518:
desperately lonely since her marriage to the Duke, and finally having found what she believed to be the ideal friend, she became emotionally dependent on Lady
Elizabeth. Having no alternative, the Duchess became complicit in her best friend's affair with her husband. In one of her letters, Georgiana wrote to Bess, "My dear Bess, Do you hear the voice of my heart crying to you? Do you feel what it is for me to be separated from you?" Nevertheless, Bess herself envied her and wished for her position, and at her death years later, a locket of Georgiana's hair was found around Elizabeth's neck, as well as a bracelet also containing hair of Georgiana on a table beside her deathbed. Lady Elizabeth insinuated her way into the marriage by taking advantage of the Duchess's friendship and codependency on her, and "engineered her way" into a sexual relationship with the Duke. Lady Elizabeth engaged in well-documented sexual relations with other men while she was in the "love triangle" with the Duke and Duchess. Among their contemporaries, the relationship between the Duchess of Devonshire and Lady Elizabeth Foster was the subject of speculation, which has continued beyond their time. The love triangle itself was a notorious topic; it was an irregular arrangement in a high-profile marriage. Lady Elizabeth's affair with the Duke resulted in two illegitimate children: a daughter, Caroline Rosalie St Jules, and a son,
439:
1205:
Lady
Elizabeth Foster. They were all said to have been inconsolable over her death. For the first time, the Duke showed moving emotion towards his late wife; a contemporary wrote, "The Duke has been most deeply affected and has shown more feeling than anyone thought possible—indeed every individual in the family are in a dreadful state of affliction." Georgiana's eldest daughter furthermore poured out her feelings, "Oh my beloved, my adored departed mother, are you indeed forever parted from me—Shall I see no more that angelic countenance or that blessed voice—You whom I loved with such tenderness, you who were the . . . best of mothers, Adieu—I wanted to strew violets over her dying bed as she strewed sweets over my life, but they would not let me." Her distant cousin, Charles James Fox, for whom she had triumphantly campaigned, was noted to have shed tears. The Prince of Wales himself lamented, "The best natured and the best-bred woman in England is gone." Thousands of the people of London congregated at
486:
to when her frenetic lifestyle would lead to collapse was satisfied when she miscarried for the second time in April of 1776. One contributing stressor was that she was deeply in debt and afraid to tell the Duke; she had hoped to be forgiven following the birth of their first child. This situation worsened as the Duke sided with popular opinion, which blamed her miscarriage on her reckless lifestyle. When her creditors threatened to apply to him, she was forced to confide in her parents. Furious, they paid her debts, but insisted that she confess to the Duke. He repaid them and then did not refer to the matter. If Lady
Spencer was shaken to discover that her daughter withheld secrets from her, Georgiana was more unnerved that the matter was met by silence on the part of her husband, rather than by anger.
360:
478:“incapable of any strong emotion, and destitute of all energy and activity of mind.” Primarily motivated to please her parents with an illustrious marriage, Georgiana believed that Duke’s outward detachment must conceal a loving personality similar to her introverted father’s, and that in their marriage she would be both wife and companion. She was sadly mistaken; from the beginning of the marriage, the Duke could not meet Georgiana's emotional needs, and she quickly learned her role was solely to produce an heir and fulfill her social obligations. They had few interests in common, and as society dictated it was unfashionable for husband and wife to be seen too much in each other’s company, the Duke was able to resume his bachelor lifestyle by spending nights playing cards at
1488:
729:
1456:
2010:...Barbauld's refusal to consider opening a secondary school or college for young women after she married. The young couple needed a source of income and respectable occupation and Rochemont Barbauld came up with the reasonable idea that a woman like his wife would be an effective teacher and headmistress for a young women's secondary school or college; he had possibly secured the patronage of Margaret Georgiana, Countess Spencer (1737-1814). McCarthy suggests the letter which Lucy Aiken, Barbauld's niece and first biographer, thought was addressed to Elizabeth Montagu was probably addressed to Barbauld's husband. It was then (perhaps) given by him to the Countess (among whose papers it was found) to explain why the project would not go forward.
575:
life. . . when I do return to you, never leave you I hope again—it will be too great a happiness for me Dear
Georgiana & it will have been purchased by many days of regret – indeed ev'ry hour I pass away from you, I regret you; if I amuse myself or see anything I admire I long to share the happiness with you – if on the contrary, I am out of spirits I wish for your presence which alone would do me good". In order to return to England and her children, she conceded to her husband's demands and renounced her love for Charles Grey. Family records of her exile in France were subsequently erased. However, during that period, the children of the Duke and Duchess had at one point been informed of the reason for her absence.
1244:
sought to liquidate his late mother's entire debts. Meanwhile, Lady
Elizabeth fought to keep the Cavendish properties to which she wasn't entitled; the 6th Duke denied her demand that her illegitimate son, Clifford, bear the Cavendish crest along with the 5th Duke of Devonshire. Infuriated, Lady Elizabeth brought up her affair with the 5th Duke of Devonshire by publicly announcing that he had sired her illegitimate children. The 6th Duke of Devonshire finally made an end to it all by paying off Lady Elizabeth and getting rid of her. Nevertheless, Georgiana's children had mutually positive relations with Lady Elizabeth Foster's children for the rest of their lives, having grown up together.
526:
1472:
579:
1226:
1504:
1165:"a very, very large debt. I never had courage to own it, and try'd to win it at play, by which means it became immense and was grown (I have not the courage to write the sum, but will tell you when I see you)...What had I to offer for the kind of ruin I brought on him (for every year of my life I have cost him immense sums) - a mind he could not trust in, a person faded, and 26 years of folly and indiscretion. And how do you think he has received the avowal - with the utmost generosity, goodness and kindness. His whole care has been that I may not vex myself, and you would think he was the offender not me." -Georgiana to Bess
39:
474:. Her parents were reluctant to let their daughter go, and while she was now married to one of the wealthiest and most powerful men in the land, still attempted to exert their parental influence and keep her emotionally dependent on them. Her father, who had always shown affection to his children, wrote to her, "But indeed my Dearest Georgiana, I did not know until lately how much I loved you; I miss you every day and every hour." The bond between Georgiana and her mother continued after her marriage in a lifelong correspondence; many of their letters survive.
423:. Georgiana was the family favourite and had an extraordinary close bond with her mother, who confessed to favouring her over her other children, but this stability ended abruptly when she was separated from her parents when they traveled to Italy for her father's health. While her mother admitted it was "difficult" to leave her behind, her primary devotion was to her husband, rather than her children. This abandonment was a profound shock to Georgiana, who became noticeably anxious to please and emotionally dependent on those around her.
850:
562:(later Earl Grey), she did become pregnant by him in 1791. Sent off to France, Georgiana believed she would die in childbirth. Despondent, she wrote a letter to her recently born son stating, "As soon as you are old enough to understand this letter, it will be given to you. It contains the only present I can make you—my blessing, written in my blood... Alas, I am gone before you could know me, but I lov'd you, I nurs'd you nine months at my breast. I love you dearly." On 20 February 1792,
1178:, and she spent her time at his side nursing him. Along with a recent miscarriage, this circumstance with her husband brought about a softening and closeness between the two. She took a positive interest in science, took up writing again (producing two more works), and even continued her political activism while trying to rebuild the Whig party (to no avail before its end). Georgiana also came to meet and become friends with the wife of her former lover, Charles Grey.
