 7591: 7542: 7534: 7423: 7372: 7220: 7184: 7135: 7070: 6727: 6637: 6619: 6555: 6547: 6503: 6380: 6368: 6360: 6296: 6288: 6247: 6237: 6177: 6067: 6026: 5959: 5891: 5860: 5823: 5795: 5741: 5721: 5690: 5641: 5592: 5535: 5491: 5452:

Townsend JA, Wright DA, Winfrey RJ, Fu F, Maeder ML, Joung JK, Voytas DF (May 2009).

5434: 5429: 5412: 5393: 5342: 5315: 5290: 5251: 5228: 5163: 5151: 5116: 5067: 5016: 4940: 4928: 4908: 4890: 4872: 4800: 4473: 4203: 4149: 4137: 4085: 4075: 4047: 4035: 4031: 3855: 3780: 3628: 3543: 3533: 3359: 3340: 3260: 3244: 3177: 3122: 3114: 3045: 2984: 2887: 2842: 2834: 2786: 2736: 2694: 2686: 2640: 2630: 2600: 2590: 2544: 2526: 2375: 2279: 2249: 2231: 1915: 1837: 1531: 1432: 1268: 1204:

has been modified to tolerate herbicides and produce healthier oils. In 2015, 94% of

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Traditionally the new genetic material was inserted randomly within the host genome.

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have been developed, although, as of 2015, none were on the market. As of 2015, the

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Emtage, JS; Angal, S; Doel, MT; Harris, TJ; Jenkins, B; Lilley, G; Lowe, PA (1983).

7611: 7493:(Press release). Office of the Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 7390:

Harper, G.S.; Brownlee, A.; Hall, T.E.; Seymour, R.; Lyons, R.; Ledwith, P. (2003).

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Biotechnology regulation and GMOs law, technology and public contestations in Europe

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by adding resistant genes blb1 and blb2 that originate from the Mexican wild potato

13533: 13286: 13245: 13057: 13032: 12844: 12774: 12618: 12438: 12354: 12314: 11785: 11697: 11677: 11525: 11495: 11111: 10802: 10194: 10176: 10135: 10119: 10107: 10073: 9981: 9934: 9922: 9887: 9833: 9827: 9607: 9523: 9463: 9455: 9425: 9421: 9390: 9386: 9043: 9027: 8852: 8789: 8777: 8583: 8464: 8456: 8411: 8401: 8348: 8269: 8118: 8030: 7913: 7806: 7768: 7583: 7554: 7526: 7362: 7350: 7341: 7212: 7174: 7147: 7127: 7062: 6627: 6611: 6543: 6539: 6495: 6350: 6308: 6280: 6276: 6167: 6157: 6116: 6106: 6059: 5949: 5883: 5852: 5785: 5775: 5731: 5713: 5680: 5672: 5631: 5623: 5582: 5574: 5547: 5527: 5481: 5473: 5454:"High-frequency modification of plant genes using engineered zinc-finger nucleases" 5424: 5383: 5375: 5280: 5218: 5210: 5143: 5106: 5098: 5057: 5049: 4920: 4880: 4864: 4790: 4780: 4741: 4691: 4506: 4199: 4195: 4129: 4027: 3847: 3770: 3762: 3640: 3620: 3525: 3524:. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US). p. 149. 3351: 3236: 3169: 3106: 3070: 3037: 2974: 2966: 2899: 2879: 2826: 2814: 2728: 2676: 2534: 2518: 2367: 2239: 2221: 2097:

result in the consumption of the substrate, forming and accumulating the products.

2053:"GMO-free" labelling schemes are causing controversies in farming community due to 1726: 1396: 1107: 859: 819:. As only a single cell is transformed with genetic material, the organism must be 793: 570: 433: 10123: 9938: 9527: 9491: 9444:"Consumer Perception of Genetically Modified Organisms and Sources of Information" 8793: 8445:"Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of cDNA coding for calf preprochymosin" 8439:

Harris TJ, Lowe PA, Lyons A, Thomas PG, Eaton MA, Millican TA, Patel TP, Bose CC,

7232: 6355: 6324: 4769:"Neurotransmitters as food supplements: the effects of GABA on brain and behavior" 4448: 3867: 3766: 3671: 3110: 3014: 2830: 13594: 13296: 13099: 13092: 13027: 12967: 12849: 12839: 12769: 12742: 12727: 12682: 12672: 12623: 12001: 11707: 11669: 11639: 11485: 11418: 11283: 11268: 11192: 11159: 10851: 10735: 10694: 10653: 10563: 9734: 9711: 8932: 8247: 8172: 7731:"Danisco emulsifier to substitute non-GM soy lecithin as demand outstrips supply" 7066: 6162: 5887: 5610:

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Nicolia, Alessandro; Manzo, Alberto; Veronesi, Fabio; Rosellini, Daniele (2013).

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extracted from plants or seeds and then refined and may be further processed via

1404: 1312: 1106:

when fried. The modifications eliminate specific proteins from the potatoes, via

986:

spread has been more even, with approximately 54% of worldwide GM crops grown in

952: 816: 720: 524:, "Foods produced from or using GM organisms are often referred to as GM foods." 219: 12209: 9031: 5578: 5181: 5102: 2970: 1102:

that contained ten genetic modifications that prevent bruising and produce less

1094:. In February 2013, BASF withdrew its application. In 2014, the USDA approved a 13281: 13067: 13004: 12989: 12972: 12930: 12732: 12613: 12443: 12124: 11288: 11253: 11149: 10877: 10872: 10807: 10797: 10709: 10546: 10510: 9969: 8386:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Krimsky, Sheldon (2015). "An Illusory Consensus behind GMO Health Assessment".

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Soybeans accounted for half of all genetically modified crops planted in 2014.

1158: 983: 926: 922: 863: 847: 840: 827:. In animals it is necessary to ensure that the inserted DNA is present in the 789: 769: 765: 680: 676: 654: 494: 319: 248: 10047: 9985: 8273: 7530: 7367: 7336: 6615: 6499: 6251: 6121: 6063: 5981:"Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2014 - ISAAA Brief 49-2014" 5780: 4868: 3519: 2732: 2644: 2522: 1884:

As of 2015, 64 countries require labeling of GMO products in the marketplace.

13682: 13589: 13468: 13276: 13250: 13127: 13087: 13052: 13042: 13022: 12764: 12722: 12697: 12645: 12633: 12628: 12537: 12475: 12299: 12129: 11649: 11457: 11318: 11298: 11209: 11174: 11052: 10929: 10867: 10684: 10573: 10460: 10190: 10131: 9993: 9946: 9899: 9321: 9039: 8801: 8144: 7595: 7538: 7389: 7002:"Corn-Based Food Production in South Dakota: A Preliminary Feasibility Study" 6623: 6551: 6364: 6292: 6071: 6030: 5134:

Chen I, Dubnau D (March 2004). "DNA uptake during bacterial transformation".

4876: 4785: 4405: 4207: 4141: 4089: 4039: 3851: 3248: 3194:

more precise and, in most cases, less likely to create an unexpected outcome.

3118: 3074: 3015:"A literature review on the safety assessment of genetically modified plants" 2838: 2790: 2690: 2604: 2530: 2235: 1952: 1904: 1718: 1523: 1506: 1502: 1470: 1231: 1154: 1120: 1022: 801: 785: 747: 701: 558: 293: 226: 51:

Foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA

9611: 8460: 8406: 8353: 8336: 7810: 6958: 6854:"Inside the sweet and successful launch of the world's first pink pineapple" 4745: 3423:"Featured CSA Report: Genetically Modified Crops and Foods (I-00) Full Text" 2681: 2664: 2314:. The International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications 2226: 2177: 1258:

has been evaluated in field trials, but has not been released commercially.

13609: 13037: 12886: 12876: 12854: 12784: 12677: 12591: 12379: 12179: 12139: 11654: 11475: 11467: 11437: 11308: 11293: 11139: 10841: 10740: 10719: 10568: 10390: 10208: 10149: 10067: 10001: 9954: 9907: 9855: 9619: 9477: 9057: 8597: 8440: 8362: 8281: 8130: 8002: 7943: 7603: 7546: 7376: 7224: 7139: 7074: 6641: 6559: 6507: 6372: 6300: 6222:

Tropical Root and Tuber Crops : Cassava, Sweet Potato, Yams And Aroids

6181: 5963: 5864: 5799: 5745: 5694: 5645: 5596: 5539: 5495: 5438: 5397: 5294: 5232: 5155: 5120: 5071: 4932: 4894: 4804: 3859: 3784: 3632: 3547: 3264: 3181: 3126: 3049: 2988: 2891: 2846: 2698: 2548: 2379: 1730: 1552: 1538:

the longer studies considering reproductive and intergenerational effects.

1448:

The US imports 10% of its sugar, while the remaining 90% is extracted from

1316: 1228: 999: 871: 797: 605: 461: 424:

delayed-ripening tomato. Most food modifications have primarily focused on

288: 236: 78: 10077: 9459: 8550:"Food Biotechnology in the United States: Science, Regulation, and Issues" 8478: 8425: 7925: 7188: 6435: 5285: 5272: 4016:"Contested Accountability Claims and GMO Regulation in the European Union" 2253: 1914:, a number of foods created using genetic engineering techniques (such as 1289:

that causes browning causing a 30% reduction in the level of that enzyme.

13604: 13301: 12999: 12908: 12871: 12374: 12369: 12276: 12169: 11755: 11712: 11644: 11624: 11601: 11576: 11380: 11375: 11353: 11346: 11303: 11273: 11243: 11099: 10704: 10367: 9404:

Davison, John (2010). "GM plants: Science, politics and EC regulations".

9300: 7163:"Vitamin A deficiency and attributable mortality among under-5-year-olds" 6005:

Executive Summary, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2013

5627: 5379: 4695: 4511: 3800: 1829: 1722: 1654:

Plants that have undergone genetic modification are capable of surviving

1603: 1490: 1331:

in animals and products as well as issues regarding transgene stability.

