222:, genetic inheritance, basic care and environment. In 2000, depending on the specialist, the age of a âgeriatric horseâ could be 16, 18 or 20. According to William Martin-Rosset, after 3 years, a horse's age can be multiplied by three to obtain a human equivalent. A 20-year-old horse would therefore be roughly equivalent to a 60-year-old human. In the past, a horse was often considered âgeriatricâ after 15 years, but it is now common for animals over 15 to be actively working. Although the age at which a horse becomes âgeriatricâ is difficult to establish, veterinarians note that around 70% of horses over the age of 20 require special care. Exceptions still exist, as some horses aged 25 and over can still be ridden and fed in the same way as any other. The classification of a geriatric horse depends on the occurrence of a health problem (typically
717:
price of the meat. In the USA, some unscrupulous therapeutic riding centers euthanize donated horses that are too old to be ridden, or sell them to the slaughterhouse. This scam has grown with the economic crisis. Documented since 2011 and suspected since at least the beginning of 2013 in France, this 'retirement fraud' was publicly revealed at the end of August, after the discovery of falsified identification papers for horses in
Belgium, posing a health risk to consumers. It highlighted major differences of opinion between the various players in the horse world and the breeding institutions representing them. The French National Horse Federation was quick to defend the horse meat industry. In response, France has tightened regulations on horse slaughter, making it compulsory to present the animal's medication record.
608:
726:
358:
81:
239:
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390:, which is aggravated by age. It is not advisable to leave older horses in total inactivity, as this weakens their muscles and skeleton. It is also not advisable to suddenly switch from intense physical activity to rest, as horses adapt better physically and mentally to gradual reductions in activity. Similarly, a horse used to living in a stall cannot adapt overnight to life outdoors. Regular exercise keeps geriatric horses active and useful.
148:
163:
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460:(National Institute of Agricultural Research, INRA by its acronym in French) recommends 10â12% dry matter nitrogen. Pasture is generally not enough to achieve a balanced diet, and supplements are required. Manufacturers are increasingly offering rations adapted to geriatric horses, whose energy needs are decreasing, while their mineral requirements seem to be increasing. They feel less hunger and thirst.
543:
25:
584:, the damage of articular cartilage with phases of crisis and remission, causes great suffering in geriatric horses. It is a major cause of horse euthanasia. Age alters the structure of the cartilage and increases the severity of the condition, which becomes more serious in the absence of appropriate hoof care. Pain can be relieved by administering an
326:
did not raise ethical or sentimental questions, as the horse had to prove profitable for its owner. Since the 1990s, it has become more common to offer retirement to horses at the end of their careers, either with their owner or in a specialized center. The population of older and/or retired horses is difficult to quantify, but the
349:(25 to 50% of annual costs according to American veterinarians) without isolating the animal, to enable him to end its life in good conditions. Geriatric horses frequently suffer from osteoarthritis, and dental and digestive problems. They become more sensitive to the passing of the seasons and can suffer significant weight loss.
275:
conserves its energy to resist climate and disease. Most of the signs of a geriatric horse that prevent it from being used to its full potential occur between the ages of 16 and 20. The most disabling and most frequent is a loss of locomotion, often a sign of osteoarthritis. In addition to the visible signs, the horse's
274:
due to aging tendons and ligaments are all signs of a geriatric horse. The changes are not only physical, as the animal changes its eating habits and reactions to the environment, becoming indifferent to its fellow creatures and to human beings. Its whole rhythm of life slows down, it sleeps more and
716:
involving old horses is well known. They involve various organizations and individuals who, under the guise of being charities and offering horses a happy retirement, actually seek to obtain animals free of charge, which they then resell to a slaughterhouse, pocketing the profit corresponding to the
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typically have several activities in their lives, as racing is highly selective. A classic solution is to limit older horses to riding. In the United States, these animals are often kept in the family for the instruction of young children. There are also therapeutic riding centers in the U.S., which
325:
The question of how to manage older horses arises in the context of the horse's rapprochement with the pet and the proliferation of family leisure animals, particularly in Europe and the United States. In the past, the resale of a horse for slaughter or its exploitation up to the point of knackering
693:
A geriatric horse can become impossible to sell, and expensive to manage. The classic example is the horse that is not allowed to be resold in the horse-breeding industry, and has no commercial value. For owners wishing to keep their animals out of slaughterhouses, the cost of maintaining them and
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and counting the creases, then the number of them supposedly being equal to its age. More scientifically, the lower lip of geriatric horses can be seen to sag. The observation of teeth is the most reliable criterion for assessing age in the absence of identification documents, and is the origin of
186:
Pierre Enoff claims that horses can live up to 50 years in the wild, a claim contradicted by studies of prehistoric equine bones, which show that they never exceed 15 to 20 years. Wild horses are subject to a variety of pressures that induce high mortality (hunger, thirst, predator attacks, etc.).