2681:
513:. She became close friends with Bess, who had become destitute after separating from her husband and two sons. Given the bond that developed between the two women (and the difficult position her new friend was in), with the Duke's acquiescence Georgiana agreed to have Lady Elizabeth live with them. When the Duke began a sexual relationship with Lady Elizabeth, a
740:, the Duchess of Devonshire was one of the fashion icons of her time, and her elegantly flashy style made her the leader of fashion in England. Every outfit Georgiana wore, including her hairstyle, was immediately copied by the masses. The fashionable styling of her hair alone reached literally extraordinary heights above her exuberant outfits. In 1774,
870:
London, gaining blisters on her feet, meeting face-to-face with commoners as equals. She was instrumental in the success of Fox and Lord Hood. After the extensive campaigning and negative media onslaught against her, after the win, she retired from the political arena for a while. In 1788, she returned to political activism, albeit, behind the scenes.
430:
balance the worldly vice of gambling until dawn with self-denial and good works, but was aware, as were others, that this obsession was not based on a real religious devotion. The gambling that absorbed both her troubled parents' attention and became a household routine would become a pervasive influence for the rest of
Georgiana's life.
846:, principally through their power of patronage. The Prince of Wales, who always relished going against the grain with his father, joined the Whig party when his friend the Duchess became involved. She was renowned for hosting dinners that became political meetings, and she took joy in cultivating the company of brilliant radicals.
725:, every move Georgiana made was watched by spies around her and then reported on by the press, her every mistake made a mockery the next day in the papers. On a personal note, Georgiana and Diana had in common a famously unhappy marriage, a binge-eating disorder, a passionate personality, and a mutual love for their children.
1153:
with even her stated amount, and when her husband gave her money to repay, she instead would gamble that money and get herself further into debt. In confidence, she would ask for loans from the Prince of Wales. At one point, to try to settle some of her debts, she did not shrink from pressing her close friends like
490:
child's mother, the
Duchess was compelled to raise Charlotte herself. Georgiana was "very pleased" with Charlotte, although her own mother Lady Spencer expressed disapproval: "I hope you have not talk'd of her to people". The besotted Georgiana replied, "She is the best humoured little thing you ever saw".
1152:
For the rest of her life, Georgiana continued to amass an immense, ever-escalating debt that she always lied and tried to keep hidden from her husband (even though he was among the richest men in the land). While she would admit to some amount, it was always less than the total; she could not keep up
1144:
In the first years of her marriage, she accumulated debts surpassing the incredibly generous £4,000 that the Duke provided her annually as pin money. Her own mother disapproved and admonished her, unsuccessfully, to break her habit. After she had first incurred over £3,000 in debt, Georgiana implored
869:
even satirised her with a rumour of her trading kisses in his print "THE DEVONSHIRE, or Most
Approved Method of Securing Votes". Her mother pleaded with her to step down. Still, Georgiana was not daunted and was adamant in her activism. On election day, the Duchess of Devonshire walked the streets of
661:
was begrudgingly won over by
Georgiana's unassuming grace. Georgiana was not a snob, and lacked the condescending airs of the aristocracy; she made people of all classes feel valued and at ease in her company. An example of her lack of airs was shown when Georgiana pointedly danced with French actor
574:
While in exile in France in the early 1790s, Georgiana suffered from isolation and sorely felt the separation from her children. To her eldest, she wrote, "Your letter dated the 1st of Nov was delightful to me tho' it made me very melancholy my
Dearest Child. This year has been the most painful of my
429:
In 1766, the death of the Spencers' fourth child, soon after her first birthday, and then the loss of another daughter after only a few weeks just three years later, started an era of obsessive travelling and gambling as they sought distraction from their "heavy affliction." Lady Spencer attempted to
892:
enabled Georgiana to develop close friendships with female novelists and intellectuals; she herself was an avid writer, composing several works, of both prose and poetry, of which some were published. She composed poetry to her father as a young girl, and some of it later circulated in manuscript.
1308:
satirised the Duchess as the Duchess of Belgrave, who is several times defrauded, including being tricked into a bribing someone to stop publishing a libellous memoir, and having a friend's jewels stolen by a maid when she tries to pawn them. The Duchess was "dreadfully hurt" by this portrayal, and
1181:
In 1796, Georgiana succumbed to illness in one eye; the medical treatment resulted in a scarring of her face. However, "Those scars released her from her fears. All the inhibitions about whether she was beautiful enough or whether she was up to the job left her". In her late thirties, Georgiana was
1148:
In 1784, her gambling debt was £100,000 or the equivalent to £13 million today. Georgiana's debt was so astronomical that it became a regular topic, to which she loathe writing "I am cross, miserable and unhappy. I hate myself. I find my debts much talked of". Her husband almost left her due to her
501:
reported to Lady Spencer about Georgiana's instant closeness to Mary, describing her as "a very pretty sort of girl. I wish she had half a dozen more such favorites". They would correspond passionately; Georgiana had finally found someone genuine to whom she could vent without judgement or remorse.
485:
Rejected by her husband, Georgiana embraced the frenetic whirl of society and all the distractions it offered. Her position meant that she was a fashion leader, and her wit, personality and innate sense of style quickly made her a sought-after popular figure in her own right. Public speculation as
477:
Unlike her mother, Georgiana had not been out in society for several seasons, nor had she accepted the Duke because she loved and preferred him to all others. The Duke of Devonshire, referred to as "the Duke" by his family and friends, was a notoriously reserved and taciturn man, described as being
1243:
Georgiana's children were discontented with the marriage as they never liked Lady Elizabeth at all (something that caused dismay with their mother when she was alive). When William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire, died on 29 July 1811, the Marquess of Hartington became 6th Duke of Devonshire. He
1204:
Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, died on 30 March 1806, at 3:30, at the age of 48. She was surrounded by her husband, the 5th Duke of Devonshire; her mother, Countess Spencer; her sister, the Countess of Bessborough; her eldest daughter, Lady Morpeth (who was eight months pregnant); and
628:
wrote of Georgiana's generosity: "when some individual came to her in pecuniary distress, she would always relieve him or her, and leave her own difficulties unprovided for. Oftentimes she was wrong in doing so. ... One must be just before one is generous. But it is impossible not to be charmed by
930:
suggests that Briscoe was paid for the published work. However, it is thought more likely that Briscoe may have served as an intermediary between the Duchess of Devonshire and her publisher so that the duchess could keep her anonymity. Georgiana is said to have at least privately admitted to her
707:
Despite her efforts, Georgiana couldn't overcome her contradictions. She was a popular leader of society who was widely beloved and yet she was so insecure and became dependent upon dubious devotion of Lady Elizabeth Foster. She was a loyal friend, but nevertheless manipulated and owed money she
693:
was to establish. Indeed, Georgiana's mother raised her daughter to behave as if she were a courtier, always on show. This strict education and training had a counter-effect, only augmenting Georgiana's people-pleasing tendencies. Lady Spencer knew she was partly responsible for her daughter's
632:
Despite being extremely self-conscious and making strenuous efforts to appear perfect, Georgiana "always appeared natural, even when she was called upon to open a ball in front of 800 people. She could engage in friendly chatter with several people simultaneously" and still make each person feel
629:
the kindly impulse which made her, without a moment's hesitating, shield another from distress." Georgiana's empathy extended towards animals as well. After noticing a starving cow in a field, Georgiana deduced its owner could not afford to feed it; she had the man found and gave him some money.