1224: 1008:

DNA from this natural transgenic event still in the crop's genome today.

941: 902: 691:

enabling it to grow year-round instead of only during spring and summer.

661: 416:

1990s. Commercial sale of genetically modified foods began in 1994, when

12230: 9832:, Biotechnology Annual Review, vol. 10, Elsevier, pp. 85–122, 8990:"Can GMOs Be Used in Organic Products? | Agricultural Marketing Service" 5676: 5531: 5510:

modification in the crop species Zea mays using zinc-finger nucleases".

5477: 4819:"Tomato In Japan Is First CRISPR-Edited Food In The World To Go On Sale" 4581:"ISAAA Brief 43, Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011" 4117: 3624: 3256: 2507:"Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns—a review" 1984: 1208:

acreage in the U.S. was genetically modified to be glyphosate-tolerant.

13230: 12952: 12334: 11970: 11722: 11687: 11616: 11403: 11278: 11238: 11107: 11068: 10745: 10408: 6338: 5413:"Heritable targeted mutagenesis in maize using a designed endonuclease" 5147: 4409: 4133: 3295:. American Association for the Advancement of Science. October 20, 2012 2815:"Plasmid maintenance systems suitable for GMO-based bacterial vaccines" 2057:, inconsistency of their application and are described as "deceptive". 1549: 1545: 1494: 1449: 1328: 1282: 1243: 1183: 1103: 1034: 971: 937: 812: 688: 646: 638: 612: 600:

that had been extracted from cows' stomach lining. Scientists modified

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Staff, USDA Economic Research Service. Last updated: January 24, 2013

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Gallant, Andre. "Pigweed in the Cotton: A superweed invades Georgia".

4633:"Aquabounty Cleared to Sell Salmon in the USA for Commercial Purposes" 3173: 2624: 671:

The first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was

13328: 13147: 12717: 12598: 12364: 12016: 11727: 11659: 11634: 11596: 11561: 11553: 11535: 11520: 11508: 11452: 11429: 11397: 11392: 11182: 11057: 11024: 10899: 10558: 10551: 10490: 10485: 10444: 10426: 10181: 8776:

Costa-Font, Montserrat; Gil, José M.; Traill, W. Bruce (April 2008).

5053: 4069: 3390:"ISAAA Summary of AMA Report on Genetically Modified Crops and Foods" 2782:

Benefits and risks associated with genetically modified food products

2780: 2584: 2458:. Office of the Commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration 1817: 1734: 1598:

FPC was the first artificially produced enzyme to be approved by the

1498: 1453: 1395:- have been studied for genetic analysis and modification to improve 1139: 1070:(Bt), was made to provide in-plant protection from the yield-robbing 1060: 1052: 1038: 930: 906: 743: 642: 584:

Genetically modified microbial enzymes were the first application of

453: 449: 425: 7216: 6788:. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy 6284: 5954: 5937: 5856: 4297:"Questions & Answers on Food from Genetically Engineered Plants" 604:

to produce chymosin, which was also able to clot milk, resulting in

517:

to include "genetic engineering or other more traditional methods".

13194: 12947: 12581: 12551: 11991: 11581: 11530: 11386: 11326: 11154: 11124: 11047: 11014: 10817: 10812: 10689: 9674:"Gentechnik soll kein Grund mehr für Verbote von Nutzpflanzen sein" 9654:"Researchers propose new framework for regulating engineered crops" 9130:"White House Orders Review of Rules for Genetically Modified Crops" 7567: 7431: 3672:"Genetically modified foods and health: a second interim statement" 3529: 1584: 1572: 1527: 1486: 1428: 1420: 1315:

to the animals which does not occur naturally in the species, i.e.

1143: 1128: 1114: 1075: 1030: 979: 918: 867: 650: 634: 601: 593: 554: 393: 8754:"International Dairy Foods Ass'n v. Boggs – Argued: June 10, 2010" 3355: 2955:"Plant Genetics, Sustainable Agriculture and Global Food Security" 2018:

Genetically modified food controversies § Process-based regulation

1892:

was enacted to regulate labeling of GMO food on a national basis.

12866: 11447: 11164: 11134: 11042: 11019: 10599: 10349: 10321: 10316: 8549: 4404: 1571:

rennet-producing genes from animal stomachs and insert them into

1400: 1235: 1205: 1179: 858:

repair systems, have been developed to target insertion to exact

735: 616: 611:

The first genetically modified food approved for release was the

417: 12506: 8736:"Appellate court gives mixed ruling on Ohio rBST labeling rules" 7870:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2009).

7767:(PhD dissertation). South Africa: University of the Free State. 7761:

Monitoring of Genetically Modified Food Products in South Africa

6197:"Natural GMO? Sweet Potato Genetically Modified 8,000 Years Ago" 6019:"Doubts About the Promised Bounty of Genetically Modified Crops" 5563:"Targeting DNA double-strand breaks with TAL effector nucleases" 4766: 1011: 843:

is conducted to confirm that an organism contains the new gene.

619:, it was engineered to have a longer shelf life by inserting an 13161: 11591: 11549: 11119: 10236: 8001:. Institute of Shortening and Edible Oils. 2006. Archived from 7658:"Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Opinion: Lecithin" 6857: 6656:"Business BASF applies for approval for another biotech potato" 6229: 5248:

Genetically Modified Plants: Assessing Safety and Managing Risk

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Freedman, David H. (2013-08-20). "are engineered foods evil?".

1812:

In the U.S., three government organizations regulate GMOs. The

1580: 1567: 1541: 1474: 1380: 1286: 1273: 1147: 1056: 964: 739: 597: 258: 9176:"Statement of Policy – Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties" 8821:. Public Health Association of Australia. 2007. Archived from 6321: 6138:"A meta-analysis of the impacts of genetically modified crops" 6095:"A Meta Analysis on Farm-Level Costs and Benefits of GM Crops" 4962:"Startup hopes genome-edited pufferfish will be a hit in 2022" 4299:. US Food and Drug Administration. 22 Jun 2015. Archived from 3803:"Public Perceptions of Agricultural Biotechnologies in Europe" 3341:

European Commission. Directorate-General for Research (2010).

1867:

Application of genetically modified food throughout the globe.

1216: 1037:

for the coat protein gene PRSV; "Rainbow" is a yellow-fleshed

823:

from that single cell. In plants this is accomplished through

13323: 11545: 11197: 6750:"U.S.D.A. Approves Modified Potato. Next Up: French Fry Fans" 5042:

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine

2862: 1576: 1478: 1424: 1132: 929:. As of 2018, the commercialised crops are limited mostly to 772:, and then combined with other genetic elements, including a 574: 253: 12164: 9014:

Ashaolu, Tolulope J.; Ashaolu, Joseph O. (1 December 2020).

8931:. American Academy of Environmental Medicine. Archived from 8905:. American Academy of Environmental Medicine. Archived from 6899:"First Genetically Modified Apple Approved for Sale in U.S." 6325:"Feasibility of new breeding techniques for organic farming" 6092: 5661:"Genome-scale engineering for systems and synthetic biology" 3964: 13449:

Committee on the Environment, Public Health and Food Safety

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Baumana, Dale E.; Collier, Robert J. (September 15, 2010).

8029:. National Cottonseed Producers Association. Archived from 7447:"An Entrepreneur Bankrolls a Genetically Engineered Salmon" 6049: 5560: 4843:

Wang, Tian; Zhang, Hongyan; Zhu, Hongliang (15 June 2019).

4449:

Staff, National Centre for Biotechnology Education (2006).

4277:. United States Department of Agriculture. 27 February 2013 3801:

Final Report of the PABE research project (December 2001).

1816:

checks the chemical composition of organisms for potential

1592: 1124: 1079: 731: 8880:. Irish Doctors' Environmental Association. Archived from 7397:. Food Standards Australia and New Zealand. Archived from 7201: 5707: 4569:

ISAAA Brief ISAAA Brief 43-2011. Retrieved 14 October 2012

4228:"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods" 3579:"Frequently asked questions on genetically modified foods" 2275:"FDA Approves 1st Genetically Engineered Product for Food" 1808:

Genetic engineering in the United States § Regulation

1646:

beneficial to humans and the environment in certain ways.

1029:(PSRV). "SunUp" is a transgenic red-fleshed Sunset papaya 539:

labelled to create an impression of being "more healthy."

11442: 9585: 9441: 8164:

David Bennett for Southeast Farm Press, February 5, 2003

7713:"What You Need to Know About Genetically Engineered Food" 7117: 5877: 5508: 5361: 2927:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations 1813: 1311:

techniques. In some cases, the aim is to introduce a new

1304: 578: 397: 9790:"Dairy farmers fight back against deceptive advertising" 9512: 9111:"Commonly Asked Questions about the Food Safety of GMOs" 6658:. Research in Germany. November 17, 2011. Archived from 4354:"A sad day for our society when salt is labeled non-GMO" 10165:"Public Acceptance of Plant Biotechnology and GM Crops" 8258: 8210:"2012 World of Corn, National Corn Growers Association" 7903: 6925:. Okanagan Specialty Fruits. 2011-12-07. Archived from 5820:

Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Development

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Genetically Engineered Crops: Experiences and Prospects

2154:

Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms

1907:

that contains greater than 0.9% GMOs must be labelled.

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in food production and were approved in 1988 by the US

9494:. European Commission Join Research Centre. 2012-11-20 9310:

Council for Agricultural Science and Technology (CAST)

8962:

African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics

8849:

Canadian Association of Physicians for the Environment

5341:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 109. 4611:"Adoption of Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S." 4567:

Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2011

2150:– use of genetically modified mammals to produce drugs 1352:

Genetically modified fish § AquAdvantage salmon 2

921:, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for 9874:

Prescott, Vanessa E.; Hogan, Simon P. (August 2006).