676:
Managing horses at the end of their lives raises economic issues. In 1990, sociologist and demographer VĂ©rĂšne
Chevalier spoke out against the retirement of horses, arguing that it damages the economy of the entire equine industry, pushing owners to spend their money on maintaining a useless horse
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The presence of white hair on the head (around the eyes and muzzle) and sometimes on the body, reminiscent of the whitening of human hair, is another geriatric horse sign, as is the rougher feel of the hair. A dark horse with white eyebrow hair is usually over 15 years old. Older horses sometimes
170:
The life expectancy of the domesticated horse has increased thanks to better management of its diet and care, and a growing attachment to the animal. The average longevity of a horse is now between 25 and 30 years, with differences depending on breed and occupation. Ponies enjoy a significantly
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Geriatric horses tend to lose weight and body fat, which may mean they need to be given larger quantities of feed or a higher-quality ration. Weight loss is frequent, and can have multiple causes (deficiencies, dental problems, lack of appetite, digestive problems, etc.), making mortality more
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or slaughtered for their meat. The gradual acquisition of pet status has led to other retirement options for these animals at the end of their lives. Retirements are more frequent, and geriatric horses can also be oriented towards gentle activities such as riding. A geriatric horse can pose an
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take in geriatric horses free of charge from private owners to saddle up the disabled. Other geriatric horses are sent to riding schools to teach riding to beginners, but there always comes a time when the animal can no longer be ridden at all. Reduced activity results in a loss of
259:(hollow in old horses), lower jaw (more pronounced in geriatric horses) and white eyebrow hairs, among other things. Historically, horses between 5 and 8 years old were the most expensive, with the value of the animal gradually decreasing after 8 years. The presence of an almost
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It's very rare for a horse to actually die of old age: a survey of French-speaking veterinarians in 1997 found only 0.6 % of cases. The leading cause of death is colic. Other causes of death in horses over fifteen years of age include locomotion disorders (osteoarthritis,
515:
In the case of group feeding, geriatric horses may not be able to resolve dominance issues with their pasture mates and may be denied access to food. Geriatric horses should be kept in pairs if they get on well, rather than in a herd. Two geriatric horses sharing the same
772:'s mount as a 13-year-old horse. His father entrusts it to him, along with a letter recommending that he never sell the animal, but rather let it die quietly and honorably of old age. However, D'Artagnan, disgraced in Paris by such a horse, prefers to sell it for three
677:
instead of buying a new one and sending the old one to the slaughterhouse. Similarly, the High
Council for Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas (Conseil général de l'alimentation, de l'agriculture et des espaces ruraux, CGAAER by its acronym in French) and the
588:. It is also advisable to walk and trot the animal to raise muscle temperature and activate blood circulation. However, very geriatric horses may become unable to stand or lie down on their own. The hooves are more fragile, with a greater risk of laminitis.
206:
type. Longevity records are regularly reported for horses reaching 37 years (such as Bayou, a French horse of unknown origin), 42 years (such as Tango Duke, 1935â1978, an
Australian Thoroughbred record-holder for this breed) or 51 years (such as Badger, a
791:, the horse Samba Bingi Bangi, "older than God himself", saves the life of the young girl to whom it is given as a wedding present. The imprudent girl has married a lion against her will. Samba Bingi Bangi gives its life to save her from the trap.