610:
While the Duchess of Devonshire coped with the marital arrangements on the surface throughout her marriage, she nevertheless suffered emotional and psychological distress. She sought further personal consolation from a "dissipated existence" in passions (socialising, fashion, politics, writing),
489:
Before their marriage, the Duke had fathered an illegitimate daughter, Charlotte Williams, born from a dalliance with a former milliner, Charlotte Spencer (of no relation to the House of Spencer). This was unknown to the Duchess until years after her marriage to the Duke. After the death of the
822:
were still more than a century away, Georgiana became a political activist; she was the first woman to make active and influential front line appearances on the political scene. Having begun her involvement in politics in 1778 (when she inspired a mass of women to promote the Whig party), she
566:
was born without complications. Georgiana's heart was broken yet again when she was forced to give away her illegitimate daughter Eliza to Grey's family. Georgiana would later be allowed to pay visits to her daughter, providing her with presents and affection, and Eliza would grow up to marry
517:
was established, and it was arranged that Lady Elizabeth live with them permanently. While it was common for male members of the upper class to have mistresses, it was not common or generally acceptable for a mistress to live so openly with a married couple. Furthermore, Georgiana had been
1292:
In modern times, her life's circumstances are seen as an example of female oppression by historical, cultural and legal constructs favoring male interests while denying rights to the female party in a relationship. They have become the subject of scholarly and dramatised works.
918:. Published anonymously, it had autobiographical elements, centering on a fictional aristocratic bride who had been corrupted, and as "a novel-cum-exposé of aristocratic cohorts, depicted as libertines, blackmailers, and alcoholics." It has since been speculated that
537:
Despite her unhappiness with her detached and philandering husband and volatile marriage, social norms dictated that Georgiana must produce an heir for her extra-marital sexual liaison to be socially acceptable. The first successful pregnancy resulted in the birth of
542:
on 12 July 1783. Called "Little G," she would become the Countess of Carlisle and have her own issue. Georgiana developed a strong mothering sentiment raising Charlotte, and she insisted on nursing her own children (contrary to the aristocratic custom of having a
873:
Even in the last years of her life, she pushed ahead in the field and attempted to help rebuild the Whig party, which had become fragmented; her efforts were to no avail, and the political party would eventually come to dissolve decades after her death.
1258:
With the topic of liberation at the heart of her policies, the bold involvement of the Duchess of Devonshire in political activism pioneered women's involvement in public, championing their influential participation long before the validation of
813:
as were she and the Cavendish family. However, because the Duke's high position in the peerage disallowed him from participating so commonly in politics, Georgiana took it as a positive outlet for herself. In an age when the realisation of
346:
The Duchess was famous for her charisma, political influence, beauty, unusual marital arrangement, love affairs, socializing, and notoriety for her gambling addiction, leading to an immense debt. She was the great-great-great-grandaunt of
694:
faults, and worried for her daughter's future. Her natural temperament, combined with her breeding, made Georgiana into an excitable, impressionable young woman vulnerable to peer pressure. Indeed, Georgiana did the opposite of what
555:, who took the title of Marquess of Hartington at birth, and was called "Hart." He would never marry and would become known as "the bachelor duke." With the birth of the Marquess of Hartington, Georgiana was able to take a lover.
747:
Using her influence as a leading socialite and fashion icon, the Duchess of Devonshire contributed to politics, science, and literature. As part of her illustrious social engagements, the Duchess would gather around her a large
415:, and raised his children there. Lord and Lady Spencer had what was considered an unusually happy and demonstrably affectionate marriage for the era, raising their children according to the "modern" and enlightened ideas of
1185:
During her early forties, the Duchess of Devonshire devoted her time to the coming out of her eldest daughter, Lady Georgiana Dorothy Cavendish. The debutante was presented in 1800, and the Duchess saw her daughter wed
623:
Georgiana was charismatic, generous, good-humored, and intelligent. Kindhearted, Georgiana instinctively wanted to help others and from a young age, happily gave her money to poor children or to her desperate friends.
1197:. While her mother at first believed her daughter was just ill from her gambling, Countess Spencer, as well as those around Georgiana, soon came to realise she was truly sick. She was thought to be suffering from a
1645:
794:
exclaimed: "Love and bless you, my lady, let me light my pipe in your eyes!" Thereafter, whenever others would compliment her, the Duchess would retort, "After the dustman's compliment, all others are insipid."
2662:
972:
was then reprinted in 1816, after Georgiana's death. Samuel Taylor Coleridge published a glowing response to the poem, 'Ode to Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire' in the 'Morning Post' on 24 December 1799.
716:
With her renowned style, generosity, and marriage to the powerful Duke of Devonshire, the Duchess of Devonshire was a leading society figure. She was a high emblem of the era. Georgiana was arguably the
1145:
her parents to give her a loan as she absolutely would not inform her husband of her debts. Her parents acquiesced and told her to inform the Duke; he nevertheless found out beforehand and repaid them.
1141:
As was common among the aristocracy of her time, Georgiana routinely gambled for leisure and amusement. However, her gaming spiraled into a ruinous addiction made worse by her emotional instability.
865:, Georgiana became a major subject of scrutiny. Fanciful rumours and political cartoons circulated during the campaign, ridiculing her for securing votes in exchange for sexual and monetary rewards.
383:. After her daughter's birth, her mother Lady Spencer wrote that "I will own I feel so partial to my Dear little Gee, that I think I never shall love another so well." Two younger siblings followed:
1174:
Her absence from English society and exile in France had isolated Georgiana and was a low point for her in every respect; she returned to England, a "changed woman". The Duke began suffering from
1193:
Georgiana's health continued to decline well into her forties, and her gambling addiction continued. She once reached out to her mother, begging for a sum of 100 pounds and complaining to her of
1094:
remarking upon the Duchess's aptitude, the degree of knowledge she acquired, and her extraordinary observations in the field of mineralogy. In pursuit of her interest, she hiked to the summit of
783:, who had a preference for acquaintances of talent, found that her appeal was not generally for her beauty but for far more, which included her fine "manner, politeness, and gentle quiet."
948:, first in an unauthorised version in the 'Morning Chronicle' and 'Morning Post' of 20 and 21 December 1799, then in a privately printed edition in 1800. A poem dedicated to her children,
1240:
Immediately after her death, the Duke of Devonshire discovered the extent of her debts. He soon enough married Lady Elizabeth Foster, who became Duchess of Devonshire as his second wife.