9442:

Wunderlich, Shahla; Kelsey A. Gatto (November 2015).

8438: 8375: 7561: 7044: 4225: 3717:"Public and Scientists' Views on Science and Society" 3319:. American Association for the Advancement of Science 2626:

Testing and analysis of GMO-containing foods and feed

2348: 1702:

Genetically modified food controversies § Health

1595:. Trace quantities of chymosin may remain in cheese. 10332:

List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn

9825: 9234:

Genetic Technology Act key tool for UK food security

9020:

International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science

8137: 8108: 7284:"Petitions for Determination of Nonregulated Status" 6980:

National Agricultural Statistics Board annual report

6683:"BASF applies for EU approval for Fortuna GM potato" 6434:. Hawaii Papaya Industry Association. Archived from 6315: 5270: 3947:"Over Half of E.U. Countries Are Opting Out of GMOs" 3805:. Commission of European Communities. Archived from 3457:. American Medical Association. 2012. Archived from 2665:"Genetically Modified (GM) Foods and Ethical Eating" 2662: 1348:

Genetically modified fish § AquAdvantage salmon

788:. DNA is generally inserted into animal cells using 11924:

2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak

9207:"Kraft Recalls Taco Shells With Bioengineered Corn" 8775: 8572:"Major Technological Advances and Trends in Cheese" 8297:

Food Processing Technology: Principles and Practice

8046:"ConAgra Sued Over GMO '100% Natural' Cooking Oils" 7337:"Gene-edited CRISPR mushroom escapes US regulation" 6234:

Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International

5038:"Synthetic biology: putting synthesis into biology" 3831:Scott, Sydney E.; Inbar, Yoel; Rozin, Paul (2016). 2200:Jackson, DA; Symons, RH; Berg, P (1 October 1972). 2023:Scientists have argued or elaborated a need for an 1838:

recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) technology

1142:and suppress other genes, increasing production of 7757: 7160: 6591: 6460:Ronald, Pamela; McWilliams, James (May 14, 2010). 6264: 5609: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 1383:production. Various culture microbes - especially 1285:were deleted from a duplicated gene coding for an 1182:has been genetically modified to tolerate various 9826:Paparini, Andrea; Romano-Spica, Vincenzo (2004), 8747: 8745: 8515: 7751: 7504: 7422: 6835:"Del Monte Gets Approval to Import GMO Pineapple" 6258: 5410: 3606: 3604: 2199: 1678:has shown that inadequate consumption of omega-3 1489:. Vegetable oil is sold directly to consumers as 13680: 9345: 8613:"Use of Bovine Somatotropin in Dairy Production" 8492: 8490: 8488: 8337:"Will genetically modified foods be allergenic?" 7247:"US FDA approves GMO Golden Rice as safe to eat" 6459: 5175: 5173: 3887:"Restrictions on Genetically Modified Organisms" 3751:"Public views on GMOs: deconstructing the myths" 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3013:Domingo, José L.; Bordonaba, Jordi Giné (2011). 3012: 1969: 8324:(2004 ed.). Greenhaven Press. p. 132. 8241:Genetic Engineering: Feeding the EU's Livestock 7793:Davison, John; Bertheau, Yves Bertheau (2007). 7792: 6810:. GMO Compass. November 7, 2007. 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Archived from 3601: 3344:A decade of EU-funded GMO research (2001–2010) 3154:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 2858: 2856: 2504: 1649: 792:, where it can be injected through the cell's 13699:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture 12522: 12246: 11084: 10263: 9873: 9294: 9277:"The Regulation of Genetically Modified Food" 8878:"IDEA Position on Genetically Modified Foods" 8485: 7678: 7154: 6598:Bawa, A. S.; Anilakumar, K. R. (2016-12-04). 6528: 6392: 6390: 5307: 5170: 4992:"Gene-edited sea bream set for sale in Japan" 4492: 4267: 3744: 3742: 3199: 2948: 2946: 2505:Bawa, A. S.; Anilakumar, K. R. (2012-12-19). 1826:United States Environmental Protection Agency 1631:United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit 565:at about 10,500 to 10,100 BC. The process of 354: 12099:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition 11914:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak 11813:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal 9967: 9658:North Carolina State University via phys.org 9637:"Vorschlag zur Regulation von Zuchtpflanzen" 9397: 9376: 8569: 8299:. Woodhead Publishing Limited. p. 236. 7623: 7621: 7571:Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 7438: 6007:ISAAA Brief 46-2013, Retrieved 6 August 2014 5999: 5997: 5764:"Plant genome editing with TALEN and CRISPR" 5035: 4842: 4525:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 ( 4439: 4221: 4219: 4217: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3826: 3824: 3715:Funk, Cary; Rainie, Lee (January 29, 2015). 2302: 2300: 2298: 1801: 1074:. The New Leaf potato, brought to market by 998:Long before humans began using transgenics, 804:. In plants the DNA is often inserted using 675:in 2015. The salmon were transformed with a 396:that have had changes introduced into their 12037:United Kingdom food information regulations 10905:Detection of genetically modified organisms 9724:Chartered Institute of Environmental Health 9087:. PotatoPro.com. 2013-12-11. Archived from 8334: 8177: 7957: 7652: 7650: 7383: 7328: 6726:. Potatopro.com. 2010-03-10. Archived from 6213: 6135: 5338:Genetic Engineering: Principles and Methods 5314:. 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September 23, 2000 8461:10.1093/nar/10.7.2177 8145:"What is Canola Oil?" 7426:(November 27, 2013). 7335:Waltz, Emily (2016). 7315:MIT Technology Review 5768:Cell & Bioscience 5286:10.1038/sj.gt.3302627 4849:Horticulture Research 4412:; Ehud Weiss (2012). 3986:on September 29, 2016 2307:James, Clive (1996). 2079:Environmental Impacts 1873:Food Standards Agency 1866: 1785: 1583:to make them produce 1555:present in the feed. 1438:Identity preservation 1272:) modified using the 1254:As of December 2017, 1219: 1123: 1100:J. R. Simplot Company 1092:Solanum bulbocastanum 1017:Papaya ringspot virus 1014: 994:Fruits and vegetables 915:pharmaceutical agents 876:zinc finger nucleases 660:With the creation of 469:herbicide resistances 13575:Sara Josephine Baker 13474:Public Health Agency 13359:Health communication 13224:Disease surveillance 13190:Asymptomatic carrier 13172:Statistical software 12860:Preventive nutrition 12688:Medical anthropology 12577:Environmental health 12397:Technological change 12340:Collingridge dilemma 12290:Cellular agriculture 11846:2006 North American 11504:Acesulfame potassium 11333:Campylobacter jejuni 11227:Intestinal parasites 11100:Consumer food safety 10925:Reverse transfection 10700:Genetic transduction 10244:at Wikimedia Commons 10032:. Elsevier Science. 9680:(in Austrian German) 8828:on January 20, 2014. 8644:Staff (2011-02-18). 8066:on February 25, 2012 8033:on October 17, 2015. 7996:"Food Fats and Oils" 7747:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 7404:on February 13, 2020 7205:Nature Biotechnology 6961:on October 23, 2011. 6814:on February 25, 2017 5916:GM Approval Database 5882:. pp. 115–127. 4913:Nature Biotechnology 4696:10.1614/ws-06-001r.1 4512:10.3733/ca.v054n04p6 4180:Ecological Economics 4122:European Law Journal 3613:Nature Biotechnology 2825:(17–18): 2060–2065. 2159:StarLink corn recall 2141:- rejected labeling 1851:European regulations 1708:scientific consensus 988:developing countries 829:embryonic stem cells 563:artificial selection 515:genetic modification 511:genetic modification 476:scientific consensus 330:StarLink corn recall 13694:Genetic engineering 13585:Carl Rogers Darnall 13580:Samuel Jay Crumbine 13354:Health belief model 13207:Notifiable diseases 13143:Regression analysis 12978:Waterborne diseases 12567:Cultural competence 12454:Technology scouting 12429:Accelerating change 12150:Conspiracy theories 11703:Heterocyclic amines 11607:Shellfish poisoning 10915:Genetics in fiction 10847:Genetic enhancement 10649:Hepatitis B vaccine 10279:Genetic engineering 10112:GM Crops & Food 9769:Peel Back The Label 9746:Paull, John (2013) 9604:2022Sci...377.1051G 9598:(6610): 1051–1053. 9418:2010PlnSc.178...94D 9256:The Washington Post 9201:Andrew Pollack for 8646:Last Medical Review 8398:1983PNAS...80.3671E 8048:. Food Safety News. 7359:2016Natur.532..293W 7309:Regalado, Antonio. 7059:2000Sci...287..303Y 6347:2015TPS....20..426A 6154:2014PLoSO...9k1629K 5880:Plant Biotechnology 5677:10.1038/msb.2012.66 5532:10.1038/nature07992 5524:2009Natur.459..437S 5478:10.1038/nature07845 5470:2009Natur.459..442T 4861:2019HorR....6...77W 4429:Clive Root (2007). 4192:2014EcoEc.108..269W 3625:10.1038/nbt0703-739 3233:2013SciAm.309c..80F 3216:Scientific American 3166:2016JSFA...96.1851Y 3034:2011EnInt..37..734D 2364:2000Sci...287..303Y 2336:. Amacom Publishing 2218:1972PNAS...69.2904J 2148:Pharming (genetics) 1960:Farm Service Agency 1676:Scientific evidence 1611:bovine somatotropin 1411:Derivative products 1309:genetic engineering 1276:technique received 726:In 2021, the first 673:AquAdvantage salmon 527:What constitutes a 507:genetic engineering 497:. In the U.S., the 402:genetic engineering 390:bioengineered foods 70:Genetic engineering 21:Page version status 13183:disease prevention 13118:Case–control study 12790:Security of person 12639:Health care reform 12471:Technology roadmap 12285:Agricultural robot 11808:Toxic oil syndrome 11761:Swill milk scandal 11587:Diethylstilbestrol 11259:Diphyllobothriasis 11025:Stem cell research 10644:Ice-minus bacteria 10230:in other libraries 10224:Library resources 9733:2017-05-25 at the 9710:2012-09-07 at the 9203:The New York Times 9134:The New York Times 8246:2017-01-12 at the 8171:2006-06-05 at the 7635:on 1 November 2015 7451:The New York Times 6884:The New York Times 6841:on April 22, 2013. 6754:The New York Times 6488:Plant Cell Reports 6466:The New York Times 6122:20.500.11850/42242 6023:The New York Times 5628:10.1093/nar/gkq704 5380:10.1093/nar/gkp548 5148:10.1038/nrmicro844 4972:on 17 January 2022 4542:ISAAA Briefs No. 1 4134:10.1111/eulj.12140 3723:on January 9, 2019 2432:. Federal Register 2402:"Consumer Q&A" 1995:. You can help by 1890:Public Law 114-214 1869: 1788: 1386:Lactococcus lactis 1222: 1178:used for food and 1136: 1044:The New York Times 1020: 796:directly into the 713:selection pressure 653:, virus-resistant 567:selective breeding 406:selective breeding 27: 13704:Molecular biology 13676: 13675: 13628: 13627: 13538:Higher education 13369:Positive deviance 13364:Health psychology 13340:Health behavioral 13267:safety management 13241:Social distancing 13015:Population health 12995:Smoking cessation 12943:Pharmacovigilance 12914:Injury prevention 12882:Infection control 12800:Social psychology 12750:Prisoners' rights 12693:Medical sociology 12661:Public health law 12557:Biological hazard 12504: 12503: 12323: 12322: 12228: 12227: 12135:Food preservation 11944:Foodborne illness 11496:Sugar substitutes 11249:Cryptosporidiosis 11231:parasitic disease 11145:HGH controversies 11112:food contaminants 11066: 11065: 11030:Synthetic biology 10920:Human enhancement 10910:Genetic pollution 10886: 10885: 10754: 10753: 10662: 10661: 10625: 10624: 10519: 10518: 10240:Media related to 10087:978-1-136-91813-1 10039:978-0-12-802530-7 8855:on March 26, 2014 8673:Missing or empty 8661:Missing or empty 8535:978-1-4051-8298-0 7666:. August 10, 2015 6243:978-1-78924-336-9 6112:10.3390/su3050743 5897:978-3-319-06891-6 5417:The Plant Journal 5257:978-0-12-374106-6 4579:James, C (2011). 4479:978-1-4443-5782-0 4081:978-1-84844-564-2 3539:978-0-309-43738-7 3433:on 10 June 2001. 3365:978-92-79-16344-9 3174:10.1002/jsfa.7523 2742:978-981-10-3487-9 2636:978-1-315-17859-2 2596:978-1-925339-11-6 2404:. FDA. 2009-03-06 2280:Los Angeles Times 2013: 2012: 1916:mutation breeding 1696:Health and safety 1532:distillers grains 1433:phosphoglycerides 1269:Agaricus bisporus 1234:, a precursor of 1153:In February 2015 968:trypsin inhibitor 782:selectable marker 746:, which inhibits 697:Agaricus bisporus 533:mutation breeding 520:According to the 410:mutation breeding 380:), also known as 371: 370: 335:He Jiankui affair 215:Molecular cloning 18: 13711: 13664: 13663: 13652: 13651: 13640: 13639: 13534:Health education 13411: 13410: 13265:Food hygiene and 13246:Tropical disease 13058:Infant mortality 13033:Community health 12909:Controlled Drugs 12845:Health promotion 12775:Right to housing 12619:Health economics 12531: 12524: 12517: 12508: 12507: 12492: 12491: 12439:Horizon scanning 12355:Ephemeralization 12315:Vertical farming 12273: 12272: 12255: 12248: 12241: 12232: 12231: 12218: 12217: 12208: 12198: 12197: 12188: 12187: 12180:Drink portal 12178: 12177: 12176: 12168: 12167: 12079:(United Kingdom) 11828:Jack in the Box 11799: 11786:Minamata disease 11698:Food irradiation 11678:4-Hydroxynonenal 11526:Sodium cyclamate 11369:Escherichia coli 11361:Escherichia coli 11093: 11086: 11079: 11070: 11069: 10803:Dow AgroSciences 10763: 10762: 10673: 10672: 10530: 10529: 10305: 10304: 10296: 10295: 10272: 10265: 10258: 10249: 10248: 10239: 10213: 10212: 10202: 10184: 10182:10.3390/v7082819 10175:(8): 4254–4281. 10160: 10154: 10153: 10143: 10103: 10092: 10091: 10063: 10052: 10051: 10023: 10014: 10013: 9965: 9959: 9958: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9871: 9865: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9823: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9800: 9785: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9761: 9755: 9744: 9738: 9721: 9715: 9698: 9692: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9631: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9569: 9567: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9547:. 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Archived from 8081: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8056: 8050: 8049: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8023: 8017: 8016: 8014: 8013: 8007: 8000: 7992: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7982: 7976: 7970:. Archived from 7969: 7961: 7955: 7954: 7952: 7951: 7936: 7930: 7929: 7901: 7895: 7894: 7892: 7891: 7885: 7878: 7867: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7857: 7848:. Archived from 7842: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7832: 7821: 7815: 7814: 7790: 7784: 7783: 7781: 7775:. 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Archived from 6945: 6939: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6821: 6819: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6795: 6793: 6787: 6778: 6772: 6771: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6652: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6595: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6578: 6572: 6571: 6526: 6520: 6519: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6457: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6394: 6385: 6384: 6358: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6277:Nature Portfolio 6262: 6256: 6255: 6236:). p. 541. 