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paying the knacker must be taken into account. Some geriatric horses suffering from ailments or illnesses such as colic are not treated for economic reasons. Owners who can no longer afford to maintain their horse can entrust it to a charity.
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and
Switzerland. Some individuals may decide to leave their horse for economic, family (divorce, death...) or even psychological reasons, to avoid seeing their animal age and having to make the decision to
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There are certain unmistakable signs of a geriatric horse. Determining a horse's age through observation was of vital importance at a time when horses were used for all aspects of daily life. For example,
651:
and tumors are becoming a major cause of mortality in geriatric horses. Infectious diseases account for only 10â15% of deaths. Cardiac arrest is typical of older sport horses, while respiratory ailments
758:, where the draft horse Malabar, exhausted from building a mill, is the victim of the greed of pigs who pretend to send him to hospital, but actually sell him to the knacker's yard to buy a case of
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become dull, worn and yellow under the action of the bite. Teeth also appear longer and gaunt around the gums and claw incisors come forward as they emerge from the mouth almost horizontally. The
337:, but geriatric horses require precautions that are sometimes overlooked. In addition to keeping an eye on its food, it is strongly recommended to continue vaccinations, teeth maintenance (the
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problem, as owners don't always anticipate their animal's longevity or the cost of maintaining it over the long term. This problem is at the root of frauds and swindles involving resale at the
401:
region, founded in July 1970 whose objective is to shelter geriatric horses destined for slaughterhouses. Many other similar organizations exist in other countries, including France, Canada,
226:) and outward signs of aging, rather than on its age per se. Exceptionally, geriatric horses can remain competitive at high levels in particularly selective events. Nobby became world
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and pelvic bones become more visible, and movements become stiffer as the horse gets older. Poor physical condition (thinness and/or round belly), lack of muscle and very sloping
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believe that knackery should be reduced and slaughtering increased, as retiring geriatric horses would mean "wasting" a "significant proportion of the availability of quality
639:, which cause torsion and obstruction during digestion. Mortality due to diseases of the reproductive system is generally caused by late breeding, resulting in rupture of the
215:, 1962â2013). The pony record belongs to Sancho, another Welsh/Arabian cross who died at 54, in 2003. It was previously held by Steady Teddy, an American pony who died at 53.
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increases with age, with geriatric horses statistically more prone to surgical colic. The absence of sustained activity reduces this risk, as do pasturing and deworming.
308:
the popular expression "don't look a gift horse in the mouth". However, it becomes difficult to estimate a horse's age from its teeth if it is more than 15 years old.
1456:
2027:
656:, etc.) mainly affect horses retired from riding halls. In most countries, dead horses are still sent to knackers, but the idea of horse cemeteries is increasing.
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often develop strong bonds of friendship. However, if they are separated, or if one of them dies, the separation can cause the animal left alone to wither away.
569:. Without a cure, however, the disease can be controlled. The closely related Equine Metabolic Syndrome (EMS) is another typical disease causing obesity and
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Chasser les chevaux à la fin du Paléolithique dans le Bassin parisien : stratégie cynégétique et mode de vie au Magdalénien et à l'Azilien ancien
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becomes gaunt, and the grooves fade in geriatric horses. It used to be a popular belief that you could tell a horse's age by pushing out its
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471:, preventing them from chewing properly. In such cases, hay should be chopped before feeding. Digestion can become less efficient, with
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and eyesight problems, leading to special needs, and a general lowering of immunity to disease. When they injure themselves,
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likely. It's tricky to get a geriatric horse to put on weight again, but one possibility is to add vegetable fat (such as
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before giving in to madness. The film tells the story of this horse before his encounter with
Nietzsche. The French film
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100:. The age of a geriatric horse could vary according to breed and riding use, with old age occurring more rapidly in
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499:) to their feed. This problem of weight loss can cause problems for owners, who are sometimes wrongly suspected of
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802:, released in 2011, opens with a vision of an old coachman and his horse, inspired by an episode in the life of
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Gestion de la fin de vie des équidés : Quelles sont les pratiques actuelles et leurs impacts économiques?