1455:
426:
When her father assumed the title of Viscount Spencer in 1761, she became The Honourable Georgiana Spencer. In 1765, her father became Earl Spencer, and she Lady Georgiana Spencer.
1086:
noting that Georgiana, "manifested a knowledge of modern chemistry superior to that he should have supposed any duchess or lady in England was possessed of". Petrini, Blagden, and
1487:
1099:
956:, with Bess, between 10 and 15 August 1793 on returning to England. The thirty-stanza poem, together with 28 extended notes, was translated into some of the main languages of
1237:
The legacy of the life of Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire has remained a topic of study and intrigue in cultural and historical spheres centuries after her death.
779:
who proclaimed, " effaces all without being a beauty; but her youthful figure, flowing good nature, sense and lively modesty, and modest familiarity make her a phenomenon".
1182:
able to regain pre-eminence and enjoyment in open society, although her personal life would continue to be marred by degrees of unhappiness, debt, and decline in health.
438:
1636:
1047:
502:
But, in 1781, the doctor ordered Mary to be taken to a warmer climate for her weak lungs. Georgiana was devastated and tried to seek her replacement, with no avail.
551:, called "Harryo," who would become Countess Granville and have children of her own. Finally, on 21 May 1790, the Duchess gave birth to a male heir to the dukedom:
1063:
708:
never repaid to her trusted friends. Georgiana sympathized with the plight of the poor yet couldn't stop her own extravagant and ruinous gambling addiction.
2515:
2139:
787:
stated that her success as an individual lay "in the amenity and graces of her deportment, in her irresistible manners, and the seduction of her society."
2123:
2186:
1503:
1471:
901:, who was more favorable with higher opinions. In 1776, aged nineteen, she composed a poem, To Myself, which addressed the public perception of her.
1580:
2205:
721:
of her time; her popularity with the press and public can be compared to what her descendant experienced more than two hundred years later. Like
2756:
633:
special. Widely described as almost impossible to dislike, Georgiana captured the hearts of almost everyone she met. The artist Mrs. Delaney,
2160:
1275:
43:
2741:
467:
443:
384:
115:
506:
552:
548:
459:
340:
336:
200:
195:
161:
992:
Georgiana was among a few women whose work exemplified English theatre and popular songs of the late-eighteenth century, along with
663:
2746:
2392:
1190:, the heir apparent of the Earl of Carlisle, in 1801; it was the only time the Duchess of Devonshire saw one of her issue marry.
498:
400:
2706:
2364:
539:
359:
190:
2193:...Mrs Boscawen...Admiral Boscawen...and the lovely and fascinating Duchess of Devonshire, then in the first bloom of youth...
752:
of literary and political figures. Among her major acquaintances were the most influential figures of her time, including the
497:. They were introduced while Georgiana was in Brighton to improve her fertility, while Mary was there for her fragile health.
2776:
2482:
769:
471:
941:(1799) is often wrongly attributed to Georgiana. It was in fact written by Rowley Lascelles, based on a Swiss tour in 1794.
2771:
2761:
2726:
611:
addictions (gambling, drinking, and drugs), and affairs (with several men, not just Grey, possibly including the bachelor
2716:
1187:
1091:
741:
670:
376:
233:
1899:
1590:
612:
2627:
2551:
2451:
637:, echoed many who recorded their experiences meeting Georgiana: " so agreeable, so obliging in her manner, that I am
302:
2751:
1051:
728:
447:
388:
458:
On her seventeenth birthday, 7 June 1774, Lady Georgiana Spencer was married to society's most eligible bachelor,
1350:
810:
804:
698:
hoped, and was instead corrupted by her contemporaries. Her inability to say no to her degenerate friends in the
2721:
2503:
1962:
Lady Hanover, ed., The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mary Granville, Mrs Delany (London 1861-2), II, p.98
1553:
463:
372:
223:
669:
From childhood, Georgiana showed a characteristic need to please others, and a need for attention. Her mother
641:
in love with her. I can't tell you the civil things she said, and really they deserve a better name, which is
862:
1209:, where the Cavendish family's town house was located, to mourn her. She was buried at the family vault at
744:
presented her with an ostrich feather that was four feet long from Paris. Overnight, it became a huge hit.
525:
2711:
2583:
Rauser, Ameilia F. "The Butcher-Kissing Duchess of Devonshire: Between Caricature and Allegory in 1784."
1339:
1154:
1059:
843:
765:
704:
led Georgiana into many scrapes against her better judgement and made her feel shame over her behaviour.
559:
494:
1744:
Wheatley, Henry, The Historical and Posthumous Memoirs of Sir Nathaniel Wraxall, London 1884, II, p. 344
1386:
1042:. The Duchess frequently engaged in scientific dialogue with prominent scientists of the era including
1028:. In addition to her scientific curiosity, Georgiana wanted to contribute to her children's education.
578:
2766:
2736:
1310:
1225:
832:
2339:"The Devonshire Mineral Collection of Chatworth House: An 18th Century Survivor and Its Restoration"
976:
The 5th Duchess of Devonshire was connected to some of the greatest men of letters of her time, and
722:
718:
348:
82:
2731:
2647:
897:(who said it was "easy and prettily expressed, though it does not express much") and by Reverend
2390:
Carlyle, E.; Loughlin-Chow, M. (11 November 2021). "Surr, Thomas Skinner (bap. 1770, d. 1847)".
889:
690:
686:
454:, c. 1774. The painting was painted just before Georgiana's marriage to the Duke of Devonshire.
38:
2407:
Stevens, Anne H. (July 2017). "The Season Novel, 1806–1824: A Nineteenth-Century Microgenre".
980:, a famed writer of the era, had even paid a visit to the Duke and Duchess, in 1784, at their
827:
and Whig party ideals and took it upon herself to campaign—particularly for a distant cousin,
2346:
1114:
404:
1997:
2701:
2696:
2606:
Featuring a different version of her picture as well as written material on her reputation.
1462:
898:
824:
761:
1289:, the duke of Devonshire's seat, houses a majority of her letters in historical archives.
8:
1318:
1301:
1279:
1032:
1016:
The Duchess had a small laboratory where she conducted chemistry experiments and studied
772:(lover of the Prince of Wales). Newspapers chronicled her every appearance and activity.
674:
625:
530:
514:
103:
47:
1732:
Chatsworth MSS 36, first Earl Spencer to Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, 26 Oct. 1774.
363:
A young Miss Georgiana Spencer with her mother, Margaret Georgiana Spencer. Painting by
2309:
2276:
1369:
392:
2620:
An Aristocratic Affair – The life of Georgiana's sister Harriet, Countess Bessborough,
1543:
1285:
Over 1,000 personal letters written by the Duchess of Devonshire remain in existence.
1157:, who gave as much as she could until her husband found out, then the affluent banker
1031:
Her interest in science arose in part because she was related through marriage to the
2657:
2623:
2547:
2499:
2478:
2447:
2314:
2296:
1586:
1549:
1420:
1260:
1075:
1001:
866:
854:
828:
815:
784:
749:
591:
583:
519:
451:
835:—for Whig policies that were anti-monarchy, advocating for liberty against tyranny.