6217: 6211: 6210: 6208: 6207: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6175: 6165: 6133: 6127: 6126: 6124: 6114: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6047: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6014: 6008: 6001: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5977: 5968: 5967: 5957: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5924: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5840: 5834: 5833: 5815: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5783: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5688: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5639: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5590: 5558: 5552: 5551: 5518:(7245): 437–41. 5506: 5500: 5499: 5489: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5391: 5359: 5353: 5352: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5288: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5226: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5177: 5168: 5167: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5082: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5054:10.1002/wsbm.104 5033: 5027: 5026: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4979: 4977: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4949: 4947: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4888: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4798: 4788: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4669: 4663: 4656: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4629: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4607: 4596: 4595: 4593: 4592: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4524: 4516: 4514: 4490: 4484: 4483: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4457:on May 22, 2016. 4453:. Archived from 4446: 4437: 4436: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4402: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4364: 4349: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4330: 4322: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4303:on June 23, 2015 4293: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4282: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4245: 4239: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4223: 4212: 4211: 4171: 4154: 4153: 4113: 4094: 4093: 4065: 4052: 4051: 4011: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3991: 3975: 3962: 3961: 3959: 3957: 3942: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3921:on June 21, 2018 3910: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3883: 3872: 3871: 3837: 3828: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3778: 3746: 3737: 3736: 3730: 3728: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3684: 3682: 3676: 3657: 3648: 3647: 3608: 3599: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3575: 3566: 3565: 3556: 3554: 3515: 3506: 3505: 3499: 3497: 3486: 3477: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3448: 3439: 3438: 3429:. Archived from 3419: 3410: 3409: 3403: 3401: 3386: 3377: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3349: 3338: 3329: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3318: 3308: 3302: 3300: 3294: 3286: 3277: 3276: 3210: 3197: 3196: 3160:(4): 1851–1855. 3146: 3090: 3057: 3019: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2982: 2950: 2941: 2940: 2934: 2932: 2921: 2912: 2911: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2850: 2810: 2795: 2794: 2776: 2747: 2746: 2718: 2703: 2702: 2684: 2675:(2): R287–R291. 2660: 2649: 2648: 2620: 2609: 2608: 2583:Healey, Justin. 2580: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2517:(6): 1035–1046. 2502: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2422: 2413: 2412: 2410: 2409: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2358:(5451): 303–05. 2346: 2337: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2271: 2258: 2257: 2247: 2229: 2197: 2188: 2175: 2070:Resistance genes 2008: 2005: 1987: 1980: 1830:toxic to insects 1397:phage resistance 1108:RNA interference 961:B. thuringiensis 953:delta endotoxins 927:abiotic stresses 911:nutrient profile 794:nuclear envelope 704:since 2016. See 363: 356: 349: 81: 56: 55: 13719: 13718: 13714: 13713: 13712: 13710: 13709: 13708: 13679: 13678: 13677: 13672: 13624: 13595:Margaret Sanger 13563: 13522: 13406: 13404: 13398: 13341: 13335: 13307:Safety scandals 13266: 13260: 13182: 13176: 13110: 13104: 13100:Social medicine 13093:Race and health 13028:Child mortality 13009: 12968:Open defecation 12850:Human nutrition 12840:Family planning 12828:Behavior change 12814: 12770:Right to health 12683:Maternal health 12673:Health politics 12624:Health literacy 12540: 12535: 12505: 12500: 12480: 12319: 12264: 12259: 12229: 12224: 12174: 12172: 12170:Food portal 12162: 12154: 12103: 12041: 12002:Food libel laws 11965: 11793: 11742: 11708:Modified starch 11670:Food processing 11664: 11611: 11540: 11490: 11486:Sodium benzoate 11462: 11424: 11419:Vibrio cholerae 11313: 11284:Gnathostomiasis 11269:Fasciolopsiasis 11221: 11169: 11160:Mercury in fish 11102: 11097: 11067: 11062: 11034: 11003: 10957: 10939: 10892: 10882: 10856: 10852:Genetic testing 10834: 10824: 10750: 10736:Recombinant DNA 10724: 10695:Electroporation 10658: 10654:Oncolytic virus 10633: 10621: 10578: 10564:Herman the Bull 10515: 10449: 10431: 10413: 10395: 10372: 10354: 10336: 10290: 10288: 10281: 10276: 10226:in your library 10221: 10216: 10161: 10157: 10104: 10095: 10088: 10064: 10055: 10040: 10024: 10017: 9966: 9962: 9933:(11): 491–497. 9919: 9915: 9872: 9868: 9860: 9858: 9848: 9824: 9807: 9798: 9796: 9786: 9782: 9773: 9771: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9745: 9741: 9735:Wayback Machine 9722: 9718: 9712:Wayback Machine 9699: 9695: 9683: 9681: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9652: 9642: 9640: 9635: 9584: 9580: 9570: 9561: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9540: 9539: 9535: 9511: 9507: 9497: 9495: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9440: 9433: 9402: 9398: 9375: 9371: 9362: 9360: 9350: 9346: 9334: 9332: 9328: 9305: 9299: 9295: 9286: 9284: 9275: 9274: 9270: 9260: 9258: 9248: 9244: 9232: 9228: 9216: 9212: 9200: 9196: 9186: 9184: 9174: 9173: 9169: 9159: 9157: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9138: 9136: 9126: 9122: 9109:APPDMZ\ccvivr. 9107: 9103: 9094: 9092: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9069: 9065: 9012: 9008: 8998: 8996: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8974: 8972: 8968: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8948: 8938: 8936: 8927: 8926: 8922: 8912: 8910: 8909:on 1 March 2019 8901: 8900: 8896: 8887: 8885: 8876: 8875: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8843: 8842: 8833: 8825: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8809: 8774: 8761: 8750: 8743: 8732: 8728: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8708: 8704: 8691: 8690: 8686: 8674: 8672: 8662: 8660: 8651: 8650: 8642: 8638: 8628: 8626: 8625:on May 13, 2013 8622: 8615: 8609: 8605: 8568: 8564: 8555: 8553: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8536: 8520: 8516: 8507: 8505: 8496: 8495: 8486: 8437: 8433: 8392:(12): 3671–75. 8374: 8370: 8333: 8329: 8318: 8314: 8307: 8293: 8289: 8257: 8253: 8248:Wayback Machine 8238: 8234: 8225: 8223: 8219: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8193: 8191: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8173:Wayback Machine 8163: 8159: 8150: 8148: 8143: 8142: 8138: 8107: 8103: 8094: 8092: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8069: 8067: 8058: 8057: 8053: 8042: 8038: 8025: 8024: 8020: 8011: 8009: 8005: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7989: 7980: 7978: 7974: 7967: 7963: 7962: 7958: 7949: 7947: 7938: 7937: 7933: 7902: 7898: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7855: 7853: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7830: 7828: 7823: 7822: 7818: 7791: 7787: 7779: 7764: 7756: 7752: 7743: 7742: 7738: 7729: 7728: 7724: 7705: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7669: 7667: 7656: 7655: 7648: 7638: 7636: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7566: 7562: 7509: 7505: 7496: 7494: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7443: 7439: 7421: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7394: 7388: 7384: 7333: 7329: 7319: 7317: 7307: 7303: 7293: 7291: 7282: 7281: 7277: 7269: 7265: 7256: 7254: 7245: 7244: 7240: 7217:10.1038/nbt1082 7200: 7196: 7159: 7155: 7116: 7112: 7094: 7090: 7053:(5451): 303–5. 7043: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7017: 7015: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6995: 6985: 6983: 6975: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6932: 6930: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6895: 6891: 6876: 6872: 6862: 6860: 6850: 6846: 6831: 6827: 6817: 6815: 6806: 6805: 6801: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6775: 6766: 6765: 6761: 6746: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6662:on June 2, 2013 6654: 6653: 6649: 6596: 6592: 6584: 6580: 6579: 6575: 6527: 6523: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6458: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6430: 6429: 6425: 6416: 6414: 6395: 6388: 6320: 6316: 6285:10.1038/nrg3962 6263: 6259: 6244: 6218: 6214: 6205: 6203: 6193: 6189: 6148:(11): e111629. 6134: 6130: 6091: 6087: 6048: 6044: 6035: 6033: 6015: 6011: 6002: 5995: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5971: 5955:10.1038/455850a 5948:(7215): 850–2. 5934: 5930: 5921: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5905: 5898: 5876: 5872: 5857:10.1002/ps.3522 5841: 5837: 5830: 5816: 5807: 5760: 5753: 5728: 5706: 5702: 5657: 5653: 5608: 5604: 5559: 5555: 5507: 5503: 5464:(7245): 442–5. 5450: 5446: 5409: 5405: 5374:(16): 5405–19. 5360: 5356: 5349: 5333: 5329: 5322: 5306: 5302: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5244: 5240: 5195: 5191: 5178: 5171: 5132: 5128: 5083: 5079: 5034: 5030: 5023: 5007: 5003: 4996:thefishsite.com 4990: 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4966:The Japan Times 4960: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4943: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4825: 4817: 4816: 4812: 4765: 4761: 4730: 4726: 4715: 4711: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4644: 4631: 4630: 4626: 4616: 4614: 4609: 4608: 4599: 4590: 4588: 4577: 4573: 4565: 4561: 4553: 4549: 4538: 4534: 4518: 4517: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4466: 4462: 4447: 4440: 4427: 4423: 4403: 4396: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4362: 4360: 4350: 4346: 4337: 4335: 4333:curia.europa.eu 4328: 4324: 4323: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4295: 4294: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4258: 4256: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4232: 4230: 4224: 4215: 4172: 4157: 4114: 4097: 4082: 4066: 4055: 4012: 3999: 3989: 3987: 3976: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3943: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3911: 3902: 3892: 3890: 3885: 3884: 3875: 3835: 3829: 3822: 3812: 3810: 3799: 3792: 3747: 3740: 3726: 3724: 3713: 3706: 3698: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3689: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3669: 3668: 3658: 3651: 3609: 3602: 3594: 3593: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3569: 3552: 3550: 3540: 3516: 3509: 3495: 3493: 3488: 3487: 3480: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3449: 3442: 3421: 3420: 3413: 3399: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3347: 3339: 3332: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3280: 3225:Springer Nature 3211: 3200: 3192: 3191: 3142: 3141: 3017: 3007: 3000: 2951: 2944: 2930: 2928: 2923: 2922: 2915: 2907: 2906: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2811: 2798: 2777: 2750: 2743: 2719: 2706: 2661: 2652: 2637: 2621: 2612: 2597: 2581: 2556: 2503: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2347: 2340: 2331: 2327: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2283:. 24 March 1990 2273: 2272: 2261: 2212:(10): 2904–09. 