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2012:
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Comment s'occuper d'un cheval ùgé : Toutes les réponses pour maintenir son vieux cheval en pleine forme
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A geriatric horse's diet should be well-balanced, easy to chew and digest, with a preference for semi-dried
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Saddling, arching of the back, affects geriatric horses that have been ridden and causes pain when ridden.
503:. The opposite problem also exists: overfed, inactive horses can become obese, damaging their legs and
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40:
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and stiffness of locomotion. The animal also becomes more sensitive to the passing of the seasons.
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1925:
Chevalier, V. (1990). "Les pratiquants de l'Ă©quitation : une population et ses mouvements".
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or cancers of all kinds. Colic is aggravated in geriatric horses by fatty tumors, pedunculated
472:
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Just like any other horse, they should be provided with plenty of water, pasture shelter and a
2405:
Digard, Jean-Pierre (2007). "Le xxe siĂšcle ou le cheval de divertissement - jusqu'oĂč ?".
84:
Horse showing many geriatric signs, including white hair on head, shaggy coat and arched back.
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that has a physical and mental decline, which generally prevents it from being used for most
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Pathologie du vieux cheval : Ă©tude d'une population de chevaux en retraite Ă Pech Petit
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The age of death is only a subjective measure, which depends on different factors including
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2138:"Narbonne : Il envoie sa jument Ă la retraite, il la retrouve Ă l'abattoir !"
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2028:"Fin de vie des chevaux : vers l'adoption de « facilitĂ©s » d'abattageâŠ"
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397:' for horses. In France, the oldest and one of the best-known is Pech Petit, in the
2190:"Fraudes sur la retraite des chevaux : les réactions de la FNC et de la FNSEA"
1934:
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251:(18th century) recommends that to assess the animal age, it could be observed: the
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Pathology of the old horse: study of a population of retired horses in Pech Petit
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2222:
2030:[End of life of horses: towards the adoption of slaughter "facilities"].
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799:
685:". The emotional bond between rider and horse is seen as a "brake" on slaughter.
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263:, rare in young horses, was thus a clue to recognizing a horse over 8 years old.
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destined to die in the arena. However, Antonin (Fernandel) sets him free in the
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There are a number of accommodation centers for retired equines, comparable to '
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was no longer a religious prohibition in Europe, and older animals were sold to
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978:"Le désespoir des chevaux ! L'espérance de vie et la longévité du cheval"
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Dornier, Xavier; Decouty, Aline; Anguelu, Ămilie; Heydemann, Pascale (2015).
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in Reno, estimates that 10% of the US horse population is over 20 years old.
180:
176:
97:
1113:
Folkard; Guinness World
Records Limited; Masson; Freshfield; Dimery (2004).
2192:[Fraud on horse retirement: reactions from the FNC and the FNSEA].
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Old horses are mentioned in a number of works, including Nils
Holgersson's
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Geriatric horses can play a more valorizing role in storytelling. In the
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it. Boarding and retirement services for older horses are set to expand.
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2485:
Wolter, Roger (1999). "Alimentation du cheval dénutri, stressé ou ùgé".
2439:. AgriLife extension (in French). Texas A&M University. p. 18.
1997:[End of life of the horse: a report comes out of the shadows].
1946:
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should be consulted at least once a year, according to veterinarians),
260:
195:
123:
780:, two children allow their oldest horse to see the sea one last time.
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573:. Carbohydrate restriction and exercise can alleviate the condition.
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2279:. Cheval et Compagnie (in French). Champigny-sur-Marne. p. 28.
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The horse's mouth and teeth are well known to change with age. The
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2524:. Cheval pratique (in French). Paris: Vigot Maloine. p. 119.
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2163:"EnquĂȘte autour d'un possible nouveau trafic de viande de cheval"
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479:. Geriatric horses drink less often, leading in extreme cases to
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Needs thorough checking after slack translation from French-wiki.
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Couroucé-Malblanc, Anne (2010). "Les maladies du vieux cheval".
2066:[Horses to the slaughterhouse: the "retirement fraud"].