2666:
2520:
2513:
Foreman, Amanda (2004). "Cavendish, Georgiana, duchess of Devonshire (1757–1806)".
2439:
2416:
2304:
2288:
2252:
2206:"Unlocking the Private Life of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire Through Her Poetry"
1344:
1286:
1103:
981:
965:
912:
849:
809:
The Spencer family, from which the Duchess derived, was an ardent supporter of the
757:
737:
603:
371:
The Duchess was born Miss Georgiana Spencer, on 7 June 1757, as the first child of
332:
273:
148:
99:
78:
2571:
Sacred to Female Patriotism: Gender, Class, and Politics in Late Georgian Britain.
2543:
Privilege and Scandal: The Remarkable Life of Harriet Spencer, Sister of Georgiana
2532:
2099:
1251:, who went on to become a bestselling author, dedicated her first published work,
547:). On 29 August 1785, a second successful pregnancy resulted in another daughter:
2541:
2493:
2472:
1510:
1494:
1439:
1403:
1374:
1331:
1230:
1210:
1130:
1122:
1087:
1043:
1035:
1021:
997:
993:
961:
927:
791:
466:. It was a small ceremony attended only by her parents, her paternal grandmother
364:
126:
2653:
2350:
1932:
A. Francis Steuart, ed., The Diary of a Lady-in-Waiting (London 1908), II, p. 35
1121:. Her efforts to establish the Pneumatic Institute, which advanced the study of
470:, one of her prospective brothers-in-law, and her soon-to-be sister-in-law, the
2292:
1363:
1248:
1110:
1095:
1083:
1079:
977:
957:
923:
894:
780:
776:
682:
658:
587:
563:
510:
328:
205:
143:
2524:
790:
Famously, when the Duchess was stepping out of her carriage one day, an Irish
2690:
2338:
2300:
1314:
1198:
1158:
1071:
953:
699:
568:
408:
1270:
Artwork representing the Duchess of Devonshire by reputable painters of the
2256:
1843:
1478:
1271:
1067:
1055:
842:(who detested the Whigs) and his ministers had a direct influence over the
595:
2636:, ed. Jonathan David Gross (Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2007),
2443:
2420:
2318:
1424:
2613:
819:
695:
634:
479:
2603:
2161:"Lady Georgiana Spencer, cheated in life and in casting, in The Duchess"
1582:
Very Classy: Even More Exceptional Advice for the Extremely Modern Lady
1313:
wrote in her diary that the Duke said it had given her a "death blow";
1206:
1126:
1025:
839:
416:
396:
312:
130:
2130:, ed. William Hone (London: 1838), p. 344. Retrieved on 11 June 2008.
1637:"Princess Diana and the Duchess of Devonshire: Striking similarities"
1431:
1399:
1378:
883:
753:
732:
The preposterous head dress, or the featherd lady, caricature c. 1776
544:
505:
In 1782, while on a retreat from London with the Duke, Georgiana met
316:
246:
25:
2671:
1078:. Her knowledge of chemistry and mineralogy was regarded as genius;
1006:
I Have a Silent Sorrow Here (The favorite song ... in, The Stranger)
944:
One more piece was published in the last years of Georgiana's life,
2675:
1264:
1194:
599:
558:
While there is no evidence of when Georgiana began her affair with
420:
324:
138:
2277:"Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, and Princess Diana: a parallel"
379:(née Poyntz, later Countess Spencer), at the Spencer family home,
1406:
for its 40th anniversary, and was premièred there on 7 July 2019.
1118:
1039:
1017:
380:
111:
74:
2616:(editor), Blackie & Son, London, Glasgow & Dublin, 1898.
2434:
Kelly, J. (2012). "Surr, Thomas Skinner". In Burwick, F. (ed.).
2000:. The Eighteenth-Century Intelligencer, N.S. 23:3 September 2009
853:"THE DEVONSHIRE, or Most Approved Method of Securing Votes," by
678:
666:
snobbishly refused to speak to him because he earned a living.
412:
351:. Their lives, centuries apart, have been compared in tragedy.
320:
107:
2600:, The Earl of Bessborough (editor), John Murray, London, 1955.
16:
English socialite, political organiser, style icon, and author
1214:
1125:, is an important event that provided a framework for modern
2663:
Works by or about Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
279:
1175:
1098:
to observe and study the active crater and later began the
462:, who was nine years her senior. The wedding took place at
294:
288:
2060:
2057:
Carlisle MSS J18/20/96: Lady Georgiana Morpeth, circa 1806
285:
276:
1753:
Timbs, J, Club and Club life in London, London 1872, p.88
1417:
Emma; Or, The Unfortunate Attachment: A Sentimental Novel
906:
Emma; Or, The Unfortunate Attachment: A Sentimental Novel
2610:
The Two Duchesses.., Family Correspondence relating to..
2224:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
1680:
1678:
1941:
The Duchess of Devonshire's Cow; a poem (London 1777)
1923:
Althorp House MSS: diary of Mrs. Poyntz, 26 July 1764
1768:
1756:
1665:
1663:
939:
Memorandums of the Face of the Country in Switzerland
403:, came from a wealthy English noble family. He built
303:
291:
2471:
Cavendish, Georgiana (2007). Gross, Jonathan (ed.).
2389:
1998:"Anna Laetitia Barbauld: Voice of the Enlightenment"
1714:
1702:
2672:
Works by Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
2191:. Wilson and Company, New York. pp. 101, 102.
2072:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1690:
1675:
1629:
582:Georgiana as Cynthia (another name for the goddess
282:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1660:
1635:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1321:also suggested that the novel hastened her death.
768:(later Earl Grey and British Prime Minister); and
1894:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1008:which was adapted by Mr. Shaw and R.B. Sheridan.
2688:
2650:at the Eighteenth-Century Poetry Archive (ECPA)
1780:
1606:
1410:
311:; 7 June 1757 – 30 March 1806), was an English
2188:Brother Jonathan - Chapter: The Blue Stockings
1873:
1113:, in formulating the idea of establishing the
935:was a success and underwent four reprintings.
904:The first of her published literary works was
460:William Cavendish, the 5th Duke of Devonshire
2576:Macintyre, Ben. "The Disappearing Duchess."
2519:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1440:The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard
1106:(the main seat of the dukes of Devonshire).
970:The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard
950:The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard
946:The Passage of the Mountain of Saint Gothard
2243:De Beer, Gavin (1948). "Rowley Lascelles".
2154:
2152:
2128:The Every-day Book and Table Book. Vol III.
