719:. The people of Chang'an had previously been offended by the emperor's officials, who did not appreciate their rising up against Wang Mang but rather considered them traitors. Once the Gengshi Emperor was back in the capital, he issued a general pardon, which calmed the situation for a while. At this time, Chang'an was still largely intact, except for Weiyang Palace which had been destroyed by fire. However, the Gengshi Emperor's timidity quickly caused problems. When the imperial officials gathered for an official meeting, the emperor, who had never seen or been trained for such solemn occasions, seemed frightened and uncomfortable. Later, when generals submitted reports to him, he asked questions such as, "How much did you pillage today?" This type of behavior further reduced the people's confidence in him.
712:). After some difficulties, however, Liu Xiu was able to unify the northern commanderies still loyal to the Gengshi Emperor and besiege Handan in 24 AD, killing Wang Lang. The Gengshi Emperor put Liu Xiu in charge of the region north of the Yellow Rivera and created him the Prince of Xiao, but Liu Xiu, still aware that he was not truly trusted and angry about his brother's death, secretly planned to break away from the Gengshi Emperor's rule. He put in place a strategy to strip other imperially-commissioned generals of their powers and troops, and then concentrated the troops under his own command.
37:
728:), whose daughter he took as an imperial consort. The emperor engaged in frequent drinking and was often unable to receive officials or make important decisions. In the meantime Zhao greatly abused his power. So when an honest official finally revealed Zhao's crimes to the Gengshi Emperor, the emperor had him executed. The other powerful officials also greatly abused their power causing great confusion and anger.
905:), who, planned to hold them as bargaining chips. When Liu Xiu heard about the fall of Chang'an, he created the emperor Prince of Huaiyang, in absentia, and decreed that anyone who harmed the Prince of Huaiyang would be severely punished and that anyone who delivered him to Eastern Han would be rewarded. (This appears to be basically political propaganda on Liu Xiu's part.) When news of Chang'an's fall arrived in
662:), who moved to Luoyang following promises of titles and honours. However, this policy was applied inconsistently, and local governors soon became apprehensive about giving up their power. Fan Chong soon left the capital and returned to his troops. In response, the Gengshi Emperor sent out his generals to try to calm the local governors and populace; these included
600:), was particularly critical of the Gengshi Emperor. The emperor arrested Liu Ji and wanted to execute him, but Liu Yan tried to intercede. The emperor took Liu Yan's intercession as a justification to execute Liu Yan as well. Subsequently, ashamed of what he had done, he spared Liu Yan's brother Liu Xiu and honoured him by creating him Marquess of Wuxin.
923:
generals, notwithstanding the earlier promise, wanted to execute him. It was only Liu Gong's final intercession (in which he threatened to commit suicide at the execution site) that allowed the
Gengshi Emperor to be spared and he was created the Prince of Changsha. However, the Gengshi Emperor was
765:
were weary and wanted to go home. Their leaders felt that if they did so, Chimei forces would scatter and would be unable to be gathered again when needed. So to give them a purpose for remaining together, their leaders decided to announce that they were attacking the imperial capital Chang'an and,
931:
generals were even less able to govern the capital than the emperor, because they were unable to control their soldiers from pillaging from the people. The people began to yearn for the return of the
Gengshi Emperor. Zhang Ang and his allies, afraid of what might happen if the emperor returned to
632:(the former empress of Han). After Wang died, the crowd fought over the right to have the credit for having killed Wang, and many soldiers died in the ensuing fight. Wang's body was cut into pieces, and his head was delivered to the provisional Han capital Wancheng, to be hung on the city wall.
571:. In the year 22 AD, many rebel leaders were jealous of Liu Yan's capabilities despite many of their men admiring Liu Yan and wanting him to become the emperor of a restored Han dynasty. They found Liu Xuan, then another local rebel leader who was claiming the title of General Gengshi (
699:
had tried to kill him after his birth, but that a substitute child was killed instead. After he spread these rumours, the people of Handan believed that he was a genuine son of
Emperor Cheng, and the commanderies north of the Yellow River quickly pledged allegiance to him as emperor.