1789:
1631:""Centres de retraite pour chevaux" : 31 sites enregistrés"
1088:"A 51 ans, « Shayne » est le plus vieux cheval en vie"
424:
365:
Horses are retired from a wide variety of activities, including
2304:. Tradition orale (in French). Karthala Ă©ditions. p. 119.
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517:
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433:
300:
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Baumgardt, Ursula; Ugochukwu, Françoise; Derive, Jean (2005).
2196:(in French). Archived from the original on September 12, 2013.
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1277:. Les Ăquiguides (in French). Ă©ditions Artemis. p. 127.
807:
709:
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194:(1760-1822), died at the age of 62 and made the headlines in
93:
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Mature, senior and geriatric horses: Management, Care and Us
2070:(in French). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013.
2224:
Le
Merveilleux Voyage de Nils Holgersson Ă travers la SuĂšde
1319:(in French). Paris: France Agricole Ăditions. p. 238.
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longer lifespan than horses, often exceeding 30 years old.
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From the 18th and 19th centuries onwards, the practice of
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115:, whitening of certain areas of the head, arching of the
2489:. Produire mieux (in French). France Agricole Editions.
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2034:(in French). Archived from the original on July 4, 2015.
2001:(in French). Archived from the original on July 4, 2015.
1995:"Fin de vie du cheval : un rapport sort de l'ombre"
1046:"à 37 ans, Bayou le cheval défie le record de longévité"
631:, cardiac arrest and failure, respiratory disorders and
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grow winter hair unusually abundantly, early or slowly.
2064:"Chevaux à l'abattoir : la «fraude à la retraite»"
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Gibbs, Pete; Potter, G.; Scrutchfield, W.; Martin, M.
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Lasseret, Vincent (2013). "Protection... rapprochée".
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slowing or even stopping, as evidenced by the horse's
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Lambert-Lefranc, Dominique; Laurent, Jacques (2011).
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Une histoire du cheval : art, technique, société
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2543:. LâĂ©quitation autrement (in French). Paris: Zulma.
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1565:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 230.
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Old Billy, 1760â1822 : The World's Oldest Horse
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are impaired, urine becomes dark and foul-smelling.
158:, the world's oldest horse, at the Manchester Museum
2097:"Des pĂąturages mosellans Ă l'abattoir dans le Gard"
1843:
561:in the blood. It can be detected by a shaggy coat,
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Geriatric pony with a lot of white hair on its head
1835:Ralston, Sarah. "Management of geriatric horses".
1680:Ralston, Sarah. "Management of geriatric horses".
1494:Ralston, Sarah. "Management of geriatric horses".
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1968:Digard, Jean-Pierre (1993). "Cheval, mon amour".
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1754:Connally, Bruce. "Managing the geriatric horse".
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1561:Pavia, Audrey; Posnikoff, Janice; D.V.M. (2005).
1300:
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2466:Martin-Rosset, William (2012). "Le cheval ùgé".
999:(in French). Oxford: Archaeopress. p. 169.
806:who, in 1889, embraced an old carriage horse in
2458:Les mécanismes du vieillissement chez le cheval
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463:Their teeth may be badly worn, or suffer from
444:, flakes or mueslis. High levels of fiber and
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2227:(in French). Le Livre de Poche. p. 640.
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458:Institut national de la recherche agronomique
2302:Approches littéraires de l'oralité africaine
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1972:(in French). Ăditions MSH. pp. 59â60.
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428:Skinny geriatric horse at the end of winter
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1117:. Guinness World Records Ltd. p. 73.
211:/Arabian cross, 1953â2004; and Shayne, an
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1455:(in French). No. 507. Archived from
553:A typical disease in geriatric horses is
68:Learn how and when to remove this message
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2390:(in French). France Agricole Editions.
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1442:[Take care of your old horse].
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166:This Arabian stallion is 28-years-old.
16:Characteristics and care of old horses
2468:Nutrition et alimentation des chevaux
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2254:(in French). Rodopi. pp. 43â44.
1316:Le droit du cheval et de l'Ă©quitation
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448:are not recommended, nor is too much
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1743:Lambert-Lefranc & Laurent (2011)
1075:. Guinness Superlatives. p. 31.