1004:. Her work includes the vocal composition
116:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
2648:Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
264:Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire
37:
2604:Some Old Time Beauties by Thomson Willing
2470:
2308:
2230:
1129:as well as modern biomedical research in
337:William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire
201:William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire
196:Harriet Leveson-Gower, Countess Granville
162:William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire
2281:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
2149:
1633:
1578:
1224:
848:
727:
577:
524:
437:
433:
391:. The daughter of her sister Henrietta,
358:
354:
2539:
2516:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2512:
2491:
2436:The Encyclopedia of Romantic Literature
2406:
2393:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2274:
2242:
2146:, 31 July 1994. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
2066:
1774:
1762:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1669:
1541:
1169:
831:, who was chief party leader alongside
401:John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough
2689:
2336:
2158:
657:her contemporaries!" Even the prudish
191:Georgiana Howard, Countess of Carlisle
2757:18th-century English women scientists
2433:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2270:
2268:
2266:
1740:
1738:
1233:, c. 1775, The Devonshire Collection.
1229:Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, by
571:and bear a daughter named Georgiana.
395:, would become a writer and lover of
2184:
1995:
1648:from the original on 12 January 2022
1574:
1572:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1109:The Duchess played a key role, with
711:
399:. John Spencer, a great-grandson of
1402:’’ (2019), was commissioned by the
671:Georgiana Spencer, Countess Spencer
375:(later Earl Spencer) and his wife,
13:
2742:18th-century English women writers
2562:
2325:
2263:
2159:Taylor, Ella (25 September 2008).
1844:"Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire"
1735:
1392:
1324:
760:; and her favourite in court, the
613:John Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset
14:
2788:
2641:
2632:Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire,
2477:. Northwestern University Press.
2365:"Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire"
1841:
1634:Hastings, Chris (9 August 2008).
1569:
1524:
911:In 1778, Georgiana released the
775:She was called a "phenomenon" by
2679:
2592:Georgiana Duchess of Devonshire,
2546:. New York: Three Rivers Press.
2495:Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire
2097:
1545:Georgiana: Duchess of Devonshire
1502:
1486:
1470:
1454:
1383:Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire
1335:(1929), portrayed by Evelyn Hall
1296:
1255:, to the Duchess of Devonshire.
952:was based on her passage of the
838:At the time of her involvement,
553:William George Spencer Cavendish
549:Lady Harriet Elizabeth Cavendish
540:Lady Georgiana Dorothy Cavendish
509:(widely known as "Bess") in the
272:
2427:
2400:
2383:
2357:
2236:
2198:
2178:
2133:
2124:"Beauty — A natural compliment"
2117:
2051:
2039:
2027:
2015:
1989:
1977:
1965:
1956:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1861:
1747:
1064:Professor Gian Vincenzo Petrini
968:, in 1803; and German in 1805.
805:Whigs (British political party)
173:
2747:18th-century English novelists
2463:
1726:
1090:likewise contacted her mother
1024:; she was most passionate for
493:At end of 1777, Georgiana met
224:John Spencer, 1st Earl Spencer
1:
2707:English duchesses by marriage
1518:
1509:The Duchess of Devonshire by
1493:The Duchess of Devonshire by
1477:The Duchess of Devonshire by
1461:The Duchess of Devonshire by
1282:which was once thought lost.
1100:Devonshire Mineral Collection
877:
529:The Duchess of Devonshire by
2777:18th-century women composers
2654:Works by Georgiana Cavendish
2587:36 no. 1 (Fall 2002): 23–46.
2533:UK public library membership
1411:Works by Georgiana Cavendish
618:
335:, she was the first wife of
7:
2772:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey
2762:18th-century English people
2727:English political hostesses
2678:(public domain audiobooks)
2585:Eighteenth-Century Studies,
2337:Cooper, Michael P. (2005).
2036:by Amanda Foreman, page 103
1136:
1052:Horace Bénédict de Saussure
798:
10:
2793:
2717:Daughters of British earls
2573:New York: Routledge, 2003.
2396:. Oxford University Press.
2369:thingsthatarehardtoexplain
2293:10.1177/014107689809100414
2275:Bergman, Norman A (1998).
2140:"The Disappearing Duchess"
2048:by Amanda Foreman, page 50
2024:by Amanda Foreman, page 13
1986:by Amanda Foreman, page 44
1974:by Claire Harman, page 233
1953:by Amanda Foreman, page 34
1447:
1011:
960:including into French, by
881:
802:
758:Marie Antoinette of France
677:and had discussed being
2438:. John Wiley & Sons.
1870:, volume 1 (2003), p. 784
1381:, based on the biography
1311:Elizabeth Wynne Fremantle
1220:
1213:(now Derby Cathedral) in
1038:whose lab she visited in
1002:Mary Ann Wrighten Pownall
922:may have been written by
833:Richard Brinsley Sheridan
664:the Duchess of Manchester
407:as a family residence at
239:
234:Margaret Georgiana Poyntz
229:
219:
183:
155:
137:
121:
89:
56:
36:
31:The Duchess of Devonshire
23:
2492:Foreman, Amanda (1998).
2104:A Web of English History
1579:Blasberg, Derek (2011).
1542:Foreman, Amanda (2001).
1211:All Saints Parish Church
987:
863:general election of 1784
756:(later King George IV);
719:Diana, Princess of Wales
349:Diana, Princess of Wales
339:, and the mother of the
83:Kingdom of Great Britain
2752:English women novelists
2540:Gleeson, Janet (2008).
1362:) (1951), portrayed by
1351:The House in the Square
964:, in 1802; Italian, by
888:Associating with the
662:Monsieur Tessier after
464:Wimbledon Parish Church
319:, political organiser,
1373:(2008), portrayed by
1234:
1167:
1048:Professor Henri Struve
890:Blue Stockings Society
858:
733:
691:Anna Laetitia Barbauld
607:
534:
455:
368:
341:6th Duke of Devonshire
2722:British salon-holders
2622:Janet Gleeson, 2006,
2525:10.1093/ref:odnb/4934
2444:10.1002/9781118300916
2421:10.3366/vic.2017.0265
2353:– via ProQuest.
2100:"Georgiana Cavendish"
1900:"Georgiana Cavendish"
1356:I'll Never Forget You
1343:(1933), portrayed by
1228:
1163:
1115:Pneumatic Institution
852:
785:Sir Nathaniel Wraxall
736:Like her dear friend
731:
581:
528:
507:Lady Elizabeth Foster
441:
434:Marriage and children
421:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
362:
355:Early life and family
2343:Mineralogical Record
2257:10.1093/nq/193.5.97a
1848:Cheryl Bolen, author
1463:Lady Diana Beauclerk
1274:remain, including a
1170:Later life and death
1060:Sir William Hamilton
2578:The New York Times.
2245:Notes & Queries
2210:www.sheffield.ac.uk
2069:, pp. 40, 313.
1302:Thomas Skinner Surr
1280:Thomas Gainsborough
1231:Sir Joshua Reynolds
1044:Sir Charles Blagden
954:Saint Gotthard Pass
926:; a receipt at the
762:Duchess of Polignac
683:educational academy
675:education for girls
673:had an interest in
626:Lady Charlotte Bury
567:Lieutenant-Colonel
531:Thomas Gainsborough
472:Duchess of Portland
442:With her siblings,
365:Sir Joshua Reynolds
331:, married into the
48:Thomas Gainsborough
2712:British socialites
2371:. 22 February 2019
2345:. v36:3: 239–272.
2144:The New York Times
1548:. Modern Library.