2198: 2191: 2185:Wayback Machine 2176: 2172: 2168: 2115: 2094: 2081: 2072: 2063: 2044: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2021: 2009: 2003: 2000: 1993:needs expansion 1978: 1972: 1938: 1932: 1882: 1853: 1810: 1804: 1780: 1774: 1766:Séralini affair 1743: 1704: 1698: 1689: 1669:bioavailability 1664: 1656:extreme weather 1652: 1643: 1561: 1520: 1515: 1467: 1446: 1418: 1413: 1370: 1354: 1344: 1301: 1295: 1264: 1252: 1214: 1198: 1173: 996: 899: 893: 888: 817:electroporation 762: 756: 721:Palmer amaranth 553:Human-directed 551: 545: 501:(USDA) and the 491: 485: 367: 325:Séralini affair 220:Recombinant DNA 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 13717: 13707: 13706: 13701: 13696: 13691: 13674: 13673: 13671: 13670: 13658: 13646: 13633: 13630: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13623: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13592: 13587: 13582: 13577: 13571: 13569: 13565: 13564: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13536: 13530: 13528: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13520: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13502: 13501: 13496: 13491: 13486: 13478: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13463: 13462: 13461: 13453: 13452: 13451: 13446: 13438: 13437: 13436: 13428: 13427: 13426: 13417: 13415: 13408: 13403:Organizations, 13400: 13399: 13397: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13345: 13343: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13332: 13331: 13326: 13316: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13299: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13270: 13268: 13262: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13253: 13248: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13227: 13226: 13216: 13215: 13214: 13204: 13203: 13202: 13192: 13186: 13184: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13168: 13167: 13159: 13150: 13145: 13140: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13114: 13112: 13109:Biological and 13106: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13097: 13096: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13075: 13070: 13068:Multimorbidity 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13019: 13017: 13011: 13010: 13008: 13007: 13005:Vector control 13002: 12997: 12992: 12990:School hygiene 12987: 12986: 12985: 12980: 12975: 12973:Sanitary sewer 12970: 12965: 12960: 12950: 12945: 12940: 12939: 12938: 12931:Patient safety 12928: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12891: 12890: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12864: 12863: 12862: 12857: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12836: 12835: 12824: 12822: 12816: 12815: 12813: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12747: 12746: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12725: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12663: 12653: 12648: 12643: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12614:Harm reduction 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12589: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12541: 12534: 12533: 12526: 12519: 12511: 12502: 12501: 12499: 12498: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12457: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12405: 12404: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12324: 12321: 12320: 12318: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12281: 12279: 12270: 12266: 12265: 12258: 12257: 12250: 12243: 12235: 12226: 12225: 12223: 12222: 12212: 12202: 12192: 12182: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12125:Food marketing 12122: 12117: 12111: 12109: 12108:Related topics 12105: 12104: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12085: 12080: 12074: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12051: 12049: 12043: 12042: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11983: 11981: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11857: 11852: 11843: 11834: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11788: 11783: 11778: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11752: 11750: 11744: 11743: 11741: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11693:Food additives 11690: 11685: 11680: 11674: 11672: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11627: 11621: 11619: 11613: 11612: 11610: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11542: 11541: 11539: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11523: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11506: 11500: 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11488: 11483: 11478: 11472: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11434: 11432: 11426: 11425: 11423: 11422: 11415: 11407: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11365: 11357: 11350: 11343: 11336: 11329: 11323: 11321: 11319:Microorganisms 11315: 11314: 11312: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11289:Paragonimiasis 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11254:Cyclosporiasis 11251: 11246: 11241: 11235: 11233: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11179: 11177: 11175:Food additives 11171: 11170: 11168: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11150:Lead poisoning 11147: 11142: 11137: 11132: 11127: 11122: 11116: 11114: 11104: 11103: 11096: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11073: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11036: 11035: 11033: 11032: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11011: 11009: 11008:Similar fields 11005: 11004: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10965: 10963: 10959: 10958: 10956: 10955: 10949: 10947: 10941: 10940: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10896: 10894: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10880: 10878:Gene targeting 10875: 10873:Gene knockdown 10870: 10864: 10862: 10858: 10857: 10855: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10838: 10836: 10826: 10825: 10823: 10822: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10808:DuPont Pioneer 10805: 10800: 10795: 10787: 10782: 10781: 10780: 10769: 10767: 10766:In agriculture 10760: 10756: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10743: 10738: 10732: 10730: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10710:Microinjection 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10681: 10679: 10670: 10664: 10663: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10640: 10638: 10627: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10609: 10608: 10607: 10602: 10592: 10586: 10584: 10580: 10579: 10577: 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10555: 10554: 10549: 10547:Knockout mouse 10538: 10536: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10468: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10441: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10429: 10423: 10421: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10411: 10405: 10403: 10397: 10396: 10394: 10393: 10388: 10382: 10380: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10370: 10364: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10353: 10352: 10346: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10313: 10311: 10302: 10293: 10283: 10282: 10275: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10252: 10246: 10245: 10233: 10220: 10219:External links 10217: 10215: 10214: 10155: 10118:(1): 146–157. 10093: 10086: 10053: 10038: 10015: 9960: 9913: 9886:(2): 374–383. 9866: 9846: 9805: 9780: 9756: 9739: 9716: 9693: 9691: 9690: 9669: 9649: 9578: 9545:heinonline.org 9533: 9505: 9483: 9454:(6): 842–851. 9431: 9396: 9385:(4): 1060–64. 9379:Food Chemistry 9369: 9344: 9316:(April 2014). 9293: 9268: 9242: 9226: 9210: 9194: 9167: 9145: 9120: 9101: 9076: 9070:Emily Marden, 9063: 9006: 8981: 8946: 8920: 8894: 8866: 8831: 8807: 8759: 8741: 8726: 8702: 8697:www.cancer.org 8684: 8636: 8603: 8582:(4): 1174–78. 8562: 8541: 8534: 8514: 8484: 8455:(7): 2177–87. 8431: 8368: 8347:(5): 765–771. 8327: 8312: 8306:978-1845692162 8305: 8287: 8251: 8232: 8201: 8176: 8157: 8136: 8101: 8076: 8051: 8036: 8018: 7987: 7956: 7940:"Soyatech.com" 7931: 7896: 7862: 7837: 7816: 7785: 7782:on 2015-01-09. 7750: 7736: 7722: 7694: 7677: 7646: 7617: 7580:Annual Reviews 7560: 7503: 7482: 7463: 7437: 7415: 7382: 7327: 7301: 7275: 7263: 7238: 7194: 7153: 7110: 7088: 7037: 7024: 6993: 6973:"Acreage NASS" 6964: 6940: 6914: 6889: 6870: 6844: 6825: 6799: 6773: 6759: 6740: 6715: 6700: 6673: 6647: 6610:(6): 1035–46. 6590: 6573: 6532:Food Chemistry 6521: 6478: 6449: 6423: 6386: 6314: 6257: 6242: 6212: 6187: 6128: 6099:Sustainability 6085: 6042: 6009: 5993: 5969: 5928: 5903: 5896: 5870: 5851:(8): 897–904. 5835: 5828: 5805: 5751: 5726: 5700: 5651: 5602: 5553: 5501: 5444: 5403: 5354: 5347: 5327: 5320: 5300: 5263: 5256: 5238: 5189: 5169: 5126: 5077: 5028: 5021: 5001: 4983: 4953: 4900: 4835: 4810: 4759: 4724: 4709: 4674: 4642: 4624: 4597: 4571: 4559: 4547: 4532: 4485: 4478: 4460: 4438: 4421: 4394: 4369: 4344: 4314: 4288: 4266: 4240: 4213: 4155: 4128:(5): 622–640. 4095: 4080: 4053: 4026:(4): 895–915. 3997: 3963: 3932: 3900: 3873: 3846:(3): 315–324. 3820: 3790: 3761:(7): 545–548. 3738: 3704: 3649: 3619:(7): 739–741. 3600: 3567: 3538: 3530:10.17226/23395 3507: 3478: 3440: 3411: 3396:. January 2001 3378: 3364: 3330: 3278: 3198: 3105:(2): 213–217. 3069:(6): 883–914. 3028:(4): 734–742. 2998: 2942: 2913: 2852: 2796: 2748: 2741: 2704: 2650: 2635: 2610: 2595: 2554: 2468: 2443: 2414: 2393: 2338: 2325: 2294: 2259: 2189: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2162: 2156: 2151: 2145: 2136: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2114: 2111: 2093: 2092:Other concerns 2090: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2040:Main article: 2037: 2034: 2025:evidence-based 2022: 2014: 2011: 2010: 1990: 1988: 1971: 1968: 1946:bioinformatics 1934:Main article: 1931: 1928: 1901:processed food 1881: 1878: 1852: 1849: 1806:Main article: 1803: 1800: 1773: 1770: 1762:Pusztai affair 1742: 1739: 1719:certifications 1697: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1663: 1660: 1651: 1648: 1642: 1639: 1560: 1557: 1519: 1516: 1514: 1511: 1466: 1463: 1445: 1442: 1417: 1414: 1412: 1409: 1373:Bacteriophages 1369: 1366: 1343: 1340: 1297:Main article: 1294: 1291: 1263: 1260: 1251: 1248: 1213: 1210: 1197: 1194: 1172: 1169: 1159:Gene silencing 1082:requested the 1027:ringspot virus 995: 992: 923:bioremediation 895:Main article: 892: 889: 887: 884: 864:Genome editing 848:Gene targeting 841:DNA sequencing 825:tissue culture 790:microinjection 758:Main article: 755: 752: 677:growth hormone 621:antisense gene 547:Main article: 544: 541: 495:cross breeding 487:Main article: 484: 481: 369: 368: 366: 365: 358: 351: 343: 340: 339: 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 320:Pusztai affair 317: 312: 304: 303: 299: 298: 297: 296: 291: 286: 285: 284: 271: 270: 266: 265: 264: 263: 262: 261: 256: 249:Genome editing 246: 245: 244: 239: 234: 232:Transformation 224: 223: 222: 212: 204: 203: 199: 198: 197: 196: 195: 194: 189: 178: 177: 169: 168: 164: 163: 162: 161: 160: 159: 154: 149: 144: 133: 132: 131: 130: 125: 120: 109: 108: 103: 95: 94: 88: 87: 83: 82: 74: 73: 65: 64: 50: 39:15 August 2024 28: 22: 19: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13716: 13705: 13702: 13700: 13697: 13695: 13692: 13690: 13689:Food industry 13687: 13686: 13684: 13669: 13668: 13659: 13657: 13656: 13647: 13645: 13644: 13635: 13634: 13631: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13591: 13590:Joseph Lister 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13576: 13573: 13572: 13570: 13566: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13535: 13532: 13531: 13529: 13525: 13518: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13500: 13497: 13495: 13492: 13490: 13487: 13485: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13469:Health Canada 13467: 13466: 13464: 13460: 13457: 13456: 13454: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13441: 13439: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13429: 13425: 13422: 13421: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414:Organizations 13412: 13409: 13401: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13346: 13344: 13338: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13321: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13280: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13271: 13269: 13263: 13257: 13254: 13252: 13251:Vaccine trial 13249: 13247: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13220: 13217: 13213: 13210: 13209: 13208: 13205: 13201: 13198: 13197: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13179: 13173: 13170: 13166: 13164: 13160: 13158: 13156: 13151: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13128:Relative risk 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13115: 13113: 13107: 13101: 13098: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13088:Health equity 13086: 13084: 13081: 13080: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13053:Health system 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13043:Global health 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13023:Biostatistics 13021: 13020: 13018: 13016: 13012: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12993: 12991: 12988: 12984: 12981: 12979: 12976: 12974: 12971: 12969: 12966: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12955: 12954: 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12937: 12934: 12933: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12892: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12868: 