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2371:Ăcole nationale vĂ©tĂ©rinaire de Lyon
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1440:"Prenez soin de votre vieux cheval"
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818:, tells the story of a 28-year-old
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2539:Pilley-Mirande, Nathalie (2012).
2513:Prenez soin de votre vieux cheval
2409:. Nature (in French). Actes Sud.
1024:. Manchester Museum. p. 12.
920:
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1837:Cook College, Rutgers University
1682:Cook College, Rutgers University
1496:Cook College, Rutgers University
749:The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
672:, celebrating its 30th birthday.
198:. He was a working horse of the
111:. Geriatric horse signs include
23:
2318:
2293:
2268:
2241:
2214:
2181:
2155:
2129:
2114:
2088:
2019:
1986:
1961:
1918:
1855:
1828:
1747:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1673:
1649:
1623:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1350:
1306:
1234:
1131:
1106:
1079:
1064:
1038:
1013:
988:
969:
902:"Managing the geriatric horse"
279:and its organs, including the
1:
2515:(in French). Cheval Magazine.
1214:"Care Of The Geriatric Horse"
856:
720:
352:
320:
2470:(in French). Ăditions Quae.
2136:Vincent, Christiane (2011).
1139:The Guinness Book of Records
1073:The Guinness Book of Records
768:, Alexandre Dumas refers to
732:(The old horse), drawing by
602:
510:
266:The back tends to arch, the
142:
7:
2461:(in French). Cheval Savoir.
2450:(in French). Cheval Savoir.
2355:Corbin, Christelle (2001).
2251:Samuel Beckett et Compagnie
1115:Guinness world records 2005
829:
557:, caused by an increase in
249:Le Nouveau Parfait Maréchal
230:champion at the age of 16.
43:. The specific problem is:
10:
2599:
2511:Burgaud, Isabelle (2014).
2348:
2248:Houppermans, Sjef (2003).
2095:Maillard, Bernard (2013).
701:
668:The famous French trotter
531:
417:
2455:Laurent, Jacques (2011).
2277:Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer
2206:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2080:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2044:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
2011:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1756:Colorado State University
1275:Le comportement du cheval
982:PlanĂšte Cheval au Naturel
906:Colorado State University
778:Le Vieux Cheval et la Mer
776:. In the children's book
617:Old horse in a vacant lot
546:Shaggy horse with equine
527:
234:Signs of geriatric horses
2447:La gestion du cheval ùgé
2325:Morice, Jacques (2011).
2221:Lagerlöf, Selma (2011).
1071:Matthews, Peter (1995).
995:Bignon, Olivier (2008).
812:Heureux qui comme Ulysse
597:infectious complications
190:The oldest known horse,
2275:Lhote, Olivier (2011).
2188:Valren, Amélie (2013).
2062:Valren, Amélie (2013).
2026:Valren, Amélie (2015).
1993:Valren, Amélie (2015).
1719:Couroucé-Malblanc (2010
1438:Valren, Amélie (2014).
1313:Carius, Manuel (2005).
1301:Couroucé-Malblanc (2010
1273:Deutsch, Julie (2006).
851:2013 horse meat scandal
688:
413:
311:
2487:Alimentation du cheval
2430:(in French). ĂquâidĂ©e.
2369:(Thesis) (in French).
2125:(in French) (500): 67.
2101:Le RĂ©publicain lorrain
1799:Couroucé-Malblanc 2010
1086:Molnar, Lazlo (2012).
976:Enoff, Pierre (2009).
743:
673:
619:
550:
429:
362:
285:cardiovascular systems
243:
167:
159:
85:
1020:Seyd, Edmund (1973).
728:
667:
610:
545:
452:or apples, which are
427:
360:
241:
165:
150:
98:equestrian activities
83:
2520:Lux, Claude (2001).
2388:Maladies des chevaux
2327:"Le Cheval de Turin"
1913:Dornier et al. (2015
1656:Dornier et al. (2015
1230:on December 8, 2015.
1221:University of Nevada
1212:Cirelli, Al (2000).
765:The Three Musketeers
627:), disorders of the
328:University of Nevada
287:, also deteriorate.