1306:A Winter in London
1235:
859:
734:
649:. I hope she will
608:
535:
456:
393:Lady Caroline Lamb
369:
2658:Project Gutenberg
2569:Lewis, Judith S.
2531:(Subscription or
2484:978-0-8101-2229-1
2185:Weld, H. (1842).
1360:Man of Two Worlds
1076:Benjamin Thompson
1033:pneumatic chemist
867:Thomas Rowlandson
855:Thomas Rowlandson
829:Charles James Fox
712:Pursuits and fame
520:Augustus Clifford
452:Angelica Kauffman
261:
260:
61:Georgiana Spencer
2784:
2767:Wives of knights
2737:Cavendish family
2683:
2682:
2667:Internet Archive
2590:Masters, Brian.
2557:
2536:
2528:
2509:
2498:. Random House.
2488:
2458:
2457:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2409:Victoriographies
2404:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2334:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2272:
2261:
2260:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2202:
2196:
2195:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2156:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2095:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1896:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1839:
1778:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1733:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1673:
1667:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1639:
1631:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1576:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1539:
1506:
1490:
1474:
1458:
1377:and directed by
1345:Juliette Compton
1149:enormous debts.
1131:gasotransmitters
1092:Countess Spencer
1056:Sir Joseph Banks
966:Gaetano Polidori
913:epistolary novel
844:House of Commons
738:Marie Antoinette
604:Chatsworth House
387:("Harriet") and
333:Cavendish family
327:. Born into the
307:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
177:
175:
133:
100:Devonshire House
96:
85:
79:Northamptonshire
70:
68:
62:
41:
21:
20:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2644:
2639:
2565:
2563:Further reading
2560:
2554:
2530:
2506:
2485:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2432:
2428:
2405:
2401:
2388:
2384:
2374:
2372:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2335:
2326:
2273:
2264:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2150:
2138:
2134:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2098:Bloy, Majorie.
2096:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2003:
2001:
1994:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1904:Brooklyn Museum
1898:
1897:
1874:
1868:Burke’s Peerage
1866:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1842:Bolen, Cheryl.
1840:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1668:
1661:
1651:
1649:
1632:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1577:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1540:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1511:Joshua Reynolds
1507:
1498:
1495:Joshua Reynolds
1491:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1450:
1413:
1404:Buxton Festival
1395:
1393:Opera pasticcio
1375:Keira Knightley
1340:Berkeley Square
1332:The Divine Lady
1327:
1325:Film portrayals
1299:
1263:and subsequent
1223:
1172:
1161:for more funds.
1155:Mrs Mary Graham
1139:
1123:factitious airs
1088:Henry Cavendish
1036:Henry Cavendish
1022:natural history
1014:
990:
962:Jacques Delille
928:British Library
893:It was read by
886:
880:
840:King George III
807:
801:
781:Madame d'Arblay
754:Prince of Wales
714:
645:embellished by
621:
495:Mrs Mary Graham
436:
357:
305:
275:
271:
257:
215:
179:
176: 1774)
171:
167:
164:
147:
127:Derby Cathedral
125:
98:
94:
73:
72:
66:
64:
63:
60:
52:
50:
32:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2790:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2732:Spencer family
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2685:
2684:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2643:
2642:External links
2640:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2617:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2552:
2537:
2510:
2504:
2489:
2483:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2452:
2426:
2399:
2382:
2356:
2324:
2287:(4): 217–219.
2262:
2235:
2231:Cavendish 2007
2223:
2197:
2177:
2148:
2132:
2116:
2071:
2059:
2050:
2038:
2026:
2014:
1988:
1976:
1964:
1955:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1872:
1860:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1746:
1734:
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1674:
1659:
1605:
1592:978-1101563069
1591:
1568:
1554:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1476:
1469:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:Amanda Foreman
1366:
1364:Kathleen Byron
1347:
1336:
1326:
1323:
1319:Sydney Owenson
1298:
1295:
1261:women's rights
1249:Susanna Rowson
1222:
1219:
1171:
1168:
1138:
1135:
1111:Thomas Beddoes
1096:Mount Vesuvius
1084:Erasmus Darwin
1080:Thomas Beddoes
1013:
1010:
998:Dorothea Bland
994:Harriet Abrams
989:
986:
978:Samuel Johnson
958:Western Europe
924:Sophia Briscoe
879:
876:
816:women's rights
800:
797:
777:Horace Walpole
770:Lady Melbourne
713:
710:
659:Frances Burney
620:
617:
594:. Painting by
564:Eliza Courtney
515:ménage à trois
435:
432:
356:
353:
329:Spencer family
259:
258:
256:
255:
252:
249:
243:
241:
237:
236:
231:
227:
226:
221:
217:
216:
214:
213:
206:Eliza Courtney
203:
198:
193:
187:
185:
181:
180:
169:
165:
160:
159:
157:
153:
152:
141:
135:
134:
123:
119:
118:
97:(aged 48)
91:
87:
86:
58:
54:
53:
51:(18th century)
42:
34:
33:
30:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2789:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2677:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2645:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:0-593-05487-3
2625:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2580:31 July 1994.
2579:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2553:9780307381989
2549:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2534:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2480:
2476:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2455:
2453:9781405188104
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2415:(2): 81–100.
2414:
2410:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2333:
2331:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2233:, p. 11.
2232:
2227:
2212:. 6 July 2023
2211:
2207:
2201:
2194:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2166:
2162:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2068:
2063:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2011:
1999:
1996:McCarthy, W.
1992:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1968:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1920:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1777:, p. 43.
1776:
1771:
1765:, p. 42.
1764:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1739:
1729:
1723:, p. 13.
1722:
1717:
1711:, p. 11.
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1647:
1643:
1642:The Telegraph
1638:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1594:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1575:
1573:
1557:
1551:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1523:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:(also titled
1353:
1352:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:Samuel Rogers
1312:
1307:
1303:
1297:In literature
1294:
1290:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1278:by the famed
1277:
1276:1787 portrait
1273:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1232:
1227:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1199:liver abscess
1196:
1191:
1189:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1159:Thomas Coutts
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Bryan Higgins
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
985:
983:
979:
974:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
942:
940:
936:
934:
929:
925:
921:
917:
914:
909:
907:
902:
900:
899:William Mason
896:
891:
885:
875:
871:
868:
864:
856:
851:
847:
845:
841:
836:
834:
830:
826:
825:enlightenment
821:
817:
812:
806:
796:
793:
788:
786:
782:
778:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
745:
743:
742:Lord Stormont
739:
730:
726:
724:
720:
709:
705:
703:
702:
697:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
630:
627:
616:
614:
605:
601:
597:
593:
592:Faerie Queene
589:
585:
580:
576:
572:
570:
569:Robert Ellice
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
532:
527:
523:
521:
516:
512:
508:
503:
500:
499:Lady Clermont
496:
491:
487:
483:
481:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
453:
449:
445:
440:
431:
427:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:Spencer House
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
366:
361:
352:
350:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
309:
299:
269:
265:
253:
250:
248:
245:
244:
242:
238:
235:
232:
228:
225:
222:
218:
211:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
186:
182:
163:
158:
154:
151:(by marriage)
150:
145:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
93:30 March 1806
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
59:
55:
49:
45:
40:
35:
27:
22:
19:
2633:
2619:
2609:
2597:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2570:
2542:
2514:
2494:
2473:
2435:
2429:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2391:
2385:
2373:. Retrieved
2368:
2359:
2342:
2284:
2280:
2251:(5): 97–99.