838:
In the summer of 25, Liu Xiu finally made a formal break with the emperor, after his forces and those of the emperor fought over control of the Henei and
Luoyang regions. Liu Xiu declared himself emperor (establishing the regime known later as the Eastern Han Dynasty). His general
912:
In the winter of 25 AD, after being held by Yan Ben for a few months, the
Gengshi Emperor realised that his situation was futile and requested Liu Gong to negotiate surrender terms. A promise was made that he would be made the Prince of Changsha. Emperor Penzi's general Xie Lu
876:, Prince of Chengyang, who had been very popular with the people of his principality (from where many Chimei soldiers came) and who was worshipped as a god after his death. After drawing lots, the youngest of Liu Zhang's descendants, the 15-year-old
932:
power, persuaded Xie Lu to strangle him. Liu Gong hid his body in a secure location, and years later, after
Eastern Han had completely captured the Chang'an region, Liu Xiu had the Gengshi Emperor's body buried with princely honours at Baling (
577:) at the time and was considered a weak personality, and requested that he be made emperor. Liu Yan initially opposed this move and instead suggested that Liu Xuan carry the title "King of Han" first (echoing the founder of the Han dynasty,
648:. He then issued edicts to the entire empire, promising to allow Xin local officials who submitted to him to keep their posts. For a brief period, nearly the entire empire showed at least nominal submission, even including the powerful
593:
which would lead to the demise of Wang Mang and the Xin dynasty. The
Gengshi Emperor was fearful of Liu Yan's capabilities and keenly aware that many of Liu Yan's followers were angry that Liu Yan was not made emperor. Liu Ji
522:. The Gengshi Emperor was viewed as a weak and incompetent ruler, who briefly ruled over an empire willing to let him rule over them, but was unable to keep that empire together. He was eventually deposed by the
619:
directly. All the populace on the way gathered, welcomed, and joined the Han forces. Shentu and Li quickly reached the outskirts of Chang'an. In response, the young men within Chang'an also rose up and stormed
670:. Soon the people began to see that the powerful officials around the Gengshi Emperor were in fact uneducated men lacking ability to govern; this made them lose confidence in the emperor's government.
883:
Generals still loyal to the
Gengshi Emperor were eventually able to evict Zhang Ang from the capital, but by that time the situation was desperate. Zhang and his allies surrendered to the
1695:
847:, further reducing the Gengshi Emperor's strength. Feeling trapped, a number of the emperor's generals conspired to kidnap him and flee back to their home region of
529:
Traditionally, historians treated his emperor status ambiguously: sometimes he would be referred to as the
Gengshi Emperor, and sometimes by his posthumous title,
1744:
887:
and, working with them, attacked Chang'an, which fell quickly. The emperor fled, followed by his few remaining loyal followers, including Liu Zhi (
919:) arrived at Yan's camp and escorted the Gengshi Emperor back to Chang'an to offer his seal (seized from Wang Mang) to Emperor Penzi. However, the
899:) the Marquess of Shi (who was Liu Penzi's older brother). They were eventually made prisoners by one of the Gengshi Emperor's generals, Yan Ben (
772:, while he had a fairly strong force at his disposal, chose to stand by and wait for the Chimei to destroy the Gengshi Emperor. Liu Xiu used the
1659:
880:
was chosen and declared emperor. However, the young "emperor" was not given any power. Rather, he was effectively a puppet of the Chimei army.
1691:
1734:
856:
653:
1350:
603:
The
Gengshi Emperor then commissioned two armies, one led by Wang Kuang, targeting Luoyang, and the other led by Shentu Jian (
1739:
1675:
1724:
1714:
1647:
1643:
1222:
1068:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1635:
1359:
44:
581:). The other rebel leaders refused, and on 11 March 23, Liu Xuan was proclaimed emperor. Liu Yan became prime minister.
1172:
36:
1639:
1631:
1729:
1193:
1183:
1162:
378:
293:
865:) occupied most of Chang'an, forcing the Gengshi Emperor to flee, just as the Chimei forces were approaching.
1671:
392:
307:
817:) led a force of several thousand men, which kidnapped Liu Ying and then occupied Linjing (臨涇, in modern
589:
The first major incident involving infighting in the Gengshi Emperor's regime happened shortly after the
1343:
795:
In 25 AD, the Gengshi Emperor's forces led to the death of the former Western Han emperor-designate,
1623:
1615:
1399:
835:) with an army to attack them. They wiped out the rebel force, killing Liu Ying in the process.
682:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1663:
1655:
1619:
1535:
1404:
1310:
873:
515:
77:
1101:
1651:
1627:
1611:
1336:
560:
1575:
1565:
1555:
1545:
1446:
1384:
1204:
1126:
780:) as his base of operations because of its strategic location. The Chimei armies met up at
692:
578:
761:
In the winter of 24 AD, there was an ominous development. The Chimei troops stationed at
715:
The Gengshi Emperor moved his capital again, this time back to the Western Han capital of
8:
1600:
1590:
1585:
1570:
1540:
1456:
1441:
1436:
1426:
1416:
973:
796:
781:
696:
629:
556:
552:
159:
673:
The Gengshi Emperor's government was challenged by a major pretender in winter 23 AD. A
1719:
1580:
1411:
1389:
1054:(十月...三辅苦赤眉暴虐，皆怜更始，而张卬等以为虑，谓禄曰：‘今诸营长多欲篡圣公者。一旦失之，合兵攻公，自灭之道也。’于是禄使从兵与更始共牧马于郊下，因令缢杀之。...)
939:
826:
530:
1560:
1550:
1451:
1431:
1421:
1189:
1168:
705:
590:
1288:
511:
480:
433:
348:
247:
206:
909:, the city surrendered to Liu Xiu, who entered the city and made it his capital.
872:
decided that they also needed their own emperor. They found three descendants of
818:
151:
1226:
1072:
1208:
1130:
1105:
848:
695:. He claimed that his mother was a singer in Emperor Cheng's service, and that
621:
268:
1328:
584:
1708:
1058:, vol.11. The month corresponds to 10 Nov to 8 Dec 25 in the Julian calendar.
496:
1394:
1504:
1205:"Chinese History - Han Dynasty 漢 (206 BC-8 AD, 25-220) emperors and rulers"
1127:"Chinese History - Han Dynasty 漢 (206 BC-8 AD, 25-220) emperors and rulers"
777:
667:
523:
440:
410:
355:
325:
254:
224:
855:). Their plan was uncovered and many were executed. However, one general,
1527:
1479:
1376:
1368:
1249:
744:
716:
616:
568:
519:
492:
484:
924:
forced to stay in Xie Lu's headquarters, with Liu Gong protecting him.
674:
731:
In the autumn of 24 AD, the Gengshi Emperor sent his generals Li Bao (
533:. The regime of the Gengshi Emperor is known in historiography as the
1517:
1489:
1461:
1320:
1274:
1265:
1102:"Chinese History - Han Dynasty 漢 (206 BC-8 AD, 25-220) event history"
988:
877:
785:
641:
625:
564:
488:
62:
1595:
743:) to try to capture modern Sichuan, then held by the local warlord
1500:
906:
840:
769:
709:
701:
663:
645:
644:'s death, the Gengshi Emperor moved his capital from Wancheng to
563:, was a prominent general in the rebellions against the reign of
1302:
928:
920:
884:
869:
844:
792:), and defeated the armies that the emperor sent to stop them.
762:
678:
649:
852:
822:
789:
773:
585:
Infighting, defeat of Wang Mang and the capture of Chang'an
628:
died during the battle at the palace, as did his daughter
555:
of early Western Han dynasty, via the lineage of Liu Mai,
1149:(二月辛巳，设坛场于淯水上沙中，陈兵大会。更始即帝位，南面立，朝群臣。....。于是大赦天下，建元曰更始元年。)
805:), the former strategist for the local warlord Wei Xiao (
766:
divided the troops into two armies and then headed west.
1225:. Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Archived from
1071:. Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Archived from
16:
1st century AD Emperor of the Han dynasty (r. 23-25 AD)
756:
445:
360:
273:
259:
966:) the Marquess of Chonglin, the grandson of Liu Fa (
722:
The emperor entrusted his government to Zhao Meng (
635:
1038:), later created Marquess of Shouguang by Liu Xiu
666:, who was sent to pacify the region north of the
487:that had been restored following the downfall of
1706:
1358:
1020:), later created Marquess of Xiangyi by Liu Xiu
704:was forced to withdraw to the northern city of
753:), but his generals were defeated by Gongsun.
1344:
1033:
1029:), later created Marquess of Gushu by Liu Xiu
1024:
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538:
526:and strangled a few months after his defeat.