50:improve this article
39:to meet Knowledge's
1606:Martin-Rosset (2012
1419:Martin-Rosset (2012
1175:Martin-Rosset (2012
1141:. 1996. p. 27.
804:Friedrich Nietzsche
654:pulmonary emphysema
629:reproductive system
599:are more frequent.
456:in high doses. The
2522:Votre vieux cheval
1563:Horses For Dummies
1459:on April 24, 2014.
789:Le Cheval enchanté
744:
736:(1871â1940) for a
704:Horse meat scandal
674:
620:
551:
473:intestinal transit
430:
363:
244:
168:
160:
86:
2550:978-2-84304-586-8
2286:978-2-244-44241-9
2234:978-2-253-15938-4
1825:, pp. 16â20.
1786:, pp. 26â27.
1774:, pp. 24â25.
1006:978-1-4073-0189-1
966:, pp. 42â43.
900:Connally, Bruce.
841:Cushing's disease
708:The existence of
586:anti-inflammatory
555:Cushing's disease
548:Cushing's disease
534:Cushing's disease
78:
77:
70:
41:quality standards
32:This article may
2590:
2568:Breed registries
2554:
2535:
2516:
2500:
2481:
2462:
2451:
2440:
2431:
2420:
2401:
2382:
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2086:
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2079:
2071:
2059:
2050:
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2035:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2002:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
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1853:
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1820:
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1304:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1270:
1261:
1255:
1244:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1223:. Archived from
1218:
1209:
1178:
1172:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
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1083:
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1062:
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1059:
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1042:
1036:
1035:
1017:
1011:
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992:
986:
985:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
938:
933:
918:
917:
915:
913:
897:
878:
872:
836:Equine nutrition
730:Den gamla hÀsten
698:Frauds and scams
660:Economic aspects
615:painting titled
420:Equine nutrition
395:retirement homes
283:, digestive and
261:white coat color
73:
66:
62:
59:
53:
27:
26:
19:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2532:
2507:
2505:Further reading
2497:
2478:
2417:
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2319:
2312:
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2219:
2215:
2199:
2198:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2130:
2123:Cheval Magazine
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2089:
2073:
2072:
2060:
2053:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2020:
2004:
2003:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1966:
1962:
1939:10.2307/1533543
1923:
1919:
1911:
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1525:
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1503:
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1488:
1480:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1447:
1445:Cheval Magazine
1436:
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1125:
1111:
1107:
1097:
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1080:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1050:Le Dauphiné.com
1044:
1043:
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1018:
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1007:
993:
989:
974:
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958:
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934:
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909:
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873:
864:
859:
832:
800:The Turin Horse
739:Nils Holgersson
723:
706:
700:
691:
662:
605:
540:
530:
513:
436:, high-quality
422:
416:
355:
323:
314:
293:
291:Mouth and teeth
236:
145:
90:geriatric horse
74:
63:
57:
54:
47:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2596:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2578:Horse diseases
2575:
2573:Horse breeders
2570:
2556:
2555:
2549:
2536:
2530:
2517:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2482:
2477:978-2759216680
2476:
2463:
2452:
2441:
2432:
2421:
2416:978-2742764839
2415:
2402:
2397:978-2855571683
2396:
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2344:
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2317:
2310:
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2267:
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2240:
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2213:
2180:
2154:
2128:
2113:
2087:
2051:
2018:
1985:
1978:
1960:
1933:(3): 661â666.
1917:
1902:
1890:
1878:
1866:
1864:, p. 413)
1854:
1842:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1801:, p. 300.