2248:
2244:
2238:
2226:
2214:. Retrieved
2209:
2200:
2192:
2187:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2143:
2135:
2127:
2119:
2107:. Retrieved
2103:
2067:Foreman 1998
2062:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2002:. Retrieved
1991:
1983:
1979:
1972:Fanny Burney
1971:
1967:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1907:. Retrieved
1903:
1867:
1863:
1851:. Retrieved
1847:
1775:Foreman 1998
1770:
1763:Foreman 1998
1758:
1749:
1728:
1721:Foreman 1998
1716:
1709:Foreman 1998
1704:
1699:, p. 8.
1697:Foreman 1998
1692:
1687:, p. 4.
1685:Foreman 1998
1670:Foreman 2004
1650:. Retrieved
1641:
1596:. Retrieved
1581:
1559:. Retrieved
1544:
1497:, c. 1780–81
1479:John Downman
1438:
1430:
1416:
1382:
1368:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1338:
1330:
1305:
1300:
1291:
1284:
1272:Georgian era
1269:
1257:
1252:
1246:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1203:
1192:
1188:Lord Morpeth
1184:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:
1108:
1068:White Watson
1030:
1015:
1005:
991:
975:
969:
949:
945:
943:
938:
937:
932:
931:authorship.
919:
915:
910:
905:
903:
887:
872:
860:
837:
808:
789:
774:
766:Charles Grey
746:
735:
715:
706:
700:
687:Bluestocking
668:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
622:
609:
598:circa 1782,
596:Maria Cosway
573:
560:Charles Grey
557:
536:
511:City of Bath
504:
492:
488:
484:
476:
457:
428:
425:
373:John Spencer
370:
345:
267:
263:
262:
210:illegitimate
209:
139:Noble family
95:(1806-03-30)
18:
2702:1806 deaths
2697:1757 births
2614:Vere Foster
2464:Works cited
2046:The Duchess
2034:The Duchess
2022:The Duchess
1984:The Duchess
1951:The Duchess
1585:. Penguin.
1370:The Duchess
861:During the
696:Mary Delany
635:Mary Delany
468:Lady Cowper
409:St. James's
104:Westminster
81:, England,
71:7 June 1757
2691:Categories
2535:required.)
2505:0375502947
2375:26 January
1555:0375753834
1519:References
1287:Chatsworth
1207:Piccadilly
1127:anesthesia
1104:Chatsworth
1026:mineralogy
982:Chatsworth
882:See also:
878:Literature
811:Whig party
803:See also:
647:politeness
417:John Locke
397:Lord Byron
313:aristocrat
240:Occupation
146:(by birth)
131:Derbyshire
67:1757-06-07
2634:The Sylph
2598:Georgiana
2474:The Sylph
2351:211718664
2301:0141-0768
1481:, c. 1780
1465:, c. 1779
1432:The Sylph
1425:940865941
1400:Georgiana
1379:Saul Dibb
1358:(US) and
1304:'s novel
1247:In 1786,
1082:wrote to
933:The Sylph
920:The Sylph
916:The Sylph
908:in 1773.
884:The Sylph
823:relished
685:that the
681:of the
619:Character
545:wet nurse
444:Henrietta
385:Henrietta
377:Georgiana
317:socialite
247:Socialite
156:Spouse(s)
149:Cavendish
26:Her Grace
2676:LibriVox
2347:ProQuest
2165:Westword
1646:Archived
1267:ideals.
1265:feminist
1253:Victoria
1195:jaundice
1137:Gambling
820:suffrage
799:Politics
651:illumine
643:kindness
600:Bakewell
480:Brooks’s
325:activist
254:activist
44:Portrait
2665:at the
2319:9659313
2310:1296647
2170:13 June
2109:13 June
2004:11 June
1909:13 June
1853:13 June
1652:26 June
1598:26 June
1561:25 June
1448:Gallery
1419:(1773,
1119:Bristol
1040:Clapham
1018:geology
1012:Science
895:Walpole
792:dustman
588:Spenser
586:) from
533:, 1783.
381:Althorp
268:Spencer
178:
170:
166:
144:Spencer
112:England
75:Althorp
2626:
2550:
2529:
2502:
2481:
2450:
2349:
2317:
2307:
2299:
2216:7 July
1589:
1552:
1513:, 1786
1443:(1799)
1435:(1778)
1423:
1221:Legacy
1074:, and
1000:, and
984:home.
857:, 1784
679:patron
655:reform
448:George
413:London
389:George
323:, and
321:author
251:author
230:Mother
220:Father
122:Buried
108:London
2594:1981.
1215:Derby
988:Music
750:salon
723:Diana
689:poet
639:quite
584:Diana
450:, by
266:(née
184:Issue
172:(
168:
2624:ISBN
2548:ISBN
2500:ISBN
2479:ISBN
2448:ISBN
2377:2024
2315:PMID
2297:ISSN
2218:2023
2172:2016
2111:2016
2006:2023
1911:2016
1855:2016
1654:2014
1600:2014
1587:ISBN
1563:2014
1550:ISBN
1421:OCLC
1317:and
1176:gout
818:and
653:and
446:and
419:and
304:jor-
90:Died
57:Born
2674:at
2656:at
2521:doi
2440:doi
2417:doi
2305:PMC
2289:doi
2253:doi
2249:193
1385:by
1117:in
1102:at
701:ton
615:).
590:'s
308:-nə
306:JAY
280:ɔːr
46:by
2693::
2612:,
2446:.
2411:.
2367:.
2341:.
2327:^
2313:.
2303:.
2295:.
2285:91
2283:.
2279:.
2265:^
2247:.
2208:.
2163:.
2151:^
2142:,
2126:,
2102:.
2074:^
2008:.
1902:.
1875:^
1846:.
1782:^
1737:^
1677:^
1662:^
1644:.
1640:.
1608:^
1571:^
1526:^
1398:’’
1217:.
1201:.
1133:.
1070:,
1066:,
1062:,
1058:,
1054:,
1050:,
1046:,
1020:,
996:,
764:;
602:,
522:.
482:.
411:,
343:.
315:,
289:eɪ
286:dʒ
277:dʒ
270:;
174:m.
129:,
114:,
110:,
106:,
102:,
77:,
2556:.
2527:.
2523::
2508:.
2487:.
2456:.
2442::
2423:.
2419::
2413:7
2379:.
2321:.
2291::
2259:.
2255::
2220:.
2174:.
2113:.
1913:.
1857:.
1672:.
1656:.
1602:.
1565:.
1427:)
606:.
367:.
298:/
295:ə
292:n
283:ˈ
274:/
212:)
208:(
69:)
65:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