397:
383:
312:
298:
211:
163:
141:
25:
799:(Liu Ying). Two co-conspirators, Fang Wang (
776:region (modern northern Henan, north of the
1351:
1337:
546:
1745:People executed by ligature strangulation
994:Consort Zhao, the daughter of Zhao Meng (
1202:
1124:
1099:
972:), Prince Ding of Changsha, the son of
685:claimed to be actually named Liu Ziyu (
1707:
893:) the Prince of Dingtao and Liu Gong (
1332:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
543:), after his personal name Liu Xuan.
1181:
1160:
1061:
757:Defeat by the Chimei (Red Eyebrows)
13:
1735:People executed by the Han dynasty
1118:
1086:
14:
1771:
825:). The Gengshi Emperor sent his
636:Attempted consolidation of power
35:
1297:Reason for succession failure:
1143:
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1:
1660:5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms
1161:Beck, B. J. Mansvelt (1990).
1042:
472:
1740:1st-century Chinese monarchs
960:), grandson of Liu Xiongqu (
624:, the main imperial palace.
551:Gengshi was a descendant of
7:
1725:Executed Han dynasty people
1715:Emperors of the Han dynasty
1360:Emperors of the Han dynasty
495:. He was also known by his
475:November AD 25), born
10:
1776:
1760:Murdered emperors of China
1755:Executed people from Hubei
1750:Politicians from Xiangyang
45:Emperor of the Han dynasty
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1203:Theobald, Ulrich (2000).
1125:Theobald, Ulrich (2000).
1100:Theobald, Ulrich (2000).
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379:Traditional Chinese
294:Traditional Chinese
557:Prince Ding of Changsha
547:Liu Yan and new emperor
393:Simplified Chinese
308:Simplified Chinese
1730:1st-century executions
1311:Emperor Guangwu of Han
1188:. Brill. p. 136.
1167:. Brill. p. 188.
1164:Treatises of Later Han
1282:— TITULAR —
868:In the meantime, the
514:bestowed upon him by
1566:Marquess of Beixiang
1182:Kohn, Livia (2000).
938:), near the tomb of
559:. His third cousin,
1245:The Gengshi Emperor
974:Emperor Jing of Han
697:Empress Zhao Feiyan
630:Princess Huanghuang
567:in the short-lived
1266:Titles in pretence
531:Prince of Huaiyang
508:Prince of Huaiyang
1702:
1701:
1327:
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1318:Succeeded by
1308:Succeeded by
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811:), and Gong Lin (
591:Battle of Kunyang
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1289:Emperor of China
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1223:"Sinian Period"
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1069:"Sinian Period"
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784:(弘農, in modern
759:
691:) and a son of
638:
609:) and Li Song (
587:
549:
516:Emperor Guangwu
491:'s short-lived
469:Gengshi Emperor
275:
152:Posthumous name
126:
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80:
78:Emperor Guangwu
65:
24:
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843:then captured
827:prime minister
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579:Emperor Gaozu
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20:
1648:N. Dynasties
1644:S. Dynasties
1512:
1301:Defeated by
1287:
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1256:
1250:House of Liu
1248:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:the original
1212:. Retrieved
1184:
1163:
1150:
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1134:. Retrieved
1120:
1109:. Retrieved