1788:
1776:
1761:
1746:
1735:
1723:
1721:, p. 296)
1711:
1709:, p. 409)
1699:
1697:, p. 407)
1687:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1622:
1610:
1608:, p. 313)
1593:
1591:, p. 6-7)
1578:
1571:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1501:
1486:
1484:, p. 7-8)
1474:
1472:, p. 8-9)
1462:
1423:
1421:, p. 314)
1400:
1388:
1386:, p. 186)
1373:
1361:
1359:, p. 187)
1349:
1332:
1325:
1305:
1303:, p. 294)
1290:
1283:
1262:
1245:
1233:
1179:
1177:, p. 312)
1144:
1130:
1123:
1105:
1078:
1063:
1037:
1030:
1012:
1005:
987:
968:
956:
939:
936:Laurent (2011)
919:
879:
861:
860:
858:
855:
854:
853:
848:
843:
838:
831:
828:
820:Camargue horse
722:
719:
699:
696:
690:
687:
661:
658:
641:uterine artery
613:Charles Cottet
604:
601:
582:Osteoarthritis
565:and excessive
529:
526:
512:
509:
440:, wheat bran,
415:
412:
354:
351:
339:equine dentist
322:
319:
313:
310:
292:
289:
235:
232:
224:osteoarthritis
181:Iberian breeds
144:
141:
137:slaughterhouse
113:tooth eruption
107:than in hardy
76:
75:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2595:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2531:2-7114-1509-0
2527:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2473:
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2459:
2453:
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2412:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2389:
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2372:
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2353:
2352:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2311:2-8111-3971-0
2307:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2282:
2278:
2271:
2263:
2261:90-420-0975-6
2257:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2217:
2209:
2203:
2195:
2194:Cheval Savoir
2191:
2184:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2124:
2117:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2077:
2069:
2068:Cheval Savoir
2065:
2058:
2056:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2032:Cheval Savoir
2029:
2022:
2014:
2008:
2000:
1999:Cheval Savoir
1996:
1989:
1981:
1979:9782110889287
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1900:, p. 78.
1899:
1894:
1888:, p. 76.
1887:
1882:
1876:, p. 10.
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1819:
1813:, p. 14.
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1768:
1766:
1757:
1750:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1683:
1676:
1670:, p. 11.
1669:
1664:
1657:
1652:
1636:
1632:
1626:
1620:, p. 30.
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1574:
1572:0-471-78124-X
1568:
1564:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1544:, p. 45.
1543:
1538:
1536:
1529:, p. 40.
1528:
1523:
1521:
1513:
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1490:
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1471:
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1441:
1434:
1432:
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1420:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1398:, p. 74.
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1371:, p. 41.
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1347:, p. 12)
1346:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1328:
1326:2-85557-127-8
1322:
1318:
1317:
1309:
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1297:
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1286:
1284:2-84416-640-7
1280:
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1124:0-85112-192-6
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1067:
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1031:0-904630-01-3
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469:periodontitis
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61:
51:
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30:
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2521:
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2387:
2362:
2357:
2334:. Retrieved
2330:
2320:
2301:
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2270:
2250:
2243:
2223:
2216:
2193:
2183:
2171:. Retrieved
2166:
2157:
2145:. Retrieved
2141:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:
2090:
2067:
2031:
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335:mineral lick
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814:, starring
794:In cinema,
755:Animal Farm
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647:. Cancers,
645:parturition
538:Horse colic
481:dehydration
388:muscle mass
379:showmanship
281:respiratory
277:five senses
213:Irish Trait
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2142:Midi libre
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1927:Population
857:References
787:oral tale
770:D'Artagnan
721:In culture
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418:See also:
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321:Management
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343:deworming
228:endurance
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156:Old Billy
143:Longevity
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912:23 April
830:See also
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742:edition.
683:red meat
497:corn oil
454:laxative
375:dressage
347:farriery
272:pasterns
257:forelock
255:, tail,
154:head of
128:knackers
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1947:1533543
643:during
637:lipomas
522:paddock
489:kidneys
450:alfalfa
442:linseed
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297:canines
268:withers
177:Arabian
133:ethical
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710:frauds
670:Ourasi
633:tumors
528:Health
518:meadow
505:hooves
434:silage
301:palate
109:ponies
94:equine
92:is an
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1951:S2CID
1943:JSTOR
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785:Wolof
762:. In
714:scams
611:1898
578:colic
485:liver
446:straw
253:teeth
209:Welsh
200:Shire
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2526:ISBN
2491:ISBN
2472:ISBN
2411:ISBN
2392:ISBN
2375:OCLC
2338:2021
2306:ISBN
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2256:ISBN
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2208:link
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2082:link
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1974:ISBN
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