12865: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12852: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12834: 12831: 12830: 12829: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12821: 12817: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12765:Right to food 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12720: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12703: 12699: 12698:Mental health 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12667: 12664: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12657: 12654: 12652: 12649: 12647: 12646:Housing First 12644: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12634:Health system 12632: 12631: 12630: 12629:Health policy 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12584: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12549: 12547: 12543: 12539: 12538:Public health 12532: 12527: 12525: 12520: 12518: 12513: 12512: 12509: 12497: 12496: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12477: 12476:Transhumanism 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12332: 12330: 12326: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12300:Cultured meat 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12282: 12280: 12278: 12274: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12256: 12251: 12249: 12244: 12242: 12237: 12236: 12233: 12221: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12203: 12201: 12193: 12191: 12183: 12181: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12160: 12157: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12130:Food politics 12128: 12126: 12123: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12112: 12110: 12106: 12100: 12097: 12095:(South Korea) 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12078: 12075: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12052: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11980: 11976: 11972: 11968: 11960: 11959:United States 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11883: 11880:2011 Germany 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11858: 11856: 11853: 11851: 11849: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11837:1996 Odwalla 11835: 11833: 11831: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11797: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11751: 11749: 11745: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11721: 11719: 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11701: 11699: 11696: 11694: 11691: 11689: 11686: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11673: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11658: 11656: 11653: 11651: 11648: 11646: 11643: 11641: 11638: 11636: 11633: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11622: 11620: 11618: 11614: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11559: 11557: 11555: 11551: 11547: 11543: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11524: 11522: 11519: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11497: 11493: 11487: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11469: 11468:Preservatives 11465: 11459: 11458:Methamidophos 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11421: 11420: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11408: 11406: 11405: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11356: 11355: 11351: 11349: 11348: 11344: 11342: 11341: 11337: 11335: 11334: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11324: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11299:Toxoplasmosis 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11240: 11237: 11236: 11234: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11210:Vegetable oil 11208: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11178: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11126: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11115: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11094: 11089: 11087: 11082: 11080: 11075: 11074: 11071: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11053:Biotechnology 11051: 11049: 11046: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11037: 11031: 11028: 11026: 11023: 11021: 11018: 11016: 11013: 11012: 11010: 11006: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10994:South America 10992: 10989: 10985: 10984:North America 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10966: 10964: 10960: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10946: 10942: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10930:Transhumanism 10928: 10926: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10895: 10889: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10869: 10868:Gene knockout 10866: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10832: 10827: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10794: 10791: 10790: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10779: 10778:Controversies 10776: 10775: 10774: 10771: 10770: 10768: 10764: 10761: 10757: 10747: 10744: 10742: 10739: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10727: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10680: 10678: 10677:Inserting DNA 10674: 10671: 10669: 10665: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10639: 10637: 10632: 10628: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10587: 10585: 10583:Other animals 10581: 10575: 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10557: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10540: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10522: 10512: 10509: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10497: 10494: 10492: 10489: 10487: 10484: 10482: 10479: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10428: 10425: 10424: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10410: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10381: 10379: 10375: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10268: 10266: 10261: 10259: 10254: 10253: 10250: 10243: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10222: 10210: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10183: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10151: 10147: 10142: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10102: 10100: 10098: 10089: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10070: 10062: 10060: 10058: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10022: 10020: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9964: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9917: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9881: 9877: 9870: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9847:9780444517494 9843: 9839: 9835: 9831: 9830: 9822: 9820: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9812: 9810: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9770: 9766: 9760: 9753: 9749: 9743: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9720: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9702: 9697: 9679: 9675: 9671:News report: 9670: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9638: 9633: 9632: 9629: 9625: 9621: 9617: 9613: 9609: 9605: 9601: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9582: 9574: 9565: 9551:on 2019-01-23 9550: 9546: 9543: 9537: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9509: 9493: 9487: 9479: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9449: 9445: 9438: 9436: 9427: 9423: 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9406:Plant Science 9400: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9359: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9331:on 2014-05-29 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9304: 9297: 9283:on 2017-06-10 9282: 9278: 9272: 9257: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9235: 9230: 9223: 9219: 9214: 9208: 9204: 9198: 9183: 9182: 9177: 9171: 9155: 9149: 9135: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9112: 9105: 9091:on 2013-10-12 9090: 9086: 9080: 9073: 9067: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9021: 9017: 9010: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8971:on 2022-11-28 8967: 8963: 8956: 8950: 8934: 8930: 8924: 8908: 8904: 8898: 8884:on 2014-03-26 8883: 8879: 8873: 8871: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8836: 8824: 8817: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8788:(2): 99–111. 8787: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8770: 8768: 8766: 8764: 8756:. Leagle.com. 8755: 8748: 8746: 8738:. JAVMA News. 8737: 8730: 8713: 8706: 8698: 8694: 8688: 8680: 8668: 8655: 8647: 8640: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8599: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8566: 8551: 8545: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8526: 8518: 8504:on 2015-03-26 8503: 8499: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8480: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8462: 8458: 8454: 8450: 8446: 8442: 8435: 8427: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8399: 8395: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8381: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8316: 8308: 8302: 8298: 8291: 8283: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8255: 8249: 8245: 8242: 8236: 8222:on 2020-02-07 8218: 8211: 8205: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8161: 8146: 8140: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8120: 8117:(4): 385–93. 8116: 8112: 8105: 8091:on 2018-10-05 8090: 8086: 8080: 8065: 8061: 8055: 8047: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8008:on 2007-02-14 8004: 7997: 7991: 7977:on 2020-02-14 7973: 7966: 7960: 7946:on 2012-10-25 7945: 7941: 7935: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7915: 7912:(3): 145–53. 7911: 7907: 7900: 7886:on 2015-09-05 7882: 7875: 7874: 7866: 7852:on 2016-03-01 7851: 7847: 7841: 7826: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7796: 7789: 7778: 7774: 7770: 7763: 7762: 7754: 7746: 7740: 7732: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7703: 7701: 7699: 7687: 7681: 7665: 7664: 7659: 7653: 7651: 7634: 7630: 7624: 7622: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7507: 7492: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7467: 7452: 7448: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7400: 7393: 7386: 7378: 7374: 7369: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7316: 7312: 7305: 7289: 7285: 7279: 7273: 7267: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7234: 7230: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7198: 7190: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7173:(2): 225–32. 7172: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7014:on 2016-03-03 7010: 7003: 6997: 6981: 6974: 6968: 6960: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6944: 6933:September 19, 6929:on 2019-08-12 6928: 6924: 6918: 6903: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6874: 6859: 6855: 6848: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6784: 6777: 6769: 6763: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6730:on 2013-10-12 6729: 6725: 6719: 6711: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6594: 6583: 6577: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6494:(4): 565–73. 6493: 6489: 6482: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6454: 6438:on 2015-01-07 6437: 6433: 6427: 6413:on 2010-07-06 6412: 6408: 6404: 6400: 6393: 6391: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6362: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6318: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6232:, USA: CABI ( 6231: 6227: 6223: 6216: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6105:(5): 743–62. 6104: 6100: 6096: 6089: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6046: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5899: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5831: 5829:9781137405722 5825: 5821: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5727:9780124047426 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622:(1): 359–72. 5621: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5580: 5576: 5573:(2): 757–61. 5572: 5568: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5505: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5423:(1): 176–87. 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5358: 5350: 5348:9780306472800 5344: 5340: 5339: 5331: 5323: 5321:9780074602775 5317: 5313: 5312: 5304: 5296: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5259: 5253: 5249: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5176: 5174: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5024: 5022:9781139471787 5018: 5014: 5013: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4987: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4957: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4896: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4839: 4824: 4820: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4740:(1): 264–72. 