1077:. Retrieved
1073:the original
1063:
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978:
949:
926:
911:
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867:
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797:Emperor Ruzi
794:
778:Yellow River
768:
760:
730:
721:
714:
672:
668:Yellow River
639:
602:
588:
553:Emperor Jing
550:
534:
528:
524:Red Eyebrows
507:
503:
499:
476:
468:
466:
441:Hanyu Pinyin
411:Hanyu Pinyin
356:Hanyu Pinyin
326:Hanyu Pinyin
276:Keng-shih ti
255:Hanyu Pinyin
225:Hanyu Pinyin
201:Chinese name
117:Consort Zhao
81:
66:
1640:16 Kingdoms
1528:Eastern Han
1480:Xin dynasty
1377:Western Han
1369:Han dynasty
1006:Consort Fan
1003:Consort Han
940:Emperor Wen
851:(in modern
745:Gongsun Shu
569:Xin dynasty
520:Eastern Han
502:and as the
493:Xin dynasty
485:Han dynasty
180:Liu Zizhang
123:Consort Fan
120:Consort Han
59:Predecessor
1709:Categories
1632:3 Kingdoms
1395:Empress Lü
1233:2007-11-02
1214:2007-11-02
1195:9004112081
1136:2007-11-03
1111:2007-11-03
1079:2007-11-02
1043:References
989:Concubines
269:Wade–Giles
261:Gēngshǐ dì
229:Gēngshǐ dì
158:Prince of
1720:25 deaths
1518:Liu Penzi
1490:Wang Mang
1321:Liu Penzi
1275:Wang Mang
1151:Houhanshu
1056:Houhanshu
1023:Liu Xin (
1014:Liu Qiu (
1010:Children
878:Liu Penzi
874:Liu Zhang
857:Zhang Ang
829:Li Song (
786:Sanmenxia
683:Wang Lang
654:Fan Chong
642:Wang Mang
565:Wang Mang
500:Shenggong
489:Wang Mang
479:, was an
362:Shènggōng
330:Shènggōng
140:Gengshi (
135:Era dates
74:Successor
63:Ruzi Ying
1596:Liu Bian
1400:Qianshao
1153:, vol.11
1032:Liu Li (
819:Qingyang
782:Hongnong
717:Chang'an
708:(modern
652:general
617:Chang'an
535:Xuan Han
477:Liu Xuan
447:Liú Xuán
415:Liú Xuán
160:Huaiyang
146:; 23–25)
54:23–25 AD
1536:Guangwu
1513:Gengshi
1405:Houshao
983:Lady He
979:Mother
950:Father
907:Luoyang
849:Nanyang
841:Deng Yu
770:Liu Xiu
710:Beijing
706:Jicheng
702:Liu Xiu
664:Liu Xiu
646:Luoyang
561:Liu Yan
518:of the
483:of the
481:emperor
207:Chinese
188:Lady He
111:Spouses
1672:W. Xia
1505:Chimei
1432:Liu He
1303:Chimei
1255:
1192:
1171:
987:Major
946:Family
929:Chimei
921:Chimei
885:Chimei
870:Chimei
845:Shanxi
763:Puyang
681:named
679:Handan
650:Chimei
640:After
471:(died
185:Mother
177:Father
105:Baling
101:Burial
1616:Shang
1576:Chong
1556:Shang
1546:Zhang
1501:Lülin
1447:Cheng
1385:Gaozu
1294:23–25
1257:Died:
853:Henan
823:Gansu
790:Henan
774:Henei
96:25 AD
51:Reign
1688:Qing
1684:Ming
1680:Yuan
1668:Song
1664:Liao
1656:Tang
1620:Zhou
1601:Xian
1591:Ling
1586:Huan
1571:Shun
1541:Ming
1503:and
1462:Ruzi
1457:Ping
1442:Yuan
1437:Xuan
1427:Zhao
1417:Jing
1190:ISBN
1169:ISBN
927:The
626:Wang
574:更始將軍
510:, a
504:King
467:The
93:Died
1696:PRC
1692:ROC
1676:Jīn
1652:Sui
1636:Jìn
1628:Han
1624:Qin
1612:Xia
1581:Zhi
1412:Wen
1390:Hui
963:劉熊渠
957:劉子張
750:公孫述
688:劉子輿
677:in
606:申屠建
506:or
213:更始帝
165:淮陽王
27:更始帝
1711::
1694:/
1690:→
1686:→
1682:→
1678:→
1674:/
1670:/
1666:/
1662:→
1658:→
1654:→
1650:→
1646:/
1642:→
1638:/
1634:→
1630:→
1626:→
1622:→
1618:→
1614:→
1561:An
1551:He
1452:Ai
1422:Wu
1259:25
1207:.
1129:.
1104:.
1088:^
1035:劉鯉
1026:劉歆
1017:劉求
997:趙萌
969:劉發
942:.
935:霸陵
916:謝祿
902:嚴本
896:劉恭
890:劉祉
862:張卬
832:李松
821:,
814:弓林
808:隗囂
802:方望
788:,
740:李忠
734:李寶
725:趙萌
659:樊崇
612:李松
597:劉稷
540:玄漢
473:c.
399:刘玄
385:劉玄
314:圣公
300:聖公
143:更始
1492:)
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1471:漢
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162:(
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