4739: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4719:Modern Farmer 4713: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690:(4): 620–26. 4689: 4685: 4678: 4664:on 2021-03-08 4660: 4653: 4646: 4639:. 2019-06-19. 4638: 4634: 4628: 4612: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4586: 4582: 4575: 4568: 4563: 4556: 4551: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4522: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4489: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4464: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4433: 4432:Domestication 4425: 4417: 4416: 4411: 4407: 4406:Daniel Zohary 4401: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4302: 4298: 4292: 4276: 4270: 4255:on 2016-02-14 4254: 4250: 4244: 4229: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3920: 3916: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3888: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3809:on 2017-05-25 3808: 3804: 3797: 3795: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3745: 3743: 3735: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3673: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3605: 3597: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3564: 3561: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3522: 3514: 3512: 3504: 3491: 3485: 3483: 3475: 3464:on 2012-09-07 3460: 3453: 3447: 3445: 3437: 3436:counterparts. 3432: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3416: 3408: 3407:counterparts. 3395: 3391: 3385: 3383: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3356:10.2777/97784 3353: 3346: 3345: 3337: 3335: 3315: 3307: 3291: 3285: 3283: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3094: 3093:And contrast: 3091: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3056: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3016: 3010: 3009:But see also: 3005: 3003: 2995: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2947: 2939: 2926: 2920: 2918: 2910: 2901: 2897: 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CRC Press. 2628: 2627: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2592: 2588: 2587: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2428: 2421: 2419: 2403: 2397: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2343: 2335: 2329: 2310: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2282: 2281: 2276: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2174: 2170: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2067: 2061:Allergenicity 2058: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2043: 2036:Controversies 2030: 2026: 2019: 2007: 2004:November 2022 1998: 1994: 1991:This section 1989: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1953:Roundup Ready 1949: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1885: 1877: 1874: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1848: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1756: 1751: 1750: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1717:There are no 1715: 1712: 1709: 1703: 1693: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1670: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1565: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1510: 1508: 1507:hydrogenation 1504: 1503:triglycerides 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471:vegetable oil 1465:Vegetable oil 1462: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1441: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1393: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1353: 1349: 1339: 1337: 1332: 1330: 1325: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1284: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270: 1259: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1232:beta-carotene 1230: 1229:biosynthesise 1226: 1218: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Arctic Apples 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098:developed by 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1018: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1001: 991: 989: 985: 984:socioeconomic 981: 975: 973: 969: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 949: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 898: 883: 881: 877: 873: 872:meganucleases 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 808: 807:Agrobacterium 803: 802:viral vectors 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 780:region and a 779: 775: 771: 767: 761: 751: 749: 748:muscle growth 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:CRISPR-edited 724: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 702:United States 699: 698: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 665: 663: 658: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 635:Bt maize/corn 632: 628: 627: 622: 618: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:domestication 556: 550: 540: 536: 534: 530: 525: 523: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 490: 480: 477: 472: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 364: 359: 357: 352: 350: 345: 344: 342: 341: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 307: 306: 305: 302:Controversies 301: 300: 295: 294:Designer baby 292: 290: 287: 283: 280: 279: 278: 275: 274: 273: 272: 268: 267: 260: 257: 255: 252: 251: 250: 247: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 228: 227:Gene delivery 225: 221: 218: 217: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 206: 205: 201: 200: 193: 190: 188: 185: 184: 183: 180: 179: 176: 173: 172: 171: 170: 166: 165: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 139: 138: 135: 134: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 102: 99: 98: 97: 96: 93: 90: 89: 85: 84: 80: 76: 75: 72: 71: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 54: 40: 36: 32: 25: 20: 13665: 13653: 13641: 13610:Radium Girls 13605:Typhoid Mary 13292:Microbiology 13162: 13154: 13038:Epidemiology 12936:Organization 12887:Oral hygiene 12877:Hand washing 12855:Healthy diet 12785:Right to sit 12678:Labor rights 12493: 12380:Robot ethics 12304: 12144: 12140:Food quality 12047:Institutions 11881: 11847: 11838: 11829: 11713:Nitrosamines 11476:Benzoic acid 11438:Chlorpyrifos 11417: 11411: 11402: 11385: 11368: 11360: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11309:Trichuriasis 11294:Toxocariasis 11264:Enterobiasis 11140:Formaldehyde 10842:Gene therapy 10772: 10741:Transgenesis 10720:Transfection 10685:Agrobacteria 10569:Knockout rat 10391:Vistive Gold 10287:Genetically 10172: 10168: 10158: 10115: 10111: 10068: 10028: 9980:(S2): 7–11. 9977: 9973: 9963: 9930: 9926: 9916: 9883: 9879: 9869: 9859:, retrieved 9828: 9797:. Retrieved 9793: 9783: 9772:. Retrieved 9768: 9759: 9751: 9742: 9737:October 2006 9719: 9696: 9682:. Retrieved 9678:DER STANDARD 9677: 9661:. Retrieved 9657: 9641:. Retrieved 9595: 9591: 9581: 9553:. Retrieved 9549:the original 9544: 9536: 9519: 9515: 9508: 9496:. Retrieved 9486: 9451: 9447: 9412:(2): 94–98. 9409: 9405: 9399: 9382: 9378: 9372: 9361:. Retrieved 9357: 9347: 9339: 9333:. Retrieved 9326:the original 9313: 9309: 9296: 9285:. Retrieved 9281:the original 9271: 9259:. Retrieved 9255: 9245: 9237: 9229: 9221: 9213: 9202: 9197: 9185:. Retrieved 9179: 9170: 9158:. Retrieved 9148: 9137:. Retrieved 9133: 9123: 9115:monsanto.com 9114: 9104: 9093:. Retrieved 9089:the original 9079: 9066: 9023: 9019: 9009: 8997:. Retrieved 8993: 8984: 8973:. Retrieved 8966:the original 8961: 8949: 8937:. Retrieved 8933:the original 8923: 8911:. Retrieved 8907:the original 8897: 8886:. Retrieved 8882:the original 8857:. Retrieved 8853:the original 8823:the original 8810: 8785: 8781: 8729: 8718:. 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Retrieved 4589:. Retrieved 4585:ISAAA Briefs 4584: 4574: 4562: 4550: 4541: 4535: 4521:cite journal 4502: 4498: 4488: 4469: 4463: 4455:the original 4431: 4424: 4414: 4386:. Retrieved 4384:. 2015-08-24 4381: 4372: 4361:. Retrieved 4357: 4347: 4336:. Retrieved 4332: 4307:29 September 4305:. Retrieved 4301:the original 4291: 4281:29 September 4279:. Retrieved 4269: 4257:. Retrieved 4253:the original 4243: 4231:. Retrieved 4183: 4179: 4125: 4121: 4070: 4023: 4019: 3988:. Retrieved 3984:the original 3954:. Retrieved 3950: 3923:. Retrieved 3919:the original 3891:. Retrieved 3843: 3839: 3811:. Retrieved 3807:the original 3758: 3755:EMBO Reports 3754: 3732: 3725:. Retrieved 3721:the original 3686: 3679:. Retrieved 3644: 3616: 3612: 3590: 3583:. Retrieved 3559: 3558: 3551:. Retrieved 3520: 3501: 3494:. Retrieved 3473: 3466:. Retrieved 3459:the original 3434: 3431:the original 3405: 3398:. Retrieved 3369:. Retrieved 3343: 3321:. Retrieved 3304: 3297:. 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Isaaa.org 7582:: 151–172. 7525:: 303–321. 6982:. June 2010 6689:. Frankfurt 6666:October 18, 6538:: 822–830. 6341:: 426–434. 6279:: 472–482. 6058:(1): 7–33. 5983:. ISAAA.org 5918:. ISAAA.org 5097:(1): 9–17. 5048:(1): 7–20. 4186:: 269–273. 2456:www.fda.gov 1706:There is a 1604:hard cheese 1524:animal feed 1518:Animal feed 1491:cooking oil 1405:recombinant 1379:failure in 1244:carotenoids 1225:Golden rice 1088:late blight 942:glufosinate 903:agriculture 886:By organism 821:regenerated 662:golden rice 474:There is a 13683:Categories 13420:Caribbean 13297:Processing 13231:Quarantine 13153:Student's 12953:Sanitation 12587:History of 12335:Automation 11971:Regulation 11954:death toll 11723:Shortening 11688:Acrylamide 11617:Food fraud 11597:Mycotoxins 11430:Pesticides 11404:Salmonella 11279:Giardiasis 11239:Amoebiasis 11183:Flavorings 10945:Regulation 10789:Companies 10746:Cisgenesis 10690:Biolistics 10496:Sugar beet 10409:Flavr Savr 10309:Maize/corn 10048:1281814112 9861:2022-05-24 9799:2021-07-09 9774:2021-07-09 9754:, 3:.56-63 9684:21 October 9663:21 October 9643:21 October 9555:2019-01-23 9522:: 301–06. 9363:2014-05-28 9335:2014-05-28 9287:2013-11-22 9261:19 January 9187:18 October 9160:18 October 9139:2015-07-03 9095:2012-09-17 9026:: 100273. 8999:28 October 8975:2021-10-28 8939:18 October 8888:2014-03-25 8720:2011-03-06 8675:|url= 8556:2006-08-14 8508:2016-11-03 8498:"Chymosin" 8226:2012-12-29 8151:2012-12-29 8095:2015-05-31 8070:2012-12-29 8012:2011-11-19 7981:2012-12-29 7950:2012-12-29 7890:2012-09-17 7856:2016-02-19 7831:2012-12-29 7773:11660/1485 7670:18 October 7639:18 October 7629:"Lecithin" 7497:2015-12-03 7408:August 27, 7257:2018-05-30 7018:2013-01-19 6792:August 12, 6734:2012-12-29 6417:2013-01-20 6403:AgBioForum 6339:Cell Press 6252:1110672215 6206:2022-01-15 6036:2017-05-05 5987:2016-09-15 5922:2017-04-27 4976:17 January 4946:17 January 4828:18 October 4823:IFLScience 4668:2016-01-22 4591:2012-06-02 4505:(4): 6–7. 4451:"Chymosin" 4410:Maria Hopf 4388:2021-07-09 4363:2021-07-09 4338:2019-01-05 3990:August 30, 3956:August 30, 3925:August 30, 3893:August 30, 3813:August 30, 3727:August 30, 3688:available. 3681:August 30, 3585:August 30, 3553:August 30, 3496:August 30, 3468:August 30, 3400:August 30, 3371:August 30, 3323:August 30, 3299:August 30, 2931:August 30, 2645:1100467822 2462:2015-12-03 2436:January 2, 2408:2012-12-29 2166:References 2143:initiative 1974:See also: 1962:(FSA) and 1776:See also: 1772:Regulation 1735:pesticides 1700:See also: 1546:microbiome 1513:Other uses 1495:shortening 1479:maize/corn 1450:sugar beet 1346:See also: 1329:transgenes 1283:base pairs 1184:herbicides 1176:Maize/corn 1171:Maize/corn 1140:tangerines 1104:acrylamide 1035:homozygous 972:senescence 938:glyphosate 931:cash crops 813:biolistics 778:terminator 689:ocean pout 649:-tolerant 647:glyphosate 639:bromoxynil 613:Flavr Savr 483:Definition 454:herbicides 434:maize/corn 426:cash crops 422:Flavr Savr 210:Techniques 182:Regulation 142:Maize/corn 13600:John Snow 13527:Education 13517:Full list 13405:education 13329:ISO 22000 13282:Chemistry 13195:Epidemics 13148:ROC curve 12958:Emergency 12738:Radiation 12718:Pollution 12702:Ministers 12599:Euthenics 12365:Bioethics 12017:ISO 22000 11979:watchdogs 11975:standards 11949:outbreaks 11850:outbreaks 11728:Trans fat 11640:Olive oil 11562:Aflatoxin 11536:Sucralose 11521:Saccharin 11509:Aspartame 11453:Malathion 11398:Rotavirus 11393:Norovirus 11058:Bioethics 10962:Geography 10900:Transgene 10668:Processes 10559:Enviropig 10552:Oncomouse 10491:SmartStax 10427:Bt cotton 10291:organisms 10191:1999-4915 10132:2164-5698 9994:0165-7380 9947:0167-7799 9900:0163-7258 9628:252008948 9322:1070-0021 9040:1878-450X 8859:March 26, 8802:0306-9192 8752:leafcom. 8185:"Soybean" 7596:1941-1413 7539:0003-6072 6624:0022-1155 6552:0308-8146 6442:April 17, 6381:205454618 6365:1360-1385 6293:1471-0056 6072:0021-8596 6031:0362-4331 5164:205499369 4941:245593283 4877:2052-7276 4855:(1): 77. 4617:26 August 4208:0921-8009 4150:154666745 4142:1351-5993 4090:891882521 4048:154570139 4040:0021-9886 3249:0036-8733 3227:: 80–85. 3119:0738-8551 2839:0264-410X 2791:922412861 2691:0022-1147 2605:946314501 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